fig. 13-00. fig. 13-01 a trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves a flower mantid in malaysia a...
TRANSCRIPT
Fig. 13-00
Fig. 13-01
A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves
A flower mantid in Malaysia
A leaf mantid in Costa Rica
Fig. 13-01a
A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves
Fig. 13-01b
A leaf mantid in Costa Rica
Fig. 13-01c
A flower mantid in Malaysia
Fig. 13-02
1809Lamarck
publisheshis theory
of evolution.
1830Lyell publishes
Principles of Geology.
1837Darwin begins analyzing his
specimens and writing hisnotebooks on the origin
of species. 1844Darwin writes his essayon the origin of species.
1865Mendel publishespapers on genetics.
1858Wallace sends an
account of histheory to Darwin.
1859Darwin publishesThe Origin of Species.
1809Charles Darwinis born.
1831–36Darwin travels
around the worldon the HMS Beagle.
Green sea turtle in theGalápagos Islands
180
0
187
0
Fig. 13-02a
Green sea turtle in the Galápagos Islands
Fig. 13-02b
Fig. 13-02c
Fig. 13-02d
Fig. 13-03
Darwin in 1840
Galápagos Islands
NorthAmerica
South America
PACIFICOCEAN
PACIFICOCEAN
ATLANTICOCEAN
Pinta
40 miles
40 km0 Florenza
0
Fernandina
MarchenaGenovesa
Equator
Santiago
Daphne IslandsPinzón
Española
Isabela SantaCruz
SantaFe San
Cristobal
Great Britain
Cape ofGood Hope
Europe
Africa
Cape Horn
Tierra del Fuego
Equator
Asia
HMS Beagle
Australia
Tasmania NewZealand
An
des
Fig. 13-03a
Darwin in 1840
Fig. 13-03b
HMS Beagle
Fig. 13-03c
Galápagos Islands
PACIFICOCEANPinta
40 miles
40 km0 Florenza
0
Fernandina
MarchenaGenovesa
Equator
Santiago
Daphne Islands
Pinzón
Española
Isabela SantaCruz
Santa Fe San
Cristobal
Fig. 13-04
Fig. 13-04a
Fig. 13-04b
Fig. 13-05
Fig. 13-06-1
Fig. 13-06-2
Fig. 13-06-3
Fig. 13-07
Commonringtailpossum
Red kangaroo
Common wombat
Australia
Koala
Fig. 13-07a
Common ringtail possum
Fig. 13-07b
Red kangaroo
Fig. 13-07c
Koala
Fig. 13-07d
Common wombat
Fig. 13-08
Human Cat Whale Bat
Fig. 13-09
Post-analtail
Human embryoChicken embryo
Pharyngealpouches
Fig. 13-09a
Post-analtail
Chicken embryo
Pharyngealpouches
Fig. 13-09b
Post-analtail
Human embryo
Pharyngealpouches
Fig. 13-10
Percent of selected DNA sequencesthat match a chimpanzee’s DNA
Chimpanzee
100%96%92%
Human
Gibbon
Orangutan
Gorilla
Primate
Old Worldmonkey
Fig. 13-11
(a) The largeground finch
(b) The small tree finch (c) The woodpecker finch
Fig. 13-11a
(a) The large ground finch
Fig. 13-11b
(b) The small tree finch
Fig. 13-11c
(c) The woodpecker finch
Fig. 13-12
Sporecloud
Fig. 13-13
Fig. 13-14-1
Chromosome with geneconferring resistanceto pesticide
Insecticide application
Fig. 13-14-2
Chromosome with geneconferring resistanceto pesticide
Insecticide application
Fig. 13-14-3
Chromosome with geneconferring resistanceto pesticide
Reproduction
Survivors
Insecticide application
Fig. 13-15
Side horns(tip to tip)
Killed Live
KilledLive
Rear horns0
10
20
Le
ng
th (
mm
)
(c) Results of measurement of lizard horns(b) The remains of a lizard impaledby a shrike
(a) A flat-tailed horned lizard
Fig. 13-15a
(a) A flat-tailed horned lizard
Fig. 13-15b
(b) The remains of a lizard impaled by a shrike
Fig. 13-15c
Side horns(tip to tip)
KilledLive
Killed
Live
Rear horns
0
10
20
Le
ng
th (
mm
)
(c) Results of measurement of lizard horns
Fig. 13-16
Tetrapodlimbs
Amnion
Feathers
Lungfishes
Mammals
Amphibians
Lizardsand snakes
Crocodiles
Hawks and other birds
Ostriches
Am
nio
tes
Tetrap
od
s
Bird
s
Fig. 13-17
(a) Two dense populations oftrees separated by a lake
(b) A nighttime satellite view ofNorth America
Fig. 13-17a
(a) Two dense populations oftrees separated by a lake
Fig. 13-17b
(b) A nighttime satellite view of North America
Fig. 13-18
Fig. 13-19
Fig. 13-20Allele frequencies
Genotype frequencies
Sperm
Eggs
p 0.8(R)
q 0.2(r)
p 0.8
R
q 0.2
r
RR
p 0.8
R
q 0.2
r
p2 0.64
rR qp 0.16
q2 0.04
rr
pq 0.16 Rr
(RR) p2 0.64 q2 0.04 (rr) 2pq 0.32
(Rr)
Fig. 13-21
INGREDIENTS: SORBITOL,MAGNESIUM STEARATE,ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR,
ASPARTAME† (SWEETENER),
ARTIFICIAL COLOR(YELLOW 5 LAKE, BLUE 1LAKE), ZINC GLUCONATE.†PHENYLKETONURICS:CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE
Fig. 13-22-1
RR
rr
Rr
RR
RR
RR Rr
RR
Rr
Rr
Generation 1p (frequency of R) 0.7q (frequency of r) 0.3
Fig. 13-22-2
Only 5 of10 plantsleaveoffspring
RR
rr
Rr
RR
RR
RR
RR Rr
RR
Rr
Rr
rr RR
Rr
rr
RR
Rr
Rr Rr
rr
Generation 1p (frequency of R) 0.7q (frequency of r) 0.3
Generation 2p 0.5q 0.5
Fig. 13-22-3
Only 5 of10 plantsleaveoffspring
RR
rr
Rr
RR
RR
RR
RR Rr
RR
Rr
Rr
Only 2 of10 plantsleaveoffspring
RR
rr RR
Rr
rr
RR
Rr
Rr Rr
rr
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR RR
Generation 1p (frequency of R) 0.7q (frequency of r) 0.3
Generation 2p 0.5q 0.5
Generation 3p 1.0q 0.0
Fig. 13-23-1
Originalpopulation
Fig. 13-23-2
Originalpopulation
Bottleneckingevent
Fig. 13-23-3
Originalpopulation
Bottleneckingevent
Survivingpopulation
Fig. 13-24
Fig. 13-25
SouthAmerica
Tristan da Cunha
Africa
Fig. 13-25a
Fig. 13-25b
SouthAmerica
Tristan da Cunha
Africa
Fig. 13-26
Fig. 13-27
Fig. 13-28
Originalpopulation
Evolvedpopulation Phenotypes (fur color)
Fre
qu
ency
of
ind
ivid
ual
sOriginalpopulation
(a) Directional selection (b) Disruptive selection (c) Stabilizing selection
Fig. 13-29
(a) Sexual dimorphism ina finch species
(b) Competing for mates
Fig. 13-29a
(a) Sexual dimorphism in a finch species
Fig. 13-29b
(b) Competing for mates
Fig. 13-30
Areas with highincidence ofmalaria
Frequencies of thesickle-cell allele
0–2.5%
10.0–12.5%
2.5–5.0%
5.0–7.5%
7.5–10.0%
12.5%
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 13-30a
Areas with highincidence ofmalaria
Frequencies of thesickle-cell allele
0–2.5%
10.0–12.5%
2.5–5.0%
5.0–7.5%
7.5–10.0%
12.5%
Fig. 13-30b
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 13-UN01
Frequency of
one allele
Frequency of
alternate allele
Fig. 13-UN02
Frequency ofheterozygotes
Frequency ofhomozygotesfor alternate allele
Frequency ofhomozygotesfor one allele
Fig. 13-UN03
Individualvariation
Overproductionof offspring
Observations
Natural selection:unequal reproductive success
Conclusion
Fig. 13-UN04
Frequency ofone allele
Frequency ofalternate allele
Frequency ofheterozygotes
Frequency ofhomozygotesfor alternate allele
Frequency ofhomozygotesfor one allele
Fig. 13-UN05
Originalpopulation
Evolvedpopulation Pressure of
natural selection
Directional selection Disruptive selection Stabilizing selection