Final Review (revised Spring 2000)GS390

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Final: Wednesday June 7, 2000 8:00-10:30 in Classroom***Bring a Pencil***

Quarter Review

Concepts

News

Directions for Change

Social Issues and Computers

A Computer System?

Three big uses of PCs

3 Applications on PCs

SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets

Wordprocessing

Wordprocessing

DatabaseManagement

DatabaseManagement

The quick brown fox jumpedover the lazy dog.

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(a) Review Wordprocessing(a) Review Wordprocessing

From typing to page design and publication qualityReview Tutorials on Word Processing from “Basics” to “Advanced Editing”.

Should look at for general knowledge: Pagemaker in Text

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(b) Lab--Review Spreadsheets (b) Lab--Review Spreadsheets

Spreadsheet Basics

Spreadsheet, a computerized Matrix composed of cells that can contain labels, values, formulas are functions and is used for calculations

budgets

simple check balancing

calculations decision charts

grade calculations

what if computations,4

(c) Lab Review DBMS (c) Lab Review DBMS

Storage of data

Retrieval of data

Sorting

Selecting

Reports

Mail Merge

Relational*

5 Don’t forget to review DBMS concepts

Relational DBMS--connecting multiple data bases togather

LibraryoverduebooksDB

RecordsGradesIncompletesELMDB

Dormfees

Registration

Spreedsheets or Data Bases6

At registration all the above data bases are checked to determine any deficiencies before you are allowed to register

(d) Mainframes & WAN: Why use these(d) Mainframes & WAN: Why use these

1. Communication E- Mail Internet

2. Available applications/ information statistics, databases (library etc.)

3. Capabillity size---big memory, big data sets speed-- to perform tasks on big complex data sets

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WWW: World Wide Web: interconnected web content servers and clients accessing the serversWAN; Wide Area Networks--interconnected computersLAN; Local Area Networks--interconnected computers, printers

LAN & WANLAN & WAN

Local Cyber

Admin A Mini

Admin B Mini

Prime

VAX

Switch

CENTRAL CYBER in Los Angelas

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WAN

LAN

Labs

Internet

CSUB

(e) Lab--Intro to IBM Compatibles

(e) Lab--Intro to IBM Compatibles

DOS (and shells-Windows etc.)

Wordperfect (the original successful word processor on the PC similar to Microsoft Word)

Lotus 1 2 3 (the original PC spreadsheet like EXCEL)[not covered S00]

Windows (a Mac like operating system)

Hyperstudeo etc. (like Hypercard but both work on IBM’s)

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HackersHackers—Machine Freaks (like to

tinker with hardware)

—Software Freaks (like to

tinker with programs)

—Explorers (like to examine,

play, experiment)

—Destroyers (create

distructive programs)11

(B) New Concepts: Review for Final

1. Viruses*

2. Worms*

3. Bombs*

4. Trojan Horses*

(d) Computer “Diseases”(d) Computer “Diseases”

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Viruses

-Reproduce

-May be malevolent or benign

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Is Windows a virus?Is Windows a virus?

No, Windows is not a virus. Here's what viruses (viri?) do:

1. They replicate quickly -- okay, Windows does that.

2. Viruses use up valuable system resources, slowing down the system as they do so -- okay, Windows does that.

3. Viruses will, from time to time, trash your hard disk -- okay,-- Windows does that, too.

4. Viruses are usually carried, unknown to the user, along with valuable programs and systems. Sigh... Windows does that, too.

5. Viruses will occasionally make the user suspect their system is too slow (see 2) and the user will buy new hardware. Yup, that's with Windows, too.

A JOKE : )

Windows is not a Virus

• Until now it seems Windows is a virus but there are some fundamental differences:

• Viruses are well supported by their authors

• Viruses run on most systems, their program code is fast, compact and efficient and they tend to become more sophisticated as they mature.

• So, Windows is *not* a virus.

• "Life is a game where nothing is real...• daniel.james@attws.com

Worms

Programs that move through networks or computer memory partitions

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Bombs

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Logic BombsLogic Bombs

If condition Then

Action

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Example;If date is XXXX on the computerinstall micro virus. Examples includeFriday 13 logic bomb and New Years logic bomb

Time BombsTime Bombs

Act at a particular time

Friday 1317

Trojan HorseTrojan Horse

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A “gift” that contains evil within. Any of previous examples but contained in a game or illegal copies of legitimate software and emailed or downloaded pictures or attachments.

Vaccines

Macintosh: DisinfectantMacafee VirusScan and Norton AntiVirus (PC example)

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Any program that checks software and documents as it is runare downloaded for viruses

Space 1

Space 1

=1 bit

=1 byte

1 page =4K

{ Computer Memory

Computer Space

[1 page - 4000 bytes]

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(to be continued on “Space 6”)

Space 2

Space 2

800K = Floppy Disk{

200 Pages

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Storage for documentsOld 3 1/4 floppy

Space 3

Space 3

350 pages =1.4Megabyte

{ 1.4 MB--New FloppyDisk

22Becoming Standard: Zip drives 100MB

Space 4

Space 4

{ 20 MB Hard Disk

5000 pages =20 Megabyte [20,000K]

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Space 5

Space 5

Harddrives come in big to gigantic sizes

40 Megabyte

80 Megabyte

105 Megabyte

185 Megabyte

350 Megabyte

500 Megabyte

1 Gigabyte

8 Gig and up is now the standard with 27 GigPossible

and up, up, up

Directions Gigabites CD Optical R/W

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Space 6

Space 6Internal Memory space in the Computer

(continued from “Space 1”)

Binary

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Binary-1 bit on or off

Off 0

On 1

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Internal Binary Basics

•The most basic unit of computer information is called a bit

•It is expressed to the computer by the numbers

0 or 1.

•All "characters"[a,b,z..,1,2,3...?,!,/..] are a symbolized by series of 8 bits,0s and 1s

•All operations in the computer [+,-,*,/] are 0s and 1s

All off or on—like light bulbs.27

Reading BinaryReading Binary

256 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 Byte--8 bits

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ASCII SAMPLES ASCII SAMPLES

Binary -base 2 Decimal-base 10 0 0 1 1 10 2 11 3 100 4 101 5 110 629

SPEEDOMETERS--counting in binary

1 0 11

011 0

What is the next number (if we add one more)?

+1 becomes

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Bytes-K

One thousand bytes come together to form 1K.

Let's make this simpler to remember:

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Bit-Byte-K

1 bit = 1 bit8 bits = 1 byte1024 bytes = 1K

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BINARY / ASCII

The binary code for the letter,number, or symbol is transferred to a code, called ASCII (8 bit Byte)*

(American Standard Code for Information Interchange).

This transfer cycle is;

binary -> ASCII -> Word,

Word -> to ASCII -> binary

NOTE: Some fonts eg. Kanji, Chinese rquire 2 bytes for characters33

More ASCII-Binary

Binary Decimal(ASCII, 8bit byte)

00110001 <---> 1 00110010 <---> 2 00110011 <---> 3 01000001 <---> A 01000010 <---> B 01011001 <---> Y 00100001 <---> !

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ASCII <-> Binary

ASCII BINARY

WORD

WORD35

Memory :Addressing 1

The Pizza Man36

Apt 1 Apt 2 Apt 3 Apt 4 Apt 5 Laundry

Apt 6 Apt 7 Apt 8 Apt 9 Apt 10 Office

How many apartmentscan we have if they canhave only 1 digit address

Addressing 2

Two bits havefour possibleaddresses

0

1

One bit has twoaddresses

00011011

Continuewith this

How many addresseswith 4 8 16 32

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Bits & Addresses 3

Bits & Addresses 3

If we string 8 bits (8 combinations of the numbers 0 and 1)

together we have a byte.

2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256

Each additional bit doubles the possible addresses38

Importance of Addressing(1) More memory thus

Bigger programs

Bigger data sets

Multi program accessibility

(2) Increased speed of processing

(3) Currently 32 bit standard but 64 on the way

AppleIIe

Current IBM &Mac

32 bit39

8 bit

Addressing 4 DatabusAddressing 4 Databus

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Time/SpeedTime/SpeedMips & Hertz

Current PC's

Future PC's and current Workstation, Mainframe and Supercomputers

New speed is BIPSComing TarraflopsNew speed is BIPSComing Tarraflops

41Note:Some Current CPUs run at more then 1000 hertz

D) More Concept Review

Paint vs Draw

Bitmapped vs Postscript

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Beyond Microsoft Paint and Hyperpaint

1. Drawing vs painting*

2. Combination programs*

3. Samples of newer programs*

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Drawing vs PaintingPaint

-- bit mapped graphics, creative free form

-- low resolution dependant on screen resolution Example*

Draw—objects

—formula driven

—easy modification (size, position, etc.)

—output dependant on printer Example*

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Drawing vs Painting Examples

Drawing vs Painting Examples

Painting -- Mac Paint, Microsoft Paint

Drawing -- Clarisworks, Canvas, Word

A demo may follow

when expendedthe line will not becomeragged- it is defined by a math formula- lines connect points

when expandedthe line will get raggedsince it is bit defined

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Created as Paint

Created as Drawing

Bitmapped vs Formula Script

Bitmapped vs Formula Script

-Bit mapped is like painting

-Characters are stored as a set of pixals (dots) that look like the character.

-Problem: the exact set of dots is printed no matter if the printer is Imagewriter 140 DPI

laserwriter 300 DPI or newer 600 DPI

Stylewriter 360 DPI

Most inkjet home printers 300-600 DPI

Linotronic 1600-2400 DPI thus the print looks only as good as the worst printer allows

Postscript (most common) Truetype (newest)47

Postscript vs Bitmapped:

-Bitmapped is stored as the dots that appear on the screen. Older dot matrix printers illustrate this method

-Postscript Characters are stored as a set of formulas that contain the relative sizes of sides, curves, etc.

-Solution: the set of dots printed will use all possible dots a printer will allow and thus will look as good as the printer allows.

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John Warnock from Zerox PARC solved the problem of making printer output look like the screen

Bit/Post Examples

Bit/Post Examples

New York 72Can you tell which is a bitmapped font?

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Bit/Post Examples

Bit/Post Examples

New York 72

On Larger FontsBitmappedragged edges are rougher then postscript

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1. PRE COMPUTER DEVELOPMENTS

1GEOMETRY

2ALGEBRA

3MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE

4MECHANICAL CALCULATORS

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COMPUTER HISTORY

OUTLINE

1.PRE COMPUTER DEVELOPMENTS

2.EARLY COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT

3.RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

4.FUTURE COMPUTERS

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Math concepts

-30BC

GREEKS - PLANETARIUM

GREEKS - GEOMETRY

CHINA, INDIA - ALGEBRA

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— MECHANICAL MODELS OF the UNIVERSE

—ABACUS (frequently called the first computer)

—SLIDE RULE

The first computers!

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Mechanical Calculators

(e) Libraries and Computers(e) Libraries and Computers

David Kozokoski

Will the library of the future be a phone call away?

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***Spring 2000***

Advantages of Computer Searches• Logical searches save time and focus information

• Speed

• Amount of sources available

• Increasing availability of original full text material

• Future to-be published documents available

•Diffirence in how searches in diffirent web search engines are carried out: e.g. what is the diffirence in Yahoo (organized and reviewed), Google(more quality links returned and Northernlight (divides sarch results into concept folders)

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Problems of Computer Searches

especially those not on the WEB• Cost : free or cheap to us but expensive for some government and commercial use (e.g. Nexus & Lexus, Compustat cost big bucks for privite and commercial users)

• Skills needed to develop / refine topic areas, The human component; logic and Vinn diagrams, filtering out he un related stuff

to much data, not enough information or knowledge57

Criteria for Computer Types

Cost

Size

Sophistication of operating system*

Speed

* Multiprocessing, distributed processing, multi-user, command or icon

Current and futureTypes of computersSupercomputers

Mainframe computers

Mini computers

Workstations

Personal computers

Desktop

Laptop

*Notebook

*Palmtop, PDA (Pilot, etc.)

*Computer Appliances

} These also referred to as portable

* Hot Stuff on current market

General Directions in Computers*

•Faster CPU's

•Massive multiprocessing

•Bigger addressing/Memory

•Decreasing Size

•Lower Cost (for same function and speed)

•Sophistication

•Connectivity

Hardware - Directions

Time & Space (speed and addressing)

Hertz --> MIPS --> BIPS (CRAY & MMP) IBM's 16 megabyte chip & 64 bit addressing Size Current fastest speed is the AMD and Intel 1000+CPU

Mainframe --> Mini --> desktop --> portable --> Notebook Palmtop --> PDA's (personal digital assistants) Cost Down---> Down---->Down 98

(a $600 system)

Sophistication Voice/Hand recognitition, voice synthesis, neural networks multitasking, multiprocessing, virtual reality, connectivity

Mac System1984 1994$3000 $1000Speed 7 16+1 meg 4 Meg mem 2 Floppys 80 HD B/W 24 Bit color

Directions in software

Wordprocessing

Database Management

Paint/Draw

Statistics

Reference Search

Games

Printed output

Desktop Publishing

English Queries, AI

3D, Virtual, Motion

Graphics & AI

Natural language Retrieval

Simulations (Sim City)

Groupware, Virtual reality

Ease of use

Directions in Languages

Unix, C++ and Java

Pascal

Lisp (logo) and Prolog

LOGO (my judgement ) best for educators Turtle paints a trail when the turtle moves

Moves Forward 10 Right 90

Procedures and iterations To Square Repeat 4 [ Fd 100 Rt 90] End

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OOPs (Object Oriented Programming --Hypercard)

We did not cover Spring 2000

Directions inOperating Systems

InterfaceWindows

Icons

Mice

*Handwriting

Voice recognition

Touch

Virtual Reality (hand, footmat)

Agents

Connectivity65

Lunix: an open software that looks like a potential for some of Microsoft’s market. Based on UNIX and available free or with small cost for documentation and some support. Not ready for the pop market

Computers and SocietyCulture and computers--desktops, Microsoft and Monoplys

Some Issues. Will Computers and computer technology aid:(1) Freedom (empowerment) or control(2) Increase differences: Digital Divide (access to technology and knowledge)(3)Decrease Personal Privacy

You should be able to think of other issues (check class discussions and Computers and Society links). For example:

Will computers humanize or dehumanize human relations?

Are Computers and the Web addicting?

66****A MUST--check class homepage Computers and Societymenu option and review articles added up until 6/04/ 2000

Recent Computer History:The Information Industry US

--5% Workers US are in information communication, Entertainment etc.

--Microsoft worth, sales up, General Motors relatively flat

--Software and Hardware value 500 billion

--Hardware/Software are 10% 0f GNP

--10% workers are home workers on PC's

--Richest man US is Bill Gates head of Microsoft (How much is he currently worth? approx 89 billion until he lost 442 billion worth after the judges decision)

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Recent Studies

-- More then 2/3 Americans households has a personal computer (70%) and 73% of these have internet and/or email access.

-- Virtually all Americans under 60 have used computers and (92%)have used the internet.

-- 4 of 5 under 60 with incomes > $30,000 year use computer at work.

--1/2 of employees under 60 < $30,000 income use computer at work

-- 95% of all house-holds have a VCR. 78% percent are hooked to a cable TV system.

--29% have more then 1 computer while 20% have a computer less then 1 year old

(Source) A large survey by National Public Radio, the Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard's Kennedy School of Government shows that people overwhelmingly think that computers and the Internet have made Americans' lives better. Check out the survey and results at:

http://www.csubak.edu/~jross/classes/GS390/startup.html68

NPR survey W2000Check out in C@S links

FinalText-all introductions, readings, tutorials

Aware but not skilled in Appleworks, Logo, Desktop Pub.

Labs-all lab exercises-there will be questions about the Macintosh from the computer tutorial

Lecture/discussion-all content, concepts, news, directions, etc

Class WEB page--especially latest Computers and Society links and web tutorials

Questions on how to improve class

120 MC questions and there may be 1-3 short answer quest

Check this GS390 powerpoint outline Monday for additions My Computer: Choose Faculty on Vega (S) then jross

in jross copy and run Gs390rev.ppt71

--bring a pencil---