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Fluidization and gas-solid systems - introduction
MSc Leszek Stepien
Faculty of Energy amp Fuels
Winter 20142015
prof Marek Sciazko
Monday 945-1115
OBLIGATORY attendance
LECTURE (30h)
Expected achievements
Student is aware of advanced knowledge in the field of the implementation of typical fluidization and other gas-solid systems and principles of their design
Has advanced knowledge of fluidization process arrangement and specific componentrsquos function particularly in a high velocity fluidization
Is able to use the acquired knowledge to solve specific engineering problems of fluid bed systems
MS-AGH-2014 3
Contents
1 Introduction
Phenomenon of fluidization
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications for physical and chemical operations
Particle size distribution
Mean particle size
MS-AGH-2014 4
2 Mapping of fluidization regimes
Fixed bed pressure drop
Minimum fluidizing velocity
Bubbling fluidization
Terminal transport velocity
Choking
Circulating fluid bed
3 The dense fluid bed
Distributors
Rising bubbles in fluid bed
MS-AGH-2014 5
4 Bubbles in dense bed Model of gas flow
Solids within bubbles
Bubble size ndash growth
5 Entrainment and elutriation Freeboard
Entrainment from tall vessels
6 High velocity fluidization Characteristic gas velocities
Two-phase model of circulating bed
MS-AGH-2014 6
7 Heat transfer
Heat transfer between fluid bed and surfaces
8 The RTD and size distribution
Particles of unchanging size
Particles of changing size
9 Design of fluid bed reactors
For physical operations
For chemical operations
MS-AGH-2014 7
Computing tools
Excel MathCad Personal calculator
Literature Daizo Kunii Octave Levenspiel Fluidization Engineering
Butterworth-Heinemann 2nd Edition Marek Ściążko Studium aerodynamiki cyrkulacyjnego
reaktora fluidalnego Chemia Z143 Politechnika Śląska Gliwice 2001
MS-AGH-2014 8
Studentrsquos grading
Evaluation is a shared responsibility between the teacher and the student The purpose of the evaluation is to demonstrate how well the student has learned specific course materials the principles concepts and terms relevant to the fluidization field and to determine the studentsrsquo ability to apply that knowledge to specific engineering problems
Final grade (OK) is calculated as weighted mean of lecture test (T) seminar delivered work (P)
OK = 04wT + 06P
w ndash studentrsquos activity w=1 attending at least 80 of lectures w = 07 more than 50 and less than 80 w = 03 for more than 50 unjustified absences
MS-AGH-2014 9
Msc Leszek Stępień
Friday 10-1130
OBLIGATORY attendance
Grade class test + activityhomework (problem solving)
CLASSES (15h)
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
prof Marek Sciazko
Monday 945-1115
OBLIGATORY attendance
LECTURE (30h)
Expected achievements
Student is aware of advanced knowledge in the field of the implementation of typical fluidization and other gas-solid systems and principles of their design
Has advanced knowledge of fluidization process arrangement and specific componentrsquos function particularly in a high velocity fluidization
Is able to use the acquired knowledge to solve specific engineering problems of fluid bed systems
MS-AGH-2014 3
Contents
1 Introduction
Phenomenon of fluidization
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications for physical and chemical operations
Particle size distribution
Mean particle size
MS-AGH-2014 4
2 Mapping of fluidization regimes
Fixed bed pressure drop
Minimum fluidizing velocity
Bubbling fluidization
Terminal transport velocity
Choking
Circulating fluid bed
3 The dense fluid bed
Distributors
Rising bubbles in fluid bed
MS-AGH-2014 5
4 Bubbles in dense bed Model of gas flow
Solids within bubbles
Bubble size ndash growth
5 Entrainment and elutriation Freeboard
Entrainment from tall vessels
6 High velocity fluidization Characteristic gas velocities
Two-phase model of circulating bed
MS-AGH-2014 6
7 Heat transfer
Heat transfer between fluid bed and surfaces
8 The RTD and size distribution
Particles of unchanging size
Particles of changing size
9 Design of fluid bed reactors
For physical operations
For chemical operations
MS-AGH-2014 7
Computing tools
Excel MathCad Personal calculator
Literature Daizo Kunii Octave Levenspiel Fluidization Engineering
Butterworth-Heinemann 2nd Edition Marek Ściążko Studium aerodynamiki cyrkulacyjnego
reaktora fluidalnego Chemia Z143 Politechnika Śląska Gliwice 2001
MS-AGH-2014 8
Studentrsquos grading
Evaluation is a shared responsibility between the teacher and the student The purpose of the evaluation is to demonstrate how well the student has learned specific course materials the principles concepts and terms relevant to the fluidization field and to determine the studentsrsquo ability to apply that knowledge to specific engineering problems
Final grade (OK) is calculated as weighted mean of lecture test (T) seminar delivered work (P)
OK = 04wT + 06P
w ndash studentrsquos activity w=1 attending at least 80 of lectures w = 07 more than 50 and less than 80 w = 03 for more than 50 unjustified absences
MS-AGH-2014 9
Msc Leszek Stępień
Friday 10-1130
OBLIGATORY attendance
Grade class test + activityhomework (problem solving)
CLASSES (15h)
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Expected achievements
Student is aware of advanced knowledge in the field of the implementation of typical fluidization and other gas-solid systems and principles of their design
Has advanced knowledge of fluidization process arrangement and specific componentrsquos function particularly in a high velocity fluidization
Is able to use the acquired knowledge to solve specific engineering problems of fluid bed systems
MS-AGH-2014 3
Contents
1 Introduction
Phenomenon of fluidization
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications for physical and chemical operations
Particle size distribution
Mean particle size
MS-AGH-2014 4
2 Mapping of fluidization regimes
Fixed bed pressure drop
Minimum fluidizing velocity
Bubbling fluidization
Terminal transport velocity
Choking
Circulating fluid bed
3 The dense fluid bed
Distributors
Rising bubbles in fluid bed
MS-AGH-2014 5
4 Bubbles in dense bed Model of gas flow
Solids within bubbles
Bubble size ndash growth
5 Entrainment and elutriation Freeboard
Entrainment from tall vessels
6 High velocity fluidization Characteristic gas velocities
Two-phase model of circulating bed
MS-AGH-2014 6
7 Heat transfer
Heat transfer between fluid bed and surfaces
8 The RTD and size distribution
Particles of unchanging size
Particles of changing size
9 Design of fluid bed reactors
For physical operations
For chemical operations
MS-AGH-2014 7
Computing tools
Excel MathCad Personal calculator
Literature Daizo Kunii Octave Levenspiel Fluidization Engineering
Butterworth-Heinemann 2nd Edition Marek Ściążko Studium aerodynamiki cyrkulacyjnego
reaktora fluidalnego Chemia Z143 Politechnika Śląska Gliwice 2001
MS-AGH-2014 8
Studentrsquos grading
Evaluation is a shared responsibility between the teacher and the student The purpose of the evaluation is to demonstrate how well the student has learned specific course materials the principles concepts and terms relevant to the fluidization field and to determine the studentsrsquo ability to apply that knowledge to specific engineering problems
Final grade (OK) is calculated as weighted mean of lecture test (T) seminar delivered work (P)
OK = 04wT + 06P
w ndash studentrsquos activity w=1 attending at least 80 of lectures w = 07 more than 50 and less than 80 w = 03 for more than 50 unjustified absences
MS-AGH-2014 9
Msc Leszek Stępień
Friday 10-1130
OBLIGATORY attendance
Grade class test + activityhomework (problem solving)
CLASSES (15h)
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Contents
1 Introduction
Phenomenon of fluidization
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications for physical and chemical operations
Particle size distribution
Mean particle size
MS-AGH-2014 4
2 Mapping of fluidization regimes
Fixed bed pressure drop
Minimum fluidizing velocity
Bubbling fluidization
Terminal transport velocity
Choking
Circulating fluid bed
3 The dense fluid bed
Distributors
Rising bubbles in fluid bed
MS-AGH-2014 5
4 Bubbles in dense bed Model of gas flow
Solids within bubbles
Bubble size ndash growth
5 Entrainment and elutriation Freeboard
Entrainment from tall vessels
6 High velocity fluidization Characteristic gas velocities
Two-phase model of circulating bed
MS-AGH-2014 6
7 Heat transfer
Heat transfer between fluid bed and surfaces
8 The RTD and size distribution
Particles of unchanging size
Particles of changing size
9 Design of fluid bed reactors
For physical operations
For chemical operations
MS-AGH-2014 7
Computing tools
Excel MathCad Personal calculator
Literature Daizo Kunii Octave Levenspiel Fluidization Engineering
Butterworth-Heinemann 2nd Edition Marek Ściążko Studium aerodynamiki cyrkulacyjnego
reaktora fluidalnego Chemia Z143 Politechnika Śląska Gliwice 2001
MS-AGH-2014 8
Studentrsquos grading
Evaluation is a shared responsibility between the teacher and the student The purpose of the evaluation is to demonstrate how well the student has learned specific course materials the principles concepts and terms relevant to the fluidization field and to determine the studentsrsquo ability to apply that knowledge to specific engineering problems
Final grade (OK) is calculated as weighted mean of lecture test (T) seminar delivered work (P)
OK = 04wT + 06P
w ndash studentrsquos activity w=1 attending at least 80 of lectures w = 07 more than 50 and less than 80 w = 03 for more than 50 unjustified absences
MS-AGH-2014 9
Msc Leszek Stępień
Friday 10-1130
OBLIGATORY attendance
Grade class test + activityhomework (problem solving)
CLASSES (15h)
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
2 Mapping of fluidization regimes
Fixed bed pressure drop
Minimum fluidizing velocity
Bubbling fluidization
Terminal transport velocity
Choking
Circulating fluid bed
3 The dense fluid bed
Distributors
Rising bubbles in fluid bed
MS-AGH-2014 5
4 Bubbles in dense bed Model of gas flow
Solids within bubbles
Bubble size ndash growth
5 Entrainment and elutriation Freeboard
Entrainment from tall vessels
6 High velocity fluidization Characteristic gas velocities
Two-phase model of circulating bed
MS-AGH-2014 6
7 Heat transfer
Heat transfer between fluid bed and surfaces
8 The RTD and size distribution
Particles of unchanging size
Particles of changing size
9 Design of fluid bed reactors
For physical operations
For chemical operations
MS-AGH-2014 7
Computing tools
Excel MathCad Personal calculator
Literature Daizo Kunii Octave Levenspiel Fluidization Engineering
Butterworth-Heinemann 2nd Edition Marek Ściążko Studium aerodynamiki cyrkulacyjnego
reaktora fluidalnego Chemia Z143 Politechnika Śląska Gliwice 2001
MS-AGH-2014 8
Studentrsquos grading
Evaluation is a shared responsibility between the teacher and the student The purpose of the evaluation is to demonstrate how well the student has learned specific course materials the principles concepts and terms relevant to the fluidization field and to determine the studentsrsquo ability to apply that knowledge to specific engineering problems
Final grade (OK) is calculated as weighted mean of lecture test (T) seminar delivered work (P)
OK = 04wT + 06P
w ndash studentrsquos activity w=1 attending at least 80 of lectures w = 07 more than 50 and less than 80 w = 03 for more than 50 unjustified absences
MS-AGH-2014 9
Msc Leszek Stępień
Friday 10-1130
OBLIGATORY attendance
Grade class test + activityhomework (problem solving)
CLASSES (15h)
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
4 Bubbles in dense bed Model of gas flow
Solids within bubbles
Bubble size ndash growth
5 Entrainment and elutriation Freeboard
Entrainment from tall vessels
6 High velocity fluidization Characteristic gas velocities
Two-phase model of circulating bed
MS-AGH-2014 6
7 Heat transfer
Heat transfer between fluid bed and surfaces
8 The RTD and size distribution
Particles of unchanging size
Particles of changing size
9 Design of fluid bed reactors
For physical operations
For chemical operations
MS-AGH-2014 7
Computing tools
Excel MathCad Personal calculator
Literature Daizo Kunii Octave Levenspiel Fluidization Engineering
Butterworth-Heinemann 2nd Edition Marek Ściążko Studium aerodynamiki cyrkulacyjnego
reaktora fluidalnego Chemia Z143 Politechnika Śląska Gliwice 2001
MS-AGH-2014 8
Studentrsquos grading
Evaluation is a shared responsibility between the teacher and the student The purpose of the evaluation is to demonstrate how well the student has learned specific course materials the principles concepts and terms relevant to the fluidization field and to determine the studentsrsquo ability to apply that knowledge to specific engineering problems
Final grade (OK) is calculated as weighted mean of lecture test (T) seminar delivered work (P)
OK = 04wT + 06P
w ndash studentrsquos activity w=1 attending at least 80 of lectures w = 07 more than 50 and less than 80 w = 03 for more than 50 unjustified absences
MS-AGH-2014 9
Msc Leszek Stępień
Friday 10-1130
OBLIGATORY attendance
Grade class test + activityhomework (problem solving)
CLASSES (15h)
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
7 Heat transfer
Heat transfer between fluid bed and surfaces
8 The RTD and size distribution
Particles of unchanging size
Particles of changing size
9 Design of fluid bed reactors
For physical operations
For chemical operations
MS-AGH-2014 7
Computing tools
Excel MathCad Personal calculator
Literature Daizo Kunii Octave Levenspiel Fluidization Engineering
Butterworth-Heinemann 2nd Edition Marek Ściążko Studium aerodynamiki cyrkulacyjnego
reaktora fluidalnego Chemia Z143 Politechnika Śląska Gliwice 2001
MS-AGH-2014 8
Studentrsquos grading
Evaluation is a shared responsibility between the teacher and the student The purpose of the evaluation is to demonstrate how well the student has learned specific course materials the principles concepts and terms relevant to the fluidization field and to determine the studentsrsquo ability to apply that knowledge to specific engineering problems
Final grade (OK) is calculated as weighted mean of lecture test (T) seminar delivered work (P)
OK = 04wT + 06P
w ndash studentrsquos activity w=1 attending at least 80 of lectures w = 07 more than 50 and less than 80 w = 03 for more than 50 unjustified absences
MS-AGH-2014 9
Msc Leszek Stępień
Friday 10-1130
OBLIGATORY attendance
Grade class test + activityhomework (problem solving)
CLASSES (15h)
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Computing tools
Excel MathCad Personal calculator
Literature Daizo Kunii Octave Levenspiel Fluidization Engineering
Butterworth-Heinemann 2nd Edition Marek Ściążko Studium aerodynamiki cyrkulacyjnego
reaktora fluidalnego Chemia Z143 Politechnika Śląska Gliwice 2001
MS-AGH-2014 8
Studentrsquos grading
Evaluation is a shared responsibility between the teacher and the student The purpose of the evaluation is to demonstrate how well the student has learned specific course materials the principles concepts and terms relevant to the fluidization field and to determine the studentsrsquo ability to apply that knowledge to specific engineering problems
Final grade (OK) is calculated as weighted mean of lecture test (T) seminar delivered work (P)
OK = 04wT + 06P
w ndash studentrsquos activity w=1 attending at least 80 of lectures w = 07 more than 50 and less than 80 w = 03 for more than 50 unjustified absences
MS-AGH-2014 9
Msc Leszek Stępień
Friday 10-1130
OBLIGATORY attendance
Grade class test + activityhomework (problem solving)
CLASSES (15h)
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Studentrsquos grading
Evaluation is a shared responsibility between the teacher and the student The purpose of the evaluation is to demonstrate how well the student has learned specific course materials the principles concepts and terms relevant to the fluidization field and to determine the studentsrsquo ability to apply that knowledge to specific engineering problems
Final grade (OK) is calculated as weighted mean of lecture test (T) seminar delivered work (P)
OK = 04wT + 06P
w ndash studentrsquos activity w=1 attending at least 80 of lectures w = 07 more than 50 and less than 80 w = 03 for more than 50 unjustified absences
MS-AGH-2014 9
Msc Leszek Stępień
Friday 10-1130
OBLIGATORY attendance
Grade class test + activityhomework (problem solving)
CLASSES (15h)
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Msc Leszek Stępień
Friday 10-1130
OBLIGATORY attendance
Grade class test + activityhomework (problem solving)
CLASSES (15h)
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
1 Fludization velocities a) Calculating mean diameter of particles
b) Minimum fludization velocity
c) Terminal velocity
2 Gas distributors
3 Bubbling fluidization a) Size of bubbles
b) Kuni-Levenspiel bubbling bed model
4 Entrainment amp elutriation
5 Fluid bed aerodynamics
6 Application example ndash drying process
Topics
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Fluidization
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
The idea of fludization
Set of solid particles with of different size (diametermassdensity) is lifted by the counter current flow of gas to form the uniformly spread bed
Advantages Uniform temperature distribution Large contact area between solid
and gas phase Good mixing =gt uniform
concentration of substrates and products in the system
wwwaghedupl
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
The idea of fludization
wwwaghedupl
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
wwwaghedupl
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Flow regimes
wwwaghedupl
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Pros amp Cons
Smooth flow = easier control
Isothermal conditions
Good resistance to rapid temperature changes
Heat and mass transfer
Suitable for large scale operations
Difficult to describe flow of gas
Nonuniform residence time
Entrainment of friable solids
Erosion of pipes
Possible agglomeration and sintering
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Fluidization significance
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Energy generation
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
1621 20
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Based on the steam parameters
subcritical pulverized coal (SubCPC) plants
supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants
ultra-supercritical pulverized coal (USCPC) plants
Based on parameters inside the furnace
Atmospheric
Pressurized
1621 21
The heart of powert plant - BOILER
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
1621 22
Circulating fluid bed
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power
Around 16 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace
The ash produced from this combustion is around 200000 tons per year The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of
steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees C The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler To condense all the steam it will require around 50000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes rivers or the sea The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment
Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle
1621 23
500MW power plant - overview
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Polands newest amp most efficient power plant (44)
the worlds largest CFB boiler
High efficiency =gt lower fuel requirements and lower levels of ash and emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2)
CFB technology has excellent fuel flexibility and offers the option of co-firing of biofuels with different grades of coals which can further reduce CO2 emissions
1621 24
Łagisza power plant
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
40-50 kg of coalsec
Fluid bed approx 300 000kg
The fuel and limestone particles are recycled over and over back to the process which results in high efficiency for burning the fuel capturing pollutants and for transferring the fuels heat energy into high-quality steam to produce power
Steam 275 MPa 560C
No chimney
1621 25
Łagisza power plant
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
1621 26
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
Load flexibility and high heat transfer rates Fuel flexibility can gasify a wide range of feedstocks Moderate oxidant and steam requirements Has a uniform moderately high temperature throughout the
gasifier Higher cold gas efficiency than entrained-bed gasifiers but
lower carbon conversion Extensive char recycling is required
Fluid bed gasifier
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
The HTW gasifier is a circulating fluidized-bed reactor which operates in either air or oxygen blown modes
Dry-feed pressurized dry ash gasifier A key advantage of the technology is the capability to
gasify a variety of different feedstocks including all grades of more reactive low-rank coals with a higher ash softening temperature (ie brown coal) and also various forms of biomass
Due to the high outlet temperature the syngas does not contain any higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as tars phenols and other heavy aromatics
High Temperature Winkler
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
The bottom part of the gasifier comprises a fluidized-bed (the fluidizing medium airoxygen +steam)
The bed is formed by particles of ash semi-coke and coal and is maintained in the fluidized state via upward flow of the gasification agent
Gas plus the fluidized solids flow up the reactor with further airO2 and steam being added in this region to complete the gasification process
Fine ash particulate and char entrained in the raw syngas are removed in a cyclone and cooled
The solids removed in the cyclone are returned to the gasifier base to maximize carbon conversion
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References
EU energy in figures 2012
httpwwwpkepl
httpwwwelkocomplelkowebsite2sitephp
httpwwwbrighthubengineeringcom
httpwwwfreund-vectorcomlabequipmentasp
R Szafran et al New spout-fluid bed apparatus for electrostatic coating of fine particles
and encapsulation Powder technology(2012) 225
1621 30
References