final book - no.ne g-8 p-iit/cha 31.pdf' ,ytrg; ghle}y; tpepnahfj;jpw;fhf "125,g;ghlj;ijf;...
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' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 125
,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; ePq;fs;
« Kf;NfhzpfisAk; ehw;gf;fy;fisAk; nfhz;L Fiwj; J}a
njryhf;fj;ij mikj;jy;
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtPu;fs;.
tPLfspd; jsk; my;yJ Rtu;fspd; Nkw;gug;Gf;fspy; gPq;fhd; XLfs;;
gjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fz;bUg;gPu;fs;. xU Nfhyk; my;yJ gy;NtW
Nfhyq;fs; cUthFkhW gjpf;fg;gLk; ,j;jifa ,lq;fspy; gPq;fhd;
XLfisg; gjpf;ifapy; gPq;fhd; XLfSf;fpilNa ,ilntsp ,uhjthWk;
mit xd;wpd; kPJ xd;W gbahjthWk; milj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,J njryhf;fj;jpd; Nfhl;ghl;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.
xd;wpd; kPJ xd;W gbahjthWk; ,ilntsp ,uhjthWk; xU
tbtj;ij my;yJ gy tbtq;fis xU jsj;jpd; kPJ xU Nfhyj;jpy;
xOq;FgLj;Jjy; njryhf;fk;njryhf;fk;njryhf;fk;njryhf;fk;njryhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
gy;NtW tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ghTifia (rPypq;if) mikj;jy;>
fk;gsq;fisj; jahu; nra;jy;> Jzpfis nea;jy;> kl;ghz;lq;fisr;
nra;jy;> tPlikg;G Mfpatw;wpy; njryhf;fk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghL
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
31.1 J}a njryhf;fk; 31.1 J}a njryhf;fk; 31.1 J}a njryhf;fk; 31.1 J}a njryhf;fk; 31.1 J}a njryhf;fk;
xU tbtj;ij khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gLk; J}a njryhf;fk;
gw;wp Kd;du; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;. ,q;F Xu; xOq;fhd my;yJ xOq;fw;w
tbtk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
nraw;ghL 31.1 nraw;ghL 31.1 nraw;ghL 31.1 nraw;ghL 31.1 nraw;ghL 31.11.
Nkw;Fwpj;j Mq;fpy vOj;Jfspd; tbtq;fis mNj mstpilf;Fr;
rJuf;Nfhl;Lj; jhspy; gpujpnra;J xU njryhf;fj;ij mikf;f.
2. xU fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;Fwpj;j vOj;Jfis cUthf;fp
mtw;iwf; nfhz;L xU njryhf;fj;ij mikf;f (word Nghd;w
xU nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.)
njryhf;fk; njryhf;fk; njryhf;fk; njryhf;fk; njryhf;fk;3131313131
' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 126
31.2 xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; 31.2 xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; 31.2 xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; 31.2 xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; 31.2 xOq;fhd njryhf;fk;
xU xOq;;fhd cUtj;ij khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gLk; njryhf;fk;
xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; vdg;gLk;. Xu; xOq;fhd cUtj;jpd; gf;fq;fs;
rkkhfTk; Nfhzq;fs; rkkhfTk; ,Ug;gjdhy;> ,j;jifa njryhf;-
fq;fis vspjhfr; nra;ayhk;.
mj;jifa xOq;fhd njryhf;fq;fspd; rpy gFjpfs; fPNo fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 31.2
Xu; xOq;fhd cUit khj;jpuk; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLk; njryhf;fq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jj;jf;f xOq;fhd cUf;fs; rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzp> rJuk;> xOq;fhd
mWNfhzp vd;gdthFk;. ,jid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW
xOq;fhd tbtq;fis ml;ilj;jhspy; ntl;b vLj;J xU jhspy; xl;bj;
njryhf;fj;ij mikj;Jg; ghu;f;f.
31.3 Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk; 31.3 Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk; 31.3 Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk; 31.3 Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk; 31.3 Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk;
Nkw;Fwpj;j njryhf;fq;fis ed;whfg; guprPypf;f.
,j;njryhf;fq;fspy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l (ntt;NtW) tbtq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jifa njryhf;fk; Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fkFiwj; J}a njryhf;fkFiwj; J}a njryhf;fkFiwj; J}a njryhf;fkFiwj; J}a njryhf;fk;
vdg;gLk;.
rJuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpr; nra;j
njryhf;fj;jpd; xU gFjp
rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpfisg;
gad;gLj;jpr; nra;j
njryhf;fj;jpd; xU gFjp
xOq;fhd
mWNfhzpfisg;
gad;gLj;jpr; nra;j
njryhf;fj;jpd; xU gFjp
(i) (ii) (iii)
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tbtq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tbtq;fs;cU
ruptfk;> nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp
ruptfk;> nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp
rJuk;> Kf;Nfhzp
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2
2
2
' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 127
gy;NtW gy;Nfhzpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fq;fisr;
nra;ayhk;. vdpDk;> ,q;F Kf;NfhzpfisAk; ehw;gf;fy;fisAk; nfhz;l
njryhf;fq;fis khj;jpuk; fUj Ntz;Lk;.
gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp 31.1
tpNrl ngau;fs; toq;fg;gLk; rpy tif Kf;NfhzpfSk; ehw;gf;fy;fSk;
fPNo fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l
(ntt;NtW) tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; njryhf;fq;fis mikf;f.
rkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzprkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzprkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzprkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzprkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzp
(%d;W gf;fq;fSk;
NtWgl;l ePsq;fisf;
nfhz;bUj;jy;)
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpnrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpnrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpnrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpnrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp
(xU Nfhzk; 90O Mf
,Uj;jy;)
rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzprkgf;f Kf;Nfhzprkgf;f Kf;Nfhzprkgf;f Kf;Nfhzprkgf;f Kf;Nfhzp
(vy;yhg; gf;fq;fSk;
rkkhf ,Uj;jy;)
,Urkgf ;f,Urkgf ;f,Urkgf ;f,Urkgf ;f,Urkgf ;f
Kf;NfhzpKf;NfhzpKf;NfhzpKf;NfhzpKf;Nfhzp
(,U gf;fq;fs;
rkkhf ,Uj;jy;)
rha;rJuk;rha;rJuk;rha;rJuk;rha;rJuk;rha;rJuk;
(vjpu;g; gf;fq;fs;
rkhe;jukhfTk;
vy;yhg; gf;fq;fSk;
rkkhfTk; ,Uj;jy;)
ru ptfk;ru ptfk;ru ptfk;ru ptfk;ru ptfk;
(xU Nrhb vjpu;g;
gf;fq;fs; khj;jpuk;
rkhe;jukhf ,Uj;jy;)
,izfuk;,izfuk;,izfuk;,izfuk;,izfuk;
(vjpu;g; gf;fq;fs;
rkhe;jukhfTk;
rkkhfTk; ,Uj;jy;)
nrt;tfk;nrt;tfk;nrt;tfk;nrt;tfk;nrt;tfk;
(vjpu;g; gf;fq;fs;
rkkhfTk; vy;yhf;
Nfhzq;fSk;
nrq;Nfhzq;fshfTk;
,Uj;jy;)
rJuk;rJuk;rJuk;rJuk;rJuk;
(vy;yhg; gf;fq;fSk;
rkkhfTk; vy;yhf;
Nfhzq;fSk;
nrq;Nfhzq;fshfTk;
,Uj;jy;)
' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 128
31.4 cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; 31.4 cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; 31.4 cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; 31.4 cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; 31.4 cr;rpg; Gs;spfs;
Kf;Nfhzpapd; cr;rpfs; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;spfs; njryhf;fj;jpd; cr;rpg;
Gs;spfs; vdg;gLk; (cUtpy; jbj;j Gs;spfspdhy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.)
xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; %d;W mff; Nfhzq;fspdJk; $l;Lj;njhif 180o
Mifahy;> cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; Rw;wp cs;s Nfhzq;fspd;
$l;Lj;njhif 360o MFk;.
nraw;ghL 31.3nraw;ghL 31.3nraw;ghL 31.3nraw;ghL 31.3nraw;ghL 31.3
NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW Xu; ml;ilj;jhspy; xNu tbtpyhd rpy
Kf;Nfhzpfis ntl;bf; nfhs;f. mtw;iwf; nfhz;L cUtpy; fhzg;gLk;
njryhf;fj;ij mikf;f. cr;rpg; Gs;spiar; Rw;wp cs;s Nfhzq;fspd;
$l;Lj;njhif 360O vd;gij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;f.
gapw;rp 31.2 gapw;rp 31.2 gapw;rp 31.2 gapw;rp 31.2 gapw;rp 31.2
1. cUtpy; cs;s Kf;Nfhzpiag; gad;gLj;jp xU
njryhf;fj;ijr; rJuf;Nfhl;Lj; jhspy; mikf;f.
ve;jnthU Kf;NfhzpiaAk; nfhz;L njryhf;fk;
nra;ayhk;; vd;gij fhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.
2. cUtpy; cs;s ehw;gf;fiyg; gad;gLj;jp xU
njryhf;fj;ij mikf;f. ve;jnthU ehw;gf;f-
iyAk; nfhz;L njryhf;fk; nra;ayhk;
vd;gij fhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.
xU tif Kf;Nfhzpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; J}a njryhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l
xU re;ju;g;gj;ijf; fUJNthk;. 1, 2, 3 Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; Kf;Nfhzpapd;
mff; Nfhzq;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 129
xU gy;Nfhzpapd; mff; Nfhzq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; $l;Lj;njhifiaAk;
fUJtjd; %yk; mtw;iwj; njryhf;fk;; nra;a KbAkh vd;gijj;
Jzpayhk;.
Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fisf; nfhz;l njryhf;fj;jpd; tbtq;fspd;
cr;rpfs; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;spfs; cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; vdg;gLk; mNj
Ntis mt;Tr;rpg; Gs;spfisr; Rw;wpj; njryhf;fj;jpd; vy;yh
tbtq;fSk; ,Uf;Fk;.
rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;
v xU tbtj;ij my;yJ gy tbtq;fis ,ilntsp ,uhjthWk;
xd;wpd; kPJ xd;W gbahjthWk; xU Fwpj;j jsj;jpy; mikj;jy;;
njryhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
v xNu xOq;fhd tbtj;ij khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk;
njryhf;fk; xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
v xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l (NtWgl;l) tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr;
nra;ag;gLk; njryhf;fk; Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
v njryhf;fj;jpd; tbtq;fspd; cr;rpfs; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;spfs; cr;rpg;
Gs;spfshFk;.
v Xu; cr;rpg; Gs;spiar; Rw;wp cs;s Nfhzq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif
360O MFk;.
gpd;tUk; ehw;gf;fiyg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gl;l njryhf;fj;jpd; cr;rpg;
Gs;spfisr; Rw;wp cs;s ehw;gf;fypd; mff; Nfhzq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif
fpilf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; vkJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;JNthk;.
Nkw;Fwpj;j njryhf;fj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ehw;gf;fy; FtpTg;
gy;Nfhzpad;W. ,jw;Nfw;gf; FtpT my;yJ FopT ehw;gf;fiyg;
gad;gLj;jpj; njryhf;fj;ij mikf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> ,J 4 gf;fq;fSf;F
Nkw;gl;l gf;fq;fs; cs;s gy;NfhzpfSf;F cz;ikahdjd;W.
' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 130
gpd;dpizg;G - I
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