flexible digital approach to airport terminal design
TRANSCRIPT
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Flexible Digital approach to Airport Terminal design
Sarah Shuchi
Flexible
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Presentation Outline
Background and Introduction
Research questions
Research Methodology
Literature Review
Research significance
Research Progress
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Background and Introduction‘’Airports are 21st century buildings – fluid space for fluid functions using high technology architecture for spatial containment and cultural expression’’ -Brian Edwards
Airport terminal is a complex system
Airport is comprised of number interacting services and stakeholders
Technological advancement, changes in regulations, changes in terminal facilities, etc have significant impact on design
To deal with it the term ‘flexibility’ a prevalent concept– need to be incorporated in airport terminal deign.
A detail understanding of airport terminal operations, facilities and their related space requirements facilitates architects and planners
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Background and Introduction
The Airport Information Model (AIM) is considered to be an extension of BIM
BIM) provides digital representation of buildings with integrated information in a digital format
Proposed research will use BIM tools to facilitate initial design process of flexible layouts
An integrated approach is required
Building Information Model (BIM) could provide some well-built influences
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Research Objective
Terminal facilities and corresponding space requirements will be given the main focus of interest
The main objective is to understand and utilise role of flexible design in airport terminals
The proposed research will focus on departing passenger terminals in Australian context
The research will evaluate terminal space allocation for flexible design layouts
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Overview of Literature review
BIM and relevance with proposed topic
Airport terminal design, operation and related facilities
Flexible design concept
Use of Business Process Models (BPM) and space layout planning in terminal design
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Airport Terminal: Design, Operation and Facilities
Airport design and operations are closely linked 1
. Acc
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rface
ArrivingDepartingParkingCirculating
2. P
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ssin
g in
terfa
ceTicketingCheck- in Security checkClaiming BaggageChecking customs
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. Flig
ht in
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WaitingLoading and unloading(both passenger and baggage)
Passenger terminal components (Horonjeff, McKelvey et al. 2010)
Poor design affects airport operations- increased cost
Facility requirements depend on operations
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Airport Terminal: Design requirements
Forecast is unpredictable and unpredictable
Depends on number of traffic
Anticipation of level of traffics depends on forecast
Formulas for translating number of traffic into space requirement is arithmetically simple
Selection of configuration is a vital issue, may cause economical losses, for example, London Stansted Airport (Odoni 2003) And also causes operational difficulties for example, Kansas City Airport (Odoni 2003)
Kansas City Airport
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Airport Design Configurations Which configuration is the best?
Finger pier, Satellite, Midfield, Linear, Transporter or Hybrid ?
MidfieldLinear TransporterFinger pier Satellite
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Airport Design Configurations
There is no single solution
Which configuration is the best?
Finger pier at Brisbane International Airport
Hybrid configuration- more flexible
Finger pier configuration is widely adopted
Linear configuration at Darwin International Airport
Varies with- walking distances between facilities - Arrangement of number of aircraft gates
Walking distances are prime Level Of Service (LOS) measures, LOS varies with spaces
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Airport Design Simulation Based studies
‘Fortran’ used to determine terminal facility requirement and dimensions (Seeman 1970)
Other simulation tools such as SLAM, TRACKS, ARCPort, PAXSIM, OPAL etc are used to evaluate operational performance.
Currently available tools could only measure existing design and operational performances (Andreatta, Brunetta et al. 2007)
A number researches have been conducted in the area of modelling airport operations and performance evaluation
Design and Concepts of Flexibility Flexible design is intend to respond in changing situations and operations (Kronenburg, 2007)
The concept of flexible terminal design has given emphasis by many researchers (Edwards 2005; de Naufville and Odoni 2003)
Airport terminal should be capable of multiple adaptation of future expansions
Three major design possibilities of flexible terminals developments (Odoni, 2003):
1. Connected buildings2. Temporary facilities3. Shared used facilities
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Flexibility in Airport DesignThe overall perspective to achieve flexibility depends on large range of factors- economic shifts, regulatory changes, uncertainty in forecast etc (de Neufville and Odoni 2003)
Functional effectiveness and flexibility in terminal design can be analysed under space, function and time (ACRP 25 2010)
Vancouver International Airport
Vancouver International Airport
Large open hall divided by glass panel in spaces
Easy accommodation of short and long term shifting pattern of traffic
Examples of flexible terminal design
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Airport Terminal and Inflexible Designs
TWA Terminal, aerial view at left and interior at right (The Huffington Post 2011)
The landmark building of new New York opened in 1962
But the building eventually closed in 2001 when American Airlines bought TWA
London Stansted Airport, aerial view at left and open plan interior at right (Foster+Partners)
Open plan interior
Inflexible structural configuration made future expansion more difficult
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Flexibility and Modular Airport DesignModular approach considered to achieve structural flexibility (Edwards 2007)
Modular approach- expandable and flexible facilities
Southampton International Airport, UK
Southampton Airport, UK
50% cost of legacy airportQuick construction
Southampton International Airport, UK
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Flexibility and Modular Airport Design
Simple concept
Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok
Functionally simple
Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok
Modular roofing at Kitakyushu Airport, Japan
Kitakyushu Airport, Japan
Series of modular terminal
Easy expandable modular roof structure
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Airport Design and Space Layout PlanningThe relationship exists between space and function assists to achieve spatial flexibility (Edwards 2005)
The movement of passenger between facilities provide key information for space layout
The elements are closely linked are tend to stay closely
Space layout planning and its form generation approach has been examined by many researchers (Humayouni, Eastman 1975, Fraser 1995)
The hierarchy of activities (Lee et al, 2007)
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Airport Design and Business Process Model (BPM)
Workflow modelling (Lee et al, 2007)
Business process is a collection of activities designed to produce specific output for a stakeholder (The Enterprise Architects 2004)
It also describes how the activities within a process are connected
Evaluation of business process is equally important as well as the standard or formulas
Movement of passengers in airport provides key information
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Overview of Building Information Model (BIM)
BIM consists of two type of information – Building elements and relationship of elements
BIM is a digital representation of buildings, also known as a standard digital information storage area
BIM also incorporates accessibility, energy saving, costing etc
BIM also works as communication media between stakeholders
: A comparison between conventional CAD and new approaches to BIM
Conventional CAD approach and BIM approach
ArchiCAD, Autodesk Revit, Tekla, Bently
A comparison between conventional CAD and new approaches to BIM ( Azhar et al, 2010)
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Use of BIM in Construction Industry
Automated scheduling and estimation
Automated estimation(Nadeem et al , 2008)
Optimise construction sequencing
Construction sequencing model (Gammon Construction Ltd , KH)
Multi disciplinary clash detection system
Automatic clash detection(Nadeem et al , 2008)
More accurate visualisation
Collaboration in multiple design disciplines
Automatic and real time scheduling of spaces using ‘room/area’ tool
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BIM used in Airport Design
BIM model of Cathay Pacific Cargo Terminal at Hong Kong International Airport (INTERLIBUILD)
Design solution for enhancement of baggage handling system
Accurate representation of structure
Co-ordination of huge number of drawings
Chennai Airport expansion model using TEKLA (TEKLA 2010)
Airport expansion project in India
Reduced material wastage by 3.5%-4%
Design-to steel fabrication project using Tekla BIM software
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Summery of LiteratureAnticipation of forecast is unpredictable
A visionary approach required to deal with unpredictable future
Researchers have identified the importance of flexible terminal design but practical implementation is yet to be discovered
No evidence of utilising modelling techniques to identify flexible layouts
Use of BIM tools in airport design is still limited
Utilisation of business process in design is evident
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Research Questions
How can BIM tools support spatial flexibility in airport terminal design and operations?
How can Business Process Models(BPM) help to determine spatial relationships within various operational activities?
How spatial layouts can be generated for both greenfield and brownfield sites?
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Research Significance Investigate the role of flexibility in airport terminal design
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Research Contribution
Supplement domain information to provide a Airport Information Model
Investigate and utilise BIM technology in airport design
The proposed research expects to utilise space layout planning tools to provide flexible yet feasible design layouts
The research outcomes will assist architects/designers to understand and manage the interdependencies among various passenger activities
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Research Methodology flowchart
Create BIM models Define processes for
layout generationInputs from other AotF
streamsPhase 2
Airport Layouts
Phase 3
Define design metrics
Form generation by research assistant
Design guidelinesAnalysis of
algorithmic metrics AIM/BIM
guidelinesAIM/BIM
specifications
Phase 1Literature
reviewOnsite-case study
analysisBusiness
process models
Indentify preliminary design parameters
Hierarchical breakdown of spaces
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Research Methodology Phase 1 Both international and domestic terminals around Australia
- Brisbane, Perth, Gold Coast, Melbourne, Sunshine Coast and Rockhampton Airport
Onsite case study analysis
Business Process Models
Departure activities in Brisbane international Airport (Mazhar 2009)
Help to understand the passenger process in departure terminal
Case studies have been selected based on three categories
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Research Methodology Phase 1Preliminary Design parameters
Design parameters will assists to determine relationships among passenger activities and space
Terminal facilities Design parameters Design attributes
Terminal entryEntry from public transportsCurb side entry
Processing areas Entry hall Queuing spaceLocationService space
Check-in areaSecurityCustoms and immigrationBoarding
CirculationRamp Location
Orientation (position of the design elements/functions in respect to the other
StairElevatorEscalator Automated people mover
Wayfinding Signage Pamphlet Map
Discretionary activities Cafe and restaurant LocationAdjacency (of spaces according to the related functions)Orientation
Speciality shops News agent
Ticket counters
Toilet facilities Corridor spaceMoney exchangeTax refund schemeInternet KiosksWater fountainPhone booths
Waiting/meeting Seating area Location Number of seating
Selected preliminary design parameters
Spatial Hierarchy
Identify spatial relationship and hierarchical breakdown of departure terminal activities
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Research Methodology Phase 3Identify spatial relationships
To determine flexible design layouts Space layout planning methods
Craft Method
Network Method
Evolutionary approach
Generates a list of possible configurations using hueristic algorithm
Aims to determine the relative location of functional units
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Relationship matrix and corresponding diagrammatic layout (Whitehead and Eldars 1965)
Research Methodology Phase 3
Network Method
The relationship between spaces represented by the number of journeys in between them
One of the early methods of using computers to find out generative design layout
The activities are presented in a relationship matrix
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Research Methodology Phase 3
Evolutionary approach
Approach architecture as a form of artificial life and propose a genetic representation in a form of DNA-like code script
Aims to evolutionary approach of nature in built environment
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Research ProgressCase study : Brisbane International Airport
Identified spatial hierarchy at check-in facilities at Brisbane Airport
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Research Timeline Time Elapsed (in months) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36PhD MilestonesStage 2ConfirmationAnnual progressFinal seminarCourse workAIRSResearch phase
PHASE 1
Literature review On-Site case study analysisSelection of preliminary design parametersIDENTIFY SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP
PHASE 2
CREATE BIM MODELSLEARN SOFTWARE (REVIT)DEFINE PROCESSES FOR LAYOUT GENERATORINPUT FROM OTHER AOTF STREAMS
PHASE 3
DETERMINATION FINAL DESIGN PARAMETERSFORM GENERATION BY OTHERSGENERATE FLEXIBLE LAYOUTSDESIGN CRITERIA ANALYSISANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMIC METRICSPROVIDE DESIGN GUIDELINESProvide AIM/BIM specifications
Publication and conferenceCONFERENCE PAPERJOURNAL PAPERFinal examinationThesis draft 1Thesis draft 2Thesis Final draft and submission
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Research Progress Brisbane International Airport
Identified spatial hierarchy at check-in facilities at Brisbane Airport
Departure hall at Brisbane AirportCheck-in facilities at Brisbane AirportDiscretionary activities at Brisbane Airport
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Research Progress Brisbane International Airport
Revit Model of departure activities at Brisbane Airport
Entry Lobby
Check-in
Discretionary spaces
Security
Boarding and circulation
Customs
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Research Conclusion
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