fire regulations.pdf

FIRE REGULATIONS

(NL, EU)

note: not included in the reader

Lecture CIE 5131: Fire safety design

Dr.ir. IJ.J.van Straalen (TNO) [email protected]

Ir. A. Breunese (Efectis) [email protected]

2 CIE 5131 Fire Safety Design

Legislation for fire safety

Relevant documents (NL)

Woningwet / Housing Act (1920)

Bouwbesluit*) / Building Decree (2012)

NEN / EN documents

National recommendations of practice (NPR) guidelines

*) Including Regeling Bouwbesluit 2012


Bouwbesluit types of rules (1)

Fire ignition

Escaping and escape routes

Smoke production and spread

Fire spread and controllability

Resistance to fire


Bouwbesluit types of rules (2)

Prevention of ignition

Choice in materials

Maintenance

Escape

Escape routes

Information and training

Smoke production and spread

Smoke compartments


Sprinklers

Automatic fire alarm

Fire compartments

Fire ventilation

Resistance to fire: progressive collapse


Performance requirements

Principles

Each requirement specifies

Subject / Part

Function

Acceptable value(s)

Method to determine the value

Example:

In order to limit the reaction to fire, a structural part shall be at least of fire reaction class 4, to be determined using NEN 6065.

All rules are

Unambigious

Quantifiable


Requirements depend on

Condition of the structure

new structure

existing structure

Function

dwelling

hospital

office

shop

(12 x!)


Fire ignition and reaction to fire

Systematic requirements

Basis: material behaviour

Properties: Non-combustibility ( NEN 6064) Reaction to fire

Walls and ceilings ( NEN 6065)

Floors ( NEN 1775) Other parts such as roofs and chimneys


Euroclasses (EN 13501-1)

Classification aspects

Burning behaviour: heat release (not for Horizontal Flame Spread test & Small Flame test), flame spread

Smoke production: optical density (SBI & Horizontal Flame Spread test only)

Flaming droplets: visual observations (SBI & Small Flame test only)


Euro Class system overview

Note: For floor coverings (fl), SBI is replaced by Radiant Floor Panel

Class Test methods Classification aspects

A1 EN 1716: Calorific value and

EN 1182: Non-combustibility

Burning behaviour

A2 EN 1716: Calorific value or

EN 1182: Non-combustibility

Burning behaviour

and EN 13823: SBI Smoke production

B/C/D EN 13823: SBI and

EN ISO 11925: small flame

Burning behaviour

Smoke production

Flaming droplets

E EN ISO 11925: small flame Burning behaviour Flaming droplets

F None None


Euro Class System

Number of classes

aspect walls & ceilings floors

main classes

burning behaviour

7 7

smoke 3 2

number of

tests sub classes

droplets 3 -

Euro Class System leads to a large number of

reaction-to-fire classes in order to reduce need for tests, the so called Classification Without Further Testing (= CWFT)* option is introduced in EU regulations.

* Also referred to as Deemed to Satisfy option


Smoke production systematic requirements

Basis: material properties

Requirements:

Specific optic density ( NEN 6066)

Class reaction to fire ( NEN 6065)


Smoke production requirements for new structures

Basic requirement: Dspec < 10 m-1

Escape routes:

Dspec < 5,4 m-1, in case of class 1 NEN 6065

Dspec < 2,2 m-1, in case of class 2 NEN 6065

Note: requirements are for the inside of walls, ceilings etc.

ID

I 010

logwith:

- I0 is light intensity without smoke

- I is light intensity with smoke Dspec

V

ALD



Systematic requirements

Basis: structural behaviour

Properties:

Resistance against fire spread inside the building Weerstand tegen branddoorslag (WBD) Resistance against fire spread via facades Weerstand tegen brandoverslag (WBO)

WBDBO NEN 6068


Branddoorslag en Brandoverslag

Explanation

Fire extension A B,C:

- inside the building

(branddoorslag)

- via facade (brandoverslag)

A

B

C


WBDBO Definitions

WBD: (fire resistance) ( NEN 6069, -- 71 t/m 73)

WBO: time after which radiation level > 15 kW/m2 ( NEN 6068)

WBDBO: min (WBD, WBO)

Fire compartment: maximum fire extension area within x min.


Fire spread via facade - assessment

Verification procedure:

- determine the most irradiated location for each

window opening.

- verify: radiation level < 15 kW/m2

(zie NEN 6068)

Support tools:

- NPR (tables)

- software (BRANDO e.a.)


Fire spread quantified requirements

Range WBDBO: (20), 30 of 60 minutes, i.e.:

between fire compartments: 60 min.*)

between fire compartments and shaft: 60 min.

...

Refer to document no. 7 ...

Max. floor area fire compartment

Usually: 1000 m2

Hotel: 500 m2

*) In case of buildings with a height < 5 m: 30 min.


Fire spread spiegelsymmetrie

Country-specific

Netherlands:


Resistance to fire Type of requirements

Basis: structural behaviour

Properties: structural failure in case of fire exposure

concrete structures*) ( EN 1992-1-2 and NEN 6071)

steel structures*) ( EN 1993-1-2 and NEN 6072)

steel-concrete structures*)( EN 1994-1-2)

timber structures*) ( EN 1995-1-2 NEN 6073)

masonry structures*) ( EN 1996-1-2)

aluminium structures*) ( EN 1999-1-2)

other structures**) ( NEN 6069) *) assessment via calculations

**) assessment via experiments (component approach & standard

temperature-time curve)

20 CT5131 Fire Safety Design

Resistance to fire quantified requirements

Escape routes: 30 min.

Resistance of main load bearing structure:

dwellings

red: reduction of 30 min. in case

the permanent fire density < 500

MJ/m2

other buildings

no sleeping

other buildings

sleeping

no sleeping: office

school

shop

sleeping: hospital

hotel

prison


Resistance to fire: main load bearing

structure

main load bearing structure: parts of

the structure whose collapse may

result in progressive collapse



structure (1)

Blue bracings are part of the

main load bearing structure

Blue bracings are not part of the

main load bearing structure



structure (2)

Columns: main load bearing structure*)

120 min

Floors: ?

60 or 120 min

*) except for columns at the upper floor

13 m

WBDBO


Resistance to fire - summary

Types of requirements:

fire spread

structural failure

Point of departure Dutch regulations: Standaardbrand

Levels: (20), 30, 60, 90, 120 min

Differentiated approach FSE

(ref.: Part 11)


Escape and escape possibilities types of requirements

Basis: human behaviour

Point of departure: ability to manage for oneself

Properties:

number, types and lay-out of escape routes

dimensions and lay-out of smoke compartments

capacity of staircases

...


Escape and escape possibilities -

Quantified requirements

Basic requirements

maximum walking distance through smoke: 30 m

escape time of an entire building: within 15 min

escaping in two directions min.


Principle of equivalence (Gelijkwaardigheidsbeginsel)

Principle: It is allowed to deviate from the performance requirements, provided that alternative measures are taken that result in an

equivalent safety level

Motivation: flexibility

Burden of proof: project developer / owner

Decision: municipality (Bouw-& Woningtoezicht) input from fire brigade

Examples: FSE (Chapter 12)


European regulations

Aim and lay-out of the regulations

Aim: remove obstructions for trading building products within EU

Basis: Recommendations of practice and for building products: EN docs.


EU versus old Dutch regulations

Fire testing

reaction-to-fire Euro classes deviate from current Dutch classes

resistance-to-fire Fire resistance classes similar to Dutch classes

Calculation standards resistance-to-fire loads

concrete Eurocodes - similar to Dutch classes


Eurocodes Fire - overview

EC (= EN 1990): Principles & combination of actions

EC1-1.2 (= EN1991-1.2): Actions NEN 6702

EC2-1.2 (= EN1992-1-2): Concrete NEN 6071

EC3-1.2 (= EN1993-1-2): Steel NEN 6072

EC4-1.2 (= EN1994-1-2): Composite

EC5-1.2 (= EN1995-1-2): Timber NEN 6073

EC6-1.2 (= EN1996-1-2): Masonry

EC9-1.2 (= EN1999-1-2): Aluminium


Eurocodes Fire Levels

Tabulated data*)**)

Simple calculation models**)

Advanced calculation models***)

*) not for steel and aluminium (EC3, EC9)

**) based on standard fire

***) FSE; not for masonry (EC6)

Note: NL approach:

- only components

- only standard fire

fire regulations.pdf

Documents

safety design requirements

safety design euroclasses

safety design legislation

sbi smoke production

behaviour a2 en

reaction class

class reaction

spread smoke compartments