FM 3-20.15

TANK PLATOON

FEBRUARY 2007DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors only. This publication contains technical or opera tional information that is for official Government use. This deter mination was made on 31 October 2006. Other requests for this document must be referred to Director, Directorate of Training, Doctrine, and Combat Development, ATTN: ATZK-TDD-G, 204 1st Cavalry Regiment Rd Ste 207, US Army Armor Center, Fort Knox, KY 40121-5123. Destruction Notice: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil).

*FM 3-20.15Field Manual No. 3-20.15 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 22 February 2007

Tank PlatoonContentsPage

PREFACE ...........................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1-1 Section I - Organizations ................................................................................. 1-1 Tank Platoon ...................................................................................................... 1-1 Tank Company ................................................................................................... 1-5 Armored Cavalry Troop ...................................................................................... 1-5 Section II - Capabilities and Limitations ........................................................ 1-6 Capabilities ......................................................................................................... 1-6 Limitations .......................................................................................................... 1-6 Section III - Responsibilities............................................................................ 1-7 Platoon Leader ................................................................................................... 1-7 Platoon Sergeant................................................................................................ 1-7 Tank Commander............................................................................................... 1-7 Gunner................................................................................................................ 1-8 Driver .................................................................................................................. 1-8 Loader ................................................................................................................ 1-8 Chapter 2 COMMAND AND CONTROL............................................................................. 2-1 Section I - Command........................................................................................ 2-1 Decision-Making ................................................................................................. 2-1 Leadership........................................................................................................ 2-11 Section II Control......................................................................................... 2-12 Situational Understanding ................................................................................ 2-12 Fire Distribution and Control............................................................................. 2-26

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. government agencies and their contractors only to protect technical or operational information that is for official government use. This determination was made on 31 October 2006. Other requests for this document must be referred to Director, Directorate of Training, Doctrine, and Combat Development, ATTN: ATZK-TDD-G, USAARMC, 204 1st Cavalry Regiment Road Ste 207, Fort Knox, Kentucky 40121-5123. DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. *This publication supersedes FM 3-20.15 dated 1 November 2001.

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Chapter 3

OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS...............................................................................3-1 Section I - Fundamentals of the Offense ........................................................3-1 Purposes of the Offense .....................................................................................3-1 Characteristics of the Offense ............................................................................3-1 Forms of Offense ................................................................................................3-2 Role of the Tank Platoon ....................................................................................3-2 War-Fighting Functions.......................................................................................3-2 Section II - Planning..........................................................................................3-3 Movement and Maneuver ...................................................................................3-3 Fire Support ........................................................................................................3-4 Intelligence ..........................................................................................................3-4 Protection ............................................................................................................3-4 Sustainment ........................................................................................................3-5 Command and Control........................................................................................3-5 The Human Aspect .............................................................................................3-5 Section III - Preparation....................................................................................3-5 Movement and Maneuver ...................................................................................3-5 Fire Support ........................................................................................................3-6 Intelligence ..........................................................................................................3-6 Protection ............................................................................................................3-6 Sustainment ........................................................................................................3-6 Command and Control........................................................................................3-6 The Human Aspect .............................................................................................3-7 Section IV - ExecutionTactical Movement ..................................................3-7 Fire Distribution and Control in the Offense........................................................3-7 Use of Terrain for Cover and Concealment ........................................................3-9 Techniques of Movement....................................................................................3-9 Formations ........................................................................................................3-11 Overwatch .........................................................................................................3-16 Section V - ExecutionActions on Contact ................................................3-18 The Four Steps of Actions on Contact..............................................................3-18 Examples of Actions on Contact .......................................................................3-21 Battle Drills ........................................................................................................3-25 Section VI - ExecutionPlatoon Tactical Tasks .........................................3-36 Destroy an Inferior Force ..................................................................................3-36 Attack by Fire ....................................................................................................3-38 Overwatch/Support by Fire ...............................................................................3-39 Assault ..............................................................................................................3-40 Bypass ..............................................................................................................3-42 Reconnaissance by Fire ...................................................................................3-44 Hasty Occupation of a Platoon Battle Position (Hasty Defense) ......................3-45 Breaching Operations .......................................................................................3-45 Section VII - ExecutionConsolidation and Reorganization.....................3-46 Consolidation ....................................................................................................3-46 Reorganization ..................................................................................................3-46

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Section VIII Limited Visibility Operations ................................................. 3-46 Equipment ........................................................................................................ 3-47 Navigation......................................................................................................... 3-47 Vehicle Identification......................................................................................... 3-47 Tactical Movement and Attacks ....................................................................... 3-47 Chapter 4 DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS .............................................................................. 4-1 Section I - Fundamentals of the Defense....................................................... 4-1 Characteristics of the Defense ........................................................................... 4-1 Defensive Patterns, Missions, and Tasks .......................................................... 4-2 Role of the Tank Platoon .................................................................................... 4-2 Warfighting Functions......................................................................................... 4-2 Section II - Planning ......................................................................................... 4-3 Reconnaissance and Time Management........................................................... 4-3 War-Fighting Function Considerations............................................................... 4-3 Section III Preparation................................................................................... 4-7 Phase of Preparation.......................................................................................... 4-7 Preparation Tasks .............................................................................................. 4-8 War-Fighting Function Considerations............................................................. 4-21 Section IV - Execution.................................................................................... 4-23 Hide Position .................................................................................................... 4-23 Occupation of Firing Positions.......................................................................... 4-23 Indirect Fires..................................................................................................... 4-23 Direct Fires ....................................................................................................... 4-24 Displacement.................................................................................................... 4-25 Counterattacks ................................................................................................. 4-26 Limited Visibility Defense ................................................................................. 4-29 Chapter 5 OTHER TACTICAL OPERATIONS ................................................................... 5-1 Section I - Tactical Road March ...................................................................... 5-1 Preparation and SOPs ....................................................................................... 5-1 Composition........................................................................................................ 5-1 March Columns .................................................................................................. 5-2 Control Measures ............................................................................................... 5-2 Actions During the March ................................................................................... 5-3 Section II - Assembly Areas ............................................................................ 5-5 Quartering Party Actions .................................................................................... 5-5 Occupation Procedures...................................................................................... 5-6 Occupation by Force .......................................................................................... 5-7 Section III - Actions at a Contact Point .......................................................... 5-8 Section IV - Convoy Escort.............................................................................. 5-8 Command and Control ....................................................................................... 5-8 Tactical Disposition............................................................................................. 5-9 Actions on Contact ........................................................................................... 5-12 Actions During Halts ......................................................................................... 5-17 Section V - Passage of Lines ........................................................................ 5-19 Operational Considerations.............................................................................. 5-19

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Conducting a Passage of Lines ........................................................................5-19 Assisting a Passage of Lines ............................................................................5-20 Section VI - Breaching Operations................................................................5-20 Types of Obstacles ...........................................................................................5-20 Breaching Procedures ......................................................................................5-26 Section VII - Perimeter Defense.....................................................................5-30 Section VIII Screen.......................................................................................5-30 Section IX Delay ...........................................................................................5-31 Section X - Relief in Place ..............................................................................5-31 Coordination and Reconnaissance...................................................................5-31 Relief Procedures .............................................................................................5-32 Security and Communications ..........................................................................5-32 Section XI - Withdrawal ..................................................................................5-33 Chapter 6 COMBINED ARMS OPERATIONS....................................................................6-1 Section I - Fire Support ....................................................................................6-1 Mortar Support ....................................................................................................6-1 Field Artillery Support..........................................................................................6-2 Fire Support Team ..............................................................................................6-3 Fire Request Channels .......................................................................................6-4 Fire Direction and Control Procedures ...............................................................6-5 Tank Platoon Fire Support Planning...................................................................6-8 Section II - Army Aviation.................................................................................6-9 Air Cavalry...........................................................................................................6-9 Attack Helicopters ...............................................................................................6-9 Section III - Combat Engineers ......................................................................6-10 Capabilities........................................................................................................6-10 Engineer Support to the Tank Platoon..............................................................6-11 Section IV - Air and Missile Defense.............................................................6-11 Air and Missile Defense Warnings....................................................................6-12 Passive Air and Missile Defense ......................................................................6-12 Active Air and Missile Defense .........................................................................6-12 Section V - Air Support...................................................................................6-13 Close Air Support..............................................................................................6-13 Marking Friendly Positions................................................................................6-14 Section VI - Military Police .............................................................................6-15 Maneuver and Mobility Support ........................................................................6-15 Area Security.....................................................................................................6-15 Detainee Operations .........................................................................................6-15 Law and Order ..................................................................................................6-16 Chapter 7 SUSTAINMENT ..................................................................................................7-1 Section I - Organization....................................................................................7-1 Section II - Supply Operations.........................................................................7-1 Basic and Combat Loads....................................................................................7-1 Classes of Supply ...............................................................................................7-2

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Methods of Resupply.......................................................................................... 7-3 Techniques of Resupply..................................................................................... 7-6 Section III - Maintenance Operations ............................................................. 7-9 Leader Responsibilities .................................................................................... 7-10 Levels of Maintenance ..................................................................................... 7-11 Related Operational Considerations ................................................................ 7-12 Section IV - Personnel Operations ............................................................... 7-13 Personnel Services........................................................................................... 7-13 Personnel Management ................................................................................... 7-13 Section V - Medical Treatment and Evacuation .......................................... 7-13 Health and Hygiene .......................................................................................... 7-13 Soldiers Wounded in Action ............................................................................. 7-14 Soldiers Killed in Action .................................................................................... 7-15 Section VI - Detainees .................................................................................... 7-16 Handling Detainees .......................................................................................... 7-16 Captured Enemy Documents and Equipment.................................................. 7-18 Civilians ............................................................................................................ 7-19 Civil Affairs Units and Psychological Operations ............................................. 7-19 Chapter 8 URBAN OPERATIONS...................................................................................... 8-1 Section I - Urban Operations Planning Considerations ............................... 8-1 Categories of Urban Areas................................................................................. 8-2 Vehicles, Weapons, and Munitions .................................................................... 8-3 Command and Control ....................................................................................... 8-6 Maneuver............................................................................................................ 8-7 Armored Vehicle Positions ................................................................................. 8-8 Intelligence ....................................................................................................... 8-10 Fire Support...................................................................................................... 8-12 Sustainment...................................................................................................... 8-13 Section II - Offensive Urban Operations ...................................................... 8-13 Hasty and Deliberate Attacks in an Urban Environment.................................. 8-13 Phases of Offensive Urban Operations............................................................ 8-14 Task Organization ............................................................................................ 8-15 Offensive Techniques in Urban Operations ..................................................... 8-15 Section III - Defensive Urban Operations..................................................... 8-17 Enemy Forces Outside the Urban Area ........................................................... 8-17 Enemy Forces Within the Urban Area.............................................................. 8-17 Defensive Techniques in Urban Operations .................................................... 8-17 Section IV Employment of Attack and Assault/Cargo Helicopters ........ 8-18 Support for Ground Maneuver Units ................................................................ 8-18 Role during Urban Operations.......................................................................... 8-18 Command and Control ..................................................................................... 8-19 Maneuver Graphic Aids.................................................................................... 8-19 Identifying Friendly Positions, Marking Locations, and Acquiring Targets....... 8-19 Attack Helicopter Target Engagement ............................................................. 8-24 Air/Ground Integration in the Hasty Attack/Close Fight ................................... 8-25

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Chapter 9

STABILITY OPERATIONS AND CIVIL SUPPORT OPERATIONS ..................9-1 Section I General Considerations ................................................................9-1 Balanced Mindset ...............................................................................................9-1 Combat Skills Training ........................................................................................9-2 Section II Stability Operations ......................................................................9-2 Types of Stability Operations ..............................................................................9-2 Purposes of Stability Operations ........................................................................9-3 Considerations for Stability Operations ..............................................................9-4 Role of the Tank Platoon ....................................................................................9-5 Planning and Operational Considerations ..........................................................9-6 Section III Civil Support Operations...........................................................9-11 Types of Civil Support Operations ....................................................................9-11 Purposes of Civil Operations ............................................................................9-12 Considerations for Civil Support Operations ....................................................9-12 Section IV Examples of Stability Operations ............................................9-12 Establish a Battle Position ................................................................................9-13 Conduct Reserve Operations ...........................................................................9-13 Overwatch a Traffic Control Point.....................................................................9-14 Defend a Choke Point.......................................................................................9-14 Overwatch a Blockade/Roadblock....................................................................9-14 Conduct Convoy Escort ....................................................................................9-15 Conduct Proofing/Breaching Operations ..........................................................9-15 Conduct Cordon and Search Operations .........................................................9-17

Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I

DIGITIZATION ................................................................................................... A-1 ORDERS AND REPORTS ................................................................................ B-1 INFANTRY/ARMOR OPERATIONS ................................................................. C-1 OPERATIONAL SECURITY.............................................................................. D-1 CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, NUCLEAR (CBRN), AND SMOKE OPERATIONS ................................................................................................... E-1 COMBAT IDENTIFICATION ..............................................................................F-1 RISK MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................... G-1 FRATRICIDE PREVENTION............................................................................. H-1 BATTLE DAMAGED TANK ................................................................................I-1 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES.................................................................................. References-1 INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1

FiguresFigure 1-1. Tank platoon.................................................................................................1-2 Figure 1-2. The wingman concept ..................................................................................1-2 Figure 1-3. Tank and Bradley main gun and coax dead space above street level ........1-3

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Figure 1-4. Tank company ............................................................................................. 1-5 Figure 1-5. Armored cavalry troop.................................................................................. 1-6 Figure 2-1. Traditional overlay...................................................................................... 2-16 Figure 2-2. Sample FBCB2 with overlay ...................................................................... 2-16 Figure 2-3. Boundary (graphic control measure) ......................................................... 2-17 Figure 2-4. Phase line (graphic control measure) ........................................................ 2-17 Figure 2-5. Assembly area (graphic control measure)................................................. 2-18 Figure 2-6. Route (graphic control measure) ............................................................... 2-18 Figure 2-7. Checkpoint (graphic control measure)....................................................... 2-18 Figure 2-8. Attack position (graphic control measure) ................................................. 2-18 Figure 2-9. Contact point (graphic control measure) ................................................... 2-19 Figure 2-10. Passage lane (graphic control measure)................................................. 2-19 Figure 2-11. Passage point (graphic control measure)................................................ 2-19 Figure 2-12. Objective (graphic control measure)........................................................ 2-19 Figure 2-13. Axis of advance (graphic control measure) ............................................. 2-20 Figure 2-14. Direction of attack (graphic control measure).......................................... 2-20 Figure 2-15. Assault position (graphic control measure) ............................................. 2-20 Figure 2-16. Attack-by-fire position (graphic control measure) .................................... 2-21 Figure 2-17. Support-by-fire position (graphic control measure) ................................. 2-21 Figure 2-18. Battle position (graphic control measure) ................................................ 2-21 Figure 2-19. Target reference point (graphic control measure) ................................... 2-21 Figure 2-20. Example of TIRS...................................................................................... 2-23 Figure 2-21. Platoon reports own position using TIRS (checkpoint)............................ 2-23 Figure 2-22. Frontal fire pattern.................................................................................... 2-29 Figure 2-23. Cross fire pattern ..................................................................................... 2-30 Figure 2-24. Depth fire pattern ..................................................................................... 2-31 Figure 2-25. Use of cross fire pattern and simultaneous fire technique to engage enemy PCs (with platoon leaders fire command) ..................................... 2-32 Figure 2-26. Use of frontal fire pattern and simultaneous fire technique to engage multiple enemy tanks (with platoon leaders fire command)...................... 2-33 Figure 2-27. Use of different fire patterns in each section (with simultaneous fire technique) to engage enemy targets (with platoon leaders fire command) .................................................................................................. 2-34 Figure 2-28. Use of depth fire pattern and simultaneous fire technique (with section fire command) ............................................................................................ 2-35 Figure 2-29. Use of cross fire pattern and alternating fire technique (with section fire command) .................................................................................................. 2-36 Figure 2-30. Use of observed fire technique (with section fire command)................... 2-37 Figure 2-31. Example platoon fire command ............................................................... 2-40 Figure 2-33. Keyhole firing positions ............................................................................ 2-42 Figure 3-1. Example sectors of fire in a moving engagement (platoon moving in wedge formation) ......................................................................................... 3-8 Figure 3-2. Movement by alternate bounds ................................................................. 3-10

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Figure 3-3. Movement by successive bounds ..............................................................3-11 Figure 3-4. Column formation .......................................................................................3-12 Figure 3-5. Staggered column formation ......................................................................3-13 Figure 3-6. Wedge formation ........................................................................................3-13 Figure 3-7. Echelon formation.......................................................................................3-14 Figure 3-8. Vee formation .............................................................................................3-14 Figure 3-9. Line formation.............................................................................................3-15 Figure 3-10. Coil formation ...........................................................................................3-15 Figure 3-11. Herringbone formation..............................................................................3-16 Figure 3-12. Overwatch locations and techniques .......................................................3-17 Figure 3-13A. Platoon makes initial contact, deploys using an action drill, and reports ........................................................................................................3-22 Figure 3-13B. Platoon develops the situation ...............................................................3-22 Figure 3-14A. Platoon makes initial contact, deploys, and reports ..............................3-23 Figure 3-14B. Platoon executes a battle drill; platoon leader evaluates the situation as the drill is executed ................................................................................3-23 Figure 3-14C. Platoon develops the situation and identifies a superior enemy force ..3-24 Figure 3-14D. Platoon leader chooses and recommends an alternate COA; platoon executes the new COA...............................................................................3-24 Figure 3-15. Change of formation drill ..........................................................................3-26 Figure 3-16. Contact drill...............................................................................................3-26 Figure 3-17A. Action drill without enemy contact..........................................................3-27 Figure 3-17B. Action drill without enemy contact (continued) ......................................3-28 Figure 3-17C. Action drill without enemy contact (continued) ......................................3-28 Figure 3-18A. Action drill with enemy contact...............................................................3-29 Figure 3-18B. Action drill with enemy contact (continued) ...........................................3-30 Figure 3-18C. Action drill with enemy contact (continued) ...........................................3-31 Figure 3-18D. Action drill with enemy contact (continued) ...........................................3-32 Figure 3-19. React to indirect fire drill...........................................................................3-33 Figure 3-20. Machine gun aim points ...........................................................................3-34 Figure 3-21. Evading enemy aircraft.............................................................................3-35 Figure 3-22A. Scenarios for destruction of an inferior enemy force .............................3-37 Figure 3-22B. Scenarios for destruction of an inferior enemy force (cont.)..................3-37 Figure 3-23A. Platoon employs attack by fire against a convoy...................................3-38 Figure 3-23B. Platoon uses attack by fire against an enemy reconnaissance platoon as part of a hasty defense ..........................................................................3-39 Figure 3-24. Platoon supports by fire to suppress an enemy element during a company assault.........................................................................................3-40 Figure 3-25A. Tank section assaults an inferior force as another section supports by fire...............................................................................................................3-41 Figure 3-25B. Platoon executes an assault as two other platoons support by fire ......3-42 Figure 3-26A. Bypass ...................................................................................................3-43 Figure 3-26B. Bypass (continued) ................................................................................3-44

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Figure 4-1. Fighting positions ......................................................................................... 4-4 Figure 4-2. Battle positions............................................................................................. 4-4 Figure 4-3. Considerations for obstacle employment .................................................... 4-6 Figure 4-4. Dug-in firing positions .................................................................................. 4-7 Figure 4-5. Examples of constructed TRP markers ....................................................... 4-9 Figure 4-6A. Turret-down positions .............................................................................. 4-11 Figure 4-6B. Hull-down positions ................................................................................. 4-11 Figure 4-7. Traditional sector sketch card.................................................................... 4-14 Figure 4-8. Traditionally prepared fire plan (handwritten) ............................................ 4-16 Figure 4-9. Sample platoon time line............................................................................ 4-17 Figure 4-10. Using background to prevent skylining .................................................... 4-22 Figure 4-11. Displacement with cover from another element (entire platoon moves at once) .......................................................................................................... 4-25 Figure 4-12. Displacement without cover from another element (sections move using bounding overwatch).................................................................................. 4-26 Figure 4-13. Counterattack by fire................................................................................ 4-27 Figure 4-14. Counterattack by fire and movement....................................................... 4-28 Figure 5-1. Example strip map ....................................................................................... 5-3 Figure 5-2. Sectors of fire ............................................................................................... 5-4 Figure 5-3A. Battalion assembly area; company team adjacent to other company teams ........................................................................................................... 5-7 Figure 5-3B. Company team assembly area independent of the battalion.................... 5-7 Figure 5-4. Tank platoon as part of a larger escort force............................................. 5-10 Figure 5-5A. Platoon performing forward security for a convoy................................... 5-11 Figure 5-5B. Platoon performing flank security for a convoy ....................................... 5-11 Figure 5-5C. Platoon performing rear security for a convoy ........................................ 5-11 Figure 5-6. Platoon performing convoy escort independently...................................... 5-12 Figure 5-7. Platoon escort using modified traveling overwatch ................................... 5-12 Figure 5-8A. Convoy escort actions toward ambush ................................................... 5-13 Figure 5-8B. Convoy continues to move ...................................................................... 5-14 Figure 5-9A. Escort suppresses the ambush to facilitate attack by the reaction force 5-14 Figure 5-9B. Escort assaults the ambush force ........................................................... 5-15 Figure 5-9C. Escort breaks contact.............................................................................. 5-15 Figure 5-10. Convoy escort overwatches an obstacle ................................................. 5-17 Figure 5-11A. Convoy assumes herringbone formation .............................................. 5-18 Figure 5-11B. Convoy moves back into column formation .......................................... 5-18 Figure 5-11C. Convoy escort vehicles rejoin column................................................... 5-18 Figure 5-12. Potential minefield locations .................................................................... 5-22 Figure 5-12. Potential minefield locations (continued) ................................................. 5-23 Figure 5-13. Antitank ditch ........................................................................................... 5-24 Figure 5-14. Road craters ............................................................................................ 5-24 Figure 5-15. Abatis ....................................................................................................... 5-24

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Figure 5-16. Log crib.....................................................................................................5-25 Figure 5-17. Wire obstacle in depth..............................................................................5-25 Figure 5-18. Belly shot created by a tank berm ............................................................5-25 Figure 5-19. Plow tanks create multiple lanes while the section leaders tanks provide overwatch ......................................................................................5-28 Figure 5-20. Sample technique for obstacle lane marking ...........................................5-29 Figure 6-1. Fire support team vehicle .............................................................................6-4 Figure 6-2. FBCB2 SPOTREP (immediate suppression request) ..................................6-4 Figure 6-3. Polar plot method of target location..............................................................6-6 Figure 6-4. Shift from a known point method using direction (in mils)............................6-6 Figure 6-5. Lateral and range shifts from a known point ................................................6-7 Figure 6-6. Target description.........................................................................................6-8 Figure 6-7. OH-58D armed helicopter ............................................................................6-9 Figure 6-8. Army attack helicopters ..............................................................................6-10 Figure 6-9. Combat engineer platoon organization ......................................................6-10 Figure 6-10. M9 armored combat earthmover ..............................................................6-11 Figure 7-1. Example company or troop LOGPAC ..........................................................7-5 Figure 7-2. Tailgate resupply technique .........................................................................7-7 Figure 7-3. Service-station resupply technique ..............................................................7-8 Figure 7-4. Combination of resupply techniques ............................................................7-9 Figure 7-5A. DA Form 1156, Casualty Feeder Card (front side) ..................................7-15 Figure 7-5B. DA Form 1156, Casualty Feeder Card (back side) .................................7-15 Figure 7-6. DD Form 2745, Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) Capture Tag....................7-18 Figure 7-7. Sample tag for captured documents and equipment .................................7-19 Figure 8-1. Underground systems ..................................................................................8-2 Figure 8-2. Tank weapon dead space at street level......................................................8-4 Figure 8-3. Tank main gun and coax dead space above street level.............................8-4 Figure 8-4A. Urban hull-down position ...........................................................................8-9 Figure 8-4B. Urban hull-down position ...........................................................................8-9 Figure 8-5. Hide position.................................................................................................8-9 Figure 8-6. Building hide position..................................................................................8-10 Figure 8-7. Favored threat weapons.............................................................................8-12 Figure 8-8. Example task force attack in an urban environment, with tank platoons in the support and assault forces ...................................................................8-16 Figure 8-9. Simplified area sketch ................................................................................8-20 Figure 8-10. Urban grid technique ................................................................................8-23 Figure 8-11. Checkpoint technique...............................................................................8-23 Figure 8-12. Objective area reference grid technique ..................................................8-24 Figure 8-13. TRP technique..........................................................................................8-24 Figure 8-14. Battalion close fight SITREP ....................................................................8-26 Figure 8-15. Example radio conversation .....................................................................8-26 Figure 8-16. Attack team/maneuver company communications check ........................8-26

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Figure 8-17. Example request for immediate ACF....................................................... 8-28 Figure 9-1. Example rules of engagement ..................................................................... 9-8 Figure 9-2. Example graduated response card.............................................................. 9-9 Figure 9-3. Battle position and reserve/reaction force missions .................................. 9-13 Figure 9-4. Traffic control point, choke point, blockade, convoy escort, and route proofing missions ....................................................................................... 9-14 Figure 9-5. Tank section manning a light traffic checkpoint......................................... 9-15 Figure 9-6. Tank platoon manning a heavy traffic checkpoint ..................................... 9-16 Figure 9-7A. Tank platoon roadblock ........................................................................... 9-16 Figure 9-7B. Equipment list for roadblocks and checkpoints ....................................... 9-17 Figure 9-8. Cordon and search operations .................................................................. 9-17 Figure A-1. FBCB2 computer system............................................................................. A-2 Figure A-2. FBCB2 tactical display................................................................................. A-2 Figure A-3. Tank platoon FBCB2 TI architecture diagram............................................. A-3 Figure A-4A. Tank sections maneuvering separately on actual terrain outside of their direct line of sight of each other................................................................... A-4 Figure A-4B. FBCB2 display of the tank sections maneuvering separately .................. A-4 Figure B-1. Sample platoon WARNO............................................................................. B-2 Figure B-2. Sample platoon OPORD format .................................................................. B-7 Figure B-3. Sample platoon FRAGO.............................................................................. B-8 Figure B-4. Sample FM SALTT report............................................................................ B-8 Figure B-5. Sample FM SITREP .................................................................................... B-9 Figure B-6. MEDEVAC request format......................................................................... B-10 Figure B-7. Sample FM contact report ......................................................................... B-10 Figure C-1. Infantry leads while tank platoon remains stationary ..................................C-6 Figure C-2. Tanks move forward to link up with infantry ................................................C-7 Figure C-3. Infantry guides tanks to the firing position...................................................C-8 Figure C-4. Tanks destroy enemy targets......................................................................C-9 Figure C-5. Sample positions for infantry riding on a tank ...........................................C-10 Figure E-1. MOPP levels ................................................................................................ E-4 Figure E-2. Hand-and-arm signal for CBRN hazard ...................................................... E-8 Figure E-3. Nerve agent autoinjector kit (NAAK) ......................................................... E-10 Figure E-4. Convulsive antidote nerve agent (CANA) injector..................................... E-10 Figure E-5. CBRN marking devices ............................................................................. E-12 Figure E-6. Using smoke to confuse the enemy and silhouette his vehicles............... E-18 Figure E-7. Using screening smoke to conceal displacement ..................................... E-19 Figure E-8. Using screening smoke to conceal a bypass ............................................ E-20 Figure E-9. Using screening smoke to conceal a breaching operation ....................... E-21 Figure E-10. Tank platoon occupying an alternate battle position that is not obscured by enemy smoke........................................................................................ E-24 Figure F-1. Combat identification system....................................................................... F-2 Figure F-2. Joint CID marking system (JCIMS) ............................................................. F-3

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Figure G-1. Risk levels and impact on mission execution ............................................. G-3 Figure G-2A. DA Form 7566, Composite Risk Management Worksheet, page 1 of 2 pages ........................................................................................................... G-4 Figure G-2B. DA Form 7566, Composite Risk Management Worksheet, page 2 of 2 pages ........................................................................................................... G-5

TablesTable 6-1. Characteristics and capabilities of fixed-wing aircraft .................................6-14 Table 8-1. Penetration capabilities of a single 7.62-mm (ball) round .............................8-5 Table 8-2. Number of rounds needed to penetrate a reinforced concrete wall at a 25 degree obliquity ............................................................................................8-5 Table 8-3. Structure penetrating capabilities of 7.62-mm round (NATO ball) against typical urban targets (range 25 meters) .......................................................8-6 Table 8-4. Structure penetrating capabilities of caliber .50 ball against typical urban targets (range 35 meters).............................................................................8-6 Table 8-5. Marking methods .........................................................................................8-21 Table A-1. Capabilities and limitations of the digitized tank platoon ............................. A-5 Table G-1. Risk assessment matrix............................................................................... G-3 Table G-2. Instructions for completing DA Form 7566, Composite Risk Management Worksheet ................................................................................................... G-6 Table I-1. Abandon tank procedures ...............................................................................I-1

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PrefaceThis manual describes how the tank platoon fights. It focuses on the principles of platoon operations and the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) the platoon uses to exploit its combat power and minimize its vulnerabilities while conducting combat operations. FM 3-20.15 is for leaders and crew members of all M1, M1A1, M1A2, and M1A2 SEP (system enhancement package) tank platoons. Because weapons and equipment vary among units, users should adapt information to fit their specific situations. Where capabilities of the various systems differ significantly, this manual examines alternative considerations and techniques for their use. This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and the United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated. In addition to FM 3-20.15, two publications are critical reference sources for the tank platoon. ARTEP 17-23710-MTP, the mission training plan for the tank platoon, contains collective platoon tasks and outlines training procedures and exercises. The other resource, ST 3-20.153, contains a detailed example of tactical standing operating procedures (TACSOP). Each tank platoon can modify the TACSOP to meet its unique mission requirements. Unless otherwise stated, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to men. The proponent of this publication is the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command, and the preparing agency is the United States Army Armor Center. Users and readers of this manual are invited to submit recommendations that will improve its effectiveness. Send comments and recommendations to Director, Directorate of Training, Doctrine, and Combat Development, ATTN: ATZK-TDD-G, U.S. Army Armor Center, 204 1st Cavalry Regiment Road Suite 207, Fort Knox, KY 40121-5123. For additional information, call (502) 624-3294/1779 or DSN 464-3294/1779.

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Chapter 1

IntroductionThe fundamental mission of the tank platoon is to close with and destroy the enemy. The platoons ability to move, shoot, and communicateand do so with armored protectionis a decisive factor on the modern battlefield. It moves, attacks, defends, and performs other essential tasks to support the company or troop mission. In accomplishing its assigned missions, the tank platoon employs firepower, maneuver, and shock effect, synchronizing its capabilities with those of other maneuver elements and warfighting functions. When properly supported, the platoon is capable of conducting sustained operations against any sophisticated threat. The tank platoon can survive and win in battle only if it is well trained, effectively led, and highly motivated. Crews must be aggressive, and their tactics must reflect the tempo and intensity of maneuver warfare. Platoon training must prepare them to operate effectively in hostile territory with the enemy to their front, flanks, and rear.

SECTION I - ORGANIZATIONS

TANK PLATOON1-1. By itself, any tank can be vulnerable in the face of diverse battlefield hazards (such as enemy forces or unfavorable terrain) and situations; these vulnerabilities are significantly reduced when tanks are employed as units. 1-2. A tank platoon consists of four main battle tanks organized into two sections, with two tanks in each section. Section leaders are the platoon leader, who is the tank commander (TC) of the vehicle designated as Tank 1 and the platoon sergeant (PSG), who is the TC of Tank 4. Tank 2 is the wingman in the platoon leaders section, and Tank 3 is the wingman in the PSGs section (see Figure 1-1).

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Figure 1-1. Tank platoon 1-3. The tank platoon is organic to tank companies, armored cavalry troops, and combined arms battalions. The platoon may be attached to a number of organizations, commonly a mechanized infantry company, to create company teams. It may also be placed under the operational control (OPCON) of light infantry organizations. Note. For information on light infantry organizations and their relationship with the tank platoon, refer to the discussion in Appendix C of this manual and to FM 7-20. Additional information concerning task organized company teams is found in Appendix C of this manual and in FM 3-90.1 (FM 71-1). 1-4. Under battlefield conditions, the wingman concept facilitates control of the platoon when it operates in sections. The concept requires that one tank orient on another tank on either its left or right side. In the absence of specific instructions, wingmen move, stop, and shoot when their leaders do. In the tank platoon, Tank 2 orients on the platoon leaders tank, while Tank 3 orients on the PSGs tank. The PSG orients on the platoon leaders tank (see Figure 1-2).

Figure 1-2. The wingman concept

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SPLIT SECTION CONCEPT1-5. The tank platoon is considered the smallest maneuver element in the company. It normally fights as a unified element, with its sections fighting in concert with one another. There may be times, however, when mission, enemy, terrain (weather), troops, time available, and civilian considerations (METT-TC) will cause the company commander to find it necessary to split the platoon and attach the sections to a dismounted infantry squad or mechanized infantry section. This concept most likely occurs when the unit encounters restricted terrain or during urban operations. 1-6. The attachment of sections presents a variety of command and control issues. Leaders must understand the principles of employing infantry and armored forces to maximize their capabilities and ensure mutual support. A clear communications plan between the dismounted infantry and the armor vehicles is essential to this success. Armored vehicles are presented with several disadvantages in an urban environment. If the crew is operating with closed hatches, the dead space immediately around the vehicle is increased, and a dismounted infantry squad can easily compensate for this deadspace. The infantry can also clear intervisibility lines and breach obstacles. The armor section provides the infantry with support by moving with it along an axis of advance and providing protection. The tank section suppresses and destroys bunkers, enemy weapons, and tanks by fire and maneuver. Tanks also provide transport when the situation allows acceptable risk to exposed Soldiers. When attached to a mechanized infantry section with Bradley fighting vehicles (BFV), the team gains the ability to conduct mounted and dismounted patrols; fix, suppress, or disrupt enemy vehicles and antiarmor systems out to 2,500 meters; and destroy enemy tanks with the use of tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided (TOW) missile fires. The mechanized infantry and tank sections weapons systems used together compliment one another by compensating for the other systems limitations. The tank sections 120-mm main gun can depress only to -10 degrees and elevate only to +20 degrees, which creates considerable dead space for the tank crews in an urban environment. The BFV, however, can depress to -10 degrees and elevate to +60 degrees, compensating for the tanks dead space (see Figure 1-3).

Figure 1-3. Tank and Bradley main gun and coax dead space above street level 1-7. The platoon leader and platoon sergeant must understand the factors involved with operating in concert with light and mechanized infantry forces. Gaining dismounted infantry significantly changes the need to understand the differences in movement rates and communication challenges. The leaders must have a solid communication plan and conduct rehearsals, including the infantry squad. If the armor section is attached to the infantry or mechanized infantry section, then the infantry/mechanized infantry leaders must understand the supply and maintenance needs of heavy armor forces. This poses the biggest

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challenge for the dismounted infantry, because their need for fuel is far less than that of an armor section. Also, the armor sections ammunition requirements will pose issues in acquisition and distribution. The following checklist is not limited to, but should include, the platoon leaders responsibilities when gaining an infantry section or losing a tank section.

Section (Losing)z z z z z z

z

z z

Section leader receives coordination data: linkup time, location, gaining unit designation, frequencies, and point of contact from the platoon leader. Section is refueled and rearmed. Section moves to the linkup point. Section leader enters the gaining units radio net. Section leader reports to the gaining units point of contact and provides a status report. Section leader receives: Mission. Maps. Orders/overlays. TACSOP. Direct fire and control SOP. Digital SOP. Casualty evacuation plan. Section leader submits: Battle roster. CS report. Sensitive items report. Any general issues. Section conducts digital communications check. Section leader confirms linkup with parent unit.

Section (Gaining)z z z z z

z

z

Receiving unit issues coordination data to losing unit: linkup time, location, frequencies. Receiving unit conducts linkup with attaching unit. Receiving unit conducts digital communications check with attaching unit. Receiving unit receives status report from attaching unit. Receiving unit issues: Mission. Maps. Orders/overlays. TACSOP and communications security (COMSEC) information. Unit SOP. Direct fire and control SOP. Digital SOP. Casualty evacuation SOP. Receiving unit receives: Battle roster. CS report. Sensitive items report. Any general issues. Receiving unit conducts battle drill rehearsals for all five forms of contact.

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TANK COMPANY1-8. The tank company is organized, equipped, and trained to fight pure or as a task organized company team. The tank company consists of a headquarters and three tank platoons. The company headquarters consists of the commanding officer (CO), executive officer (XO), first sergeant (1SG), and supply section. The company headquarters is equipped with two tanks, one M113A2/A3 armored personnel carrier (APC), two M1025 or M998 high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWV), and one cargo truck with a 400-gallon water trailer (see Figure 1-4). A maintenance section from the forward support company (FSC) is normally attached to the tank company. The maintenance section consists of one APC, one heavy recovery vehicle, one cargo truck with trailer carrying spare parts based on the prescribed load list (PLL), and one cargo truck with trailer as a tool truck. A medic team, normally attached from the battalion medical platoon, travels in a medic APC.

Figure 1-4. Tank company Note. As part of continued modernization of equipment, units are receiving the forward repair system (FRS) as a replacement for the maintenance M113.

ARMORED CAVALRY TROOP1-9. The armored cavalry troop is organized, equipped, and trained to conduct reconnaissance and security operations. While its primary missions are reconnaissance and security, the cavalry troop may be called upon to execute attack, defend, and delay missions as part of squadron and regimental missions. 1-10. The armored cavalry troop consists of a headquarters, two tank platoons, two scout platoons, a mortar section, and a maintenance section. The headquarters section is equipped with one main battle tank, one M3 cavalry fighting vehicle (CFV), one command post (CP) carrier, one APC, one cargo truck with a 400-gallon water trailer, and two utility trucks. Each scout platoon consists of six M3 CFVs. Equipment in the mortar section includes two 120-mm mortars mounted in self-propelled carriers. The maintenance section includes one APC, one heavy recovery vehicle, and two cargo trucks with cargo trailers (see Figure 1-5). Note. As part of continued modernization of equipment, units are receiving the FRS as a replacement for the maintenance M113.

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Figure 1-5. Armored cavalry troop

SECTION II - CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS1-11. To win in battle, leaders must have a clear understanding of the capabilities and limitations of their equipment. This knowledge assists the tank platoon leader in evaluating transportability, sustainability, and mobility considerations for their own vehicles and for those with which the platoon may operate as part of a company team or troop.

CAPABILITIES1-12. Tanks offer an impressive array of capabilities on the modern battlefield: excellent cross-country mobility, sophisticated communications, enhanced target acquisition, lethal firepower, and effective armor protection. In combination, these factors produce the shock effect that allows armor units to close with and destroy the enemy in most weather and light conditions. 1-13. Todays tanks can move rapidly under a variety of terrain conditions, negotiating soft ground, trenches, small trees, and limited obstacles. In addition, global positioning systems (GPS) and inertial position navigation (POSNAV) systems allow tanks to move to virtually any designated location with greater speed and accuracy than ever before. Use of visual signals and the single channel ground/airborne radio system (SINCGARS) facilitates rapid and secure communication of orders and instructions. This capability allows tank crews to quickly mass the effects of their weapon systems while remaining dispersed to limit the effects of the enemys weapons. 1-14. On-board optics and sighting systems enable tank crews to acquire and destroy enemy tanks, armored vehicles, and fortifications using the main gun or to use machine guns to suppress enemy positions, personnel, and lightly armored targets. The tanks armor protects crew members from smallarms fire, most artillery, and some antiarmor systems. 1-15. Perhaps the most important technological advance available to the tank platoon is the digital information capability of its vehicles. Some tank crews now employ the Force XXI battle command brigade and below (FBCB2) system, to improve situational understanding, command, control, and navigation. The enhanced capabilities provided by these digitized systems represent a distinct advantage for the platoon leader. They enable him to gain and maintain the initiative on the battlefield by synchronizing his elements with other units through the use of faster, more accurate tactical information. Additional details on the capabilities and operational considerations of FBCB2 are provided in Appendix A and in discussions throughout this manual.

LIMITATIONS1-16. Tanks require extensive maintenance, proficient operators, and skilled mechanics, as well as daily resupply of large quantities of petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) products. They are vulnerable to the weapons effects of other tanks, attack helicopters, mines, antitank guided missiles (ATGM), antitank guns, and close attack aircraft. When tanks operate in built-up areas, dense woods, or other restricted terrain,

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reduced visibility leaves them vulnerable to dismounted infantry attacks. In such situations, they may be restricted to trails, roads, or streets; severely limiting maneuverability and observation. Existing or reinforcing obstacles can also restrict or stop tank movement.

SECTION III - RESPONSIBILITIES1-17. The tank crew is a tightly integrated team. Though all members have primary duties, success depends on their effectiveness as a crew. They must work together to maintain and service their tank and equipment and function as one in combat. Crews must cross-train so each member can function at any of the other crew positions.

PLATOON LEADER1-18. The platoon leader is responsible to the commander for the discipline and training of his platoon, the maintenance of its equipment, and its success in combat. He must be a subject matter expert in the tactical employment of his section and the platoon, both by itself and in concert with a company team or troop. He must have a solid understanding of troop-leading procedures and develop his ability to apply them quickly and efficiently on the battlefield. 1-19. The platoon leader must know the capabilities and limitations of the platoons personnel and equipment; at the same time, he must be well versed in enemy organizations, doctrine, and equipment. He must serve as an effective TC. Most importantly, the platoon leader must be flexible and capable of using sound judgment to make correct decisions quickly and at the right times based on his commanders intent and the tactical situation. During decentralized operations, the platoon leader cannot rely on the company commander for guidance and instructions. He must be capable of making decisions based on his units task and purpose and the commanders intent. 1-20. Platoon leaders must know and understand the task force mission and the task force commanders intent. They must be prepared to assume the duties of the company commander in accordance with the succession of command.

PLATOON SERGEANT1-21. The PSG is second in command of the platoon and is accountable to the platoon leader for the training, discipline, and welfare of the Soldiers in the platoon. He coordinates the platoons maintenance and CS requirements and handles the personal needs of individual Soldiers. The PSG is the most experienced TC in the platoon. His tactical and technical knowledge allow him to serve as mentor to crewmen, other noncommissioned officers (NCO), and the platoon leader. His actions on the battlefield must complement those of the platoon leader. He must be able to fight his section effectively, either in concert with the platoon leaders section or by itself.

TANK COMMANDER1-22. The TC is responsible to the platoon leader and PSG for the discipline and training of his crew, the maintenance of assigned equipment, the reporting of CS needs, and the tactical employment of his tank. He briefs his crew, directs the movement of the tank, submits all reports, and supervises initial first-aid treatment and evacuation of wounded crewmen. He is an expert in using the tanks weapon systems, requesting indirect fires, and executing land navigation using both digital systems and more traditional methods such as terrain association. 1-23. The TC must know and understand the company mission and company commanders intent. Again with decentralized operations, the TC may operate as a section and must be able to execute independently. He must be prepared to assume the duties and responsibilities of the platoon leader or PSG in accordance with the succession of command. These requirements demand that the TC maintain constant, thorough situational understanding. He does this by using all available optics for observation, eavesdropping on radio transmissions, and monitoring the FBCB2 display.

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GUNNER1-24. The gunner searches for targets and aims and fires both the main gun and the coaxial machine gun. He is responsible to the TC for the maintenance of the tanks armament and fire control equipment. The gunner serves as the assistant TC and assumes the responsibilities of the TC as required. He also assists other crew members as needed. Several of his duties involve the tanks communications and internal control systems: logging onto and monitoring communications nets, maintaining digital links if the tank is equipped with FBCB2, inputting graphic control measures on digital overlays, and monitoring digital displays during the planning and preparation phases of an operation.

DRIVER1-25. The driver moves, positions, and stops the tank. While driving, he constantly searches for covered and concealed routes and for covered positions to which he can move if the tank is engaged. He maintains his tanks position in formation and watches for visual signals. If the tank is equipped with a steer-to indicator, the driver monitors the device and selects the best tactical route. During engagements, he assists the gunner and TC by scanning for targets and sensing fired rounds. The driver is responsible to the TC for the automotive maintenance. He assists other crew members as needed.

LOADER1-26. The loader stows and cares for ammunition, loads the main gun and the coaxial machine gun ready box, and aims and fires the loaders machine gun. He is also responsible to the TC for the maintenance of communications equipment. Before engagement actions are initiated, the loader searches for targets, maintains rear security, and acts as air guard or ATGM guard. He also assists the TC as needed in directing the driver so the tank maintains its position in formation. He assists other crew members as necessary. Because the loader is ideally positioned both to observe around the tank and to monitor the tanks digital displays, platoon leaders and TCs should give strong consideration to assigning their second most experienced crewman as the loader.

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Chapter 2

Command and ControlBattle command is the process of assimilating information and then using the data to visualize the battlefield, assess the situation, and direct military action required to achieve victory. Thinking and acting are simultaneous activities for leaders in battle. The process known as command and control (C2) is the biggest challenge faced by combat leaders on the modern battlefield. Command involves directing various combat, CS, and sustainment elements; control entails the measures taken to make sure these directions are carried out. Even the most knowledgeable tactician will be ineffective if he cannot properly use the techniques available to direct and control his combat elements. In exercising C2, the tank platoon leader, assisted by the PSG, employs a variety of techniques to prepare for operations, issue orders, employ the platoon, and communicate. The success of this process rests mainly on decisive leadership, realistic training, thoroughly understood SOPs, and the effective use of communications equipment. For maximum efficiency, the platoon leader must keep command and control as simple as possible while ensuring that he provides the platoon with all required information and instructions.

SECTION I - COMMAND2-1. Command has two vital components: decision-making and leadership. This section examines in detail how the platoon leader and his subordinate leaders use these elements to develop the flexible, productive command structure that is the catalyst for success on the battlefield.

DECISION-MAKING2-2. Decision-making is a conscious process for selecting a course of action (COA) from two or more alternatives. At platoon level, many decisions are based on SOPs and standard unit drills. SOPs and drills cover an array of routine and emergency actions, such as evacuation of wounded Soldiers, rearming and resupply procedures, and individual crew responsibilities; they allow the platoon to operate quickly and efficiently without constant guidance from the platoon leader. SOPs and checklists are especially critical in maintaining combat preparedness when leaders are tired or under stress as a result of continuous operations. Because of this, it is absolutely necessary that everyone in the platoon thoroughly understand all applicable SOPs. Refer to ST 3-20.153, Tank Platoon SOP, for a sample SOP that can be adapted for use in various tank platoon organizations. In the modern operational environment, the platoon leader may operate in a decentralized fashion requiring him to make rapid decisions with minimal guidance. Additionally, the platoon leader may conduct missions that will transition from combat operations to stability operations. The enemy will not conform or act in a manner that will fit into the doctrinal named operations. The platoon leader must understand that the enemy is always adapting his tactics to best defeat our forces.

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Chapter 2

TROOP-LEADING PROCEDURES2-3. Troop-leading is a dynamic process that begins when the platoon receives a new mission or is notified by a warning order (WARNO) that a new mission is imminent. Most tactical decisions are made by the company or troop commander, who then announces them in the form of orders that include his intent and concept of the operation. Based on these orders, the platoon leader executes troop-leading procedures to organize his time during planning and preparation and to develop his platoons scheme of maneuver. Effective use of troop-leading procedures allows the platoon leader to lead his platoon more effectively in the execution of the mission. 2-4. Whenever possible, the eight steps of troop-leading procedures are integrated and accomplished concurrently rather than sequentially. Time management is the key. The platoon leader maximizes available planning time by starting as soon as he receives the first bit of information about the upcoming operation. He normally uses one-third of the available time to plan, prepare, and issue the order; his TCs then have the remaining two-thirds of the time available to prepare their tanks and crews for the operation. This time allocation, known as the one-third/two-thirds rule, is applicable in planning and preparation at all levels and for virtually all tactical situations and must be enforced. 2-5. The troop-leading process, although discussed here with the eight steps in traditional order, is not rigid, and the steps are not necessarily sequential. The tasks involved in some steps (such as initiate movement, issue the WARNO, and conduct reconnaissance) may recur several times during the process. Although listed as the last step, activities associated with supervising and refining the plan and other preparations occur throughout the troop-leading process. 2-6. The following discussion focuses on the eight steps of troop-leading procedures: z Receive and analyze the mission. z Issue the WARNO. z Make a tentative plan. z Initiate movement. z Conduct reconnaissance and coordination. z Complete the plan. z Issue the order. z Supervise and refine.

Step 1Receive and Analyze the Mission2-7. The platoon leader receives his orders as an oral operation order (OPORD) or as a fragmentary order (FRAGO) updating a previously issued OPORD. Graphics are copied from the commanders overlay or sent by digital transmission (see the discussion). Initial coordination with other platoon leaders and the company or troop fire support team (FIST) are accomplished upon receipt of the mission. Note. Before the OPORD or FRAGO arrives, the platoon leader may receive a series of WARNOs from the company commander providing advance notice of an impending operation. The platoon leader should disseminate all pertinent information contained in the WARNOs as quickly as possible after they are received.

Initial Actions 2-8. Upon receipt of the WARNO, FRAGO, or OPORD, the platoon leaders first task is to extract his mission from the commanders overall plan. The key to understanding the platoon mission as part of the company team or troop mission lies in two elements of the plan: the commanders intent and the concept of operations. One platoon will be designated as the company/troop main effort. This platoons task and purpose accomplishes the companys stated mission. The other platoons are supporting efforts; their task and purpose ensures the success of the main effort platoon. The platoon leaders understanding of the commanders intent and his task and purpose allows him to use his initiative, exploit battlefield

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opportunities, and accomplish the commanders plan. If he does not understand the intent or purpose, he must ask the commander for clarification. 2-9. Although mission analysis is continuously refined throughout the troop-leading process, the platoon leaders actions are normally based only on the WARNO from higher. These include an analysis covering the terrain and enemy and friendly situations. The platoon leader may also conduct his time analysis, develop a security plan, and issue his own WARNO to provide guidance and planning focus for his subordinates. At a minimum, the platoon WARNO should cover the enemy and friendly situations, movement instructions, and coordinating instructions such as a time line and security plan. (Note. The analysis is normally conducted as quickly as possible to allow the platoon leader to issue the WARNO in a timely manner. He then conducts a more detailed METT-TC analysis, as outlined in the following discussion, after the WARNO is issued.) Note. The technique of using multiple WARNOs is a valuable tool for the platoon leader during the troop-leading process. He can issue WARNOs for several purposes: to alert subordinates of the upcoming mission, to initiate the parallel planning process, and to put out tactical information incrementally as it is received (ultimately reducing the length of the OPORD). Refer to FM 3-90.1 (FM 71-1) for a discussion of how WARNOs are employed at various stages of the troop-leading procedures.

METT-TC Analysis 2-10. The platoon leader analyzes the mission using the factors of METT-TC: mission, enemy, terrain (and weather), troops, time available, and civilian considerations. Careful analysis of the company OPORD allows the platoon leader to identify the platoons purpose; the specified, implied, and essential tasks it must perform; and the time line by which the platoon will accomplish those tasks. The following outline of METT-TC factors will assist the platoon leader in analyzing the mission and creating a time line. 2-11. Mission. The platoon leaders analysis includes the following points: z What is the battalion commanders intent? z What are the company or troop commanders intent and purpose? z What tasks did the commander say must be accomplished (specified tasks)? In the OPORD, specified tasks are contained in paragraphs 3, 4, and 5. z What other tasks must be accomplished to ensure mission success (implied tasks)? Implied tasks are those that are not specified in the OPORD, but that must be done to complete the mission. They do not include tasks that are covered in the unit SOP. The platoon leader identifies implied tasks by analyzing the enemy, the terrain, friendly troops available, and the operational graphics. As an example, the commander may direct the platoon to occupy a support-by-fire position near a known enemy observation post (OP). The platoon leader will immediately recognize that he must occupy the designated position (the specified task). Through his analysis, he will probably determine that the platoon must also destroy or neutralize the enemy OP (the implied task) because it can affect the platoon and/or company mission. If time is available, the platoon leader should confirm implied tasks with the commander. 2-12. Enemy. The analysis of the enemy situation includes these considerations: z What have been the enemys recent activities? z What is the composition of the enemys forces? z What are the capabilities of his weapons? z What is the location of current and probable enemy positions? z What is the enemys most probable COA? The platoon leader must apply knowledge of the enemys doctrine and his most recent activities and locations to answer these questions:

Will the enemy attack or defend?

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What is the enemys task and purpose? What formations will the enemy use? How will the enemy defend? Where are the enemys kill zones? Where and when will the enemy execute his operations?

2-13. Enemy information is included in paragraph 1 of the OPORD. It is important that the platoon leader analyze this information in terms of the platoons role in the operation. For example, if the company commander only identifies platoon-size center-of-mass locations for a defending enemy, the platoon leader should identify probable enemy locations based on the terrain and the enemys doctrine. 2-14. Platoon leaders need to ensure that they use this evaluation of the enemy, whether it is on the high intensity battlefield (enemy tanks and infantry fighting vehicles [IFV]) or low intensity operations (guerillas, or destabilizing elements). These skills will allow the platoon to disrupt the enemy operations and force the enemy to react to the platoons actions, ensuring the platoon retains the initiative. With changing enemy tactics based on their success, an environment can easily evolve where leaders find themselves reacting to these ever-changing tactics and surrendering the initiative to the enemy. The platoon leader must ensure he sets the conditions for mission success, retaining the initiative at all times. 2-15. Terrain (and weather). The platoon leader analyzes the terrain using the factors of OAKOC (observation and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key terrain, obstacles, and cover and concealment). Elements of the OAKOC and weather analysis include the following:z

Observation and fields of fire. These are influenced by key terrain that dominates avenues of approach. The following factors may apply:

Where can the enemy observe and engage the platoon (danger areas)? Where are the natural firing positions the platoon can use to observe and engage the enemy, including locations for battle positions (BP), support-by-fire and attack-by-fire positions, and overwatch positions?

z z

Avenues of approach. Where are the most favorable avenues of approach (mounted, dismounted, and air) for enemy and friendly forces? Key terrain. These factors may apply: Where is the key terrain? (Any locality or area, the seizure or retention of which affords a marked advantage to either combatant.) How can key terrain be used to support the mission?

z

Obstacles. These factors may apply:

Where are natural and existing obstacles located, and how can they affect maneuver? Where are likely areas for enemy-emplaced obstacles, and how can they affect maneuver? Are there bypasses, or must obstacles be breached?

z

Cover and concealment. These factors may apply: What routes within the area of operations offer cover and concealment for the platoon or for enemy elements? Do the natural firing positions in the area of operations offer cover and concealment for the platoon or enemy?

z

Weather. The platoon leader can use these questions as he analyzes the impact of weather and other environmental factors on the mission:

What are the light conditions (including percentage of night illumination) and visibility? What are the times for beginning of morning nautical twilight (BMNT), sunrise, sunset, end of evening nautical twilight (EENT), moonrise, and moonset? How will this effect friendly and enemy use of night vision equipment? Wh