filipino heritage language learners’ problems (reading,writing, speaking) markers cases focus...
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Filipino Heritage Language Learners’ Problems (Reading,Writing, Speaking)
Markers Cases Focus Aspects (conjugation of verbs) Linkers Word order Affixation Pronunciation & Spelling
“I get confused over which linker I should use.”
---Heritage Language Learner
MarkersCASE
MARKERSPROPER NAME COMMON NOUN
singular plural singular plural
Nominativesi sina ang ang mga
Genetive
The chicken of the woman
(post)
ni nina ng ng mga
Dative
The woman’s chicken
(pre)
kay kina sa sa mga
Benefactive(for) para kay para kina para sa para sa mga
Some Characteristics of the Language
1. The word order is as follows:PREDICATE MARKER
(NM)/GM
DOER MARKER (GM)/ (NM)
OBJECT/
SUBJECT
AF Nagluto ang babae ng manok.
cooked woman chicken.
OF Niluto ng babae ang manok.
cooked by woman chicken.
2. Filipino has 7 Focuses or Subjects all preceded by Nominative Markers (NM)
Actor Focus (AF)
Object Focus (OF)
Benefactive (BF) Locative FOCUS (LF)
Directional Focus (DF) Causative Focus (CF) Instrumental Focus (IF)
FOCUS PREDICATE NM SUBJECT GM OBJECT/DOER
BM (for)
BENEFICIARY
AF Naglutocooked
ang babaewoman
ng manokchicken
para safor
bata.child
OF Nilutowas cooked
ang manokchicken
ngby
babaewoman
para safor
bata.*child.
BF Ipinaglutocooked for
ang batachild
ngby
babae.
LF Pinaglutuanthe place where cooking took place
ang kalderopot
ngby
babae.
DF Pinuntahanwent to
ang Vons ngby
babae
CF Ikinatuwamade happy (was the cause of happiness)
ang paglulutong babaeWoman’s cooking
ngof
bata.
IF Ipinambiliwas used to buy
ang peramoney
ngby
babae.
*The
*The preferred word order is ”Niluto ng babae ang manok.”
ANG VS. NG
The Uses of ANG
PREDICATE NM SUBJECT
Nagluto ang babae.
cooked. (The) woman
•ANG is used to mark the subject/topic/focus of the sentence
•ANG is used in an identificational sentence to indicate definiteness.
NM DOER DEFINITE MARKER
VERB
Ang babae ang nagluto.
(It was the) woman (who) cooked.
PSEUDO VERB
DOER NM SUBJECT
Gusto ng bata ang baboy.
Like by child (in general) pork.
•ANG is used to denote ‘in general’ in a ‘like/dislike’ sentence.
VERB+Paki SOFTENER
PARTICLE
NM OBJECT/
SUBJECT
Pakiabot nga ang manok.
Please pass (the) chicken.
•ANG is used in formal writing. In conversation, it is replaced by ‘yung,’ conversational form of the demonstrative pronoun iyon meaning “yonder,” far from both listener and speaker.
The Uses of NG
•NG is used to mark the Direct Object.
PREDICATE SUBJECT/
DOER
GM DIRECT OBJECT
Nagluto ang babae ng manok.
cooked (The) woman chicken.
•NG is used to denote possession.
PREDICATE DOER SUBJECT GM OWNER
Niluto ng babae ang
manok
ng lalake.
was cooked by (the)
woman.
(The)
chicken
of man
PREDICATE GM DOER SUBJECT
Niluto ng babae ang
manok.
was cooked by woman (The) chicken.
•NG marks the DOER of passive verbs.
PSEUDO VERB
DOER GM OBJECT
Gusto ng babae ng manok.
Likes (d) by woman (specifically) chicken.
•NG is used to denote ‘specifically’ in a ‘like/dislike’ sentence.
In a request sentence indicated by paki, ANG and NG are interchangeable:
VERB SOFTENER PARTICLE
MARKER SUBJECT/
OBJECT
Pakiabot nga ang manok.
Please pass (the) chicken.
Pakiabot nga ng manok.
Please pass chicken.
Why the Difficulty? L1 interferes with the learning of target language. There are NO MARKERS in English
There are no FOCUSES in English according to one student. ANG, the subject marker is mistaken for THE, which in English would be the same article in front of the DIRECT OBJECT. E.g. Mary cooked the chicken. Possessives are not used as DOERS in English The word order does not change but the markers do, i.e.
PREDICATE DOER OBJECT
Nagluto ang babae ng manok.
Niluto ng babae ang manok.
As noted in the previous examples, both ANG and NG have several uses and sometimes they are interchangeable. HL have fossilized notions of the language as opposed to FL
who are tabula rasa.
Misuse of MarkersProvokes Laughter Discouraging Heritage Language Learners
FOCUS`
PREDICATE NM SUBJECT GM NOUN
AF Nagluto ang babae ng manok.
cooked woman chicken.
OF Niluto ang manok ng babae.*
was cooked chicken by woman
If the markers are interchanged:
AF Nagluto ang manok ng babae.
cooked (The) chicken. woman
OF Niluto ang babae ng manok.
was cooked (The) woman by chicken.
*The preferred WORD ORDER is “Niluto ng babae ang manok.
“Cooked by woman (the) chicken.”
Affixes
Compound the problem because there are several affixes used just to make a word an ACTOR FOCUS verb. Um-, mag-, ma-, magpa-, mang-, makapag-, maki-, maka-, magka-, mapa-
There are more affixes used for the passive verbs because this is the normal way of speaking in our language, with the predicate before the subject.
Nagluto ang babae. The woman cooked.
Nagpaluto ang babae. The woman asked someone to cook.
Nakiluto ang babae. The woman cooked in someone else’s kitchen.
Papaglutuin ang babae. Make the woman cook.
Nakapagluto ang babae. The woman was able to cook.
Nakaluto ang babae. The woman was able to cook..
Pakiluto ang babae. Please cook the woman.
Naluto ang babae. The woman was cooked.
Napaluto ang babae. The woman cooked accidentally.
Ipaluto ang babae. Ask someone to cook the woman.
Ipinagluto ang babae. Someone cooked for the woman.
Ipangluto ang babae. Use the woman for cooking.
Palutuin ang babae. Ask the woman to cook.
Lutuin ang babae. Cook the woman
Iluto ang babae. Cook the woman.
To Illustrate:
Remedy
Constant repetition and correction
Immersion
Worksheets on these structures
More practice in 4 modalities
Student has to take charge of her/his own
learning; the teacher facilitates and guides
lwng
References:
Aspillera, Paraluman S. Basic Tagalog for Foreigners and Non-Tagalogs. (Boston, Rutland, Vermont, Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing), 1993.
Ramos, Teresita V. Conversational Tagalog, A Functional-Situational Approach. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press), 1985.
__________& Maria Lourdes S. Bautista. Handbook of Tagalog Verbs Inflections, Modes, and Aspects. (UH), 1986.
Santiago, Alfonso O. at Norma G. Tiangco. Makabagong Balarilang Filipino. (Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store), 1991.