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UNITED INTERNATIONALUNIVERSITY

Components of CPU And Their Function

SUBMITED TO:

Rezwanul Huque KhanAssistant Professor

SUBMITED BY:

Mst. Huraiya akter Sima

ID: 121101010SEC:D

BSECO


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SUBMISSION DATE: 06.12.10

Definition of CPU

A CPU is a central processing unit, the core of a computer's functionality. The CPU is the

main part of a computerthat processes the mathematical calculations necessary for a

computer's functions. CPUs are commonly called the "brains" of a computer because itcannot function without its CPU component.

Function

CPUs are designed to execute a program's instructions. Programs are stored as number

sequences in the computer's memory. When a program is accessed, the CPU processes

the program's instructions.CPUs carry out programming instructions in the same format as the original stored-

program computer developed by John von Newman. The instructions are executed in four

steps -- fetch, decode, execute and write back. CPUs fetch by getting the program's

instructions, then the instructions are decoded. As the CPU decodes the instruction, itsorts and prioritizes the program's information in preparation for execution.

Execution is where the CPU completes the program's instructions. Upon completion of a

program's execution, the CPU writes back the execution results so that it is stored in its
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internal register or computer memory. When the program is accessed again, the CPU may

access the program's write-back information.

Types

There are many CPUs available; however, the two most-popular, most-reliable brands are

the Intel and AMD CPUs. Intel CPUs are the most compatible CPUs on the market, and

most software programs are designed to work on Intel CPUs. As the market leader of

CPUs, Intel produces the Pentium, Centrino, Centrino 2, Core 2, and Pentium CPUs.AMD is the next leading producer of CPUs in the market. They are very reliable and are

as fast as, or faster than the Intel CPUs, and they lead the market in most graphic

applications. AMD produces the Phenom, Sempron, Athlon and Turion CPUs.

Part of the cpu:

The majorcomponents of a computer system unit are:

1. The Motherboard

2. Various types of Card

3. Floppy Disk Drive

4. Hard Disk Drive

5. CD ROM Drive

6. Power Supply

Function Of each Part

Each different part in a computer has a different task to perform, just as each part in an

automobile has a job to do. Each part works differently in order to get its job done.There are many misconceptions about what parts do what job, and here, we will set

out to correct them. Knowing what function each part has is very rewarding. If one

knows what part does one, they can easily narrow down problems in a computer.


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The Motherboard:

We will start with the internal connecters and ports and then move on to the Externalones. We can use the numbers on the image to jump straight to that section.

Compare the Latest Motherboards from many online stores and save-

1. IEEE 1394 Port

2. PCI Express 16x slots

3. PCI Express 1x slot

4. Chipset North bridge

5. ATX Power Connector (8 pin)6. CPU Socket

7. DIMM Slots

8. ATX Power Connector (24 pin)9. Motherboard controls

10. Chipset South Bridge

11. S-ATA Connectors12. USB Headers13. Motherboard Battery

14. Standard PCI Slot

15. Floppy Connector16. IDE Connector (Not shown on diagram)

17. BIOS Chip (Not shown on Diagram)
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The motherboard is the heart of the computer. It is the largest and most fundamental

component of a PC and every other component is attached to it in some way. This is

because all the different components use the motherboard to communicate and work witheach other. The motherboard has a series of slots, sockets and connectors for attaching

the components of a PC. In most cases, the memory, accessory cards, and CPU are

installed directly onto the motherboard. The drives and peripherals communicate with themotherboard through wired connections. There are a wide range of motherboards to

choose from. They differ in features, speed, capacity and the CPU supported. They also

differ in size, shape and layout, this is commonly referred to as the "form factor"

Various types of Card:

1.Video Cards (Graphic Cards)

Some types of Graphics Card

A graphic card is the component of our computer that interprets video signal. These cardsare necessary so that we can connect a monitor to our computer. There are many types of

graphic cards available: anything from high-end gaming cards to TV tuner cards. Some

popular graphic card manufacturers are NVIDIA, ATI, and EVGA.

2.SOUND CARD:

A sound card (also known as an audio card) is a computerexpansion card that

facilitates the input and output ofaudio signals to and from a computer under control ofcomputer programs. Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component

for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio,

presentation, education, and entertainment (games). Many computers have sound
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capabilities built in, while others require additional expansion cards to provide for audio

capability.

Floppy Disk Drive:

Floppy disks go in the A: drive of your computer. They are removable storage on whichyour computer can read or write files.

Hard Disk Drive:

A Western Digital Hard Drive

The Hard Drive("HD")

The Hard Drive is simply a multitude of metal disks that spin around inside your

computer, with heads that move around those disks. Those heads read and write data to

the metallic disks. The reason for using a Hard drive is because the hard drive is the onlypart inside a computer that stores data while the

computer is off. Our Hard Drive is what stores all of your settings, programs, and the

operating system while your computer is off. The only draw back to the hard drive, is


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that it is mechanical. That means it has a tendency to break down every once in a while

for no reason, and it is slower than electronic means of data storage.

CD ROM Drive:

The CD-ROM disks are inserted into your system's D: drive. They can store much more information than a

floppy disk, but your computer cannot write to them. This is because they are Read-Only Memory (ROM).

POWER SUPPLY:


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This supplies power to the other components, which is why it has so many wires coming

out of it.

It is usually positioned at the back top corner of the computer case. The power supply hasa fan built into it to keep itself and the computer cool.

Part of the Motherboard:1. Processor

2. Math Co-Processor

3. RAM

4. ROM

5. Rechargeable Battery

6. Expansion Slot

7. Key-Board connector

Explanation of Motherboard-

Processor:

An Intel Processor

The Processor("CPU")

The processor is known as the brain of the computer. In fact, its not. If anything, the

computer as a whole serves as a brain. The processor is just a really fast calculator. Itadds, subtracts, multiplies and divides a multitude of numbers. There are two parts of the


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Processor that do the math. The first

part is called the Integer unit. The other half is called the Floating Point Unit.

Math Co-Processor:

The Math Coprocessor is a second processor in your computer that does

nothing but number crunching for the system. Addition, subtraction,

multiplication, and division of simple numbers is not the coprocessors job. It

does all the calculations involving floating point (decimal) numbers, such as

scientific calculations and algebraic functions.

RAM:


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Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is easily confused with Hard Drive, because both store data. The two are actually

very different. The RAM is a chip that holds data, only as electricity flows though it. It is

very fast compared to the Hard Drive, but is also expensive, which is why we dont use itfor our primary data storage. RAM is used as a interface between the Hard Drive and the

Processor. If the Processor needs some data thats on the hard drive, the chipset (well getto the chipset later) will retrieve the data from the hard drive and put it into memory, so

the processor can access it faster. If the computer runs out of room in the RAM, it will

make a file on our hard drive, called "Virtual RAM." "Virtual RAM" is just an extension

of real RAM on our Hard Drive.

ROM:

ROM is computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has beenwritten on a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read. ROM retains its

contents even when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile.Most personal computers contain a small amount of ROM that stores critical programs

such as the program that boots the computer. In addition, ROM is used extensively in

calculators and peripheral devices such as laser printers, whose fonts are often stored inROM.

Memory Type: by storing process

A diagram of memory hierarchy, to help visualize memory arrangement in a computer.


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Rechargeable Battery

A rechargeable battery orstorage battery is a group of one or more electrochemical

cells. They are known as secondary cells because theirelectrochemicalreactions are

electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes,

ranging anything from abutton cell to megawatt systems connected to stabilize anelectrical distribution network. Several different combinations of chemicals are

commonly used, including: lead-acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride(NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer(Li-ion polymer).

Expansion Slot
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The expansion card (also expansion board, adapter cardoraccessory card) in

computing is aprinted circuit board that can be inserted into anexpansion slot of a

computermotherboard to add functionality to a computer system. One edge of theexpansion card holds the contacts (the edge connector) that fit exactly into the slot. They

establish the electrical contact between the electronics (mostly integrated circuits) on the

card and on the motherboard.

Key-Board connector:

Keyboards are generally plugged into the rear of the CPU, on the motherboard, using a

purple PS/2 connector.

Cache("L1,and L2")

The Cache is high speed RAM. It stores commonly used data and instructions from the

processor so that it doesnt have to go to the slower RAM to get it. This is why the

modern day computer is so fast. Without cache, most processors would be limited inspeed by the RAM.
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The ChipsetThe chipset is the boss inside the computer. It controls communication between the

components. The hipset is split up into two basic chips. The first chip, called the North

Bridge, handles communication between the AGP bus, (if it exists), RAM, processor, andthe South Bridge of the chipset. The South Bridge handles all the Input and output of the

computer, including the PCI and ISA Bus. The Processor, Memory, Cache, and Chipset

all work together to function as a logical brain, that covers all the major parts of acomputer.

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