first aid in eng _ arb.pdf

8/11/2019 First Aid in Eng _ Arb.pdf

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First aid has been as much a part of the culture as tea. And now both non medical andmedical personalities should have an idea about it as it is LIFE SAVING ; in this book we aregoing to discuss as much as we can about first aid. We will start with an intro. then go intodetails.

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What is first aid? : !#$%& ;6<675=& >? 6@

First aid is the initial care of a suddenly sick or injured person. It is this prompt care andattention prior to the arrival of the ambulance .

First aid saves lives .

First aid has limitations , as not everybody is doctor, so never do something you're notqualified to do.

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The main aims of first aid are:o To pre serve life.o To pro tect the casualty from further harm.o To reli eve pain.

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Dr. Ehab El-Said Mohamed Hilmy , Mansoura faculty of medicine, Egypt

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o phone number from where the call is being madeo what happened - eg. car accidento number and condition of the casualties

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:Reassurance-3

The psychological value of reassurance is as important as the treatment that you give. Acalm approach by the first aider, and keeping the casualty informed of what is happening will

also assist in the reassurance process.3-H?5_$(*+ 2' - (.:-

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THE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN: 2y!_6*+ 2@_&3*+ 26 "

The em ergency action plan consists of Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing and Circulation.These steps are also commonly called DR-ABC .

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):Hazards, and safety(DangerBe sure that there is no threat in or around the scene. If present, you can either remove the threat or movethe causality to a safer place. If the risk can not be removed or the causality is severely injured wait for themedical help.


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Response: Check the casualty for a response by touching the casualty on the shoulders and asking loudly2are you all right? This is known as the /Touch & Talk 0 technique . There is no need toshake a casualty to gain a response. A casualty that does not react should be consideredunconscious.

There are three levels of consciousness: fully conscious - the casualty is responsive and alert and aware of time and place.semi-conscious - the casualty is drowsy or confused.unconscious - the casualty is unresponsive.

If the casualty does not respond: - shout for help.- check the airway.

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Airway: Ensuring a clear airway is essential to allow the casualty to breathe. Check the airway is /open & clear 0.

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To Open Airway: - Place your hand on the forehead place your fingertips under the point of the casualty s chin.- Gently tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway.- Remove any visible foreign bodies.

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If Airway Is Obstructed:

o roll casualty onto side ( recovery position ).o remove any visible obstruction from the victim s mouth

o remove dislodged or loose dentur eso leave well fitting dentures in place

If Airway Is Clear: o check breathing.

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Breathing: Keep the airway open and check for normal breathing.

o look, listen and feel for no more than 10 seconds for normal breathingo look to see if the chest riseso listen for the sound of normal breathingo feel for air against your cheek

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If Breathing Pr esent :6 roll into recovery position .6 check the casualty 0s condition and get help if needed.6 observe and reassess the casualty for continued breathing regularly.

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If Breathing Absent :

6 send or go for help.6 open the airway with head tilt and chin lift6 close the casualty 0s nose6 give 2 breaths: blow into the casualty 0s mouth for about 1 second6 watch for chest rise with each breath6 give second breath (use a shield barrier if one is available)

If the victim remains unresponsive (no breathing, coughing or moving), check hiscirculation.

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,?BXK@ o -_$(*+ T 8 +dD"1 f&X@ o,, 8ZX@ #\ 3 P@ o"2@")]*+ !#]*+ % Zf5 EV. Circulation: In order to determine if the victim's heart is beating, place two fingertips on his carotidartery, If there is no pulse then the victim's heart is not beating, and you will have toperform chest compressions. " Will be discussed later"

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EXAMINATION OF A CASUALTY -_$(*+ % ZS Primary examination:

- Check to see if the casualty is conscious.- Are there signs of circulation?- Are there any severe bleeding?- Try to obtain a history; from a conscious casualty, or from bystanders.

Now you are able to decide on the life-preserving actions of CPR, rescue breaths, andhemorrhage control, if they are required.

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If the casualty is conscious ask three important questions: What happened?Where does it hurt the most?Can you take a deep breath?

These three questions will give you information from the casualty such as can the casualtyremember the incident (was the casualty unconscious), what injury is hurting the most,and are there any chest injuries that may affect breathing.

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Pay att ention to ( SAMPLE) :Signs and symptoms.Allergies.Previous medical history.Last time the casualty ate.E vent - history of injury/illness (what happened, where and when).


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25_%h+ H9 a_)"A3)\5 8(*+ "k]G +d_),H@\,0X) #" Observations: There are five vital observations that should be written down against the time. Theseobservations are:

• Skin appearance: Look for the color, condition and temperature of the skin.- Color - always check the color of skin in the mouth and lips from inside. Red, pink,pale or blue.

- Condition - Is the skin dry or wet?- Temperature - Is the skin warm or cool to touch?

• Conscious state: Check the casualty for a response by touching the casualty on the shoulders andasking loudly are you all right?

• Pulse:In an unconscious or ill casualty, the best location to check for a pulse is the neck,the carotid artery. In conscious casualties the radial pulse (wrist) is often the easiestto find. Look for the rate, rhythm and the strength of the pulse.

- Rate - How many beats per minute?adults - 60 to 90 beats per minutechildren - 90 to 120 beats per minuteinfants - 120 to 160 beats per minute

- Rhythm - Is the pulse regular or irregular?- Strength - Is the pulse strong or weak?

• Respiration: Look for the rate, rhythm and sounds.- Rate - How many breaths per minute?- Rhythm - Is the breathing regular or irregular?

- Sounds - Is there gasping, gurgling, wheezing or snoring?• Pain:

Pain can be one of the most difficult observations to make as every person has adifferent pain threshold. So always ask open questions such as can you describeyour pain to me, not does your pain feel sharp.Look for: Provocation, Quality, Region/Radiation, Severity and Time.- Provocation - What brought the pain on?- Quality - Is the pain sharp, dull, heavy, burning or an ache?- Region/Radiation - Where is the pain, and where does it go?


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Secondary examination:

After stabilization , now you have more time to thoroughly examine a conscious casualtyby conducting a head-to-toes secondary examination. Start the secondary examination byinforming the casualty of what you are going to do and why. Listen carefully to what thecasualty tells you while doing the examination.Examine: Head & Neck, Shoulders, Chest, Limbs, Back & Spines, Abdomen & Pelvis.

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First aid " baby under one year "

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There are some very simple things you can do that could make a crucial difference in thefirst few minutes after an accident.

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Don 0t walk by @ get involved. If you see someone in need of assistance, don 0t be abystander.

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Assess the injured baby (under 1 year old) 5 EV-_$(*+ Tf6*+ E??eX"O&L H) TV\ j8(9"7A@ _(g

a. Check for a response to see if they are conscious

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b. Check that the airway is open (as shown) }+"[*+ p@8. # cf&) I\ ]g - Y:"Xf)

c. Check for breathing. 1 f&X*+ 0A9 8 ) '+

Act on your findings. (g OY]C# _) 0A9 }_&5 x8$X*+ 7S \]5\7A@ _

Injured baby conscious and breathing " -_$) Tf.1 f&X@ # 79+# "

1. Treat any injuries, reassure and monitor. <\ A *_925_%DI - (. # O35_Y # Tf6*+


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Baby unconscious and breathing " 1 f&X@ # n+# 8?s Tf."

1. Treat any life threatening injuries OY_?G ^][@ :8C <\ A *_9 2. Hold in the recovery position (as shown) 7S _(g }_fvXLh+ {m# 7S O3m!"$*+

Baby unconscious and not breathing

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1. Send a helper to dial the emergency services. TL!\+ * ]9_K) <\ T$X@_3Lh_5x

2. Give two rescue breaths (as shown). O?69\_(g d_e'D H?Kf' !"$*_5

3. Access the circulation by checking for signs of life (i.e. coughing, moving, breathing).

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5. Re-check for circulation every minute. % ZS ]9\ *+!#]2@")]*+Tg Oe?V^

Baby u nconscious, not breathing and no signs of circulation

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1. Send a helper to dial the emergency services.

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2. Start rescue breaths and chest compressions (as shown) at the


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Lay the baby face down along your forearm, with their head low and support their backand head. Give up to five back slaps (as shown).

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Check their mouth, remove any obstructions with your fingertips.

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If these fail try chest thrusts. Turn the baby on to their back andusing two fingers, push inwards and upwards on the breastbonebelow the nipple line.

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If the obstruction is still not cleared repeat the sequence up to three times. U+>_) "*^+]K'o+ !8g ^"C")2?A(3*+]Z* 3a+8)

If the obstruction is still not cleared, call the emergency services, taking the baby with you.

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Continue until help arrives or the baby becomes unconscious. If they lose consciousness,be prepared to begin rescue breaths and chest compressions.

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First aid " Child " a_S_3Lh+2?*#1+Tf6*

There are some very simple things you can do that could make a crucial difference in thefirst few minutes after an accident.

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Don 0t walk by @ get involved. If you see someone in need of assistance, don 0t be abystander.

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b. Check that the airway is open (as shown) }+"[*+ p@8. # cf&) I\ ]g - Y:"Xf)

c. Check for breathing. 1 f&X*+ 0A9 8 ) '+

Act on your findings. _(g OY]C# _) 0A9 }_&5 x8$X*+ 7S \]5\7A@

Injur ed baby conscious and breathing " 1 f&X@ # 79+# -_$) Tf. "

1. Treat any injuries, reassure and monitor. A *_9_D25_%DO35_Y # Tf6*+ I - (. #


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Baby unconscious and breathing " # n+# 8?s Tf.1 f&X@ "

1. Treat any life threatening injuries OY_?G ^][@ :8C <\ A *_9

2. Hold in the recovery position (as shown) _(g }_fvXLh+ {m# 7S O3m7S !"$*+

Baby unconscious and not breathing" # n+# 8?s Tf.

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1. Send a helper to dial the emergency services. TL!\+ * ]9_K) <\ x_3Lh_5 T$X@


3. Access the circulation by checking for signs of life (i.e. coughing, moving, breathing).

E?V!#]*+2@")]*+% ZS p@8. H9 a_)z3*+ ?L_L1+2_?ZA*"# U_3K*+2g8Z*+1 f&X*+ # "Er

4. If signs of life are present, continue rescue breaths. a]C# "*79_&$*+ 1 f&X*+ T(g\ a_)z3*+ jcb

5. Re-check for circulation every minute. % ZS ]9\!#]*+2@")]*+Tg Oe?V^

Baby unconscious, not breathing and no signs of circulation Tf.]C"Y o # 1 f&X@ o # n+# 8?s I\ a_)z9!#]*+j]?C 2@")]*+

1. Send a helper to dial the emergency services. TL!\+ * ]9_K) <\ x_3Lh_5 T$X@

2. Start rescue breaths and chest compressions (as shown) at theratio of 1 rescue breath to 5 compressions .

0A9 u 9 l*+ # 79_&$*+ 1 f&X*+ \]5+7S _(g !]$*+!"$*+24K&5 179_&% 1 f&Y 0*D5a_6 9 m

3. Continue cycle until help arrives. T$Y I\ 0*D +cb T(g\x_3Lh+


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Rescue breaths 79_&$*+ 1 f&X*+

Pinch the child 0s nose, tilt the head back, place your mouth overtheir mouth and, by blowing steadily, give two rescue breaths.

wA ' A* OL\! T?) # Tf6*+ w'\ -cC\+ *d T3S\# F_ ) X'_5 O(S 7S 1 f&*+ t8 "+ Er Tf6*+ ES U"G + ?Xf; {m Er 1 f' c " Er H?Y8)

Chest compressions u 9 l*+!]$*+ 0A9

Place your hands on the breastbone as shown and press down one third (4-5cm) of thedepth of the chest. After every 5-chest compressions give one breath.

j8[ 8 0A9 ]V8@ Tf6*+ #,0A9 + @]@ {m!]$*+ p(9 > Ar !+]e(5 TfL1 !]$*+ u 9 m+# % e*+ 2( ) 9.Tg ]35 #50A9 a_6 9 m!]$*+ 769\79_&% ]G+# 1 f' Tf6*+

Recovery Position }_fvXLh+ {m#

If a baby is unconscious but breathing, hold them in the recovery position as shown.

{m# 7S O3m 1 f&X@ HP* # n+# 8?s Tf6*+ "*_(g }_fvXLh+!"$*_50*#1+

Choking q_&X "o+ A baby may easily choke; you need to act quickly to clear any obstruction.

Tf6*+ p&X ' @ I\ T[K*+ H),B@ # x8$XY I\ + ?A9298K5}+"[*+ cf&) 7S ^+]K'+ <\ 2*+>h

If the c hild is breathing, encourage them to cough as this may clear the obstruction

@ OA3C\ 1 f&X@ Tf6*+ I_g "*Ih 3 P @ I\ HP((*+ H) +cbT @=^+]K'o+

If this fails carry out back slaps. Bend the child well forwards and give up to five backslaps between the shoulder blades. Check their mouth.

+cb TvS "*j8[ 8 0A9 , ]@ 2G+85 Tf6*+ u4 ' 5 EV.O64 "\ # F_)B * Tf6*+ 7&r\5j8[ 8 0A9 a_64 " wXP*+ 7X( ) 9 >"5 H?5O(S % ZS+ Er

If these fail try chest thrusts. Stand or kneel behind the child, place a fist against the lower


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half of the breastbone. Grasp the fist with your other hand and pull sharply inwards andupwards. Give up to 5 chest thrusts, stop if the obstruction clears.

!]$*+ 0A9 u 9 l*+ \]5+ +cb TvS "*.wV% e*+ 2( ) 9 H) 7AfK*+ w$&*+ 0A9 , ]@ 2l4V {m# Tf6*+ wA " {g!\ #\.Er, ]@ 2l4V -cC\0A91 # T "+]*+ "Z' R8 "1+ , ]?5.U+> +dD wV"Y # a+8) 1 ( " + *d T3S\^+]K'o+

If chest thrusts fail, try abdominal thrusts. Put your arms aroundthe child 0s upper abdomen, making sure that they are bendingwell forwards.Place your fist between the naval and the bottom of thebreastbone and grasp it with your other hand. Pull upwards andinwards up to five times (as shown).

H64*+ 0A9 u 9 l*+ ,@8BX5 EV !]$*+ 0A9 u 9 l*+ TvS "*:Tf6*+ H65 U"G + ?9+!d {mH?5 , ]@ 2l4V {m Er F_)B * +]?C 7&|) O'D H) ]g - Y #8K*+_[4ZK5 EV # % e*+ 2( ) 9 #

a+8) 1 ( " 0A9B * # T "+]A* R8 "1+ ]?*_5If the obstruction is still not cleared repeat the sequence of backslaps, chest thrusts and abdominal thrusts, up to three times.

"*^+]K'o+,?Y8X*+ !8g 8(XL+ "8[ ) *+ 0A9 a_64 "-0A9 u 9 l*+ # !]$*+ 0A9 u 9 l*+ H64*+a+8) kzr 0XG"Ef*+ % ZS+ Er

If the obstruction is still not cleared, call the emergency services.+ "*x_3Lh_5 T$Y+ 8)1+ 8(XL

Continue until help arrives or the baby becomes unconscious. If they lose consciousness,be prepared to begin rescue breaths and chest compressions.

]ef@ #\ x_3Lh+ T$Y I\ 0*D 8(XL+O?9# Tf6*+

\]4Y I1 ]3XL+ 79"*+ Tf6*+ ]eS +dD# *+!]$*+ 0A9 u 9 l*+ # 79_&$*+

1 f&X


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Injured person unconscious and breathing " # n+# 8?s %' ;1 f&X@ "

1. Treat any life threatening injuries OY_?G ^][@ :8C <\ A *_9

2. Hold in the recovery position (as shown) _(g }_fvXLh+ {m# 7S O3m7S !"$*+

Injured person (adult) unconscious and not

breathing " o # n+# 8?s %' ;1 f&X@ "


2.Access the circulation by checking for signs of life (i.e. coughing,moving, breathing).

E?V!#]*+2@")]*+% ZS p@8. H9 a_)z3*+2?L_L1+_?ZA*"# U_3K*+2g8Z*+1 f&X*+ # " Er

3. If signs of life are present, continue rescue breaths (about 10 breaths per minute) . "*a]C# 79_&$*+ 1 f&X*+ T(g\ a_)z3*+ jcb)107S i_f'\ 2e?V]*+ )

4. Re-check for circulation every minute. % ZS ]9\!#]*+2@")]*+Oe?V^ Tg

Injured person unconscious, not breathing and no signs of circulation

%' ;I\ a_)z9 ]C"Y o # 1 f&X@ o # n+# 8?s !#]*+2@")]*+ j]?C

1. Start rescue breaths and chest compressions (as shown) at theratio of 2 rescue breath to 15 compressions .

!]$*+ 0A9 u 9 l*+ # 79_&$*+ 1 f&X*+ \]5+24K&520*D 79_&% 1 f&Y 15a_6 9 m g7S _(!"$*+ 2. Continue cycle until help arrives. T$Y I\ 0*D +cb T(g\x_3Lh+

Rescue breaths 79_&$*+ 1 f&X*+


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Pinch the person 0s nose, tilt the head back, place your mouth overtheir mouth and, by blowing steadily, give two rescue breaths.

-cC\wA ' A* OL\! T?) # %' v*+ w'\ T3S\# F_ ) X'_5 O(S 7S 1 f&*+ t8 "+ Er Tf6*+ ES U"G + ?Xf; {m Er 1 f' c " Er+ *d H?Y8)

Chest compressions !]$*+ 0A9 u 9 l*+

Place your hands on the breastbone as shown and press down one third (4-5cm) of thedepth of the chest. After every 15-chest compressions give 2 breaths.

j8[ 8 0A9 ]V8@ %' v*+ #,0A9 + @]@ {m!]$*+ p(9 > Ar !+]e(5 TfL1 !]$*+ u 9 m+# % e*+ 2( ) 9.Tg ]35 #15!]$*+ 0A9 a_6 9 m769\%' v*+ 279_&% 1 f'

Recovery Position }_fvXLh+ {m#

If an adult is unconscious but breathing, hold them in the recovery position as shown.

O3m 1 f&X@ HP* # n+# 8?s C *_4*+ %' v*+ "*_(g }_fvXLh+ {m# 7S!"$*_50*#1+

Choking q_&X "o+ If an adult is choking you need to act quickly.

C *_5 %' ; p&X "+ "*x8$XY I\ + ?A9 ,B@298K57S ^+]K'+ <\ 2*+>h cf&)}+"[*+

Encourage them to cough and remove any obvious obstructions.

<\ 2*+># 5 EV # U_3K*+ 0A9 O|G}7;}+"[*+ T "]) ]K@ j+8Y

If this f ails carry out back slaps. Bend the person well forwards and give up to five backslaps be tween the shoulder blades.

Check t heir mouth.+cb TvS "*j8[ 8 0A9 , ]@ 2G+85 %' v*+ u4 ' 5 EV.O64 "\ # F_)B * %' v*+ 7&r\5j8[ 8 0A9 a_64 " 7X( ) 9 >"5 H?5

wXP*+O(S % ZS+ Er

If these fail try abdominal thrusts. Stand behind them, place your clenched fist, withthumb side in, over the upper abdomen just below the ribs, grasp your fist and pullinwards and upwards up to 5 times.


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+cb TvS "*H64*+ 0A9 u 9 l*+ \]5+. *+ wA " wV%' vH64*+ 0A9\ 0A9 T "+]A* F_[5h+ # , ]@ 2l4V {m# n"Al*+ `ZY8;_4).0A91 # T "+]*+ "Z' R8 "1+ , ]?5 , ]@ 2l4V -cC\ Er.+ *d T3S\U+> +dD wV"Y # a+8) 1 ( "^+]K'o+

Re-check their mouth.

Ef*+ % ZS ]9\

If the obstruction is still not cleared repeat the sequence of backslaps, and abdominal thrusts, up to three times.

"*^+]K'o+,?Y8X*+ !8g 8(XL+ "8[ ) *+ 0A9 a_64 "- u 9 l*+ H64*+ 0A9"a+8) kzrj"6 " Tg ]35 Ef*+ % ZS+ ErIf the obstruction is still not cleared, call the emergency services.

8)1+ 8(XL+ "*x_3Lh_5 T$Y+

Continue until help arrives or the person becomes unconscious. If

they lose consciousness, be prepared to begin rescue breaths andchest compressions.O?9# %' v*+ ]ef@ #\ x_3Lh+ T$Y I\ 0*D 8(XL+

\]4Y I1 ]3XL+ 79"*+ %' v*+ ]eS +dD#!]$*+ 0A9 u 9 l*+ # 79_&$*+ 1 f&X*+


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Choking " q_&X "o+ "

Firstly, encourage coughing. If this doesn't work, give 5 sharpbackslaps. If this fails, perform up to 5 abdominal thrusts.Alternate between back slaps and abdominal thrusts.

If this fails, call an ambulance.

7583*+ :8v*+ 3 P@ %' v*+ T3C\ o#\.

j8[ 8 0A9 -8l*_5 EV {f&@ E* +cb "*5a_58m ^_G] ' XK)_)

]?*+ 2G+!.

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0A9 u 9 l*+ # 8[ ) *+ a_64 " H?5 T@]4X*_5 EV #H64*+.

x_3Lh_5 T$Y+ + *d TvS "* #.


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What to do in a road accident _)T3fY +dk^_G 7SDp@8.

1. Stop! You can help

Knowing just a few basics could help keep someone alive until an ambulance arrives.

2. Stay safe and keep calm

Assess the situation: what are the dangers? (These might be traffic, leaking petrol, brokenglass etc).Make sure you stay safe: keep off the road. If you need to stop approaching cars, signal tothem from the pavement.If you are in a car and you come across an accident, first park safely and turn off theengine before you get out to help. Use a hazard triangle if necessary.

Get help from bystanders.

3.Check airway

If it is safe to approach the injured person, do so, but don 0t move them.Check for a response @ talk to them and tap them gently.

If there 0s no response, shout for help.Check their airway: put your hand on their forehead and gently tilt their head back.Remove any obstruction from their mouth such as dentures or chewing gum.

Gently lift their chin with two fingers.Check if they 0re breathing by listening and feeling for breath on your cheek. See if theirchest is moving up and down.If they 0re not breathing, you will need to breathe air into their lungs and pump it aroundtheir body for them. See how to resuscitate for diagram and instructions.

4.Stop bleeding Severe bleeding can cause shock so it 0s important to stop the blood if you can.Use a p iece of clean cloth and press on the wound, raising the wound as you do so. Use adressin g if you have one.If the p erson is in the car and you can treat them there, do so. Do not move themunneces sarily.If they go into shock, loosen tight clothing and keep them warm. Lie them down and raisetheir legs.

5.Call 999 Do this as soon as you can or get someone else to do it while you deal with an injuredperson.


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You will need to tell the emergency services:

Where you areWhat has happened (describe the accident)How many people are injured

Whether they are breathing or bleeding.The operator will talk you through what to do while you wait for an ambulance to arrive.

**********

**********

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1-EwF V"Y!`'\]9_K(*+ {?6XKY

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+dDI_g_@!#8m.\]9_K) ,A.H?C8fX(*+.

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\]4Y I - 5 t_XZY x"L 1 f&X@ o I_g "*79_&$*+ 1 f&X*+"79"*+ ]V_S d_e'D n"m") 8 ) '\"

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+ 3) I_g +dD ^_(m T(3XL+j]G+#.

# !_?K*+ 7S -_$(*+ %' v*+ I_g "*o `'\7Y1+ T3S\ j]9_KY I\ {?6XKY

8?s + *d I_g +dD Og8ZY o_@!#8m

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7S T3fY +d_) , 84 ' ?L + 3) k]ZX(*+x_3Lh+ !_?L U"%# , !_ ) X'+ }_&r\


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Fever 0(Z*+

Normal body temperature is ranging between 36.6 to 37.2 c

Any increase in the body temperature may be controlled as follow:-

Tell the fevered person to have cold shower or u can make cold fomentations for him inareas reach in blood supply as axilla and groin BUT not on the forehead as this is uselessand time wasting as this area not reach in blood supply

Then he has to receive any antipyretic to decrease the temperature

Taking aspirin or acetaminophen (Tylenol, Excedrin) will usually reduce a fever in adults.

It's better to decrease protein containing diet.

Get medical help in these cases:If the child is 3 months or youngerIf the child has a temperature of 39.4 cIf the adult has a temperature of at least 39.4 c or a ;temperature of 38.3 c that persistsfor longer than 3 daysIf severe headache, stiff neck, swelling of the throat or (mental confusion accompanies thefever)

If you see unusual rashes or bite marksIf there are no apparent signs or symptoms except a :temperature of 38.3 c that lasts more

than 3 days or a low fever that lasts for several weeks

:8v*+7583*+EKB*+ !+8G 2C!^2?3?46*+H?5 :#+8XY 36.6# 37.2O@=?A?L OC!^

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<"XZ@ <c*+ F_36*+ T?AeY TlS1+ H)0(Z*+ 8XS }_&r\ 7S H?Y#85 0A9


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,A.\]9_K(*+O?46*+ ao_Z*+ jcb 7S j8(9 Tf6*+ I_g "*3#\ !"[; TV\

6*+ !+8G 2C! ̂`'_g "*Tf39.4OC!^ O@=?A?L

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a_)z9 #\ <]AC 3 f. a]C# "*4 9

+]9_) j8b_ 8 a_)z9 <\ ]C"@ E* "*2C!^!+8Z*+38.3H) 8|g\ 8(XKY 7X*+ O@=?A?L OC!^ 37S w?f. n_fY!+ #\ F_@\ 2C!^!+8Z*+{?5_L\ ]3* 8(XK@ <c*+

Heat Exhaustion <!+8Z*+ , _['h+

Symptoms: Pale, clammy skin, profuse perspiration, weakness, headache, possiblycramps.

Treatment: Rest, cool atmosphere, cool water by mouth if conscious, elevate his feet.In case of heat cramp, exert firm pressure on cramped muscle (usually abdomen or legs)

7583*+ :8v*+5 +891+

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k]Z@ I\ HP() 7Al9 ]; # n+]%

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azl3*+ 0A9 <"V u 9 m T(35 EV <!+8G A &vY k#]G 2*_G 7S^#]v(*+)TC!1+ # H64*+ I"PY ^_9(


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Heatstroke " 1 (; 258m " Symptoms : High temperature (as high as 108 @ 112 KF/42 @ 44 KC), hot dry skin, rapid pulse,possibly unconsciousness.

Treatment : Immediately undress victim and sponge with or immerse in cool water orwrap in water-soaked sheets. Use fan or air conditioner.

7583*+ :8v*+5 +891+:-2C! ̂n_fY!+0*D EKB*+ !+8G"42-44"OC!^ @=?A?LO

x_C # H "_L I"P@ ]AB*+

{@8L I"P@ 4 4&*+

HP((*+ H) #79"A* ]V_S %' v*+ I"P@ I\

tz3*+:-EV U_Z*+ 7Sj_?) a+^_(g T(35 EV # 1 5z(*+ 2*+># 5^!_57S OfA5 EV #\ ^!_5 }_) 7S OAg O3m #\ I_g }_6s}_(*+ 7S !"( 9 ).

7S a_f?P) #\ :#+8) F] ' XL+2S8 9 *+_[5 7X*+ -_$(*+.

Hypothermia EKB*+ !+8G 5 _f ' '+

To care for someone with hypothermia: -Move the person out of the cold. If going indoors is not possible, protect the person fromthe wind, cover his or her head and insulate his or her body from the cold ground.Remove wet clothing. Replace it with warm, dry covering.Call for emergency medical assistance.

While w aiting for help to arrive, monitor the person's breathing and pulse. If either hasstopped or seems dangerously slow or shallow begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation If

emerge ncy care is not available, warm the person with a bath of 37.7 to 40.5 C . The watershould be warm to the touch but not hot. If this isn't possible, try to insulate the person bysharing body heat.Do not give the person alcohol. Offer warm nonalcoholic drinks unless he or she isvomiting.

7583*+ :8v*+2@_&3A!+8G 2C! ̂5 _f ' '+ H) 7'_3@ %' v5 7Y•_5 EV O(KC:-


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^84*+ H) %' v*+ Te'\.:_X) 8?s U=&(*+ O*" " ̂I_g +dD:_@8*+ H) OX@_(Z5 EeS,H9 O(KC U=9\ # OL\! 2?6 9 X5 EV5 !1+^!_4*+

1 5z(*+ 2*+># 5 EV2AA4(*+_[*]4XL+ # 2?6s - 5OS_C 2 ; S+^

_3Lh_5 T$Y+x+dD # %' v*+ 4 4' # 1 f&Y {5_Y x_3L: * , !_ ) X'+ }_&r\ 7S}765 I_g #\ _(b]G\ wV"Y,\]5\ # ,Ae*+ }_?GD ^_9D2y8*+

!]$*+ 0A9 u 9 l*+ # 79_&$*+ 1 f&X*_.

HPY E* +dD2@_98*+ y!_6*+ 22G_X)%' v*+ 2 ; S]X5 EeS F_(Z5"! ^"37.7-40.5O@=?A?L OC!^ .I\ ,B@ }_(*+"P@IH "_L 1 ?* # = S+^.2g!_v) p@8. H9 %' v*+ U=9 U#_ZS HP() 8?s + *d I_g +dD #EKB*+ !+8G

U"Zg O?63Y o.O?*"Zg 8?s a_5#8v) ueS O?69\2 ; S+^I_g +dD oD= ?e@.

Burns " q#8Z*+ "

Pour lots of cold water on the burn for at least 10 minutes. Cover the burn with a steriledressing - cling film will do.

Phone an ambulance if necessary.

Remember; cool the burn with cold liquid, cover it and call 999

>*B7#& 4BJ#& ^!_4*+ }_(*+ `ZY q8Z*+ {m"!"4&$*+ }_)"TeY o j](*H910py_V^ .

w? ) ' !_? 9 5 q8Z*+ 2?6 9 X5 EV"T|)+ ?XLz4*+x_fv*+ ".

EVU_$Yo_5+ *d I_g "* x_3Lh_5 _@!#8m.

8gcY:Ty+"K*_5 :8B*+ ^85 ,:8B*+ 76s,x_3Lh_5 T$Y+ .


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Sun burns q#8G1 (v*+

If you got burned by the sun , Cool the affected area with cleantowels, cloths or gauze dipped in cool water or take a cool bathor shower.Take aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen or naproxen sodium forpain and/or headache and to reduce fever.

Note: Do not give aspirin or any medication that hassalicylates to anyone 19 years of age or younger unless a doctor tells you to.Use an over-the-counter topical steroid cream if the pain lasts.

Note :- Don't use steroids in children without prescription as it has alot of harmful effectson all body systems.Rest in a cool, quiet room. Find a comfortable position.Drink plenty of water.Don't use local anesthetic creams or sprays that numb pain such as Benzocaine orLidocaine. If you must use them, only use a little because they cause allergic reactions insome people.Put sunscreen on and cover sunburned skin when you go in the sun again so you don't getburned more.

PreventionAvoid the sun's rays between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.Protect your skin. Use sun block with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or more whenexposed to the sun.

The lighter your skin, the higher the SPF number should be. To work well, sunscreenshould be put on 15 to 30 minutes before you are in the sun, every hour to hour and a halfyou stay in the sun and after swimming. You can buy makeup with sunscreen, too.Wear muted colors such as tan. Bright colors and white reflect the sun onto the face. Someclothing has sunscreen protection.Wear a wide-brimmed hat.Wear s unglasses that absorb at least 90% of UV rays . Labels on sunglasses tell you this.

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Chemical Burns q#8Z*+2?y_?(?P*+

If a chemical burns the skin:Remove the cause of the burn by flushing the chemicals off the skin surface with cool,

running water for 20 minutes ;or more. If the burning chemical is a powder like substance5such as lime, brush it off the skin before flushing.Remove clothing or jewelry that has been contaminated by the chemical.

Wrap the burned area with a dry, sterile dressing or a clean cloth.Rinse the burn again for several more minutes if the victim complains of increased

burning after the initial washing.Minor chemical burns usually heal without further treatment.

&Seek emergency medical assistance if:The victim has symptoms of shock, such as fainting, pale complexion or breathing in a

notably shallow fashionThe chemical burned through the first layer of skin and the ;resulting second-degree burn

covers an area more than 2 to 3 inches in diameter:The chemical burn occurred on the eye, hands, feet, face, !groin, buttocks or a major joint

If you are unsure whether a substance is toxic, call the poison control center.

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Chemical Splash 2v.8.2@#_(?P*+ ^_(*+

If a chemical splashes into the eye:Flush the eye with water immediately.

Flushing will dilute the chemical. Use any source of clean drinking water. It is moreimportant to begin flushing than it is to find sterile water.Continue to flush the eye for at least 20 minutes, particularly if the eye is exposed tohousehold cleaners that contain ammonia.

Seek emergency medical assistance ifsymptoms such as pain, burning or visual blurring persist.Follow any special directions on the chemical label.

Some chemical splashes should be evaluated by a physician even if

they do not cause symptoms.

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Shock 2)]$*+ Symptoms:

Pale (or bluish) skin (in victim with dark skin examine inside of mouth and nail-beds for

bluish coloration), cool skin, weakness, weak pulse; unresponsiveness and dilated pupils inlater stages.

Treatment:

Keep victim lying down and covered enough to prevent loss of body heat. The bodyposition should be adjusted according to the victim's injuries. Victims in shock mayimprove if the feet are raised 8 to 12 in. (20 @ 30 cm).

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Electric shock 2?58[P*+ 2)]$*+ Pale (or bluish) skin (in victim with dark skin examine inside of mouth and nailbeds forbluish coloration), cool skin, weakness, weak pulse; unresponsiveness and dilated pupils inlater stages and burns may be present at the site of contact with the electric source.

Treatment:

Call emergency medical help

cut off current or separate victim from contact with electricity by using dry wood, rope,cloth, or rubber; administer CPR.

If the person is faint or pale or shows other signs of shock, :lay the person down with thehead slightly lower than the trunk of his or her body and the legs elevated.Treat any major burns.

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Drowning q8 9 *+ If you see someone drowning you have to do :-

Try to get the person out of water without you go in water yourself using a wood stick orrobe or any other thing. Or enter water if you can swim and know how to rescue.

When you get the victim out of water check for his breathing . If he is breathing , put himin the recovery position.

If he is not breathing, start artificial respiration and CPR immediately.

Keep the victim worm by using blankets or give worm fluids if he is conscious.Call emergency if needed.

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Headache *+n+]$

Most headaches are minor and can be treated with a pain reliever. Some headaches,however, signal a dangerous or serious medical problem.

Don't ignore unexplained headaches or one that steadily worsens.

Get medical attention right away if your headache:Strikes suddenly and severelyAccompanies a fever, stiff neck, rash, mental confusion, :seizures, double vision, dizziness,weakness, numbness or difficulty speakingIs severe and follows a recent sore throat or respiratory infectionWorsens after a head injury, fall or bumpIs a new pain, and you're older than age 55

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Seizers n8$*+ If you see any one in a fit all what you have to do is:-

make him lye on his back.

put anything under his head.

loosen his tight clothes as neck tie.

Don 0t put any hard thing in his mouth .

Then turn him on his side then make him to set .

If the fits become continued or come repetitively after each other call the emergencycervice.

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a_5"&*+ a8(XL+ +dD #x_3Lh+ ,A.\ 8?$V `V# 7S 2?*_XX) `Z4%\ #\.


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Bleeding " wWW@=WW&WW*+"

Make sure there's nothing embedded in the wound. Put pressure on the wound, Sit theperson down and raise it above the level of the heart. Apply a bandage - a clean tea towel

or pillowcase will do.If bleeding still continues, apply pressure to blood vessels leading to area M in arm, press

just below armpit; in leg, press against groin where thigh and trunk join.Then call 999 if necessary.

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Nose bleeding w'1+ w@='

To sto p the flow of blood from a common nosebleed:Sit or st and upright to slow the flow of blood in the veins of the nose.

Don't tip your head back.Pinch your nose with your thumb and forefinger for 10 minutes without relievingpressure. Use a watch or a clock to make sure you keep up the pressure a full 10 minutes. .

Breathe through your mouth during this time.If the bleeding continues despite these efforts, see your doctor.


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h wV #\ 1 AC\j^!#\ 7S F]*+ pS]Y }_65w'1+.

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Wounds :#8B*+

Treatment:

Stop bleeding, cleanse wound with soap and water and cover with sterile or clean bandage.

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Deh ydration +x_fB* If you s uspect that your child is dehydrated , give your child plenty of extra liquids andoral rehydration therapy and call your doctor immediately .

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Fainting }_(sh+ Symptoms: Unconsciousness, paleness, rapid pulse, coldness ofthe skin, sweating.

Treatment: Leave victim lying down, loosen clothing, roll victimto the side and wipe out mouth in the event of vomiting.

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Hea rt attack 2?4Ae*+ 2)>1+ If you s uspect a heart attack or even indigestion, act immediately:

Call the emergency medical response system. It's usually better to call these emergencynumbers first. Calling your doctor may add unnecessary time.

Early warning symptoms of heart attack are:-

• Pressure in the center of the chest. • Pain in shoulders, neck or arms. • Chest discomfort with fainting , sweating or nausea.


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Poisoning E(KX*+

Symptoms and signs:

Information from victim or observer, stains about mouth, presence of poison container,

breath odor, pupils contracted to pinpoint size from morphine or narcotics.

Treatment:

Dilute ingested poison by administering water or milk, administer specific antidote ifdescribed on label of commercial product. Do not induce vomiting if poison is strong acid,strong alkali, or petroleum product, or if victim is unconscious or convulsive. Syrup ofIpecac available without prescription at pharmacies may be administered to inducevomiting in other cases. A universal antidote contains Ipecac and activated charcoal; thelatter absorbs the poison and the former causes it to be expelled.It's better to transfere the victim to the hospital after that to receive the requiredmedication.

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tz3*+ c "1 0fvXK(*+ 0*D + *d ]35 4 @8(*+ Te' Tlf@F>z*+


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Food Poisoning 7y+c 9 *+ E(KX*+

If you develop food poisoning:Rest and drink plenty of liquids.

Don't use antidiarrheal medications because they may slow elimination of bacteria fromyour body.Mild to moderate illness often resolves on its own.

Call for emergency medical assistance if:You have severe symptoms, such as watery diarrhea that turns bloody within 24 hours.You suspect botulism poisoning.

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swallow a foreign object ,@8s EKC nzX5+

If you swallow a foreign object, it will usually pass through your digestive systemuneventfully.

However, some objects can lodge in your esophagus. If an object is stuck in youresophagus, you may need to remove it, especially if it ispointed object which should be removed as quickly as possible to avoid further injury to

the esophageal liningA tiny watch or calculator type button battery, which is notorious for rapidly causing localtissue injury or death and which should be removed from the esophagus without delayIf a swallowed object blocks the airway:Call for emergency medical assistance or go to your local emergency room.If you have questions about the care of a person who has swallowed a foreign object, talkto your doctor.

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Foreign Body in the Eye S ,@8s EKCH?3*+ 7

Symptoms : Pain, redness, burning, tears.

Treatment: Pull down lower lid and remove unimpeded object

with clean tissue if it lies on the inner surface of lower lid. If objecthas not been located, pull upper lid forward and down over lowerlid. Object can be removed from surface of upper eyelid by turning

lid back over a swab stick or similar object and lifting off the foreign body with a cleantissue. Finally, flush the eye with water. If object is suspected to be embedded, apply a dry,protective dressing over eye, and call physician or take patient to hospital emergencyroom. Keep victim from rubbing the eye. For chemical burns, flood eyes with water.

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Foreign body in the nose w'1+ 7S ,@8s EKC If a foreign object becomes lodged in your nose:Don't probe at the object with a cotton swab or other tool. Don't try to inhale the object by

forcefully breathing in. Instead, breathe through your mouth until the object is removed.Blow your nose gently to try to free the object, but don't blow hard or repeatedly. Ifnecessary, close the opposite nostril by applying gentle pressure and then breathing outnormally.If the object is visible and you can easily grasp it with tweezers, gently remove it.Call for emergency medical assistance or go to your local emergency room if thesemethods fail.

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Foreign Object in the Ear Id1+ 7S ,@8s EKC If an object becomes lodged in the ear:Don't try to remove the foreign object by probing with a cotton swab or other tool. If the

object is clearly visible and flexible, and it can be easily grasped with tweezers, gentlyremove it.If the object is not visible or is embedded in the ear, tilt the head to the affected side andshake it gently toward the ground to dislodge the object.Call for emergency medical assistance or go to your local 6emergency room if you couldnot remove the object and ;the person experiences pain in the ear or reduced hearing.

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Foreign Objects in the Skin ,@8s EKC]AB*+ 7S Use tweezers to remove slivers of wood or fiberglass, small pieces of glass or other foreignobjects projecting from the skin.

Clean the area well with soap and water and apply alcohol to the wound.

If the object is completely embedded in the skin:-

Clean the area well with soap and water.Sterilize a needle by holding it in a flame for a few seconds.

Break the skin over the object with the needle.Use tweezers to remove the object.If the particles don't come out easily, get medical help.

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Head Trauma i\8*+ 25_%D

Most head injuries are minor and don't require hospitalization.

However, call for emergency medical assistance if any of the following symptoms areapparent:Severe head or facial bleedingChange in level of consciousness, even if temporaryBlack-and-blue marks below the eyes or behind the earsCessation of breathing

If a severe head injury occurs:.Keep the person who sustained the injury lying down and quiet in a darkened room, withthe head and shoulders slightly elevated.

Avoid moving the person's neck.Stop any bleeding with gauze or a clean cloth.Observe the person for 1 to 2 hours to be sure the level of consciousness doesn't change.If the person stops breathing, do mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing.

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Spinal Injury <8ef*+ ^"(3*+ 25_%D

If you suspect a back or neck (spinal) injury , DO NOT MOVE THE AFFECTEDPERSON . Permanent paralysis and other serious complications can result.

Assume a person has a spinal injury if:There is evidence of a head injury, with an ongoing change in the person's level ofconsciousness.The person complains of severe pain in the neck or back.An injury has exerted substantial force on the back or head.The person complains of weakness, numbness or paralysis, or lacks control of the limbs,bladder or bowel.The neck or back is twisted or positioned oddly.

If you suspect someone has a spinal injury:1.Call for emergency medical assistance.2.Keep the person still.3.Stabilize the neck with a heavy towel or other soft, bulky material until emergency carearrives.4.Provide as much first aid as possible without moving the person's head or neck.

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Fractures and Joint Injuries T%_f(*+ a_5_%D # !"KP*+

Symptoms:

Pain or tenderness, deformity of bones, swelling, discoloration.

Treatment:

Prevent movement of injured parts until splint is applied; treat for shock; ifambulance service is not available, splint entire limb before moving. Forsprains, elevate affected part and apply cold compresses.

Elastic bandages may be used for immobilization.

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Sprain q=(Y265!1+ A sprain describes an injury to a ligament caused by excessivestretching. The ligament can have tears in it or can becompletely torn apart.Sprains occur most often in your ankles, knees or the arches ofyour feet.

Sprained ligaments swell rapidly and are painful. Generally thegreater the pain, the more severe the injury.

For most minor sprains, you can probably treat the injury yourself.

Follow the instructions for PRICE:Protect the injured limb from further injury by not using the joint. You can do this usinganything from splints to crutches.Rest the injured limb. But don't avoid all activity. Even with an ankle sprain you canusually still exercise other muscles to prevent deconditioning. For example, you can use anexercise bicycle, working both your arms and the uninjured leg while resting the injuredankle on a peg. That way you still get three-limb exercise to keep up your cardiovascularconditioning.Ice the area. Applying a cold pack, slush bath or a compression sleeve filled with coldwater are the best ways to limit swelling after an injury. Try to apply ice as soon aspossible after the injury. If you use ice, be careful not to use it for too long a period. Theice could cause tissue damage.Compress the area using an elastic wrap or bandage.

Elevate the injured limb above heart level whenever possible to help prevent or limitswelling.You hear a popping sound when your joint is injured or you cannot use the joint. Thismay mean the ligament was completely torn apart. On the way to the doctor, apply a coldpack.You have a fever and the area is red and hot. You may have an infection.You have a severe sprain. Inadequate or delayed treatment may cause long-term jointinstability or chronic pain.If you a re not improving each day after the first 48 hours go and see your doctor again.

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Dislocations T%_f(*+ {A "

Dislocations may occur in your major joints as your shoulder, hip, knee, elbow orankle or in smaller joints; for instance, your finger, thumb or toe. The injury willtemporarily deform and immobilize your joint and may result in sudden and severe pain.

A dislocation requires prompt medical attention to return your bones to their properpositions.

If you believe you have dislocated a joint:Get medical help immediately.Until you receive help, splint the affected joint into its fixed position. Don't try to move a

dislocated joint or force it back into place. This can damage the joint and its surroundingmuscles, ligaments, nerves or blood vessels.Put ice on the injured joint. This can help reduce swelling by controlling internal bleedingand the buildup of fluids in and around the injured joint.

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knocked out tooth O&L /"eL

When a tooth is accidentally knocked out, get emergency medical care.

Permanent teeth that are knocked out sometimes can be re-implanted, but onlyif you act quickly.

Prevention is possible by wearing a mouth guard fitted by your dentist during contactsports.

If your tooth is knocked outHandle the tooth by the top only, not the roots.Do not rub it or scrape it to remove dirt.Gently rinse the tooth in a bowl of tap water. Do not hold it under running water.Try to replace the tooth in the socket. Then bite down gently ;on gauze or a moistened teabag to help keep it in place.If you can't replace your tooth in the socket, immediately place it in milk, your own saliva,or a warm, mild saltwater solution (1/4 teaspoon salt to 1 quart water).Get medical attention immediately

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Bee Stings 2AZ&*+ 23K*

The danger of bee stings: The two greatest risks from most insect stings are allergicreaction (which occasionally, in some individuals could be fatal)and infection (more common and less serious).

What to do if you are stung: If you have been stung by a bee, wasp, hornet, or yellow jacket, follow these instructionsclosely:

Bees leave behind a stinger attached to a venom sac. Do not try to pull it out as this mayrelease more venom; instead gently scrape it out with a blunt-edged object, such as acredit card or dull knife.

Wash the area carefully with soap and water. This should be continued several times a dayuntil the skin is healed.Apply a cold or ice pack, wrapped in cloth for a few minutes.Apply a paste of baking soda and water and leave it on for 15 to 20 minutes.Take acetaminophen for pain.Other remedies for pain and itching may include:

dabbing on a tiny amount of household ammonia.Over-the-counter products which contain ammonia are also available for insect stings.taking an over-the-counter antihistamine, if approved by your physician.Be sure to follow dosage instructions for children.

When to seek medical attention: Seek immediate medical attention if you are stung in the mouth or nose as swelling mayblock airways.

Also seek emergency care if any of the following symptoms are present, as these couldindicate an allergic reaction:

large ar eas of swelling

abnorm al breathingtightnes s in throat or chestdizzines shivesfaintingnausea or vomitingpersistent pain or swelling


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Animal Bites a_'+"?Z*+ 2l9

The danger of animal bites: Animal bites and scratches, even when theyare minor, can become infected and spread

bacteria to other parts of the body.

Care for animal bites: For superficial bites from a familiarhousehold pet who is immunized and in goodhealth:Wash the wound with soap and water underpressure from a faucet for at least fiveminutes, but do not scrub, as this maybruise the tissue. Apply an antiseptic

lotion or cream.

Watch for signs of infection at the site,such as increased redness or pain,swelling, drainage, or if the persondevelops a fever. Call your physician or

healthcare provider right away if any ofthese symptoms occur.

For deeper bites or puncture wounds fromany animal, or for any bite from a strangeanimal:

If the bite or scratch is bleeding, applypressure to it with a clean bandage ortowel to stop the bleeding.

Wash the wound with soap and water underpressur e from a faucet for at least fiveminutes , but do not scrub, as this may

bruise t he tissue.Dry the wound and cover it with a steriledressin g, but do not use tape or butterflybandages to close the wound, as this trapcould harmful bacteria in the wound.

Call your physician or healthcareprofessional for guidance in reporting theattack and to determine whether additionaltreatment, such as antibiotics, a tetanus


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I_K'h+ 2l9Human bite Human bites can often be as dangerous or more dangerous than animal bites because ofthe types of bacteria and viruses contained in the human mouth.

If you sustain a human bite that breaks the skin:Stop the bleeding by applying pressure.Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water.Apply an antibiotic cream to prevent infection.Apply a clean bandage.Get em ergency medical care.If you h aven't had a tetanus shot in the past 10 years, you'll need a booster.

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Snake Bite I_43|*+ 2l9 The danger of snake bites:can cause infection or allergic reaction in some people.

Snakes cause poisonous bitesRattlesnakeCopperheadCottonmouth

Water Moccasin

Coral Snake

Treatment :-

Call for emergency assistance immediately if someone has beenbitten by a snake. Responding quickly in this type of emergency iscrucial.

Don't try to capture the snake.

While waiting for emergency assistance:

Don't c ut the wound or suck the venom with your mouth.

Wash the bite with soap and water.Immobilize the bitten area and keep it lower than the heart.Cover the area with a clean, cool compress or a moist dressing to minimize swelling anddiscomfort.Monitor vital signs.If a victim is unable to reach medical care within 30 minutes, the American Red Cross


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recommends:

Apply a bandage, wrapped two to four inches above the bite, to help slow the venom. Thisshould not cut off the flow of blood from a vein or artery - the band should be looseenough to slip a finger under it.

A suction device can be placed over the bite to help draw venom out of the wound withoutmaking cuts. These devices are often included in commercial snake bite kits.Most often, physicians use antivenin -- an antidote to snake venom -- to treat serious snakebites. Antivenin is derived from antibodies created in a horse's blood serum when theanimal is injected with snake venom. Because antivenin is obtained from horses, snake bitevictims sensitive to horse products must be carefully managed.

Preventing snake bites:Some bites, such as those inflicted when you accidentally step on a snake in the woods, arenearly impossible to prevent. However, there are precautions that can reduce your

chances of being bitten by a snake. These include:

Leave snakes alone. Many people are bitten because they try to kill a snake or get too closeto it.Stay out of tall grass unless you wear thick leather boots and remain on hiking paths asmuch as possible.Keep hands and feet out of areas you cannot see.

Do not pick up rocks or firewood unless you are out of a snake's striking distance.Be cautious and alert when climbing rocks.

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Spider Bites a"4P&3*+ 2l9 If you are bitten by a spider within a few hours, intense pain andstiffness may begin. Other symptoms include:ChillsFeverSevere abdominal pain

If bitten by a spider:Clean the site well with soap and water.

Apply a cool compress over the bite location and keep the affected limb elevated to aboutheart level.

Aspirin or acetaminophen may be used to relieve minor symptoms in adults.

Do not give aspirin to children. Give them acetaminophen instead.

Treatment in a medical facility may be necessary for children less than 6 years old or foradults with severe symptoms.

If bitten by a brown recluse or black widow spider:

Make a positive identification. If the bite is on an arm or a leg,place a snug bandage above the bite to help slow or halt thevenom's spread.

Ensure that the bandage is tight enough to slow the flow ofblood at skin level but not so tight as to cut off circulation in thearm or the leg.Apply a cloth dampened with cold water or filled with ice.

Seek immediate medical attention.

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Frostbite A A|*+ 2(lV Symptoms: Numbness, pale, glossy skin, possible blistering.

Treatment: Warm by placing victim indoors, remove covering, bathe frozen part inwarm water; do not massage. For cold exposure, give artificial respiration. Placingblankets over a person who has a reduced body core temperature will do no good; heatmust be applied to the victim to bring the temperature up to normal. If conscious, givewarm liquids by mouth.

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2?*#1+ a_S_3Lh+ 24?eG <"XZY +d_)What's in the first aid kit?You can make your own first aid kit by collecting the following items. It 0s easy @ just makesure you place the items in an easily recognizable box, then store in an accessible place.Alternatively, you could buy a complete kit.

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H?Y^_(mH?Y8?4gTwo large sterile dressings

O(e3) :8C a_G_K)U"ZP*+ H) O?*_ "Non-alcoholic wound cleaning wipes

a+^_(m `LO?|A|)Six triangular bandages1 ?5_5^I_)\Safety pins

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a_S_mD]?f)Useful additions H?Xf*! _;Two crepe roller bandagesa_$e)Scissors`fCTweezersH?Y8?4g H?Y^_(mO(e3) +]CTwo extra large sterile dressings-"er #d u@8;+]C j8? 9 %Micro-pore tape

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2?'_65Blanket24?eGd_e'DSurvival bag

x_vg! 8.Torchj!_f%Whistle

8X)")8YThermometerT?Cq#8ZA*Burn gel"49A ArIce pack

H?9 U"KsEe3)Sterile eye wash


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First aid myths 2?*#1+ a_S_3Lh+ a_S+8 "

MYTH 1 :The best thing to put on a burn is butter.

According to the survey, nearly one in five parents with young children would treat a childwith a large burn by applying things such as butter, ice or margarine.'Putting butter or margarine on a burn is absolutely useless.And once the person gets toCasualty, the substance will have to be removed, which could be painful.Nor should ice be used, as this can produce a cold burn on top of the hot burn.

FACT:Place the burned area under cold water for ten minutes to reduce pain and distress andpossibly give a better cosmetic result. Then wrap it in cling film, to reduce the risk ofinfection, and allow the area to continue cooling. This also helps reduce the discomfortcaused by contact with the air.

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MYT H 2 :Treat a nosebleed by tilting the head back and pinching the nose.

Tilting the head back will encourage the blood to run down the back of the throat andpossibly into the stomach, inducing vomiting. Some people also say you should place a coldobject o n the base of the neck but this is an old wives' tale.

FACT:Sit the person down, reassure them and pinch the tip rather than the hard bit of the nose.Discourage them from coughing or swallowing until the bleeding stops. It may be helpfulto place a bowl on the floor to catch any dripping blood.


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It 0s even better to lay the person on their side in the recovery position, preferably on thefloor. If they become unconscious, you should check regularly that they are still breathing.

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MYTH 3 :Remove an object embedded in a wound as soon as possible.The object in the wound could be blocking further blood loss, so if you pull it out youcould be dealing with a major hemorrhage.

FACT:The aim is to build a /bridge 0 over the object while keeping pressure on the wound. Applypadding to either side of the object, then bandage over without pressing on it. Call for anambulance.

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MYTH 4 :If you give the kiss of life, you should see immediate results.

FACT:Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) includes mouth-to-mouth ventilation and chestcompressions.

'People rarely respond immediately to CPR, However, this does not mean you are notpossibly helping to save their life.'

The first few minutes are critical. CPR helps to keep the key organs alive until theambulance turns up, so you should not give up.'

With adults, you should give two mouth-to-mouth ventilations followed by 15 chestcompressions. Continue until the ambulance arrives or the person shows obvious signs ofrecovery. The procedure is different for a child and needs to be fully understood beforepracticing

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