final stage 01 report

8/2/2019 Final Stage 01 Report

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{density + diversity} ISD5102

INTEGRATED

STUDIOPROJECT2

sia ching sian | a0082594amalia yuliasih | a0093782

harry joseph serrano | a0082151wu tong | a0093804

kartik venkatamaran | a0082261


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introduct

ion

{density + diversity}

- social fragmentation- pollution- traffic- noise, privacy- crowding- open space

the bad

- fully utilize infrastructure, better economical- reduce dependency on private vehicles, reduces carbonemission- healthier communities, create walkable communities, peoplebike, take public transport than drive- more people to support local business and amenities- social equity

the good

Population density is defined as the number of people living in a given area. urban density is defined as the number of

people inhabiting a given urbanized area.

diversity or mixed use planning:

1. districts and many of its internal parts must serve more than one primary function, preferably more than two.2. blocks must be short, streets and opportunities to turn corners must be frequent

3. district must mingle buildings that vary in age and condition

4. must be sufficiently dense concentration of people

introduction

This report will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a high density development and the need for a compact city. Different

forms of high density developments using examples from Hong Kong, Seoul, Barcelona and Singapore. It will look into the optimum

density using Hong Kong as an example as well as also compare the 4 cities based on the diversity of its building forms, building

typology, urban forms. Indicators such as urban green space, quality of living, human development index, transport energy

consumption, car ownership, public transport usage, CO2 emissions, eco-cities index and ecological footprint will be used in relation

to density. A matrix will be produced to compare the performance of each city in terms of its density.


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com

pact

cities

{compact cities}

ThinkQuest.OracleFoundation.Web.23Feb.2012..

1. Eliminates many of the inconveniences related to urban size.

2. Makes it possible to build a modern, convenient metropolis in a natural setting at a low cost, indeed, at costs which can be largely financed

out of the savings now spent on transportation in present-day cities, for example, on vehicles, accidents, roads, parking facilities, and gasoline.

3. Saves money.

4. Conserves the use of time.

5. Saves lives and safety of people is better

6. Conserves the use of land.

7. Makes it possible to locate people of the constantly increasing population of the world into cities without the destructive effect urban sprawlbrings to the countryside, the environment, or the ecosystem.

8. Conserves use of energy.

9. Conserves material resources.

10. Compact City makes possible flexible construction so that the city could adjust to changing needs.

11. Could provide opportunities for the economically disadvantaged. In addition, educational and health facilities would become readilyaccessible to all because of the short distances involved.

12. Makes a city wide automatic delivery system possible..

13. Permits consolidation and centralization of certain urban services. Urban sprawl causes the duplication of hospitals, schools, and manyother institutions. Many specialized services that are presently not economically possible in cities of today because of the time and distance,can be implemented in Compact City.

14. Eliminates air pollution. Because the atmosphere of Compact City would be controllable, air of the highest quality could, through betterwaste management, recycling, and air filtering techniques, be in constant supply for all the inhabitants.

15. Makes possible economical water and solid waste recycling systems

16. Reduces noise pollution and congestion because of the round-the-clock use of facilities, the less use of cars, and the use of cars withbattery power.


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correlatio

ns

mindmap{density + diversity}

The mind map above shows how the various factors influence the density of a region through the economic, social and ecological sustainability


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{density vs. diversity} density

v

sdiversity

what s the best density?

how to allocate the lands to reach diversity?

landland

Residential,commercial,

industrial andinstitutional land

Residential,commercial,

industrial andinstitutional land

open and public

spaces (includingroad and green

space)

open and public

spaces (includingroad and green

space)

population densitypopulation density

occupancy rateoccupancy rate

population densitypopulation density

occupancy rateoccupancy rate

plot ratioplot ratio

*occupancyrate:theamountof squaremetersthatperpersonoccupies

Total land use can be divided into land use for residential and land use for supporting facilities.

Non-residential land use can be determined by population density and occupancy rate.

Residential land area can be determined by population density, plot ratio and occupancy rate.

If the density is at a certain low level, much land is left un-used; and if density is at a certain high level,

competition of land use for residential and land use for supporting facilities exist, rendering a possible result of

inadequate supporting facilities. Both of these results are not desirable.


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{example}

Totallandarea 100HaResidential Occupancy 23sq.m/person

Road Occupancy 0.215 ha/person

Open spaceOccupancy 0.033ha/person

Hong Kong

density+div

ersity

Here is a example showing a method of finding the best density.

This is a neighborhood in Hong Kong with total land area of 100 Ha, our objective is to find out thebest density and best allocation of land use.

The bar chart on the left shows the relationship of density and open land-use. when the densityincrease, the amount of open space can be calculated.

The line chart on the right can be used to find out the optimal density. It shows the relationshipof density, plot ratio and land-use. The colorful lines show the demands of residential lands atdifferent plot ratio. With different plot ratio, , the demand for residential land is growing at differentgrowth rate as density increases. The black line indicates the actual supply of residential land,which is calculated from the left graph.

The optimal density is where the colored lines and black line meet. For example, the optimumdensity level for Plot Ratio 7 is 630 people per hectare with 38% of land use being residential.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000

PlotRatio:8

PlotRatio:7

PlotRatio:6

PlotRatio:5

PlotRatio:

4

PlotRatio:3

PlotRatio:2

PlotRatio:1

La

nd

Areain

Ha

PopulationDensity(person/ha)

Density vs. residential land use (minus open space)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

C/I

GIC

OpenSpace

Road

PopulationDensity(person/ha)

Lan

d

Areain

Ha

Density vs. open space

Source: Toward a low density urban form in Hong Kong \ Ng, Wing-shun, Anthony Vincent \ 1993


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{density + diversity}building density is important on shaping the urban morphology.

diversity in term of high density can be accommodated in different urban form layout.

densityisdependentonplotratio,sitecoveragethatcancreateverydifferenturbanforms.

density+diversity

high risecreate larger open area

promote communalactivities.

without proper planning itmay result of these

spaces being left over.

medium riseenclosed courtyard

encourages efficientuse of space

low risesingle unit

limited communal area

enhance residentsprivacy

courtyard formthis example can be seen

in Barcelona.the courtyard space is

clearly defined, shaped asa central space and

encourages use of space.

parallel block formsingle unit

residential or mixed useprovide potential green

corridor and open space

tower formindependent low rise

building


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cityprofil

es

{4 cities}

Singapore

Hong KongSeoulBarce lona


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As a major financial, trading and transport hub in East Asia, Hong

Kong is one of the worlds busiest cities with high density and high

rise.

City's spatial configuration: is high density, high rise and compact city.

The high concentration of population in Hong Kong has made use of

its public transportation network very efficiently. The city does well on

public transport network because of its integrated pricing and good

transport policies.

High dense and high rise also brings disadvantages. For example, in

a city famous for its skyscrapers, buildings account for about 90% of

total electricity consumption. The skyscrapers in Hong Kong

consumes a lot of energy and also adds to CO2 emissions. Power

generation for Hong Kongs electricity needs is mainly generated by

combusting coal which also contributes to CO2 emissions and air

pollution

{hong kong}

city profilearea 1104.4 sq. kmurban density 367 persons/hectarepopulation-characteristics under 15: 11.8%; 15-34: 27.7%; 35-

64: 47.4%; 65 and over: 13.2%livable cities index ranking 71eco city index ranking 142

plot ratio zone A: 6.5-10; zone B: 5; zone C: 3site coverage 50%city green space per capita 117.9 sq. m/personcar Ownership 83 cars / 1000 peoplepublic Transport 92%CO2 Emission 5.4 metric tons / personhuman development index 0.898 (13th)urban green space per capita 3.3 sq. m/person

cities


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{hong kong}

0

200m

The massing of Hong Kong shows the typical building typology in the city.Including super high-rise residential of up to 50 storey; office skyscraper;

medium residential blocks with retail on the ground floor.Overshadowing is a problem as buildings are built close to each other,

cities

plot ratio | up to 10 (residential)site coverage | up to 66%

urban density | 367 pp/ha

{ l}


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{seoul}

area 605.25 km2

urban density 282 people/hapopulation-characteristics 0-14 : 16.6% | 15-64 : 76.1% |

65+ : 7.3%

livable cities index ranking 81eco city index ranking 93ecological footprint 3.7 global ha/capitaissues - current challenges unbalanced development | demand

for culture, leisure, sport |unemployment

green space per capita 15.95 m2/ personpublic transport 65%

CO2 emissions 3.7 metric tons/personhuman development index 0.897 (15th)

Seoul is experiencing rapid growth over the past 50 years, which has

coincided with equally rapid economic growth and urbanization at the

national level.

It has experimented some containment policy such as the greenbelt,

inner city densification, and decentralized concentration.

The urban form of Seoul presents positive elements arising from dense

agglomeration, such as heavy public transport use, reduced energy

use, balance of housing and jobs, extensive mixed use developments,

and intensive use of brownfields.

Being a very dense city has its problem too, such as increased land

price, housing shortage, widespread gentrification, lack of mass rapidtransportation to the outer area, and energy consumption by the

commuters private automobile.

city profile

cities


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{seoul} cities

plot ratio | 1.5-3.0(residential)site coverage | up to 60%

urban density | 282pp/ha

0

200m

This model shows a typical inner city area in Seoul. It is at the south-eastern

part of the inner city. It shows fragmented urban form and diversity of building

typology. The area is characterized by low rise, medium rise and high rise highdensity development.


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{barcelona}

area 101 sq.kmurban density 171 persons / hectarepopulation-characteristics 0-14 : 12.05% | 15-64 : 67.38% |

65+ : 20.57%

livable cities index ranking 100.6 (44th

eco city index ranking 121 (57th )ecological footprint 3.26issues current challenges traffic congestion | domestic

waste | noise | pollutionplot ratio 4.7urban planning concept example - compact superblock

plangreen space per capita 18 sq.m / personpublic transport 74.2%CO2 emission 2.51 metric tons/personhuman development index

city profile

Barcelona is an example of high density, low rise development.

The city is very dense and highly mixed-use in terms of land-use. Open

space is highly accessible and the city is extremely walkable as well.

The foundation for Barcelonas transformation has been the citys

Eixampledistrict. The homogeneous grid avoids hierarchy in land property

values and generate a more democratic plan. Its configuration enhanced

the accessibility, where the metro is still within walking distance for most of

the population. The blocks also promote open area that could enhance

communal activities.

One of the catalyst of Barcelonas modern transformation was the

Olympics. Infrastructure was greatly improved, where facilities were built

on neglected urban areas and abandoned industrial land around the coast.

Although Barcelona is one of the most compact city in Europe, currently it

is facing some issues, such as traffic congestion, noise (from both traffic

and people and air pollution.

cities


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{barcelona}plot ratio | 4.79 (eixample)site coverage | up to 60%


0

200m

This is a model built on Eixample district, showing its high density in

low rise development.

It has extensive mixed use development. The path between the blocksshows high walkability around the district.

cities

{singapore}


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{singapore}

area 704 km2

urban density 107 people/hapopulation-characteristics 0-14 : 15.6% | 15-64 : 76.1% |

65+ : 8.3%livable cities index rankingeco city index rankingplot ratio 1.4-13.0 (HDB: 2.1-4.2)ecological footprint 5.34 global ha/capitaissues - current challenges increase in population | better

public transportation | betterflood management

green space/ green capital 7.5m2/personcar ownership 158 cars/1000 peoplepublic transport 59%CO2 emissions per person 7.4 metric tons/personhuman development index 0.866 (26th)

city profile

cities

As land is considered to be scarce, urban planning in Singapore is done in

a prudent manner to ensure sufficient land for industries, commerce,

transport, water catchment areas, infrastructure and military needs and

future development.

Most of the developments in Singapore are of high rise and high density to

maximize land value. 85% of the population lives in public housing.

Singapore currently has 5 million people and targets to achieve 6.5 million

people within the next 10-15 years.

Adequate and affordable housing is an issue that is currently being

addressed and public transportation needs to be improved to cater to the

increasing population.


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{singapore}plot ratio | 2.8 3.5 (residential)

site coverage | up to 40%


0

200m

cities

This massing shows a typical development of Singapore.This example is in Kallang , where most buildings range from mostly 5 storey

to 24 storeyThese are clusters of public housing blocks in the area, with open spaces and

communal facilities planned within and around the blocks.

I di t 1 { b }

I di t 2 {h d l t i d }


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correlation

s

Parks, greens and

other open spacesincluding playingfields in the urbanarea per person

Does higherdensity equate tolesser green

space

Indicator 1: {urban greenspace}

Based onMercers 2010report on qualityof living [QoL].

Ranking basedon internalstability, crimelevels, lawenforcementeffectiveness

Does higherdensity meanslower quality ofliving

Indicator 3: {quality of living}

source: Mercers 2010 Quality of Livingworldwide city rankings

The Human

DevelopmentIndex (HDI)measures well-being standards ofliving, literacy rateand lifeexpectancy ofcountries

worldwide Impact ofeconomic policieson quality of life.

Does higherdensity means acompromise on

well-being?

Indicator 2: {human development index}

source: Human Development Reports, UNDP, 2011

Eco-city indexRanks cities based on:

Water availability

water potability waste removal sewage air pollution traffic congestion

Does higherdensity equate to

a more ecologicalcity?source :www.globalsherpa.org)

Indicator 4: {eco-cities index}

Indicator 5 {transport energy consumption}

I di t 6 { hi }


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Indicator 5: {transport energy consumption} correlations

Vehicle manufacture,

maintenance anddisposal Vehicle operation Infrastructure

construction andmaintenance

Administration oftransport business

Energy productionand trade

Does a denser cityequate to lowerconsumption oftransport energy?

source: Rodrigue and Comtois, TheGeography of Transport Systems, 2009

Indicator 7: {public transport}

Percentage ofgeneral populationwho uses public

transportation

Impact:environmental,land use, social,economic,

Is there a higher

usage of publictransport indenser cities?

source:2012 American Public TransportationAssociation

Number of

private carsowned by perthousandpeople

Do peoplerequire lesscars in denser

cities?

source: International Road Federation

Indicator 6: {car ownership}

Indicator 8: {co2 emissions}

Relative contributions of material productions,building operation and transportation to annualgreenhouse gas emissions and energy use

Do denser cities perform better in terms of GHGemissions compared to cities that are not as

dense?

Source: Journal of Urban Planning and Development ASCE, MARCH 2006

Indicator 9: {ecological footprint}c


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Indicator 9: {ecological footprint}correlations

Ecological footprint is the area of land and water required to support a definedeconomy or population at a specified standard of living.

Does a denser city equate to a lower ecological footprint?

c

{matrix}


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citiescom

p

arison

{matrix}seoul barce lona s ingapore

1

2

4

3

5

6

7

8

9

urbangreen

space/pax

carownership

co2emissions

hongkong

3 sqm /person 7.5 sqm /person18 sqm/person15.95 sqm/person

quality ofliving

ranking

36t h 80t h 40t h 25 th

h.d.i. 13th 15t h 23rd 26t h

transportenergy

use

8,000MJ/person 1 0,0 00 MJ /p er so n 9 ,0 00 MJ /p er so n 1 8,0 00 MJ /p er so n

publicTransport+walking

usage

90% 63% 74.2% 59%

55 ca rs/1000

people

227 c ars/1000

people

460 ca rs/1000

people

111 ca rs/1000

people

5.4 met r ictonnes/person 3.7met r ictonnes/person 4.2met r ictonnes/person 7.4 met r ictonnes/person

eco

footprint(2007)

5.34gha3.26gha3.95gha4.0gha

eco - cities(2010) 22nd57th93rd142nd

367people/ha 107people/ha171people/ha282people/ha

{conclusion}


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Based on the matrix, Hong Kong has the highest urban density with least urban greenery at 3.3m

per person, Barcelona did best with 18m per person. Quality of living is best in Singapore which has leastdensity among the 4 cities. Human development index ranked Hong Kong best out of the 4. Public transport

usage is extremely high in Hong Kong with 90%. Car ownership is lowest in Hong kong with 55 cars per 1000people. Seoul performed best in terms of CO2 emissions. In terms of ecological footprint Barcelona came up

best with 3.25global hectare per person and Singapore came up best with the eco cities index.

It is without a doubt that the amount of transport energy use, public transport usage and car

ownership is best in terms of extremely high density conditions as public transportation infrastructure couldbe fully utilized instead of being heavily dependent on private vehicles.

In conclusion, in the example of Barcelona, it has performed relatively well with an urban densityof 171 people/hectare with mainly low rise, high density developments. Such a compact city development has

illustrated that it is possible to achieve a very livable and walkable environment with high usage of publictransport, low CO2 emissions and the highest amount of urban green space among the 4 cities. It is a type of

model that can be explored in designing cities instead of adopting only high rise high density developmentsparticularly in the case of Singapore.

{conclusion} conclusion

{reference}


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Vijai Shanker Singh, Deep Narayan Pandey, Pradeep Chaudhry , "URBAN FORESTS AND OPEN GREEN SPACES: LESSONS FORJAIPUR, RAJASTHAN, INDIA2010". http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/5458/Working%20Paper.pdf?sequence=1

Quality of Living citation: Mercers 2011 Quality of Living rankings, accessed on Web. 23 Feb. 2012.. http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/quality-of-living-report-2011

HDI: Human Development Index 2011 rankings, accessed on Web. 23 Feb. 2012. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf

Green Car Congress: WHO report urges greater attention to improved land use, rapid transit, cycling and walking to achieve health co-benefitsfrom transport GHG emissions mitigation." Green Car Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2012.

.

Ng, Edward. Designing high-density cities for social and environmental sustainability. London: Earthscan, 2010. Print.

Lim Bok Ngam, "LTA Singapore, Singapores Land Transport System Enabling the growth of a nation". WUTLS Plenary Forum 1 30th June2010 , accessed on Web. 23 Feb. 2012. http://www.ltaacademy.gov.sg/pdf/13_Lim_EnablingTheGrowth.pdf

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http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/03/09/2010030900823.html

Jeff Kenworthy, March 2005, World Cities Research Final Report on World Cities. Prepared by MVA for Commission for Integrated Transport.Web. 23 Feb. 2012 http://www.isfort.it/sito/ricerca/opmus/Studi/CTIF_GrandiCitta.pdf

Transport Department The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 2009. Co-ordination of Different Transport Modes.accessed on Web. 23 Feb. 2012.http://www.td.gov.hk/en/publications_and_press_releases/publications/free_publications/the_third_comprehensive_transport_study/5_coordination_of_different_transport_modes/index.html

"coordination_of_different_transport_modes." Transport Department. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2012..

{reference} reference

{reference}


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CO2 emission: Asian Green City Index 2011., accessed on Web. 23 Feb. 2012.

http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/events/2011/corporate/2011-02-asia/asian-gci-report-e.pdf

Transport, Communications and Tourism 2010. Census and Statistics Department., accessed on Web. 23 Feb. 2012.http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_807/transport.pdf

Social indicators. Department of Statistics Singapore, accessed on Web. 23 Feb. 2012. http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html

Naoko Doi, Kota Asano. Understanding the factors affecting the urban transport energy in Asian cities pathways of urban transport indicators

from 1995-2009, accessed on Web. 23 Feb. 2012. http://businessperspectives.org/journals_free/ee/2011/ee_2011_2_Doi.pdf

EMTA Barometer of Public Transport in the European Metropolitan Areas December 2004.http://www.emta.com/IMG/pdf/4P_BAROMETER_GB_final.pdf

Andy Cornish "Hong Kong Ecological Footprint Report 2010", accessed on Web. 23 Feb. 2012.http://assets.wwfhk.panda.org/downloads/hong_kong_ecological_footprint_report_2010.pdf

Folch, Dr Ramon. "barcelona, agenda 21." El web de la ciutat de Barcelona. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2012..

Seoul ecological footprint 3.95 gha Seoul Ecological Footprint 2006.http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200903260036545&code=950201 " 90% -." Web. 23 Feb. 2012. .

Tulloch, James. "Whats Your Citys Carbon Footprint? | Allianz Knowledge." Home | Allianz Knowledge. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2012.


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PeterNewman2006.Theenvironmentalimpactofcitieshttp://eau.sagepub.com/content/18/2/275


{reference} r


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Healthcobenefitsofclimatechangemitigation TransportsectorUnitedNationsFrameworkon

ClimateChangeConferenceoftheParties(COP17)inDurban,SouthAfrica


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