fire behaviour ventilation. aim to provide students with information to give them an understanding...
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Fire Behaviour
Ventilation
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Aim
To provide students with information
to give them an understanding of the behaviour of fire.
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Learning OutcomesAt the end of the session students will be able to:
• Describe the effects of forced and natural ventilation on the development of a range of fires.
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Ventilation
Defined as;
The removal of heated air, smoke and other airborne contaminants from a structure, and their replacement with a supply of fresher air.
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Ventilation• Self ventilation
• Automatic ventilation
• Tactical ventilation
Before fire control
After control but before fire extinction
After fire extinction.
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Smoke• Mixture of fine particles, water droplets,
other liquids and gases given off by the burning material
• Usually toxic
• Can be hot
• Can burn.
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Value of ventilation
• Assist escape
• Aid rescue operations
• Improve firefighters’ safety
• Earlier entry
• Reduce damage
• Restrict fire spread.
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The effect
of a broken
window.
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When to use ventilation
• A tactic to be used by the Officer in charge
• Vertical ventilation
• Horizontal ventilation
• Defensively
• Offensively.
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Smoke layer
in an atrium.
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Vertical ventilation
Advantages;
• Minimize risk of backdraught
• Minimize fire spread
• Provide rapid smoke clearance
Disadvantages;
• Need to work to make the vent from above the fire.
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The stack
effect.
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Vertical ventilation – Offensive.
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Vertical ventilation – Defensive.
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Making vents
• Use any inbuilt systems
• Use roof lights / windows
• Lift slates or tiles
• Work from ladder or aerial appliance
• Work from below the vent.
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Vertical ventilation(1)
Making a
roof vent.
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Vertical ventilation(2)
Clearing the escape route and improving access for firefighters.
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Horizontal ventilation
• Most used type of ventilation
• Use where vertical not suitable
• Open exhaust vent on downwind side
• Inlet vent on upwind side
• Only open any vent as part of the ventilation plan.
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Horizontal ventilation – Offensive.
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Offensive ventilation.
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Defensive ventilation.
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Making vents
• Open windows where possible
• Cover exit vents with jets
• Ensure no-one working above vent
• Fresh air may result in backdraught, withdraw all personnel from danger area
• Glass may travel long distances.
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Inlet and outlet vents - Same window
Viewed
from
inside
the
room.
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Inlet and
outlet vents
Different
windows.
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Making a vent
Working from below and to the side.
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Forced ventilation - Advantages
• Smoke removed rapidly
• Makes horizontal ventilation more effective
• Reduces the need for vertical ventilation
• Less affected by wind conditions
• More controllable.
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Negative pressure ventilation.
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PPV
Wide opening Extra air pressure needed.
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Forced ventilation - Disadvantages
• It requires mechanical device
• Can increase the intensity of the fire
• If large compartment - large fan or several smaller ones needed
• Time to set up
• When used defensively it means a room by room approach.
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Main techniques
• Positive pressure ventilation (PPV)
• Negative pressure ventilation (NPV)
• Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems
• Powered exhaust systems.
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Defensive PPV - Advantages
• Rapid removal of gases
• Cooler and easier working conditions
• Hot spots seen easier - have hose line to deal with.
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PPV sequence of operations• Isolate unaffected areas
• Position the fan
• Crew members to open exhaust vent
• Start the fan
• Check smoke taking expected route
• Monitor until fan stopped.
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Offensive PPV
• Used before the fire is out
• Part of firefighting tactics
• If not used effectively can cause fire spread.
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Summary• Note and use prevailing wind
• Consider and use correct tactic
• Do firefighters need to withdraw
• Outlet first - high and downwind
• Cover outlet vents with charged hoselines
• Start inlet vent
• Communications
• Monitor.
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Confirmation Assessments will be based on this lesson and the corresponding study note
Learning Outcomes• Describe the effects of forced and
natural ventilation on the development of a range of fires.
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THE END