fires and human behaviour - studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice daniel nilsson, lund...
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![Page 1: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice
Daniel Nilsson, Lund University
![Page 2: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Our University
• Lund University
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Our department
• Department of Fire Safety Engineering
• Fires and Human Behaviour
Dr Håkan Frantzich Daniel Nilsson
![Page 4: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice
Daniel Nilsson, Lund University
![Page 5: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Outline
• General
• Pre-movement time
• Exit choice and movement
• Discussion
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General
• Fires and human behaviour
– Fire preparedness
– Fire setting
– Evacuation
– Rescue operations
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General
• When is a building safe for the occupants in case of fire?
Available SafeEscape Time
(ASET)
>
Safe
Required SafeEscape Time
(RSET)
![Page 8: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General• ASET
- Computer simulations
SmokeToxic gasesTemperature
Radiation
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General• RSET - simple model
Detection & Alarm
Pre-movement Travel
Time
![Page 10: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General• RSET - simple model
Detection & Alarm Pre-movement Travel
Time
![Page 11: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General• RSET - simple model
Detection & Alarm
Pre-movementTravel
Time
![Page 12: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General• RSET - simple model
Detection & Alarm
Pre-movementTravel
Time
![Page 13: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Hard to quantify
• Research - experiments– Marks&Spencer (Northern Ireland)– Occupancy (Canada)– Offices (Canada)– Cinema (Sweden - LU)– IKEA (Sweden - LU)– Nuclear power plant (Sweden - LU)
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Is the pre-movement time really that important?
(Sime, Creed, Kimura & Powell, 1992)
”The most important finding of this research is the fact that the start up time (i.e. people’s reaction to an alarm) is as (if not more) important as the time it takes physically to reach an exit”
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Is the pre-movement time really that important?
(Proulx & Sime, 1991)
”If people take a long time to start to evacuate a setting the residual time to reach safety can be dramatically reduced.”
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Nuclear power plant - 2005– Maintenance– Containment– Airlocks– Protective
clothing
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Why don't people start to evacuate immediately?– Do not recognize the cue – False alarm / drill– Investment– Social influence
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Recommendations based on experiments
Pre-movement time
Type of builing Type of alarm
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Social influence
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Latané & Darley, 1970
• Experiment– Students, only male– Interview about urban life– Questionnaire– Smoke!!!– Alone, three subjects or one subject
and two passive confederates
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Results
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (minutes)
Cumulative proportion reporting smoke
AloneThreeTwo passive
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Why does the student who is alone respond quicker?
• Social Influence
Informational
Normative
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• New study of cinema experiments– A. Johansson, TUD– D. Nilsson, LU
• Two types of alarms– Ringing bell– Spoken message
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Results– Social influence more important for
the ringing bell
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• After pre-movement - choose an exit and move to a safe place
• Emergency exits not always used
• Example - IKEA experiments– Used normal
exit– Only some
emergencyexits
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• Some exits were used
![Page 29: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• Affiliation theory– Sime
– Move towards familiar exits and people
– Summerlandbuildingcomplex
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice• Learned irrelevance
– McClintoc et al
– Learn not to observe signs
– Study with blue flashing lights
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• How can we get people to choose the exits we want?– Flashing lights– Instructive messages
![Page 32: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice• Tunnel experiments
– 46 participants
– One at a time
– Smoke and aceticacid
– Filmed with IR camera
– Sound - fan & fire
![Page 33: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
Exit 1 Exit 2 Exit 3
Entrance Tunnel exit
35 meters
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
PillarsCar
Exit 1 Exit 2 Exit 3
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
Measurement of the extinction coefficient
Boiling acetic acid
![Page 36: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
Flashing lights
Row of flashing lights
Floor markings
![Page 37: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
![Page 38: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• Results– Walls important– Way guidance systems not as
effective as believed– Feeling more than vision
![Page 39: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/5517753155034645368b4dc8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• Experiments - spring 2006
• Cinema– Flashing green lights– Instructive message
• Office– Flashing lights
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• Office - 9 floors, 400 persons
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General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Discussion
• General
• Pre-movement– Experiments (cinema, power
plant, IKEA)
– Social influence
• Exit choice– Tunnel experiment
– Cinema and offices