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ctive Fire Safety Systems 9/29/2011

hong lee siong 1

DESIGNING FOR FIRE SAFETY

PARTS 3 and 4

ACTIVE SYSTEMS

And

ACCESS for FIRE FIGHTING and RESCUE

Ar Chong Lee SiongAPAM MIFireE MMIArbs

with

Ir Wong See Foong

FIEM MIFireE PEng CEng PJB

A re-visit to the interpretations and applications

of the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984

is a

PRESCRIPTIVE BUILDING CODE

Compliance with this code is a requirement by law

Sets rules and regulations on the application of the code

Provides pre-determined prescriptions

The prescriptions are absolute :

no smaller than..

no bigger than..

no shorter than

no longer than

or

no less than and no more than.


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CONCEPTS OF FIRE SAFETY

1 EVACUATION

2 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT

3 ACTIVE INTERVENTION

4 ACCESS FOR FIRE FIGHTING AND RESCUE

Time

Te

mperature/size

Stage 1

Ignition & growth

Stage 2

development

Stage 3

Full fire

Stage 4

Decay

Flashover

Untenable condition

NATURE OF FIRE


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Active systems for..

EVACUATION

Detection and Alarm

Communication

Smoke control

Portable fire extinguishers

Temperature/size

Time

Untenablecondition

Available Safe Egress Time ASET

detection

alarm

movementTotal

evacuation

ignition

Required Safe Egress Time RSET

Factor of safety:

RSET < 0.75 ASET


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detection

Very early detection

Early detection

Manual detection

alarm

Automatic

Pre alarm

Local / manual


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FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM

System objective are:

To detect outbreak of fire and warn occupants

To activate fire safety systems

To inform Fire Brigade

To monitor fire safety equipment

RELEVANT BY-LAWS

Under UBBL 237, fire alarm systems are requiredfor buildings defined under the 10th Schedule

Under UBBL 238, a fire command center isrequired for all buildings above 30.5 meters orexceeding 9,290 sq. meters in gross area.


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MAIN FIRE ALARM PANELMain fire alarm panel comprises:

Alarm, fault and isolation indication for each zone.

Indicator lights to monitor status of power supplyand fire safety systems such as fire pumps, smokecontrol equipment, carbon dioxide systems, firetank water levels, etc.

Mimic panel to identify location of each zone.

Battery with charger to provide power supply forthe whole system.

FIRE DETECTION DEVICES

Manual break glass for occupants to activatemanually.

Heat detectors to detect heat intensive fires

automatically for spaces up to 9 meters high. Smoke detectors to detect smoke intensive fires

automatically for spaces up to 10 meters high.

Beam (smoke) detectors for high spaces such asatriums up to 25 meters high.

Flame (IR or UV) detectors


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Heat ..or Smoke?

Smoke detectors for electrical rooms and storerooms.

Heat detectors for general areas.

Smoke detectors for areas where rapid heatdevelopment is normal for the function of thespace, or where combustibles may burn with high

release of smokeHeat detectors for areas where smoke may be a

common presence in the space, or wherecombustibles may burn rapidly and efficiently

VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

To guide the occupants in an orderly mannerduring evacuation upon detection of fire.

For the firemen to communicate with one anotherduring fire fighting operations.


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RELEVANT BY-LAW

Under UBBL 239, two voice communicationsystem is required for all large buildings and highrise buildings and they are:

Public address system, and

Fire brigade intercommunication system

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Intended for use by the occupants during the earlystages of the fire

Under UBBL 227, portable fire extinguishers arerequired for first aid use.


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CLASSES OF FIRES

Class A: Combustible solids like paper, wood

Class B: Inflammable Liquids like kerosene, diesel

Class C: Flammable gases

Class D: Reactive metals like sodium, potassium,

Class E: Ignition of an electrical nature

Class F: Cooking oil fires

TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS

Water type for Class A fires

Dry powder type for Class A, B, C and F fires

Carbon Dioxide type for Class E fires

Foam type for Class B fires

Dry powder type of 6 kg for general use.

Carbon Dioxide type for electrical rooms


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LOCATION AND SPACING

Beside exit and staircase doors

Generally located within 20 meters of any potentialhazard


COMPARTMENTATION

Smoke Control

Extinquishment

Manual

Automatic


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SMOKE CONTROLTYPES

Pressurization system to prevent entry of smokeby pressurizing the compartment with air.

Space depressurization system to prevent thespread of smoke by extraction.

Smoke dilution system to remove the smoke by

extraction and make-up of air.

DEPRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS

Typical application are multi-storey officebuildings.

Floor on fire is maintained under negativepressure by extracting the smoke laden air.

Immediate floors above and below are maintainedat positive pressure by supplying air to thesefloors.


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DILUTION SYSTEMS

Typical application are basement car parks andshopping complexes.

Smoke is extracted from zone on fire.

Make-up air is provided to zones adjacent to areaon fire.

HOSE REELS

Intended for the occupants to use during earlystages of the fire


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Near exit and staircase doors

All spaces to be within 36 meters of a hose reel.

No restriction on location of hose reel pumps andtanks.


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SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Intended to detect and extinguish a fire and warnthe occupants to evacuate.

Under UBBL 226, automatic sprinkler systems arerequired for storage and other types of

occupancies where automatic extinguishingsystem is necessary.


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TYPES OF SYSTEMS

Wet pipe system where pipe work is charged withwater at all times.

Dry pipe system where pipe is charged with wateronly after the sprinkler head is activated.

Pre-action system where system is charged withwater after fire is detected but before the sprinklerhead is activated.

Deluge system where water is dischargedsimultaneously from all sprinkler heads uponactivation.

TYPES OF HAZARDS

Light Hazard e.g. apartments, schools

Ordinary Hazards:

OH Group I : Offices, restaurants

OH Group II : Laundries, bakeriesOH Group III : Departmental Stores, Car parks

OH Group IV : Film and television studios

High Hazards:

Process risks

High piled storage risks


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SPRINKLER TANKS

Typical location at ground or first basementalthough no restriction on the location except fordistance from pump.

AREAS EXEMPTED

Transformer Rooms;

Switch gear Rooms;Lift Motor Rooms; and

Toilets;


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INSTALLATION CONTROL VALVE

Water supply to sprinklers feed fromInstallation control valve with alarm gong andshut-off valves.

For life safety systems, Sprinklers are grouped

such that each zone does not have more than200 sprinkler heads with its own flow switch.


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SPRINKLER PIPE WORK

The height between the lowest and highestsprinkler within one stage not to exceed 45 m.

For buildings exceeding 45 m., multiple stages arerequired.

Express risers are permitted to bypass lower

stgages and serve the upper stage.

8. CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHINGSYSTEM

System using carbon dioxide to extinguish a fireby excluding oxygen from the fire and commonlyused for electrical rooms where water may not besuitable.

The by-law relevant to this system is UBBL 235.


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TYPES OF SYSTEMS

Total Flooding System uses CO2 to displaceoxygen within entire room.

Local Application creates envelope around fire andexclude oxygen around the fire only.


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AUTOMATIC ACTIVATION

Heat and smoke detectors installed to detect fire.

Activation of one detector initiates alarm but notgas discharge.

Activation of any two detectors initiates gasdischarge.

Time delay of 30 sec. before gas discharge.

MANUAL ACTIVATION

Manual activation by pull station in event of

failure of automatic activation. Pull station to be outside of room protected.

Audio and visual warning activated upon gasdischarge to warn occupants from entering.


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FIRE FIGHTING and RESCUE

Lifts

Risers

Hydrants

FIRE LIFT

Intended to assist the firemen to reach the floors onfire rapidly.

Under UBBL 243, any building exceeding 18.5meters high shall be provided with firemens lift.


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Not more than 61 meters from the furthermostpoint of the floor.

Not more than 61 meters from the main entranceof the building or the fire control room whicheveris nearer.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Lift capacity to be able to carry 550kg. min.

Lift car platform size to be not less than 1.45 sq.

meters. Lift car door to be min. 800 mm clear in width.

Lift to serve all occupied floors.


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FIRE MODE OF OPERATION

Lift to be provided with emergency power foroperation during power failure.

Lift to return to main landing upon detection ofpower failure and remain inoperable until firemenarrive.

Fire switch to be provided at main landing for

firemen to activate the lift for their use.

DRY RISER SYSTEMS

Intended for the firemen to pump water up to thefloors on fire.

Under UBBL 230, dry risers required for allbuildings with topmost floor above 18.3 metersfrom fire appliance access level


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Landing valves located within fire access lobbies.

Provided on every upper floor such that all spacesare within 45 m from a landing valve.

Breeching inlet to be no more than 18 m. from fireappliance access road and not more than 30 metersfrom nearest outdoor hydrant.


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DRY RISER PIPE WORK

Dry riser to be 100 mm dia. If highest outlet is nomore than 23 m. above breeching inlet.

Dry riser to be 150 mm dia. If highest outlet ismore than 23 m. above breeching inlet.

5. WET RISER SYSTEMS

Intended to supply water up to the floors on firefor the firemen to use.

Under UBBL 231, wet risers required for allbuildings with topmost floor above 30.5m. Fromthe fire appliance access level.


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Landing valves located within fire access lobbies.


Distance between landing valves on the same floornot to exceed 60 m.

Breeching inlet to be no more than 18 m. from fireappliance access road and not more than 30 metersfrom nearest outdoor hydrant.


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PUMPS AND PIPE WORK

Each stack not to exceed 60 m or 71 m if approvedby the Director General of Fire and Rescue Dept.

Stack height is defined as the height from the wetriser pump to the topmost floor protected.

WET RISER PUMPS AND TANKS

Location of wet riser pumps and tanks restricted toground, first or second basement.

Lowest basement may not be premitted due topossibility of flooding.


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6. DOWNCOMER SYSTEMS

Intended to provide water from roof fire tank tothe floors on fire using static head available.

Only permitted for private residential buildingswhere the topmost floor is no higher than 60 m.above fire appliance access level.


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Landing valves located within fire access lobbies


Breeching inlet to be no more than 18 m. from fire

appliance access road and not more than 30 metersfrom nearest outdoor hydrant.

DOWNCOMER TANKS

Tanks located on roof of building for maximum

pressure.


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196, 197 - smoke lobbies, protected lobbies

198, 199, 200, 201 ventilation of stairs

229 fire fighting lobbies

UBBL

Protection of stairs and lobbies

Protection of stairs and lobbies

Protected Lobby : protected lobby separated orisolated from fire and smoke infiltration

Smoke Lobby : a protected lobby primarily toisolate staircases from smoke infiltration

ventilated lobby : protected/smoke lobby bymeans of natural ventilation from outside

Fire Fighting Access Lobby : a protectedlobby designed for fire fighting access


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SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

To control the spread of smoke from the source offire to other occupied spaces and maintainvisibility as much as possible during evacuation.

RELEVANT BY-LAWS

Under UBBL clauses 196 and 197 requires firefighting access lobbies and smoke lobbies to be

pressurized if natural ventilation cannot beprovided.

Under UBBL clauses 200, 201 and 202 requiresescape staircases to be pressurized if naturalventilation cannot be provided.


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STAIRCASE PRESSURIZATION

Entire staircase pressurized with air.

Air pressure within staircase is controlled topermit opening of exit doors without the need ofexcessive force.

LIFT LOBBY PRESSURIZATION

Lift lobbies are individually pressurized with air.

Air pressure within lift lobbies is controlled topermit opening of exit doors without the need ofexcessive force.


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Protected

lobby

requirement

for building >

18m

(By-Law 197)

External wall

Protected

lobby

requirement Building more than

18m above ground

level

No protected

lobby required

Ventilation opening

No protected

lobby required

Omission of

protected lobby

for pressurised

staircase for

buildingsbelow 45m For building

above

18m but below

45m

No protected

lobby

required

Ventilated

opening

Staircase

pressurised


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UBBL 229

EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANTS

System of Pipe work connected to public watermains to provide water for the pumps in the fire

engine.

For industrial plants, fire pumps have to beprovided where flow is unreliable or pressure isinadequate


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RELEVANT BY-LAWS

Under UBBL 225, every building shall beprovided with at least one fire hydrant.


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Hydrants should be located:

i) away from obstructions such as street furniture (benches), phone

booths, etc.

ii) not less than 2,000mm from adjacent buildings and overhangs.

iii) between 610mm to 2,400mm from Fire Appliance Access.

iv) away from risks of vehicular damage.

v) not more than 90m apart from each other (in new buildings adjacent

to existing developments, a new hydrant within 45m radius of the new

building).


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No overhangs

over hydrants

Verandah

Pavement

Access

Hydrant

Building

EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY

Intended to provide emergency power to operateall fire safety systems.

Under UBBL 253, emergency power is to beprovided for fire pumps, fire lifts, fire alarm,smoke control, emergency lighting, voicecommunication, firemen intercom, etc.


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SOURCES OF EMERGENCY POWER

Standby electrical generator with changeoverswitch activated upon power failure;

Battery banks with charger to maintain them incharged condition.

LOCATION

Generator to be located at ground or first basementfor easy access by firemen.

Outdoor air required to cool diesel enginesradiator.


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INTEGRATION WITH PASSIVE SYSTEMS

Under UBBL clauses 136, limits of dimensions forcompartmentation can be doubled with theprovision of automatic sprinkler system.


Under UBBL clause 202, escape staircases have tobe pressurized if inadequate natural ventilation is

provided.

Likewise under UBBL clause 196(5), smoke lobbieshave to be pressurized or ventilated if naturalventilation is inadequate.


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Under UBBL clauses 250 for smoke venting,mechanically operated smoke vents have to beprovided if there are inadequate openings forsmoke venting.

INTERFACE WITH PASSIVE SYSTEMS

Under UBBL clauses 164(3), fire doors can be heldopen provided the device incorporates a heat

activated mechanism to release the door.

However, this cannot be used for doors toprotected corridors or staircases.


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INTERFACE WITH PASSIVE SYSTEMS

Fire shutters to meet compartmentationrequirements can be left open until activatedby fire alarm.

Glass curtain walls can be utilized to contain

smoke and fire if water spray or water curtainis provided to cool the glass.

FIRE APPLIANCE ACCESS

Refers to an area Access Way specifically allocated for the

parkingof Bomba appliances during fire fighting andrescue operations.

UBBL 140

Access Way (street, road or open space) is to be providedas a proportion of the perimeter of the building, withreference to the volume of the building.


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EXTERNAL ACCESS

Access for emergency and rescue vehicles,equipment and personnel

RoadsPavementsParking

Availability of water :HydrantsStorage tanksLakes, rivers, ponds

And access to fire fighting systems in the premises

Clarity of :Type of building and functionConfiguration of buildingLocation of fire control panelLocation of breaching inlets and pump rooms

AT THE PREMISES

Access into the buildingProtected passageProtected stairsFiremens liftFire fighting lobby


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Pressurised Hydrant System

Sprinkler System


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Dry Riser system

Wet Riser System


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External source of water

Hydrants

Lakes, Ponds, Pools, rivers

Fire Tenders

Fire Fighting Appliance

on Access Way

Internal Systems

Sprinklers

Hose reels

Dry/Wet Risers

Breaching Inlet

Vehicles in use by JBPM :

Motorcycle

Terrain buggy

Rapid Fire Rescue Tender

Fire Rescue Tender

Turntable ladder

Hydraulic platform

Hazmat


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Rapid response motorcycles

Terrain buggy


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Rapid Fire Rescue Tender

Fire Rescue Tender (medium)


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Fire Rescue Tender (light)

HAZMAT tender


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Turntable ladders

Pump tanker


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Hydraulic platforms

Fire appliance

access level and

Access Way

Access Way at upper ground level


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13,000 m3 (1/6)

8,600m3

(1/6)

36,000m3

(1/4)

Access way at appliance access level

Access way at upper ground level

Access road / rampAccess road

/ ramp

Note: Turning provision required for fire appliances if dead end access

exceeds 18 m.

Turning provision can be in the form of hammer-head or turning

circle

Building volume

7,001 cu m

to 28,000 cu m

D

A

B

Isolated site/location

with no adjacent

property/building.

X => 1/6 (A+B+C+D)

Fire appliance

accessX

C


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C => 1/6 (A+B+C+D)

Appliance access from main road is sufficient if the building volume does not exceed

28,000 m3.

In the event the 6 m back lane is accessible by fire fighting appliances and the

building volume exceeds 28,000 m3 but is less than 56,000 m3, then,

A + C => 1/4 (A+B+C+D)

Building volume

7,001 cu m

to 28,000 cu m

City/Built up location

with adjacent buildings D

A

B

C

Accessible perimeter

of building

Main road used for

appliance access

if not less than 12m wide

Pavement

6m back lane

D

A

B

D

A

C

Access

road

> 18m

Building volume

56,001 cu m to

84,000 cu m

min. 6m

B + C => 1/2 (A+B+C+D)

C

Fire appliance access Access road

12m

B

6m back lane

accessible to fire appliance

Pavement

Access road

12mA + C => 1/2 (A+B+C+D)


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D

Fire appliance

access minimum6m width

Building volume

84,001 cu m to

112,000 cu m

A + B + C 3/4 (A+B+C+D)

A

B

C

Access road 12m

D

A

B

Building volume

84,001 cu m to

112,000 cu m

B + C + D => 3/4 (A+B+C+D)

C

Access road 12m


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A

Building

volume

above112,000 cu m

Minimum 6m width

Fire appliance access

D B

C

Access road 12m

W2

(min 6m)

L(13m)

L(13m) min. 6mW1

d1

d2

W = unobstructed width of Appliance Access

L = length of largest Fire Appliance (currently 13m)

d - cut-back distance is obtained by intersecting the imaginary corner of a

building with line A - C

The minimum permissible width of a Fire Appliance Access is 6.0m.

The minimum turning radius around corners of buildings shall be provided as follows:


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