flinn scientific laboratory experiments for general… · flinn scientific laboratory experiments...

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Flinn ScientificLaboratory Experiments for General, Organic and Biological Chemistry Author: Irene G. Cesa, Ph.D.

Master Materials List for Each Experiment Quantities are for 24 students working in groups.

Discovering Density, Experiment 1Brass shot, medium size, 160 g Graduated cylinders, 25-mL, 12Water, distilled Paper towelsZinc shot, medium size, 350 g* Pens or markers, 12Balances, electronic, 0.01-g precision Rulers, transparent, 12 (one for every 4 groups) Weighing dishes, 48Beakers, 100-mL, 12*Other silver-colored metals such as aluminum or tin may also be used.

Beverage Density Lab, Experiment 2Beverages (juices, sodas, sports drinks)Food coloring*Sugar reference solutions (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%), 400 mL each*Water, distilled or deionizedBalances, electronic, 0.01-g precision, 3–5 (may be shared)Beakers, 100-mL, 12Erlenmeyer flasks, 125-mL (or other rinse containers), 12Pipets, 10-mL, 12Pipet bulbs or pipet fillers, 12*Food coloring and 250 g of table sugar, or sucrose, are needed to prepare reference solutions.

Atomic Spectra, Experiment 3Colored pencils

Diffraction grating, such as Flinn C-Spectra® or holographic diffraction grating (optional)

Gas discharge (spectrum) tubes, such as hydrogen, helium, mercury, sodium and neon*

Light sources, such as incandescent and fluorescent lightbulbs, street lamps, neon signs, and novelty “neon” lamps

Power supplies, 3–4*

Ring clamps, 3–4 (optional)

Ring stands, (optional)

Spectroscopes, advanced, 3–4, or handheld, 12* Most of the major equipment needed for this lab may be shared by several groups of students.

© 2015 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Laboratory Experiments for General, Organic and Biological Chemistry © 2015 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Separating a Mixture by Filtration, Experiment 4Charcoal–salicylic acid mixture, 8 g Graduated cylinders, 25- or 50-mL, 12Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, 1 M, 100 mL Magnifiers, 12Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 0.2 M, 250 mL Ring stands and ring clamps, 12Water, distilled Spatulas, 12Balances, electronic, 0.01-g precision, 3 (may be shared) Stirring rods, 12Beral-type pipets, 24 Wash bottles, 12Erlenmeyer flasks, 50-mL, 24 Watch glasses, 24Filter funnels, short stem, 12 Weighing dishes, 12Filter paper, 11- or 12.5-cm, 24

Periodic Trends and the Properties of Elements, Experiment 5Ammonium carbonate, (NH4 )2CO3, 1 M, 60 mL Strontium chloride, SrCl2, 0.1 M, 36 mLAluminum foil, Al, 1 sheet, 24 × 24 cm Unknown metal chloride solution, 0.1 M, 36 mLBarium chloride, BaCl2, 0.1 M, 36 mL Water, distilled or deionizedCalcium chloride, CaCl2, 0.1 M, 36 mL Forceps, 12Calcium turnings, Ca, 6 g Litmus paper, red, 1 vialHydrochloric acid, HCl, 0.5 M, 36 mL MatchesMagnesium ribbon, Mg, 24 cm Pipets, Beral-type, 120Magnesium chloride, MgCl2, 0.1 M, 36 mL Reaction plates, 24-well, 12Potassium iodate, KIO3, 0.2 M, 60 mL Thermometers, digital or microscale, 12Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, 1 M, 60 mL

Classifying Chemical Reactions, Experiment 6Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3, 6–8 g Bunsen burners, 12Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, 6–8 g Butane safety lighters, 3–5 (may be shared) Copper(II) chloride solution, CuCl2, 0.5 M, 50 mL Evaporating dishes, 12Ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, 15 mL Forceps or crucible tongs, 12Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 1 M, 50 mL Heat-resistant pads, 12Magnesium ribbon, 2–4 cm strips, 24 Litmus paperPhenolphthalein indicator, 0.5%, 5 mL Pipets, Beral-type, 72Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 1 M, 15 mL Spatulas, 12Sodium phosphate solution, Na3PO4, 0.5 M, 15 mL Test tubes, small, 72Water, distilled or deionized Test tube clamps, 12Zinc, mossy, Zn, 15–20 pieces Test tube racks, 12 Wash bottles, 12 Wood splints, 36


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Chemical Bonding and the Properties of Solids, Experiment 7Acetone rinse bottle Aluminum evaporating dishes or Pyrex® watch glasses, 12Aluminum shot or granules, Al, 8 g Balances, 0.01-g precision, 3*Distilled water and wash bottles, 12 Beakers, 150-mL, 3–5*Hexane, C6H14, 75 mL Boiling stones Silicon dioxide (sand), SiO2, 2–3 g Bunsen burners, 3–5*Sodium chloride (salt), NaCl, 2–3 g Conductivity testers, low-voltage, 3–5*Stearic acid, C18H36O2, 2–3 g Hot plates, 3–5*Sucrose (sugar), C12H22O11, 2–3 g Mortars and pestles, ceramic, 5*Minerals for hardness testing (optional) Pipets, Beral-type, 24 Aluminum foil or strip Reaction plates, 24-well, 12 Candle (paraffin wax) Spatulas, 12 Halite or rock salt (sodium chloride) Stirring rods or toothpicks, 12 Quartz (silicon dioxide) Test tubes, 13 × 100 mm, 60, or Rock candy (sucrose) ceramic spot plates, 12 Pennies and nails to test hardness Test tube racks, 12 Test tube holders (clamps), 12 Weighing dishes, 75

Lewis Structures and Molecular Geometry, Experiment 8Periodic tables, 24Sets of molecular models labeled A–K, 6

Mole Ratios, Experiment 9Acetone, 250 mL Erlenmeyer or filter flasks, 125-mL, 12Copper wire, Cu, 18-gauge, 300 cm Filter paper (to fit funnels)Nitric acid, HNO3, 3 M, 5 mL Funnels, glass, 12Silver nitrate, AgNO3, 18 g Spatulas, 12Water, distilled or deionized Stirring rods, 12Balances, centigram (0.01-g precision) Wash bottles, 12Labeling or marking pens, 12 Watch glasses, 12Beakers, 50-mL, 12 Wooden splints, 15Beakers, 250-mL, 2*


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Molar Volume of Hydrogen, Experiment 10Copper wire, Cu, 16- to 20-gauge, 1.5 m Beakers, 600-mL, 12

Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 2 M, 250 mL Graduated cylinders, 25-mL, 12

Ice Metric rulers, 12

Magnesium ribbon, Mg, 1-cm pieces, 24 Rubber stoppers, one-hole, size 0 or 1, 12

Water, distilled or deionized Scissors or wire cutters, 5*

Balances, electronic, 0.001-g precision, 3 Thermometers, 12

Barometer (optional) Wash bottles, 12

Discovering Instant Cold Packs, Experiment 11“Cold pack solid,” ammonium nitrate, Graduated cylinders, 100-mL, 12 NH4NO3, 150 g Insulated foam (Styrofoam™) cups, 24Commercial cold packs, 6 Spatulas, 12Water, distilled or deionized Stirring rods, 12Balances, electronic, 0.01-g precision, 3 Weighing dishes, 24Beakers, 400-mL, 12Digital thermometers or temperature sensors, 24

Analyzing Calcium in Milk, Experiment 12Calcium chloride solution, CaCl2, 0.050 M, 15 mL Water, distilled or deionizedEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Beakers or small test tubes, 60 disodium salt, solution (EDTA), 0.040 M, 100 mL Beral-type pipets, graduated, 60Hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB), 4 g Reaction plates, 24-well, 12

Skim milk, 1 pint Toothpicks, 1 boxSodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 6 M, 25 mL White paper

Ruby–Red Colloidal Gold, Experiment 13Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (gold chloride) solution, Erlenmeyer flasks, 250-mL, 12 HAuCl4, 1 mM (1 × 10–3 M), 250 mL Glass stirring rods, 12

Sodium chloride solution, NaCl, 1 M, 75 mL Graduated cylinders, 25-mL, 12

(Tri)sodium citrate solution, Na3C6H5O7, 1%, 25 mL “Hot hand” heat protectors, 12

Water, distilled Hot plates, 3–5*

Beakers, 100-mL, 12 Laser pointers or flashlights*

Beral-type pipets, graduated, 24 Spectrophotometers or colorimeters, 3–4*

Ceramic fiber square Test tubes, medium, 24

Cuvets or test tubes, 13 × 100 mm, 12*May be shared.


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Iodine Clock Challenge, Experiment 14Potassium iodate solution, KIO3, 0.1 M, 2.5 L Graduated cylinders, 50-mL, 24Sodium meta-bisulfite solution, Na2S2O5, 0.04 M, 2.5 L* Hot plate (see Pre-Lab Preparation)Sodium thiosulfate solution, Na2S2O3 (hypo), 4%, 1 L† Magnetic stirrer and stir bar (see Pre-Lab Preparation)Starch solution, 2%, 1.5 L Plastic cups, 9 oz, 60Water, distilled or deionized Stirring rods, 12Beakers, 400-mL, 60 Wash bottles, 12Graduated cylinders, 100-mL and 250-mL, 12 each

*Prepare fresh before use. † For reduction and disposal of iodine clock reaction mixtures. Dissolve 40 g of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3 • 5H2O) in one liter of water.

Exploring Equilibrium, Experiment 15Bromcresol green indicator, 0.04%, 15 mL Beakers, 250- or 400-mL, 6Iron(III) nitrate solution, Fe(NO3)3, 0.1 M, 50 mL Beral-type pipets, graduated, 96Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 0.1 M, 25 mL Hot plates, 3Potassium thiocyanate solution, KSCN, 0.1 M, 50 mL IceSodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 0.1 M, 25 mL Stirring rods, 12Sodium phosphate (monobasic) solution, Test tubes, 13 × 100 mm, 72 NaH2PO4, 0.1 M, 15 mL Test tube racks, 12Water, distilled or deionized Thermometers, 6*Beakers, 50-mL, 12 Wash bottles, 12

Survey of Oxidation and Reduction Reactions, Experiment 16Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, 3 M, 25 mL Reducing agentsIron(II) ammonium sulfate solution, Pineapple juice, 15 mL Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2, 0.1 M, 60 mL Sodium bromide solution, NaBr, 0.2 M, 15 mLIron(III) chloride solution, FeCl3, 0.1 M, 90 mL Sodium iodide solution, NaI, 0.2 M, 15 mLPotassium ferricyanide solution, Sodium sulfite solution, Na2SO3, 0.2 M, 15 mL K3Fe(CN)6, 0.1 M, 25 mL Vitamin C solution, 0.2%, 15 mLPotassium thiocyanate solution, Equipment KSCN, 0.1 M, 15 mL Beral-type pipets or eyedroppers, 144Oxidizing agents Labels and markers Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, 3%, 15 mL Paper towels Potassium permanganate solution, Reaction plates, 24-well, 12 K MnO4, 0.025 M, 15 mL Toothpicks Sodium hypochlorite solution (household Wash bottles with distilled water, 12 bleach), NaOCl, 5%, 15 mL


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Vitamin C Analysis, Experiment 17Ascorbic acid, Vitamin C, 0.2 g2,6-Dichloroindophenol, sodium salt (DCIP), standard solution, 0.4 g in 500 mLFruit juices (apple, grapefruit, lemon, orange, pineapple, white grape, etc.), 40 mL eachFruits, fresh (optional)Oxalic acid, 3 gWater, distilled or deionizedBalance, electronic, 0.001-g precisionBeakers, 50-mL, 24 Funnels and filter paper, 12 (optional, for fresh juices) Pipets, Beral-type, graduated, 84Reaction plates, 24-well, 12Syringes, disposable, or serological pipets, 1-mL, 12Toothpicks

Titration of Fruit Juices, Experiment 18Fruit juices, about 200 mL each Burets, 50-mL, 12 (orange, white grape, pineapple, and grapefruit, etc.) Buret clamps, 12Phenolphthalein indicator solution, 0.5 or 1%, 25 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, 125-mL, 12Sodium hydroxide (standard) solution, Graduated cylinders, 25- or 50-mL, 12 NaOH, 0.100 M, 1 L Ring stands, 12Water, distilled or deionized Test tubes, 16 × 150 mm, 12Beakers, 50-mL, or small cups, 12 Wash bottles, 12Beakers, 100- or 150-mL, 24 White paper for backgroundBeral-type pipets, graduated, 12

Properties of Biological Buffers, Experiment 19Bromthymol blue solution, 0.04%, 60 mL Beakers, 50-mL, 24Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 0.1 M, 125 mL Beral-type pipets, graduated, 84Seltzer water, H2CO3, 8-oz bottle (240 mL) Graduated cylinders, 10-mL, 24Sodium bicarbonate solution, NaHCO3, 0.1 M, 125 mL pH paper, narrow range, 6.0–8.0, 1 rollSodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 0.1 M, 125 mL Reaction plates, 24-well, 12Sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution, Stirring rods, 12 NaH2PO4, 0.1 M, 250 mL Test-tube racks, 12Sodium hydrogen phosphate solution, Test tubes, 16 × 150 mm, 72 Na2HPO4, 0.1 M, 200 mL Universal indicator color chartsUniversal indicator, 75 mLWater, distilled or deionized


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Properties of Nuclear Radiation, Experiment 20Alpha sources, Po-210, 0.1 µCi, 4* Geiger-Müller radiation detectors or digital meters, 8Beta sources, Sr-90, 0.1 µCi, 4* Metric rulers, 8†

Gamma sources, Co-60, 0.1 µCi, 4* Shielding materialsComputers or calculators for data collection Aluminum sheets, about 1 mm thick, 4Computer interface systems Lead sheets, about 2 mm thick, 4Data collection software Paper sheets, 4Heavy duty scissors* Two groups may share each set of three sealed sources as well as various shielding materials. Each group works with only one radiation source or shielding material at a time.

†Clear 12-rulers with center “troughs” provide convenient mounting sites for the sources when taking readings.

Silver Ornaments, Experiment 21Acetone, 150 mL Graduated cylinders, 10-mL, 24Ammonium nitrate solution, NH4NO3, 1.5 M, 75 mL Marking pens, 12Dextrose solution, C6H12O6, 5%, 150 mL Metric rulers, 12Silver nitrate solution, AgNO3, 0.5 M, 75 mL ParafilmSodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 10%, 150 mL Pipets, Beral-type, 24Water, distilled Stirring rods, 24Balance, 0.01-g precision StringBeakers, 50-mL, 24 Wash bottles, 12Glass ornaments, 25⁄8″, 24

Models of Organic Compounds, Experiment 22Organic model sets with at least six carbon atoms, 12**See the “Organic Small Group Model Set” available from Flinn Scientific, Inc., Catalog No. AP5453.

Properties of Hydrocarbons, Experiment 23Acetone wash bottles, 12 Beakers, 250- and 500-mL, 12 eachAlumina, Al2O3, 12 g Black (UV) light (may be shared)Bromine water, Br2, 25 mL Boiling stonesButane lighters (shared), 3 Cork stoppers to fit test tubes, 24Calcium carbide, CaC2, 12 g Cotton balls, 12Copper wire Forceps or tweezers, 12Cyclohexane, C6H12, 50 mL Hot plates (may be shared)Cyclohexene, C6H10, 50 mL Litmus paper, blueDibenzoyl peroxide, (C6H5CO2)2, 1.2 g Micro spatulas, 12Food dye, red, 5 mL Pasteur pipets, glass, 12Oil dye, blue, 5 mL Plastic pipets, disposable, or medicine droppers, 120Potassium permanganate solution, 1%, KMnO4, 25 mL Test tube racks, 12Toluene, C6H5CH3, 50 mL Test tubes, medium, 15 × 150 mm, 12Styrene, C6H5CH CH2, 12 mL Test tubes, Pyrex® or borosilicate glass, 13 × 100 mm, 72Water Watch glasses, Pyrex or borosilicate glass, 12 Wooden splints, 12.


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Alcohols and their Oxidation Products, Experiment 24Chemicals Glassware and Equipment Acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, 12 mL Cork stoppers to fit test tubes Acetone, CH3COCH3, 12 mL Micro spatulas, 12 Benzaldehyde, C6H5CHO, 12 mL Plastic pipets, disposable, 120 Cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate solution, Test tubes, 13 × 100 mm, 72 Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6, 0.1 M, 72 mL Test tube racks, 12 Cinnamon oil, 25 mL Wash bottles and acetone, 12 Cyclohexanol, 25 mL Wash bottles and distilled water, 12 Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, 40 mL Eugenol or clove oil, 25 mL Geraniol, 25 mL Iron(III) chloride solution, FeCl3, 1%, 75 mL 2-Methyl-2-propanol, (CH3)3COH, 25 mL 2-Propanol, (CH3)2CHOH, 40 mL Salicylic acid, 2-OH-C6H4-CO2H, 3 g Schiff reagent, 120 mL†

Potassium chromate solution, K2CrO4, 0.1 M, acidified, 120 mL Tollens’ reagent, 50 mL*†We recommend purchasing pre-made Schiff Reagent, Flinn Scientific Catalog No. S0180.* Tollens’ solution must be freshly prepared the day of the lab. Do not store this solution.

Preparation of Esters, Experiment 25Alcohols (60 mL each) Beakers, 400-mL, 5–7 (may be shared) Ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH Beral-type pipets, 48 Isoamyl alcohol, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH Cotton balls Methyl alcohol, CH3OH Graduated cylinders, 10-mL, 24 Octyl alcohol, CH3(CH2)6CH2OH Hot plates, 5–7 (may be shared) Propyl alcohol, CH3CH2CH2OH Pasteur pipets, glass, 12Carboxylic acids Test tubes, medium, 120 Acetic acid, CH3CO2H, 50 mL Test tube racks, 12 Benzoic acid, C6H5CO2H, 30 g Wash bottles with distilled water, 12 Propanoic acid, CH3CH2CO2H, 50 mL Watch glasses, 60 Salicylic acid, HOC6H4CO2H, 24 g Wax marking pencils, 12Sodium bicarbonate solution, NaHCO3, saturated, 100 mLSulfuric acid, H2SO4, concentrated, 25 mL


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Synthesis of Aspirin, Experiment 26Acetic anhydride, (CH3CO)2O, 12 mL Capillary tubes, 12Aspirin tablets, crushed, 12 Chromatography jars or beakers, 12 (with covers)Distilled water and wash bottles, 12 Erlenmeyer flasks, 50- and 250-mL, 12 eachEthyl alcohol, C2H5OH, 360 mL Filter paper (to fit Büchner funnels)Ethyl alcohol, 50% aqueous, 75 mL Filter flasks, small, 12Ethyl acetate–hexane, 50% v/v, 300 mL Graduated cylinders, 10-mL, 12Ice, crushed Hot plates (may be shared)Iron(III) chloride solution, FeCl3, 0.1 M, 25 mL Melting point apparatus or Thiele-Dennis tubesSalicylic acid, HO–C6H4–CO2H, 6 g PencilsSulfuric acid, concentrated, H2SO4, 3 mL Ring (support) stands and clamps, 12 eachAspirators, traps and tubing for vacuum filtration Stirring rods, 12Balances, 0.01-g precision, 2–3 to share Test tubes, small, 36Beakers, 50-mL, 12 Test tubes, medium, 36 (with stoppers)Beakers, 250-mL, 24 Thermometers, 12Beral-type pipets, graduated, 48 Thin-layer chromatography plates, 3 × 8 cm, 12Boiling stones UV lamp, shortwave (may be shared)Büchner funnels, small, and rubber adapters, 12 Watch glasses, 12

Properties of Carbohydrates, Experiment 27Carbohydrates Equipment Fructose, C6H12O6, 1 g Boiling stones Glucose, C6H12O6 H2O, 1 g Beakers, 250-mL, 12 Lactose, C12H22O11 H2O, 1 g Hot plates (may be shared) Starch, 1 g Pipets, Beral-type, graduated, 120 Sucrose, C12H22O11, 1 g Test tube clamps, 12Test Solutions Test tube racks, 12 Benedict’s solution, 125 mL* Test tubes, borosilicate glass, 13 × 100 mm, 72 Barfoed’s solution, 150 mL* Wash bottles, 12 Iodine solution, I2/KI, 25 mL Water, distilled or deionized Seliwanoff reagent, 0.1% resorcinol in 3 M HCl, 75 mL

* We recommend the purchase of ready-made Benedict’s (Flinn Catalog No. B0015) and Barfoed’s solutions (Flinn Catalog No. B0061).


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Amino Acids and Proteins, Experiment 28Protein Solutions Equipment and Supplies Albumin, 2%, 300 mL Beakers, 50-, 400- and 600-mL, 12 each Casein, 2%, 75 mL Boiling stones Gelatin, 2%, 75 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, 125-mL, 12Amino Acid Solutions Filter paper and funnels, 12 Arginine, 1%, 50 mL Hot plates, 2–3 Cysteine, 1%, 50 mL Pipets, Beral-type, graduated, 150–200 Tyrosine, 1%, 50 mL Stirring rods, 12Testing Solutions Test tubes, small, 13 × 100 mm, 84 Biuret test solution, 125 mL* Test tubes, medium, 15 × 150 mm, 12 α-Naphthol, 0.1% in ethyl alcohol, 30 mL Test tube clamps, 12 Nitric acid, HNO3, 3 M, 100 mL Test tube racks, 12 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 3 M, 150 mL Thermometers, 12 Sodium hypochlorite (bleach), NaOCl, 5%, 400 mL Wash bottles, 12 Sodium nitroferricyanide, Water, distilled or deionized Na2Fe(CN)5NO H2O, 2%, 100 mLReagents for Protein Denaturation Ammonium sulfate solution, (NH4)2SO4, saturated, 300 mL Copper sulfate solution, CuSO4, 0.1 M, 25 mL Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 3 M, 75 mL Isopropyl alcohol, (CH3)2CHOH, 25 mL Silver nitrate solution, AgNO3, 0.1 M, 25 mL* We recommend the purchase of ready-made biuret test solution (Flinn Catalog No. B0051).

Digestive Enzymes, Experiment 29Amylase (solid enzyme), 3 g Balances, 0.001-g precision, 3Amylase solution, 1%, 25 mL Beakers, 50-mL, 24, and 250-mL, 12Benedict’s solution, 25 mL* Graduated cylinders, 10-mL, 12Biuret test solution, 100 mL* Hot plates for water baths, 3Buffer solutions, pH 2, 7, 9, and 11, 500 mL each Markers, 12Glucose solution, 1%, 15 mL Pipets, Beral-type, graduated, 120Iodine solution, I2/KI, 50 mL* Stirring rods, 24Lipase solution, 1%, 15 mL Stopwatches, 12, or clock with second handLitmus–milk solution, 1%, 40 mL Tap water (warm)Pepsin (solid enzyme), 3 g Test tube racks, 12Pepsin solution (in dilute HCl), 1%, 25 mL* Test tubes, 13 × 100 mm, 96Protein (albumin) solution, 2%, 100 mL Thermometers, 12Starch solution, 1%, 100 mL* Wash bottles, 12Water, distilled or deionized* We recommend the purchase of prepared Benedict’s, biuret, iodine and starch solutions. See your current Flinn Scientific Catalog/Reference Manual for catalog numbers and amounts.


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Properties of Lipids, Experiment 30Albumin, 6 g Balances, 0.01-g, 3

Bromine water, Br2, dilute solution, 40 mL Beral-type pipets, graduated, 90

Cholesterol, 6 g Erlenmeyer flasks, 125-mL, 24

Coconut oil, 50 mL Funnels and filter paper, large (12.5-cm), 12

Corn oil, 50 mL Mortar and pestles, 12

Hexane, C6H14, 400 mL Spatulas, 12

Olive oil, 50 mL Test tube racks, 12

Peanuts, raw, 50 g Test tubes, 13 × 100 mm, 60

Sodium thiosulfate solution, Wash bottles, 12 Na2S2O3, 50%, 250 mL* Water, distilled or deionized

Sudan III solution, 0.5% in alcohol, 50 mL Wax marking pencils

Place a 250-mL beaker in the fume hood to collect leftover flammable liquids.* For the reduction of leftover bromine water.

Making Soap, Experiment 31Calcium chloride solution, CaCl2, 0.5 M, 12 mL Graduated cylinders, 10-mL, 12Iron(III) chloride solution, FeCl3, 0.5 M, 12 mL Hot plates, 3–5Magnesium chloride solution, MgCl2, 0.5 M, 12 mL pH meters or pH paperOlive oil or vegetable oil, 36 g Spatulas, 12Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 6 M, 75 mL Stirring rods, 12Tallow or lard (solid fat), 85 g Test tubes, small, 60Water, distilled Test tube racks, 12Balances, 0.1-g precision, 3 Thermometers, 12Beakers, 50-mL, 12 Wash bottles, 12Beakers, 250-mL, 12 Weighing dishes, small, 24Beral-type pipets, 48

Preparation and Properties of Biodiesel, Experiment 32Canola or corn oil, 300 mL Graduated cylinders, 50-mL, 12Methyl alcohol, CH3OH, 200 mL LightersPotassium hydroxide, KOH, 5 g Magnetic stirrers and stir bars, 12Alcohol burners with wicks and caps, 60-mL size, 12 Ring clamps and support stands, 12Aluminum soda cans, with opening tab, 12-oz, 12 Separatory funnels, 125-mL, 12*Balances, 0.01-g precision Stirring rods, 12Beakers, 50-mL, 12 Rubber stoppers (to fit flasks), 12Erlenmeyer flasks, 125-mL, 12 Thermometers, digital, 12Graduated cylinders, 25-mL, 12* If a classroom set of separatory funnels is not available, students may use large, 25 × 200 mm test tubes to separate the glycerol and biodiesel.


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Build a Solar Cell, Experiment 33Ethyl alcohol, 100 mL Conductive glass, 1″ × 3″ plates, 12Ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, 25 mL Cotton swabsHibiscus petals, dried, 2 g Forceps or tweezers, 6Iodine, 0.3 g Hot platePotassium iodide, KI, 2 g Lens paperTitanium oxide, TiO2, nanocrystalline, 2 g Microscope slidesNitric acid, 0.001 M, 10 mL Mortar and pestleWater, distilled or deionized Multimeters (with alligator clip leads), 6Beaker, 150-mL Overhead projector or another light sourceBeral-type pipets, 18 Paper towelsBinder clips, 12 Petri dishes, 6Candles, tealight, 6 SpatulasCardboard box “canopy” Stirring rodsCeramic pads, 6 Transparent tape, Magic™

Enzyme Kinetics, Experiment 34Buffer envelope or capsule, pH 5, Filter paper and funnel to prepare 500 mL solution Graduated cylinder, 10-mLGuaiacol, C7H8O2, 0.2% solution in isopropyl alcohol, Knife, paring 100 mL Lens tissueHydrogen peroxide, H2O2, 3%, 5 mL Pipets, serological, 2- and 5-mL, 12 eachPhosphate buffer, pH 7, 750 mL, or pH Paper, narrow range Sodium phosphate monobasic, 0.1 M, NaH2PO4, 375 mL Spectrophotometers or colorimeters, 6 Sodium phosphate dibasic, 0.1 M, Na2HPO4, 375 mL Test tubes, 13 × 100 mm, 48Turnip (root/tuber) Test tube racks, 12Water, distilled or deionized Timers, 12BlenderErlenmeyer flask, 500-mL

Chemical Testing of DNA, Experiment 35Ammonium hydroxide solution, NH4OH, 2 M, 30 mL Bath, boiling water (shared) Ammonium molybdate, (NH4)6Mo7O24 • 4H2O, 0.75 g Bath, ice (shared) Banana chips, 1 pound Beakers, 50-mL, 12Diphenylamine testing solution, 60 mL Beakers, 400-mL, 12Ethyl alcohol, 95%, denatured, 500 mL Cheesecloth, 2 sq. yds (cut into 6″ squares) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution, (EDTA), Funnels, 12 0.01 M, 250 mL Glass stirring rods, 12Silver nitrate solution, AgNO3, 0.1 M, 30 mL Graduated cylinders, 25-mL, 36Sodium chloride, NaCl, 300 g Parafilm or plastic wrapSodium dodecyl sulfate solution, 10%, 150 mL Pipets, wide-stem, disposable, 12Sulfuric acid solution, H2SO4, 3 M, 30 mL Pipets, graduated, disposable, 72Tin(II) chloride solution, SnCl2, 1 M in 1.5 M HCl, 15 mL Resealable bags, 12 15 mL ScissorsWater, deionized or distilled Test tube racks, 12 Test tubes, 72


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Electrophoresis and DNA Forensics, Experiment 36Reagents

Agarose powder, electrophoresis grade, 6 g

DNA Samples, Ready-to-run

DNA Sample 1, Lambda DNA EcoRI Digest, 80 μL, 2 vials

DNA Sample 2, Lambda DNA HindIII Digest, 80 μL, 2 vials

DNA Samples 3 and 4, Lambda Mixed Digest, 80 μL, 4 vials

DNA 1-kb Ladder, 80 μL, 2 vials

Electrophoresis buffer, TAE, 50X concentrate, 100 mL

Methylene blue stain, 10X concentrate, 100 mL

Water, distilled

Equipment

Digital micropipets, adjustable-volume, 2–20 μL, 6

Electrophoresis chambers, 6*

Light box or other light source (optional)

Pipet tips, disposable, to fit micropipets, 1−200 μL, 90

Power supplies for electrophoresis units, 3–6

Resealable bag, to save gels before use or after staining

Rulers, metric, 12

Staining trays, 6−12 (may be shared)

Thermometers, 12* Electrophoresis units and power supplies come in many sizes and configurations. To reduce congestion and improve flow in the teaching lab environ-ment, we recommend the use of six dual electrophoresis apparatus units for a class of 24 students working in pairs. Each unit is supplied with and will accommodate two, 7-cm mini-gel trays. Standard, six-well combs are also included.

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