a&pD;a&vmywf0ef;usifqkdif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm

a&pD;a&vmywf0ef;usifqkdif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm

rl&if;pmtkyf\t,f'Dwmrsm;

Megan Dyson, Ger Bergkamp and John Scanlon

jrefrmbmomjyefpmtkyf\t,f'Dwm

a'gufwmcifeDeDodef;

þpmtkyfwGifazmfjyxm;onfh yx0Dqdkif&mowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh&kyf0wåKqkdif&mwifjycsufrsm;onf EdkifiHwpfEkdifiHESifhywfoufaom

w&m;0iftajctae? e,fy,f(okd Y){&d,m (odk Yr[kwf) ¤if;\tcsKyftcsm (odk Yr[kwf) ¤if;Ek difiHwpfEk difiH\ e,fjcm; (okd Y)

e,fy,fowfrSwfjcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí tdkif,lpDtifef (IUCN)\ tmabmfudkwpkHw&mazmfjyxm;jcif;r[kwfyg/

þxkwfa0jcif;jzpfajrmufEk difa&;twGufNAdwdeftpdk;&? e,fomveftpdk;&ESif h a&ESif hobm0qdkif&mBudK;yrf;rIvkyfief;wdk YrS

yl;aygif;ulnDaxmufyHhonf/

þxkwfa0jcif;wGi f azmf jyxm;aomtjrifoabmxm;rsm;onf tk di f,lp Dtife f(IUCN)\ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;ud kxif[yf&efrvkdtyfyg/

xkwfa0ol IUCN, Gland, Switzerland

rlydkif © 2007 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

þpmtkyfudk ynmay;jcif;ESifhtjrwftpGef;twGufr&nf&G,fonfh vkyfief;rsm;twGufjyefvnf

xkwfa0jzefYcsDvdkygu ueOD;rlydkif xkwfa0jcif;udk pkHvifjynfhpkHpGm a&;om; azmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh

rlydkif\a&;om;cGifhjyKcsufrygbJvnf; xkwfa0jzefYcsDEkdifygonf/

pmtkyfudk rlydkif\BudKwifa&;om;cGifhjyKcsufrygyJ a&mif;cs&efESifhtusKd;pD;yGm;twGuff&nf&G,fí

xkwfa0jzefYcsDjcif;udk wm;jrpfygonf/

&nfnTef;jcif; Dyson, M., Bergkamp, G., Scanlon, J. (eds). ESifh odef;? cifeDeD (a'gufwm) (jrefrmbmom

jye fpmtky f\t,f' Dwm) a&p D ;a&vm? ywf0e f ;usi fq d ki f&mr& S dr jzp fa&p D ;a&vm/

IUCN, Gland, Switzerland ESifh a&? okawoe ESifh avhusifha&; ynmXme (229 pmrsufESm)

2007 ckESpf/

ISBN 978-2-8317-1004-4

yHkpHxkwfol Melanie Kandelaars

bmomjyefqdkol OD;ausmfpdk;? a':ae&D

pmwnf; a'gufwmcifeDeDodef;

yHkESdyfol Sunway Publishing Co., Ltd

jrefrm'DZdkif;jyifqifol a':,Ofat;rdk;

&&SdEkdifaomae&m IUCN Asia Regional Water & Wetlands Programme

63, Sukhumvit Soi 39, WattanaBangkok 10110, ThailandE-mail: iucnasiawater@iucnt.org

http://www.iucn.org

http://www.waterandnature.org

ii

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tñTef;aomhcsuf trSmowif;rsm;.......................................................... vi

trSm......................................................................................xiv

rl&if;pmtkyf\ t,f'Dwmrsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;.............................................xvii

a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm; t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY

jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJholrsm; .................................................... xviii

aus;Zl;wifvTm.............................................................................xix

þpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodkYbmomjyefqdk&jcif;\&nf&G,fcsuf ESifh

a&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme\ aus;Zl;wifvTm.................................xx

tcef; 1/ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmqdkonfrSm................................2

1.1 ed'gef;.....................................................................2

1.2 t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;.........................................................5

1.3 tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;..........................................................7

1.4 tjzpfrSef..................................................................9

1.5 tay;t,lvkyf zvS,fjcif;rsm;. .........................................13

tcef; 2/ a&vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm owfrSwfjcif;............................18

2.1 ed'gef;...................................................................18

2.2 &nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif;vif;wduspGmowfrSwfjcif; odkUr[kwf aphpyf

aqG;aEG;rIjyK&ef tem*wf tcif;tusif;yHkpH .............................20

2.3 a&pD;a&vmyrmPvdktyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwfEkdifrnfh

enf;vrf;rsm;...........................................................23

2.4 jcHKiHkqufpyfrI&Sdonfh csOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;ESihf uRrf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;

udkoHk;jcif;...............................................................34

2.5 a&pD;a&vmyrmP wGufcsufowfrSwf&mwGif oHk;onfh tajccH

vrf;ñTefrsm;............................................................37

2.6 udkufnDrnfh enf;vrf;udk &SmazGa&G;cs,fjcif; ..............................44

2.7 enf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;csjcif;ESihf xdckdufrIrsm;udk

apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;..................................................48

iii

tcef; 3/ a&qdkif&m tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk tenf;tusOf; jyifqifajymif;vJjcif;... 54

3.1 tajccHtaqmuftODaMumifhh xdckdufrIrsm;ESihf a&G;cs,fp&mrsm;.......... 54

3.2 a&qkdif&m tajccHtaqmuftODopfjzihf ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m

r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmtajctaeukd jr§ifhwifjcif; ...........................64

3.3 &Sd&if;pGJ a&qkdif&m tajccHtaqmuftODudktoHk;jyKí ywf0ef;usif

qkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm taumiftxnfazmfjcif;.....................70

3.4 ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;

twGuf tajccHtaqmuftOD rsm;udk vnfywfcGifhudk ½kyfodrf;jcif;.......77

tcef; 4/ ukefusp&dwf vHkvHkavmufavmuf &&Sda&; .......................................86

4.1 b@ma&;vdktyfrIrsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;.............................86

4.2 tusKd;pD;yGm;qufEG,fol tkyfpkrsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;.........92

4.3 b@maiG&&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;..........................................93

4.4 pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tajccHtusKd;taMumif;rsm;...........................108

4.5 rSefuefaom aphaqmfwGef;tm;ay;onfht&mrsm;udk &SmazGjcif;..........118

4.6 qÉtavsmufcsOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;rsm; ..................................123

4.7 aomhcsufar;cGef;rsm;.................................................. 125

tcef; 5/ rl0g'ESihf Oya'qkdif&m tajccHr@dKifwpfckudk zefwD;a&;qGJjcif;..................130

5.1 xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tajctaeudk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;...............130

5.2 EkdifiHwumh Oya'ESihf tjcm;pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;............................ 131

5.3 wpfEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m rl0g'ESihf Oya'rsm;.................................143

5.4 vufawGUvkyfief;tqifhrsm;ESihf &ifqkdif&rnfh tcuftcJrsm; ...........146

tcef; 6/ EdkifiHa&; t&Sdeft[kef xGufay:apjcif; .........................................156

6.1 toifhjyifMu .......................................................... 156

6.2 &yf&GmvlUtzGJUtpnf; ,HkMunfpdwfcsvmatmif vkyfjcif;................ 160

6.3 yefMum;csuf owif;rSefudk jzefYa0jcif;.................................. 166

6.4 vkyfief;wl tusKd;wl tkyfpkrsm;ESihf qufqHywfoufjcif;.................172

6.5 axmufcHrI &,lpkaqmif;jcif;...........................................173

iv

v

tcef; 7/ 'DZkdif;yHkpHxkwfa&;? taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk

wnfaqmufjcif;............................................................... 176

7.1 owdjyKEdk;Mum;rIr&SdvQif ta&;,ljyKrlrIr&SdEdkif.............................. 176

7.2 jyKvkyfEkdifpGrf;xJrS [muGufrsm;udk &SmazGpDppfjcif;ESihf

udkifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;.....................................................178

7.3 pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; enf;AsL[m.....................................197

usrf;udk;pm&if;.............................................................................203

"mwfyHktñTef;..............................................................................208

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vdkayonf/

vi

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tajcjyKoifhavonf/

vii

viii

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a&pD;a&vm pDrHcefYcGJrIudk wuf

ix

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wcsKdUatmufwGif vlrsm;udk wpfpkwpf½Hk;wnf; pka0;&rnfhjzpfpOfwGif ,if;onf t"du tcuftcJjzpfNyD;

jzpfpOfaumif; jzpfatmif BudK;pm;zdkYvdkygonf/ þvkyfief;udk ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;\

tajcckdifaeaom xdef;odrf;uGyfuJrIrsm;rS a&toHk;jyKoltm;vHk;twGuf t&if;tjrpf a&&SnfvHkjcHKrI&Sd&ef

taxmuftul ay;Ekdifonfqdkonfh tjrifay:wGif vkyfudkifoifhavonf/ tusKd;pD;yGm; ywfoufoltm;vHk;

xdktjrifudk vufcH,HkMunfvma&;twGuf taumif;qHk;enf;rSm xkdjzpfpOfudk r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm

taumiftxnfazmfrI ESifh qufEG,fapNyD; xdktaumiftxnfazmfrIudk tpGrf;ukefatmifjrif&efESihf

"r®"d|mefus&ef BudK;yrf;onfh enf;vrf;yifjzpfygonf/

7? 'DZk dif;yH kpHxkwfa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;7? 'DZk dif;yH kpHxkwfa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;7? 'DZk dif;yH kpHxkwfa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;7? 'DZk dif;yH kpHxkwfa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;7? 'DZk dif;yH kpHxkwfa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;

owdjyKEdk;Mum;jcif;onf jrifhrm;aom pGrf;&nfqDodkYoGm;&ef yxr ajcvSrf;jzpfonf/

ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;onf a&qkdif&mu@twGuf EIdif;,SOfjcif;t& udpöopf

jzpfonf/ jcHKiHkíMunfhvQif a&qkdif&mu@wpfckvHk;wGifvnf;aumif;? a,bk,s vlxkBuD;wGifvnf;aumif;

þa&qkdif&m tjrifESihf usifhoHk;rIrsm;ESihfywfoufí owdjyKEdk;Mum;jcif; r&Sdao;acs/ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m

r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; usifhoHk;jcif;wGif atmifjrifratmifjrifqdkonfrSm ]pNyD;vkyfawmhrnf} qkdonfh

yGJOD;xGuf oH"d|mefcscsuftay: trsm;BuD; wnfaeavonf/ xdkYtwGuf jrpf\ tajctaeESihf ywfoufí

owdjyK Edk;Mum;rIudk jr§ifhwifjcif;ESihf &yf&Gm vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf taumif;qHk;tusKd;jyKEkdifatmif

BudK;yrf;jcif;rsm;rSm vGefpGm ta&;BuD;vSayonf/

pGrf;&nfrsm;xJrS [muGufrsm;udk &SmazGazmfxkwfa&;ESihf vufOD;rI&Sd&Sd jyKjyifa&;

ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; 'DZkdif;yHkpHxkwfa&;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf

rwlaom Zmwfaumif trsKd;rsKd;twGif; pGrf;&nfrsm; wnfaqmufzdkY vdkygonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;?

enf;ynm trIxrf;rsm;? tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUrsm;rS tzGJU0ifrsm;ESihf rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;udk avhusifhoifMum;

jcif;rsm; jyK&ef vdkygonf/ xdk Ytwl pDrHudef; csrSwfEk difcGif h&S daom Ek difiHa&;orm;rsm;udkvnf;

ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmudk rxlaxmifcJhonfhtwGuf ay;qyf&aom vlUtzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m

wefzkd;rsm;udk aumif;aumif; oabmaygufvm&ef tcGifhtmPmtyfESif;jcif;? ynmay;jcif;rsm;vnf;

vdktyfygonf/ pGrf;&nf wnfaqmufjcif;bufwGif &if;ES D;jr§KyfES H&ef ysufuGufvpf[if;jcif;onf

a&t&if;tjrpfrsm; tqufrjywf pDrHcefYcGJa&;udk uarmufur jzpfapEkdifavonf/

pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; enf;AsL[mrsm;udk jyKrlvkyfudkifyHk jrefqefpGm ajymif;vJa&;twGufvdkygonf/

xda&mufaom pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; enf;AsL[monf tajccHtpdwftykdif; trsm;tjym;udk wpfpnf;

wpfvHk;wnf; aygif;pyfay;Ekdifavonf/ xdktpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;? avhvmqef;ppfa&;

tajcc Hr@d Ki fr sm; ? enf;vrf ;r sm;ud k tprf ;oabm toH k ; jy K jci f ;r sm; ? udp öwpfc kc si f ;ud k

tcsdef,lavhvmaeonfh tuGuftuGif;rsm;od k Y vnfywfMunfh½I jcif;rsm;ESih f enf;ynmqkdif&m

tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; tusHK;0ifavonf/ tedrfhqHk;vdktyfaom owdjyKEdk;Mum;rIESihf todÓPfA[kokw

tqifhudk &&SdNyDqkdonfESihf enf;ynmqkdif&m axmufulaz;rrI? okawoevkyfief;? jynfvHk;qkdif&m

uGefysLwmtcsuftvuf odrf;qnf;rI? uGef&uf pepf oHk;jcif;? owif;qufoG,fa&; xlaxmifjcif; paom

oP²mefrsm;jzihf wpfqifhwuf axmufulrIrsm;ay;&ef vdkayvdrfhrnf/

xiv

trSmtrSmtrSmtrSmtrSm

ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;onfvG,fulpGmem;vnfEdkifaoma,bk,s tjrif

wpfc k jzp fonf/ ywf0e f ;usi f qk di f&m r& S dr jzp fa&p D ;a&vm qk donfr Sm jrp fr sm;wGi f

a&vHkvHkavmufavmuf usef&S daea&;udk qdkvdkygonf/ vHkavmuf aoma&qdkonfrSmvnf;

atmufzufjrpfa&pD;wpfavQmuf\ ywf0ef;usifqk dif&m? vlrIqk dif&mESih f pD;yGm;a&;qk dif&m

tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf tmrcHcsuf&atmif pDrHcefYcGJxm;aoma&rsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/ þudpörSm

vG,fulonf[k xifp&m&Sdaomfvnf; awmiftmz&du? MopaMw;vsESihf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwdkY\

a&SUaqmifa&SU&Guf BudK;yrf; csufrsm;udk MunfhvQif xdkr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; xlaxmifa&;jzpfpOfonf

tvGefBuD;rm;aom pdefac:rI tcuftcJ rsm;ESihf &ifqkdif&aMumif; txl;ojzihf xdkxlaxmifa&;jzpfpOfudk

bufpHkyl;aygif;onfh pDrHcefYcGJrIrS tpdwftykdif; wpfcktjzpf aqmif&Guf&mwGif tcuftcJBuD;rsm;ESihf

&ifqkdif&aMumif; awGUjrifMu&avonf/

ywf0ef;usi fqk di f&m r&S dr jzp fa&pD;a&vmrsm;twGuf ynm&yfrs K d ;p H k wpfoD BuD;

yl;aygif;xm;jcif;udk vdktyfygonf/ xdkynm&yfrsm;wGif tif*sifeD,mynm? Oya'ynm? abm*aA'?

ZvaA'? Ek di fiHa&;odyÜ HynmESih f owif;qufoG,frIynmrsm; yg0ifygonf/ tvm;wlyif

a&toHk;jyKrItwGuf ,SOfNydKifaeaom tusKd;pD;yGm; trsKd;rsKd; Mum;wGif aygif;ul; wHwm;xkd;ay;rnfh

tusKd;pD;yGm; qufEG,folrsm;twGif; aphpyfn§dEIdif;yGJrsm;vnf; vdktyfygonf/ txl;ojzihf ,SOfNydKifrI

tvGefjyif;xefaeaom jrpf0Srf;rsm;ü xdkaphpyfn§dEIdif;rIrsm; txl;vdktyfvSygonf/

&&Sdvmrnfh tusKd;qkvmbfubmvJ/ a*[pepfrsm; t&SnfwnfwHhap&ef tmrcHrnfh

ydkrd kaumif;rGefonfh pDrHcefYcGJa&;wpfck? toHk;jyKrItrsKd;rsKd;tMum; taumif;qHk;[efcsufnDrIudk

&SmazGay;Ek di frnf h yd kr d kaumif;rGefaom pDrHcef Yc G Ja&;wpfckonf tusK d;qkvmbfjzpfygonf/

a&t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk urÇmESihft0Srf; tvGeftuRHoHk;pGJaerI ESihf xkdodkYtvGeftuRHoHk;pGJrIESihf qufEG,fNyD;

a*[pepfrsm;ESih f a*[pepfrsm;\ tusK d;jyK0efaqmifrIrsm; qkwf,kwf nhHzsif;vmrIwd k Yud k

xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rdygu ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;onf rvdktyfbJ tysif;ajy

vkyfaeaom udpör[kwfbJ acwfopfa&pDrHcefYcGJa&;rS r&Sdrjzpfvkyfief;wpfck jzpfaMumif;odEkdifygonf/

þcsOf;uyfyHk enf;vrf;udk tESHYtjym; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY taumiftxnfazmfoifhygonf/

þvrf;ñTefpmtkyfonf ]a&ESihf obm0twGuf a&S;OD;aqmif&Guf&efrsm;} vrf;ñTefpmpkrsm;xJrS

'kwd, ajrmuf pmtkyfjzpfNyD; xdkEkdifiHrsm;rS tawGUtMuHKrsm;udk us,fus,fjyefYjyefYoHk;í a&t&if;tjrpf

tpDtpOf pm&if; xJwGif topfay:xGufump þjyóemESihfywfoufí vufawGUydkif; tMuHÓPfrsm;

ay;xm;aom pmtkyf jzpfav onf/ þvrf;ñTefonf avhvmqef;ppfa&;enf;emrsm;ESih f

tajccHtaqmuftODtvkduf tvkdufoifh jyKjyifajymif; vJa&;rsm;uJhodkY enf;ynmudpö&yfrsm;ESihf

ywfoufívnf;aumif;? ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; xlaxmifjcif;\ pD;yGm;buf?

w&m;Oya'bufESihf EdkifiHa&;bufwdkYESihf ywfoufívnf;aumif; vufawGUvrf;ñTefrI ay;&mwGif

tjcm;aom vuf&Sd pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;xuf trsm;BuD; omavonf/

xv

þvrf;ñTefpmtkyfonf pmtkyfoufouf &Sdaejcif;r[kwfyg/ þpmtkyfonf wefZef;eD;,m;?

udkYpfwm&Dum? AD,uferf? xkdif; uJhodkYaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;

xlaxmifvd kaom Ek difiHtvkduf tpysK d;vkyfaqmifrI? a'otvkduf tpysK d;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ud k

axmufula&;rsm;yg0ifaom jzpfpOfwpfckESihf wpfom; wnf; qufpyfaeygonf/ þvrf;ñTefpmtkyfyg

vrf;ñTefrIrsm;onf xdkEdkifiH? xdka'orsm;wGif EdkifiHtvkduf tusKd; pD;yGm; ywfoufolrsm;? uRrf;usifrI

yg&*lrsm;?rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;ESih fta&G;aumufcHt&m&Sdrsm;ESih fvufwGJumvufawGU tprf;oyfcHrnf

jzpfonf/

þvrf;ñTefpmtkyfESihf pmtkyfwGifygaom uGif;qif;tawGUtMuHKrsm;onf tvGefus,fjyefYaom

&yf&Gm vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef

toifhawmfqHk; enf;vrf;rsm; wDxGifvkyfudkif&ef vrf;zGifhay;xm;ygonf/ (IUCN) tzGJUBuD;onf

a*[pepfrsm;ESih f vlrsm;twGuf a&tvHktavmuf jzef YcG Jae&mcs&ef vd ktyfonfhae&mrsm;ü

rdrdtawGUtMuHKudkrQa0&ef toihf&S dygonf/ wpfEd kifiHcsif;twkdif;twmESih f jzpfap? Ek difiHwum

twkdif;twmjzifhjzpfap qHk;jzwfcsufcsrIrsm; jyKvkyf&mü qGJaqmifwkdufwGef;&mwGif ulnD&efvnf;

toifh&Sdaeygonf/

ywf0ef;usifqk dif&m r&S drjzpfa&pD;a&vmudk vufawGUvkyfaqmif&mwGif vG,fulcsifrS

vG,fulygrnf/ odkYaomf jrpfrsm; tzsufqD;cH&rIESihf xdkzsufqD;rIaMumifh ay:xGufvmaom jrpfrsm;\

ZD0rsK d ;p dwfpH kvifrsm;jym;rI qH k ;½ I H ; jcif;rsm;ESi h f vlUtzG J Utpnf;rS &aeaom tusK d ;p D;y Gm;rsm;

epfemqHk;½IH;jcif;rsm;udkajz&Sif;rnfh rnfonfhBudK;yrf;csufrqdk þr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmudk tcsuftcsm

tydkif;wpfcktjzpf vkyfukdif&ygrnf/ uREk fyftaejzihf þvrf;ñTefpmtkyfudk ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m

r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; xlaxmifa&;qdkaom &SnfMumvSonfh wpfcgwpf&HwGif cufcJvSonfh jzpfpOftwGif;

rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;ESihf vufawGUyg0ifol ynm&Sifrsm;twGuf tm;jyKp&m t&if;tjrpfpmtkyf wpfckjzpf&ef

qE´jyKvkdufygonf/

tuf&Sifpwkdif;em;

ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf

(IUCN) urÇmhobm0ywf0ef;usifumuG,fxdef;odrf;a&;or*¾

xvi

xvii

rl&if;pmtkyf\pmwnf;rsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;rl&if;pmtkyf\pmwnf;rsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;rl&if;pmtkyf\pmwnf;rsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;rl&if;pmtkyf\pmwnf;rsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;rl&if;pmtkyf\pmwnf;rsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;

t,f'Dwmrsm;t,f'Dwmrsm;t,f'Dwmrsm;t,f'Dwmrsm;t,f'Dwmrsm; r*¾ef'Dqif? *smbmhuifh? *RefpuefvGef;

pma&;olrsm;pma&;olrsm;pma&;olrsm;pma&;olrsm;pma&;olrsm;

tcef; (1) r*¾ef'Dqif - (MopaMw;vsEkdifiH ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m Oya'ESihf rl0g'tMuHay;)

wGJzufulnDol - a'gufwm *smbmhuifh (IUCN)

tcef; (2) a'gufwmrkdufatumrif (t*FvefEkdifiH u½dk;rwf&Sf*pfzdkY a*[aA'ESihf ZvaA'Xme)

wGJzufa&;om;ol - a'gufwm *sufuDuif;

tcef; (3) avm&ifhpf[m;pf (t*FvefEkdifiH a&t&if;tjrpfrsm; tMuHay;)

tcef; (4) a'gufwm b½kpfhat;vf0yf ('dwf½SL;t&if;tjrpf umuG,fxdef;odrf;a&; -

'dwf½SL;a&ta&mif;t0,fzvS,fa&;Xme)

tcef; (5) a'gufwm t,fvD*sef'½dk tZÆ (IUCN) ESihf *RefpuefvGef (IUCN)

tcef; (6) *RefpuefvGef; (IUCN)

wGJzufulnDol - t,fvf½GdKif;abmhpf (IUCN) ESihf t*Fvmuufpm

tcef; (7) a'gufwm *sufuDuif; (awmiftmz&duEkdifiH udyfawmif;wuúodkvf?

awmifykdif;a'oa&rsm;\ okawoeESihf tMuHay;a&;Xme) ESihf

a'gufwm rkdufatumrpf

xviii

a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm;a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm;a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm;a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm;a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm;

t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkU jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufcJ holrsm;t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkU jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufcJ holrsm;t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkU jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufcJ holrsm;t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkU jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufcJ holrsm;t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkU jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufcJ holrsm;

1/ a'gufwmcifeDeDodef; wnf;jzwfol

2/ OD;ausmfpdk; bmomjyefqdkol

3/ a':ae&D wGJzufbmomjyefqdkol

4/ OD;cifarmifñGefU bmomjyefqdkrItm;jyefvnfoHk;oyfzwf½Skay;ol

5/ a':csdKcsdK½Sdef bmomjyefqdkrItm;jyefvnfoHk;oyfzwf½Skay;ol

6/ OD;jrifhoef; bmomjyefqdkrItm;jyefvnfoHk;oyfzwf½Skay;ol

7/ a':MuLMuLcif tpDtpOf n§dEIdif;a&;rSL;

8/ a':,Of,Ofpdk; tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m½Sd

9/

a':,Ofat;rdk; jrefrm'DZdkif;jyifqifol

10/ a':arjzLpif pmpDpm½dkufol

11/ OD;xGef;Zmcdkif ½Hk;vufaxmuf

xix

aus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTm

ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; jzpfajrmufaprnfh þtpcsD aqmif&Gufcsuf

pmtkyfonf IUCN Water and Natural Initiative ESihf IUCN Environmental Law Programme wdkYrS

bGef;NrdKU tajcpdkuf Environmental Law Centre - IUCN Commission on Environmental Law Water

and Wetlands Specialist Group wdkYudk tajcjyKí IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management

\ tMuHÓPfaxmufulrIrsm;jzihf yl;wGJBudK;yrf;csuf wpfckjzpfygonf/

vltrsm;tjym;onf þpmtky fud k a&;om;olE Si h f wnf; jzwfolrsm;twGuf tvGef Y

tvGefrsm;jym;vSaom ynm&yfrsm;xJrS todynm&yfrsm;udk pkpnf;xkwfEkwf tqDtESpfxkwf&mwGif

tMuHaumif; ÓPfaumif;rsm;? a0zefaxmufjycsufrsm; jyKcJhMuygonf/ þtwGuf tcsdeftm;? vltm;

ulnDcJhMujcif;udk vIdufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wiftyf ygonf/

2002 ck? pufwifbmv *sKd[efeufpfbwfü World Summit on Sustainble Development

xdyfoD; tpnf;ta0; usif;yaecsdefwGif IUCN Environment Centre wGifvnf; ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m

r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm rsm;ESihf ywfoufí tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJwpfckudk IUCN rS usif;yay;cJhonf/

wuf

þpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk Y bmomjyefqdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf ESif hþpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk Y bmomjyefqdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf ESif hþpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk Y bmomjyefqdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf ESif hþpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk Y bmomjyefqdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf ESif hþpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk Y bmomjyefqdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf ESif h

a&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme \ aus;Zl;wifvTma&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme \ aus;Zl;wifvTma&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme \ aus;Zl;wifvTma&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme \ aus;Zl;wifvTma&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme \ aus;Zl;wifvTm

jrefrmEkdifiHonf opfyifawmawmifa&ajrqdkif&m o,HZmw? obm0tvStyrsm;MuG,f0pGmjzifh

tvGefpdkajypdrf;vef;om,maom a'owpfckjzpfygonf/ þodkYvSyMunfEl;zG,f&mpdrf;vef;pdkajyí

¤if;ywf0ef;usifwGif aexdkifMuaom vltrsm;\pm;0wfaea&;udk jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifaom obm0

ywf0ef;usif? awm? awmif? pHkNrdKif? jrpf? acsmif;? yifv,f? ork'´&mrsm;? a&eufuGif;rsm;ESifh 4if;wdkYtwGif;

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þ a&pD;a&vma&pD;a&vma&pD;a&vma&pD;a&vma&pD;a&vm pmtkyfonf IUCN (The World Conservation Union) rS xkwfa0aom

Flow - The essentials of environmental flows pmtkyftm; t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqdk

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IUCN (The World Conservation Union) Asia Regional Office ESifh yl;aygif;yg0ifulnDcJhaom Mr.John

Dore, Former Coordinator, Regional Wetlands and Water Resources Programme, Ms. Qin Liyi,

Programme Officer, Regional Water and Wetlands Programme, IUCN Asia Regional Office

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