fiscal year 2021 first quarter report (october – …

This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development and the United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. It was prepared by Tetra Tech for the Modern Cooking for Healthy Forests in Malawi Activity. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of Tetra Tech and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Government, nor the British Government.

RAMZY KANAAN

MODERN COOKING FOR HEALTHY FORESTS IN MALAWI FISCAL YEAR 2021 FIRST QUARTER REPORT (OCTOBER – DECEMBER 2020) January 2021

This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development and the United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office by Tetra Tech through USAID Contract No. 72061219C00005 or the Modern Cooking for Healthy Forests in Malawi Activity.

Cover Photo: Minister of Forestry and Natural Resources, Honorable Nancy Tembo, addressing participants at the launch of the Malawi Clean Cooking Fund.

This report was prepared by:

Tetra Tech 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 USA Telephone: (802) 658-3890 Fax: (802) 485-0282 Email: [email protected] Contacts: Ramzy Kanaan, Chief of Party Email: [email protected] Anna Farmer, Project Manager Email: [email protected] Rod Snider, Deputy Project Manager Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 BACKGROUND 2 1.2 KEY OPERATING ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS 3

2.0 PROGRESS AND ACHIEVEMENTS 5 2.1 PROJECT DELIVERABLES 5 2.2 STAFFING 5

3.0 ACTIVITIES 6 3.1 OBJECTIVE 1: ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES AND EFFICIENT COOKING TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTED TO REDUCE UNSUSTAINABLE WOOD FUEL DEMAND 6 3.1.1. MALAWI CLEAN COOKING FUND 6 3.1.2. RAPID RURAL COOKING SCAN 6 3.1.3. HIGH LEVEL ENGAGEMENT 7 3.1.4. URBAN COOKING ENERGY CONSUMER MARKET RESEARCH (CMR) AND BASELINE SURVEY 7 3.1.5. THE MCHF ACCELERATOR PROGRAM 7 3.1.6. ETHANOL SCOPING 7 3.1.7. COMMERCIAL VIABILITY ASSESSMENT 8 FY2021 QUARTERLY, CUMULATIVE AND TARGET RESULTS FOR OBJECTIVE 1 INDICATORS 8 3.2 OBJECTIVE 2: LOCAL DELIVERY OF FORESTRY SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF FORESTRY RESOURES IN TARGETED AREAS IMPROVED 9 3.2.1. LANDSCAPE RESTORATION ACTION PLANNING 9 3.2.2. DEVELOPMENT OF AN MCHF SITUATION MODEL 9 FY2021 QUARTERLY, CUMULATIVE AND TARGET RESULTS FOR OBJECTIVE 2 INDICATORS 10 3.3. OBJECTIVE 3: REGULATORY AND ENFORCEMENT FRAMEWORKS STRENGTHENED TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE WOODFUEL PRODUCTION AND USE 10 3.3.1. FORESTRY ACT, AMENDMENT BILL AND SUBSIDIARY REGULATIONS 10 3.3.2. IMPROVED CAPACITY FOR FOREST LAW ENFORCEMENT 11 3.3.3. IMPROVED ADVOCACY AND PUBLIC AWARENESS ON FORESTRY LAWS AND REGULATIONS 12 3.3.4. PROMOTING FACT-BASED JOURNALISM OF THE FORESTRY SECTOR 12 3.3.5. COMMUNICATION STRATEGY FOR COMBATING FOREST CRIMES IN MALAWI 12 3.3.6. ENGAGEMENT WITH MALAWI JUDICIARY TO DEVELOP SENTENCING GUIDELINES 12 FY2021 QUARTERLY, CUMULATIVE AND TARGET RESULTS FOR OBJECTIVE 3 INDICATORS 13 3.4 OBJECTIVE 4: GOVERNMENT OF MALAWI’S IMPLEMENTATION CAPACITY OF LOW EMISSIONS DEVELOPMENT IN REDD+ AND/OR OTHER LAND USE INCREASED 13 3.4.1. SUPPORT THE GOM TO CARRY OUT THE NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY (NFI)13 3.4.2. BUILD GOM CAPACITY TO MONITOR FORESTS BY EQUIPPING THE NATIONAL MONITORING UNIT (NMU) 13 FY2021 QUARTERLY, CUMULATIVE AND TARGET RESULTS FOR OBJECTIVE 4 INDICATORS 13

3.5 OBJECTIVE 5: INTERVENTIONS LEVERAGED WITH USAID AND OTHER DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS 14 3.5.1. NCSC INTEGRATION WITH GIZ ENERGIZING DEVELOPMENT AND IRISH EMBASSY 14 3.5.2. ENGAGEMENT WITH FCDO-FUNDED BRACC HUB 14 3.5.3. ENGAGEMENT WITH NATIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION 14 3.5.4. ENGAGEMENT WITH AGDIV PROJECT 14 FY2021 QUARTERLY, CUMULATIVE AND TARGET RESULTS FOR OBJECTIVE 5 INDICATORS 15

4.0 CROSS-CUTTING PROJECT SUPPORT 16 4.1. MONITORING EVALUATION AND LEARNING 16 4.2. GRANTS MANAGEMENT 16 4.3. COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH 16 FY2021 QUARTERLY, CUMULATIVE AND TARGET RESULTS FOR CROSS-CUTTING INDICATORS 17

5.0 APPENDICES 18 APPENDIX 1: MCHF DELIVERABLE TRACKER 18 APPENDIX 2: COOKING/HEATING ENERGY FACTS & FIGURES: AN ONGOING CRISIS 19 APPENDIX 3: WHAT DOES 2 MILLION STOVES MEAN FOR MALAWI 21

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AE Alternative Energies

AEFECT Alternative Energy and Fuel-Efficient Cooking Technologies

AEJ Association of Environmental Journalists

AgDiv Agriculture Diversification Activity

BRACC Building Resilience and Adapting to Climate Change

CIU Central Intelligence Unit

CMR Consumer Market Research

COP Chief of Party

COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019

DoF Department of Forestry

FCDO Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

GoM Government of Malawi

LET Luwawa Environmental Trust

MCCF Malawi Clean Cooking Fund

MCHF Modern Cooking for Healthy Forests in Malawi Activity

MEL Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning

MPS Malawi Police Service

NCSC National Cookstove Steering Committee

NPC National Planning Commission

NMU National Monitoring Unit

PERFORM Protecting Ecosystems and Restoring Forests in Malawi Activity

REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

RFA Request for Applications

SMBC Social Marketing and Behavior Change

WISDOM Woodfuel Integrated Supply / Demand Overview Mapping

MCHF: FY2021 Q1 REPORT | 2 USAID.GOV/MALAWI | GOV.UK/GOVERNMENT/ORGANISATIONS/FOREIGN-COMMONWEALTH-DEVELOPMENT-OFFICE

USAID United States Agency for International Development

1 | MCHF: FY2021 Q1 REPORT USAID.GOV/MALAWI | GOV.UK/GOVERNMENT/ORGANISATIONS/FOREIGN-COMMONWEALTH-DEVELOPMENT-OFFICE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The first quarter of Fiscal Year 2021 was an extremely busy quarter for the Modern Cooking for Heathy Forests in Malawi Activity (MCHF). Many of the FY2020 activities that had been delayed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic were implemented during the first quarter of FY2021. This included a wide range of baseline data collection activities, and field work in MCHF focal forest reserves, districts and urban areas—including the completion of the field data collection phase for the national forest inventory (NFI), and the district roll-out of the landscape restoration action planning process in the central landscape.

In November, together with the Government of Malawi (GoM), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), MCHF launched the Malawi Clean Cooking Fund, a $1.1 million performance-based grant fund (PBG) designed to increase the supply of, and demand for alternative cooking energies and fuel-efficient cooking technologies in Malawi, as well as the supply of sustainable wood fuels from well-managed forest resources. This was followed the next day by the release of the first Request for Application. Then in December, the project launched the MCHF Accelerator Program, which will support the development of early stage enterprises working in the cooking energy/technology and the forest-friendly enterprise sectors.

While the pace of implementation continued to accelerate throughout the quarter, there was a dramatic increase in COVID-19 cases in the first three weeks of January. In light of the rapidly changing context, MCHF will continue to monitor the situation closely, and will coordinate closely with USAID and FCDO regarding potential impacts on planned implementation over the next quarter of FY2021.


1.0 INTRODUCTION MCHF is a five-year Activity funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO). The Activity is implemented by Tetra Tech in association with five subcontractors: Centre for Environmental Policy and Advocacy (CEPA), Lilongwe Wildlife Trust (LWT), mHub, Winrock International and World Resources Institute (WRI).

1.1 BACKGROUND

The main threats to Malawi’s forests include unsustainable harvesting for wood fuels to meet construction and energy needs (charcoal and firewood for cooking, fish smoking, brick making, and tobacco curing), agriculture and settlement expansion in forested areas, and harmful bushfires. High population density and growth are deteriorating the situation. Charcoal production is currently the single most significant driver of forest degradation. More than 96% of households rely on charcoal and firewood as their primary cooking fuel. Most research agrees that charcoal and firewood will continue to be a significant source of energy in Malawi for the foreseeable future, in large part due to the lack of available Alternative Energies (AE) for cooking, coupled with the population growth, rapid urbanization, and relative high prices of existing AEs. While local energy supply-demand imbalances have existed in parts of the country for years (especially around Blantyre and Lilongwe) it is projected that the national, annual demand for wood fuels exceeded sustainable supply in/around 2019.

The lack of income-generating opportunities in rural areas is the primary cause for urbanization in Malawi. While charcoal contributes to rural livelihoods, production is largely illegal and occurs increasingly within Forest Reserves and other critical water catchment areas. Illegal and unsustainable charcoal production, transportation and marketing drive widespread corruption along the charcoal value chain. In addition to domestic charcoal, charcoal produced in Mozambique and Zambia is also illegally transported and marketed in Malawi to meet Malawi’s urban wood fuel demand, especially in Blantyre and Lilongwe. Malawi needs to implement innovative solutions that balance citizens’ energy needs and promote the proper management and utilization of forestry resources.

The MCHF Activity has been designed to promote sustainable forest management in Malawi in select landscapes, support sustainable cooking energy options in select urban demand centers, maintain forest cover, and to reduce land-based emissions. By increasing demand for alternative cooking energy options and efficient cooking technologies and increasing the supply of sustainable wood fuels from well-managed forest resources, MCHF will help Malawi reduce unsustainable tree cutting in both public and customary forests, improve forest cover, and conserve associated watersheds.

MCHF applies a landscape approach that incorporates interventions across multiple geographic scales and land use types, including urban and peri-urban areas, forest reserves, plantations, customary land, and smallholder farms, to address wood fuel supply and demand dynamics holistically. The activity also builds system-level resilience through an integrated land use management framework that seeks to integrate policies across sectors in order to harmonize development and conservation objectives.

The MCHF strategy (Figure 1) will reduce unsustainable wood fuel demand, increase sustainable wood fuel supply, and strengthen Malawi’s business and regulatory enabling environment by:


1. Implementing a landscape approach that addresses wood fuel supply and demand and reduces underlying drivers of forest cover loss;

2. Developing inclusive and sustainable market systems across AE, sustainable charcoal, and forestry value chains by engaging a wide range of actors within each value chain, identifying leverage points that overcome market constraints, and facilitating market-based solutions that utilize local systems and resources;

3. Engaging the private sector and mobilizing financing, investment, and additional resources that activate and increase investments for alternative fuels, fuel-efficient (FE) technology, and improved forest governance and forest landscape restoration;

4. Building on and advancing key Government of Malawi (GoM) policies and strategies, particularly the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy III, Malawi 2020 Vision Document, National Charcoal Strategy (NCS), National Energy Policy (NEP), National Forestry Policy, Forestry Act, National Cookstoves Program Roadmap, National Forest Landscape Restoration Strategy (NFLRS), National Resilience Strategy, and Malawi Renewable Energy Strategy; and

5. Strengthening local capacity for self-reliance and sustainability by prioritizing local partners, working with and through GoM institutions, implementing facilitative market system approaches, and supporting human and institutional capacity development.

FIGURE 1: MCHF STRATEGY

1.2 KEY OPERATING ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS

Through the development of the MCHF Life of Activity (LOA) Performance Work Statement, the Activity Monitoring Evaluation and Learning Plan (AMELP), and the FY2021 Annual Work Plan (AWP), MCHF has identified the key assumptions and risks with the greatest potential to impact MCHF implementation and achievement of results. The key operating assumptions are summarized as follows:

• The success of Objective 1 is premised on the performance of a viable market systems approach. This assumes the macroeconomic performance does not deteriorate significantly. Additionally, the sub-focus on sustainable charcoal assumes that USAID will amend the Sustainable Livelihoods Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) to allow work on sustainable charcoal (pending since


January 2020) and subsequently will approve a revised MCHF Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP).

• The success of Objectives 2 and 4 requires consistent and meaningful commitment from the Department of Forestry (DoF). This includes a commitment to increasing staffing levels, both at the District-level (nationally the DoF staffing vacancy rate exceeds 50%, and is much higher at the sub-district/forestry assistant level), and at the national level (specifically for the Monitoring Unit), and a commitment to allocate financial resources to support implementation of key activities, including but not limited to the National Forest Inventory and Forest Landscape Restoration monitoring.

• Objective 3 assumes maintaining sustained political will and commitment to address illegal and unsustainable charcoal production, transportation, and marketing from multiple GoM Ministries/Departments/Services, at various scales.

• Objective 5 targets for integration activities and leverage are considerable, and MCHF has proposed to work with a wide range of partners to achieve and meet these targets.

Presently, the most urgent risk to MCHF implementation, results and sustained impact is the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Over the reporting period, Malawi has registered increasing infections in what is believed to be a second wave of the pandemic The GoM continues to implement measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 in cities and towns throughout Malawi. At the time of writing this quarterly report, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases had exceeded 21,000 (and the number of deaths had exceeded 550). Within this context Tetra Tech continued to operationalize a COVID-19 Contingency and Response Plan designed to advance implementation while taking appropriate measures to safeguard project staff, counterparts and beneficiaries. This includes:

• Reminder of COVID-19 symptoms and what to do if staff or their close contacts experience any of the symptoms

• Closing the MCHF office to external visitors whilst MCHF staff are authorized to work remotely in order to reduce/limit office density. From January 2, 2021, only a maximum of 11 MCHF staff will be permitted to operate on a weekly in office rotation Those in the office are required to wear masks in common/shared places.

• Social distancing and sanitation: MCHF continues to practice and implement social distancing and enhanced sanitation and hygiene protocols in the office and in project vehicles.

Known and reasonably anticipated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on MCHF implementation were factored into the FY2021 Annual Work Plan and the revisions into the Activity Monitoring Evaluation and Learning Plan (AMELP) in 2020.

Beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, donor commitment to MCHF focal areas and private sector interest in the Malawian market are tied to Malawi’s continued stability and security. In addition, MCHF implementation and delivery of results may be influenced by weather/climatic factors well beyond the control of MCHF (as was the case with the El Niño-related drought in 2015/2016). The inability to predict with precision future extreme weather and climate-related shocks presents a degree of uncertainty that may impact project results and require programming adjustments.


2.0 PROGRESS AND ACHIEVEMENTS During the first quarter MCHF continued implementing scheduled activities as defined in the FY2021 Annual Work Plan. This section summarizes progress made in implementation during the quarter.

2.1 PROJECT DELIVERABLES

During the reporting period, MCHF submitted all project deliverables on schedule, including a revised version of the FY2021 Annual Workplan incorporating USAID and FCDO feedback, as well as submission of scheduled Monthly Update Reports. An updated Deliverable Tracker is included in Appendix 1. In addition, MCHF submitted and received USAID clearance for its Request for Applications (RFA) 001 (Phase 1 and Phase 2) MCHF’s first call for grant applications, released under the recently launched Malawi Clean Cooking Fund.

2.2 STAFFING

The Communications and SMBC Specialist, three Forest Field Coordinators, two Forest Friendly Products Development Coordinators and two additional drivers began full-time employment during the quarter. In addition, the recruitment process for a Monitoring Evaluation and Learning (MEL) Assistant was completed during the quarter and the successful candidate Mr. Isaac Kazizi Phiri will begin work in January 2021. Furthermore, MCHF awaits USAID guidance and/or approval for its proposed candidate to fill a key personnel vacancy, the Private Sector Engagement Specialist. MCHF Chief of Party (COP) returned to Malawi at the beginning of October, and the Director of Cross Cutting Services (DCCS) mobilized in December.


3.0 ACTIVITIES

3.1 OBJECTIVE 1: ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES AND EFFICIENT COOKING TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTED TO REDUCE UNSUSTAINABLE WOOD FUEL DEMAND

3.1.1. MALAWI CLEAN COOKING FUND

During the quarter, MCHF continued to work with USAID, FCDO and the GoM to complete the design of the Malawi Clean Cooking Fund (MCCF), a $1.1 million performance-based grant fund (PBG) designed to increase the supply of, and demand for alternative cooking energies and fuel-efficient cooking technologies in Malawi, as well as the supply of sustainable wood fuels from well-managed forest resources. The MCCF is structured to support adoption of market-based cleaner cooking solutions (e.g., alternatives to illegal and unsustainably produced charcoal), including improved cookstoves, sustainable biomass fuel supply chains, and alternative cooking energy supply chains and delivery systems in urban Malawi (Window 1), and the delivery and adoption of fuel-efficient cooking technologies in select rural areas (Window 2). The MCCF was launched on November 25, 2020 and was a hybrid in-person/virtual event (with limited in-person attendance to comply with COVID-19 restrictions). The in-person event was held at Ufulu Gardens in Lilongwe and attended by 15 people including the USAID/Malawi Deputy Mission Director, Dr. Fenton Sands; the FCDO Deputy Development Director, Mr. Martin Dawson; and, Malawi’s Minister of Forestry and Natural Resources, Honorable Nancy Tembo who officially launched the Fund. A total of 152 people attended the launch online, and more than 246 individuals requested the Request for Applications (RFA) solicitation, which was released the following day. More than 80 applications were received, and all applications were screened and reviewed in accordance with standard procedures. In early-January, successful Phase One applicants will be issued the Phase Two RFA, which requires development of detailed technical and cost applications. Phase Two applications will be reviewed in mid-February, and MCHF anticipates resulting grant agreements will be signed between late-March and early-May 2021.

3.1.2. RAPID RURAL COOKING SCAN

During the quarter MCHF completed field implementation of the Rapid Rural Cooking Scan, which was designed to gather baseline data on household wood fuel use and cooking technology within a 2 km buffer of each MCHF-supported forest reserves. The field data collection exercise began with a training of the survey data collection tool, after which the survey was piloted. Actual data collection began within the buffer of Dzalanyama Forest Reserve on October 22, and data collection was completed in the buffer of each forest reserve before the end of November.

Field data collection included a statistically significant sample from the seven forest reserves. MCHF used a mobile application (Avenza Maps) to ensure that sampled households were within the 2km buffer. Data entry was completed in December, and the data analysis is expected to be finalized in January 2021. In addition to establishing the baseline for two Project Indicators (PI 5: Percent of households in/around targeted forest reserves that have adopted efficient cooking technologies; and, PI 7: Percent of sampled target audience reporting exposure to messages on alternative energy sources and fuel-efficient technologies) from which MCHF will assess change over time, the data collected will also help to inform the design and delivery of activities to increase adoption of fuel efficient cooking technologies, including the messaging that can best support the goal of increased adoption.


3.1.3. HIGH LEVEL ENGAGEMENT

During the reporting period MCHF developed a high level engagement approach, which was also included in the revised FY2021 AWP. In addition to regular briefings at the ministerial level, this approach is generally designed to ensure that key information, data and analyses generated through MCHF, or other sources are packaged appropriately and used in targeted advocacy with high level policy and decision makers. During the quarter this included two engagements with the Minister of Energy through the National Cookstove Steering Committee (NCSC), and two direct engagements with the Minster of Energy and the Minister of Forestry and Natural Resources in advance of the launch of the Malawi Clean Cooking Fund. Through these engagements with the Minister of Energy the lack of focus or “prioritization” on the cooking/heating energy subsector, and associated with this the lack of funding for the subsector, was identified as a critical issue. In response, a cooking and heating energy subsector factsheet/infographic (see Appendix 2) was released in December at the NCSC’s two million cookstove celebration event.

3.1.4. URBAN COOKING ENERGY CONSUMER MARKET RESEARCH (CMR) AND BASELINE SURVEY

During the quarter MCHF completed the Urban Cooking Energy CMR and Baseline Survey. Draft results were presented during the MCCF launch event, and the report was finalized in December. Some of the findings of the household survey are as follows:

• The majority of urban households use multiple cooking and heating fuels/technologies;

• 86.3% of households use charcoal, 40.4% use firewood, 26.8% use electricity and only 2.4% use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG);

• The majority (95.8%) of urban households are aware of electricity and LPG as alternative energies to charcoal; and

• Less than 30 percent of the urban households use alternative energy (26.8%) and fuel-efficient cooking technologies (21.8%) more than half of the time.

3.1.5. THE MCHF ACCELERATOR PROGRAM

In December MCHF launched the MCHF Accelerator Program, which is designed to identify and build the capacity of early stage enterprises promoting cooking energy/technology alternatives to illegal and unsustainably produced charcoal. The application window will run from December 12, 2020 through January 29, 2021. MCHF will create awareness of this opportunity throughout the application period, using a range of media and a mix of in-person and online information sessions. The Accelerator Program will strengthen business skills and build the capacity of early-stage cooking energy/technology enterprises. MCHF expects to complete the compliance and technical reviews in the first half of February. MCHF, through mHub will then support a long list of up to 40 applicants to develop and pitch their proposals, before selecting the final cadre of up to 20 enterprises to be supported through the MCHF Accelerator Program, which is expected to conclude between late-October and early-November 2021.

3.1.6. ETHANOL SCOPING

In response to growing interest from members of the NCSC, MCHF designed a rapid scoping activity to evaluate prospects to expand the role of ethanol as a residential cooking fuel in Malawi to reduce charcoal use for cooking by urban households. Research was undertaken in November,


December and early-January, which involved engagement with a wide range of stakeholders including value chain actors (including distillers, sugar factories, and farmer associations), regulators (including Department of Energy Affairs and the Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority) and others. The goal of the scoping is to determine whether the supply of molasses and ethanol production capacity is likely to increase in Malawi within the MCHF project life-of-project to allow significant uptake of ethanol cooking, and whether the market conditions are such to foster growth of ethanol as a cleaner, renewable cooking fuel. While the scoping report will not be available until early-February it seems clear from the initial results that ethanol will not be a viable cooking energy in Malawi over the near- to medium-term due to a number of factors, including (but not limited to) the very large existing supply-demand gap, and the high domestic market price for ethanol.

3.1.7. COMMERCIAL VIABILITY ASSESSMENT

As part of the commercial viability assessment MCHF had planned to conduct first stage (technical) assessment of both charcoal and stoves in December. The charcoal testing proceeded as planned, but the stove testing was delayed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic (note: the first phase of the stove testing was to be completed as a capacity building activity with 16-20 participants from relevant governmental, academic, non-governmental and private institutions). The laboratory fuel testing was completed at the Geologic Survey’s Coal Laboratory in Kanengo, The charcoal testing was undertaken to understand how different charcoals compete against the baseline (local charcoal produced illegally and unsustainably from indigenous forests). MCHF sourced samples commercially, whenever feasible. In total 10 samples were tested, along with five control samples (three local charcoal, one charcoal briquette imported from South Africa, and one certified imported lump charcoal from Namibia). Every sample was tested for:

• Chemical composition,

• Proximate Analysis,

• Calorific value, and

• Impact resistance factor (for briquettes)

The results of the testing (which will be finalized in January) will be shared broadly with the respective producers with guidance to improve quality and efficiency of alternative cooking fuels to illegal charcoal.

FY2021 QUARTERLY, CUMULATIVE AND TARGET RESULTS FOR OBJECTIVE 1 INDICATORS

PERFORMANCE INDICATOR 1st QUARTER FY2021

CUMULATIVE FY2021

TARGET FY2021

Number of improved technology products that are commercially viable and provide an alternative to illegal charcoal promoted in Malawi as a result of MCHF assistance (Output) A

0 0 2

Percent of households in/around targeted forest reserves that have adopted efficient cooking technologies (Outcome) Biennial

0 0 0


Percent of households in urban areas that have adopted alternative cooking energy sources and/or efficient cooking technologies (Outcome) Biennial

0 0 0

Percent of sampled target audience reporting exposure to messages on alternative energy sources and fuel-efficient technologies on radio, TV, electronic platforms, or in print (Outcome) Biennial

0 0 0

Number of firms receiving USG-funded technical assistance for improving business performance (EG 5.2-1, Output) A

0 0 12

Increase in annual sales of firms doing business in alternative energy options and efficient cooking technologies (Outcome) A

0 0 US$40K

Number of tons of sustainable charcoal or alternative biomass energy produced (Outcome) A

0 0 0

3.2 OBJECTIVE 2: LOCAL DELIVERY OF FORESTRY SERVICES AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF FORESTRY RESOURES IN TARGETED AREAS IMPROVED

3.2.1. LANDSCAPE RESTORATION ACTION PLANNING

During the quarter, MCHF finalized the Guide for Facilitating Forest and Landscape Restoration Planning, with inputs from the DoF and the Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DoDMA) and the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development. Using this Guide, MCHF worked with partners to design and implement landscape-level planning workshops within the Central Landscape. This included a series of facilitated events and field visits with Traditional Leaders and District Councils in Salima, Dedza and Lilongwe (note: the facilitated events in Mzimba and Nkhata Bay will be completed in January 2021). The objectives of these workshops were to discuss the extent of forest and landscape deforestation and degradation, informed by past assessments (e.g. NFLRA, WISDOM analysis) and local knowledge; present, discuss and solicit input into map products produced; conduct targeted site visits to verify data, and to help develop a shared sense of forest and land degradation issues impacting the district; present a framework for action planning; and, to solicit inputs into the restoration action planning that is informed by data, map products and site visits. Resulting from these workshops MCHF will support each district to develop and finalize a restoration action plan, which we expect to be completed by the end of the second quarter. These action plans will provide the Council with a tool to better direct resources and coordinate actions by various stakeholders (Government, NGOs, private sector) to address restoration priorities within the district. In addition to providing a data driven tool to inform district-level planning (which can be prioritized for support directly by the district, or by a district’s implementing partners), the action plans will also help to identify activities that will be supported by MCHF outside of the selected forest reserves.

3.2.2. DEVELOPMENT OF AN MCHF SITUATION MODEL

As agreed with USAID during Activity start-up, MCHF worked during the quarter to develop a situation model for MCHF. Situation models are intended to provide a way to organize and present evidence from recent assessment, analyses, site visits, stakeholder engagement and other sources, in


a fashion that can help to identify approaches to achieve activity goals. Situation models also help to illustrate, and periodically review an activity’s theory of change. In the process of developing the Activity situation model MCHF adapted USAID’s guidance for developing situation models for biodiversity activities, to best “fit” the Sustainable Landscapes source of funding. Specifically, MCHF adapted the threat ranking criteria to reflect the Activity’s sustainable landscapes goal and objectives. The modified threat ranking was informed by data from a range of sources including the Woodfuel Integrated Supply / Demand Overview Mapping (WISDOM) study, National Forest Inventory data, Forest Reference Emission Level, the Global Wildfire Information System and data from Global Forest Watch. The threat ranking process was conducted through a series of participatory workshops attended by MCHF technical staff with experience in and around the seven focal forest reserves. The workshops were facilitated by two Tetra Tech home office specialists who were experienced with the software (Miradi) and the methodology.

Using the best available data, and through the specialist engagement in the participatory workshops, MCHF defined the main threats, and ranked each threat, by forest reserve. The threat ranking will be reviewed in January, after which MCHF will decide whether there is enough variability to warrant maintaining separate situation models for each forest reserve, or for each landscape; or whether it makes most sense to aggregate in one situation model for the entire project. In the second quarter MCHF will work with key stakeholders to validate the final situation model/s.



CUMULATIVE FY2021

TARGET FY2021

Number of hectares of degraded landscapes under improved natural resources management as a result of USG (Outcome) A

0 0 0

Number of forest-friendly enterprises with documented increases in sales (Outcome) A

0 0 0

Number of people receiving livelihood co-benefits (monetary or nonmonetary) associated with implementation of USG sustainable landscape activities (EG 13-5, Outcome) A

0 0 5000

3.3. OBJECTIVE 3: REGULATORY AND ENFORCEMENT FRAMEWORKS STRENGTHENED TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE WOODFUEL PRODUCTION AND USE

3.3.1. FORESTRY ACT, AMENDMENT BILL AND SUBSIDIARY REGULATIONS

During the quarter, MCHF implemented a series of activities designed to support the GoM to strengthen the regulatory and enforcement framework for the forestry sector. Specifically, MCHF completed a legal review of the Forestry Act, and associated legislation and subsidiary regulations (titled “A Legal Assessment of the Forestry Act: Identifying Implementation and Enforcement Gaps and Challenges”). The findings were used to help the DoF prioritize areas for reform, with the first priority being the development of charcoal regulations. To initiate the process of developing charcoal regulations, MCHF supported the DoF to organize and facilitate two meetings. The first,


held on November 4, brought together public and private stakeholders, and worked to initially identify and prioritize areas for regulation along the charcoal value chain (production-transportation-retail sale). The second meeting, on November 30, mobilized a cross-sectoral task force (comprised of DoF, Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources, Malawi Police Service [MPS], Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Ministry of Justice and other stakeholders) to solicit focused inputs into the development of the charcoal regulations. The first draft was submitted on December 28, 2020 and is expected to be circulated by the DoF for internal review in mid-January 2021. The draft will be revised to reflect internal feedback, before being circulated for comment more broadly to the Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources, relevant the Parliamentary Committees, DNPW, MPS, and other stakeholders.

3.3.2. IMPROVED CAPACITY FOR FOREST LAW ENFORCEMENT

During the quarter MCHF organized and facilitated a series of engagements with the Malawi Police Service (MPS), through the Central Intelligence Unit (CIU), and the DoF designed to raise awareness and build capacity for forest law enforcement. On 6 November 2020, MCHF facilitated a meeting with MPS to brief the appointed “singles points of contact” for forestry crimes on the amended Forestry Act. The meeting provided MCHF with an opportunity to get to know the officers and provided the officers with an opportunity to familiarize themselves with the new legislation. Participants were provided with printed copies of the compiled legislation, as well as printed summaries of the amended Forestry Act (in English, Chichewa and Chitumbuka). Following this initial meeting with the MPS, MCHF facilitated a Joint Forest Law Enforcement Inception Workshop with the DoF and MPS, on 20 November at Crossroads Hotel. From each MCHF focal district and urban demand center the designated MPS single points of contact were introduced to their counterparts from the DoF (all of whom had been Leahy vetted). The workshop provided an opportunity for these new, location-specific forest law enforcement “teams” to be introduced to each other, and to discuss challenges and opportunities to working together to combat forestry crimes within their respective districts. In a promising development, within a few days of the November 6th meeting, the GoM successfully charged, investigated and prosecuted its first case using the amended Forestry Act; and, by the end of the quarter there has been a considerable increase in the number of forestry cases charged, investigated and prosecuted under the amended Forestry Act, led by the MPS and the DoF. Each of these cases have been logged in LWT’s Wildlife Crime Information System (WiCIS) database, and each is now subject to courtroom monitoring in accordance with the MCHF AWP. A brief summary of these cases follows;

• 8 forest crime cases leading to 21 arrests/accused persons

• 7 of the cases, covering 19 of the 21 accused persons, have been concluded

• The concluded cases resulted in 19 convictions – conviction rate of 100%

• 3 custodial sentences were achieved with an average custodial sentence of 3 years (the maximum custodial sentence was 3 years)

• The total value of fines was MK 3,245,000 (the mean average fine was MK 170,789)

• Confiscation and forfeiture to government of two vehicles (3 and 10 ton lorries) as well as 385 bags charcoal

Building on this initial momentum, MCHF worked with the CIU and DoF to deliver a series of regional briefing workshops across the country that introduced the project, discussed the scale and


typology of forest crime in Malawi, and provided another opportunity to review the amended Forestry Act.

3.3.3. IMPROVED ADVOCACY AND PUBLIC AWARENESS ON FORESTRY LAWS AND REGULATIONS

During the quarter, MCHF supported the DoF to raise awareness of the amended Forestry Act. On October 2, 2020, MCHF’s Deputy Chief of Party and the Regulatory and Enforcement Specialist participated in a stakeholder meeting in Mzimba and briefed the participants on the amendments to the Act. The meeting was organized by Luwawa Environmental Trust (LET). Furthermore, MCHF distributed copies of the printed forestry leaflet, which highlights key amendments. The leaflet was translated into Chichewa and Chitumbuka and these have been shared with the DoF, LET MPS and other stakeholders for further distribution. Participants also discussed ways in which the different stakeholders could better collaborate to raise awareness and promote implementation of the amended Act.

3.3.4. PROMOTING FACT-BASED JOURNALISM OF THE FORESTRY SECTOR

To help build capacity for fact-based / investigative journalism within the forestry sector, MCHF worked with the AEJ to design and roll-out a program to support selected journalists to conduct research and report on topics of interest to MCHF goals. Each selected journalist will be provided with data and information on the assigned forestry reserve/topic and will be supported to develop a research plan. They will then conduct independent research and publish products through their associated media houses (newspaper/radio/television). MCHF will then work with the AEJ to develop and publish a “forestry dossier” highlighting the results of the collective investigative journalism effort, which will be disseminated publicly, as well as presented to specifically to targeted policy and decision-makers. In the inaugural group five journalists have been selected, and a kick-off meeting is scheduled for the first week of February 2021.

3.3.5. COMMUNICATION STRATEGY FOR COMBATING FOREST CRIMES IN MALAWI

MCHF developed a draft Communication Strategy and Campaign Plan to Combat Forest Crime. The strategy and plan are designed to support implementation of societal behavioral control through sensitization sessions on the new forestry legislation and regulations, increase deterrence and improve enforcement of the Amended Forestry Act. The awareness sessions will focus on disseminating specific messages on forestry issues including charcoal and forestry related crimes and sentencing guidelines, key legislations, regulations, policies and Forest Management Plans and Forest Co-Management agreements. The target audiences for the campaign will include political leaders and decision makers, law enforcement officials, actors in the charcoal/logging value chain, and members of the general public in project areas and development partners. Review of the first draft is expected to be concluded in the next quarter.

3.3.6. ENGAGEMENT WITH MALAWI JUDICIARY TO DEVELOP SENTENCING GUIDELINES

During the quarter, based on feedback received from magistrates (at various levels) in various consultations, MCHF engaged with the judiciary to assess their interest, and the perceived utility in developing guidelines to inform sentencing for forestry crimes. The feedback was positive, and it was recommended that MCHF speak with Justice Kachale, who led the development of sentencing guidelines for the amended National Parks and Wildlife Act. In follow-up, MCHF initiated contact with Justice Kachale prior to the holidays and will follow-up in January.




CUMULATIVE FY2021

TARGET FY2021

Number of laws, policies, regulations, or standards addressing sustainable landscapes formally proposed, adopted, or implemented as supported by USG assistance (EG13-3, Output or Outcome) Q

2 2 11

Percent change in annual conviction rate for illegal charcoal and other forestry crime activities (Outcome) A

0 0 5%

Number of organizations that have advanced their advocacy capacity A

0 0 0

3.4 OBJECTIVE 4: GOVERNMENT OF MALAWI’S IMPLEMENTATION CAPACITY OF LOW EMISSIONS DEVELOPMENT IN REDD+ AND/OR OTHER LAND USE INCREASED

3.4.1. SUPPORT THE GOM TO CARRY OUT THE NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY (NFI)

During the quarter, MCHF continued to support the GoM to implement the NFI2020 within the MCHF targeted forest reserves. The field data collection exercise which began in September 2020 was completed in mid-November. In total, 119 cluster plots were established and inventoried across the 7 forest reserves. All plots were monumented to allow subsequent monitoring as permanent sample plots. The NFI data analysis is on-going, and a draft report is expected to be completed in January 2021.

3.4.2. BUILD GOM CAPACITY TO MONITOR FORESTS BY EQUIPPING THE NATIONAL MONITORING UNIT (NMU)

In December, MCHF prepared the methodology and training materials for the deforestation estimation activity, which is scheduled for January 2021. The materials developed include reference guides, data collection instructions, data collection templates, etc. The planned activity will train participants in the deforestation estimation methodology and will support participants to conduct the deforestation estimation exercise for the MCHF central and northern landscapes.



CUMULATIVE FY2021

TARGET FY2021

Number of institutions with improved capacities to address sustainable landscapes issues as supported by USG assistance (EG 13-2, Output) Q

0 0 7

Number of discrete approaches developed and implemented for forest landscape management and monitoring (Outcome) Q

0 0 1


Number of people trained in sustainable landscapes supported by USG assistance (EG 13-1, Output) Q

113 113 700

3.5 OBJECTIVE 5: INTERVENTIONS LEVERAGED WITH USAID AND OTHER DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS

In the first quarter of FY2021 MCHF continued engaging with a wide range of development partners, implementing partners, private entities and other actors to identify win-win integration opportunities that will leverage resources (material, technical and financial), expand implementation, and help to sustain activities and results. While these integration activities will continue to evolve over the balance of FY2021, we highlight a few integration activities below.

3.5.1. NCSC INTEGRATION WITH GIZ ENERGIZING DEVELOPMENT AND IRISH EMBASSY

During the quarter, MCHF continued to collaborate with GIZ (through Energizing Development) and Irish Embassy (through United Purpose) through the National Cookstove Steering Committee (NCSC) coordination group. Specifically, MCHF supported the NCSC engagement with the Minister of Energy in October; and, the planning and implementation of an event in December celebrating the achievement of the GoM’s 2 million improved cookstove target. In addition, MCHF supported the NCSC with the design, development and dissemination of targeted communications for the celebration event, specifically the factsheet/infographic contained in Appendix 3.

3.5.2. ENGAGEMENT WITH FCDO-FUNDED BRACC HUB

MCHF continues to engage with the FCDO-funded Building Resilience and Adapting to Climate Change (BRACC) partners, and most directly with BRACC Hub. During the quarter MCHF engaged with BRACC Hub to: develop an MCHF landing page for the BRACC website; author a blog for the BRACC website; participate in a Zodiak TV panel discussion on deforestation and cooking energy; join a PROSPER Markets webinar; and, participated in virtual learning event organized by BRACC Hub to discuss their draft learning agenda, which will inform the design of research, policy advocacy and communications activities that cover the whole BRACC program over the coming years.

3.5.3. ENGAGEMENT WITH NATIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION

During the Quarter, MCHF engaged with the National Planning Commission’s (NPC) Transformative Initiative “Ndizotheka”. The initiative is part of the GoM’s efforts to coordinate stakeholders to achieve common objectives defined in the overall national development agenda. Through MCHF’s efforts, the NPC is following-up and documenting creatively produced mini-video documentaries targeting businesses in the alternative cooking energy and fuel-efficient technologies with the objective of creating awareness of such economic opportunities, and driving demand for such fuels and technologies in urban households in Malawi. Increasing knowledge on existence and availability of alternative cooking energies and fuel-efficient cooking technologies will help drive demand for alternative cooking energies and curb demand for illegal unsustainable charcoal.

3.5.4. ENGAGEMENT WITH AGDIV PROJECT

Building on successful integration efforts under the PERFORM Project, MCHF continued to engage with the Feed the Future Agriculture Diversification (AgDiv) Activity. During the past quarter, MCHF field staff participated in a bamboo planting and management training facilitated by AgDiv. The


training was conducted in preparation for the anticipated distribution of 12500 giant bamboo seedlings to MCHF Project beneficiaries in Lilongwe, Salima and Dedza. Distribution to beneficiaries is expected to commence in January with support from District Forestry Offices.



CUMULATIVE FY2021

TARGET FY2021

Number of discrete integration opportunities successfully implemented with USAID and other development partner activities (Output) Q

1 4 8

Amount of investment mobilized (in USD) for sustainable landscapes as supported by USG assistance (EG 13-4, Outcome) Q

0 0 US$150K


4.0 CROSS-CUTTING PROJECT SUPPORT In accordance with the FY2021 Work Plan, MCHF made considerable progress advancing cross-cutting project support activities throughout the 1st quarter, including the efforts highlighted below:

4.1. MONITORING EVALUATION AND LEARNING

During the quarter, MCHF continued to implement its approved AMELP. Specifically, MCHF:

• Completed the urban cooking energy consumer market research and baseline survey, which will be used to establishes baseline for two Project Indicators (PI 6: Percent of households in urban areas that have adopted alternative cooking energy sources and/or efficient cooking technologies; and, PI 7: Percent of sampled target audience reporting exposure to messages on alternative energy sources and fuel-efficient technologies)against which MCHF will assess change over time.

• Completed field data collection for the Rapid Rural Cooking Scan, to establish the baseline for two Project Indicators (PI 5: Percent of households in/around targeted forest reserves that have adopted efficient cooking technologies; and, PI 7: Percent of sampled target audience reporting exposure to messages on alternative energy sources and fuel-efficient technologies) from which MCHF will assess change over time.

In addition, MCHF developed landscape specific situation models for the central and northern landscapes. The situation models are designed to assist MCHF conduct/complete a context analysis of the targeted landscapes which will inform MCHF in designing tailor made solutions for each targeted landscape.

To further MCHF’s communication and learning agendas, the project engaged directly with BRACC Hub on a number of activities, including participation in BRACC Hub-led communication and learning fora.

4.2. GRANTS MANAGEMENT

During the quarter MCHF finalized and released its first Request for Application (RFA). The two phase RFA (RFA001) was released on November 26, the day after the launch of the MCCF. The MCCF is a $1.1 million dollar performance-based grant fund (PBG) designed to increase the supply of, and demand for alternative cooking energies and fuel-efficient cooking technologies in Malawi, as well as the supply of sustainable wood fuels from well-managed forest resources. The Malawi Clean Cooking Fund is structured to support and improve adoption of market-based improved cookstove and sustainable fuel supply chain solutions in urban Malawi (Window 1), and the delivery and adoption of fuel-efficient cooking technologies in select rural areas (Window 2).

Ninety-nine Phase One applications were received in response to RFA001, of which 82 were compliant and were reviewed by the Review and Evaluation Committee (REC). Twenty-eight applications met or exceeded the established scoring threshold and were invited (in January) to submit a detailed Phase Two application. All Phase Two applications received will be reviewed by the REC in mid-February, and MCHF expects resulting performance-based grant agreements to be signed between late-March and early-May.

4.3. COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH

In the fourth quarter of FY2020, MCHF developed a Communications Strategy that defined four MCHF communication priorities: broad information and awareness; targeted advocacy; strategically designed SMBC communications; and Activity-level communications. In the first quarter of FY2021,


MCHF began implementation of the Communications Strategy. Specifically, MCHF developed and disseminated a number of information and awareness products designed to communicate facts, data, and trends in order to help raise awareness and also to help make cause and effect connections. MCHF developed two factsheets this quarter (attached in Appendix 2 and Appendix 3) which were first distributed at a December event celebrating Malawi’s achievement of its target of 2 million clean cookstoves by 2020. In addition, MCHF worked on various communications materials (posters, flyers etc.) for the launch of the both the MCCF and the MCHF Accelerator Program.

FY2021 QUARTERLY, CUMULATIVE AND TARGET RESULTS FOR CROSS-CUTTING INDICATORS


CUMULATIVE FY2021

TARGET FY2021

Percent of female participants in USG-assisted programs designed to increase access to productive economic resources (assets, credit, income, or employment) (GNDR-2, Output) A

0 0 50%

Number of youth-led enterprises supported with USG assistance (USAID/Malawi CDCS, Outcome)

0 0 3


5.0 APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: MCHF DELIVERABLE TRACKER

No.

Report/Deliverable Title

Date Due

Revised Due Date

(if any)

Date Submitted

Date of USAID Comments

(if any)

Date of Final Submittal

(if any)

Date Approved (written)

FY2020 Mobilization Plan 30-Oct-19 30-Oct-19 26-Nov-19 Monthly Update Report (October 2020) 15-Nov-19 15-Nov-19 19-Nov-19 Draft FY2020 Annual Work Plan 29-Nov-19 29-Nov-19 18-Dec-20 N/A Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 29-Nov-19 09-Jan-20 09-Jan-20 13-Feb-20

20-Mar-20 23-Feb-20 14-May-20

21-May-20

Monthly Update Report (November 2020) 15-Dec-19 12-Dec-19 12-Dec-2019 Quarter 1 Accruals 15-Dec-19 13-Dec-19 N/A Activity Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning Plan (AMELP) 29-Dec-19 09-Jan-20 07-Jan-20 31-Jan-20

31-Mar-20 21-May-20

24-June-20 03-July-20

Final FY2020 Annual Work Plan 29-Dec-19 20-Jan-20 20-Jan-20 25-Mar-20 21-May-20

12-June-20 25-June20

Baseline Report 29-Dec-19 09-Jan-20 09-Jan-20 04-Mar-20 Grants Under Contract (GUC) Manual 29-Dec-19 09-Jan-20 07-Jan-20 25-Feb-20 (verbal)

03-Mar-20 (written)

05-June-20 31-July-20

Quarter 1 Progress Report 31-Jan-20 30-Jan-20 12-Feb-20 Quarter 1 Financial Report 31-Jan-20 30-Jan-20 12-Feb-20 Monthly Update Report (January 2020) 15-Feb-20 15-Feb-20 18-Feb-20 Monthly Update Report (February 2020) 15-Mar-20 15-Mar-20 16-Mar-20 Quarter 2 Accruals 16-Mar-20 16-Mar-20 N/A Quarter 2 Progress Report 30-Apr-20 30-Apr-20 19-May-20 Quarter 2 Financial Report 30-Apr-20 30-Apr-20 30-Apr-20 Monthly Update Report (April 2020) 15-May-20 15-May-20 19-May-20 Monthly Update Report (May 2020) 15-Jun-20 14-June-20 15-June-20 Quarter 3 Accruals 16-Jun-20 16-June-20 N/A Quarter 3 Progress Report 31-Jul-20 30-July-20 18-Aug-20 Quarter 3 Financial Report 31-Jul-20 29-July-20 4-Aug-20 Monthly Update Report (July 2020) 15-Aug-20 15-Aug-20 17-Aug-20 Monthly Update Report (August 2020) 15-Sep-20 18-Aug-20 18-Aug-20 18-Aug-20 Quarter 4 Accruals 15-Sep-20 09-Sept-20 N/A FY 2021 Annual Work Plan 30-Sep-20 16-Sep-20 30-Sep-20 01-Oct-20 25-Jan-21 FY 2020 Annual Activity Report 30-Oct-20 04-Nov-20 04-Nov-20 04-Dec-20 N/A 26-Jan-21 Monthly Update Report (October 2020) 15-Nov-20 14-Nov-20 17-Nov-20 Monthly Update Report (November 2020) 15-Dec-20 16-Dec-20 16-Dec-20 26-Jan-21 FY2021 Quarter 1 Progress Report 30-Jan-21 29-Jan-21 FY2021 Quarter 1 Financial Report 30-Jan-21 29-Jan-21


APPENDIX 2: COOKING/HEATING ENERGY FACTS & FIGURES: AN ONGOING CRISIS


APPENDIX 3: WHAT DOES 2 MILLION STOVES MEAN FOR MALAWI


U.S. Agency for International Development

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fiscal year 2021 first quarter report (october – …

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