Contact Dermatitis

Fifth Edition

Jeanne Duus Johansen • Peter J. FroschJean-Pierre LepoittevinEditors

Contact Dermatitis

Fifth Edition

ISBN: 978-3-642-03826-6 e-ISBN: 978-3-642-03827-3

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03827-3

Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2010923774

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

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Prof. Jeanne Duus JohansenCopenhagen University Hospital GentofteNational Allergy Research CentreDepartment of Dermato-allergologyNiels Andersens Vej 652900 HellerupDenmarkjedu@geh.regionh.dk

Prof. Dr. Peter J. FroschHautklinikKlinikum Dortmund gGmbHBeurhausstr. 4044137 DortmundGermanypeter.frosch@klinikumdo.de

Prof. Jean-Pierre LepoittevinInstitut le Bel, Labo. Dermatochimie4, rue Blaise Pascal67070 Strasbourg cedexFrancejplepoit@unistra.fr

To Kelly for her continuous support of my scientific activities.

Peter J. Frosch

vii

Preface to the Fifth Edition

This is the fifth edition of the book since 1992. A lot of changes have been made over the years, but the biggest transformation came with the fourth edition in 2005: many new chapters, easy overview, and core messages providing all the clinical photos and dia-grams. All these advantages have been retained for the fifth edition, where an extensive update of chapters has been made including new versions and authors for several topics.

Contact dermatitis is one of the major problems in occupational skin diseases. This is reflected in the book, where new chapters on occupational contact dermatitis have been written: a general chapter, which gives an overview of the subject, provides clear definitions and gives valuable guidance for the investigation of patients sus-pected of occupational contact dermatitis; followed by specific chapters on three high-risk professions.

The popular dictionary of contact allergens and lists of patch test concentrations have been expanded and provide the tool for evidence-based investigation and infor-mation of patients with contact dermatitis.

Contact dermatitis is a frequent, disabling and expensive disease. This brings both primary and secondary prevention in focus of research. A solid basis has already been established for intervention on a personal, organizational and regulatory level. The significant level of knowledge in these areas is summarised in three new chapters, which also cover therapy, a previous somewhat neglected subject in the book. Other chapters on different aspects of prevention have gone through a significant updation and revision. Basic understanding of pathophysiology within the fields of genes, skin barrier and chemistry has taken a leap forward and these new developments are reflected in new and former chapters of the book.

With this edition, Torkil Menné has resigned from the editorial group. Torkil Menné was one of the initiators of this textbook and has been part of the editorial board since then. The editors would like to express their sincere thanks to Torkil Menné for his invaluable contributions to the book and to the field of contact derma-titis over many years.

The fourth edition was a great success, and even though it seemed an impossible task to surpass it, we think we have done so with the fifth edition. This has, of course, only been possible with the help of the many great contributors and the editors are very grateful to each and every one of them.

Last but not the least, we would like to thank Springer-Verlag for their excellent support to this project.

Hellerup, Denmark Jeanne Duus JohansenDortmund, Germany Peter J. FroschStrasbourg, France Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin

ix

1 Historical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Jean-Marie Lachapelle

Part I Basic Features

2 Genetics and Individual Predispositions in Contact Dermatitis . . . . . 13Axel Schnuch and Berit Christina Carlsen

3 Mechanisms of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . 43Thomas Rustemeyer, Ingrid M.W. van Hoogstraten, B. Mary E. von Blomberg, Sue Gibbs, and Rik J. Scheper

4 Molecular Aspects in Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis. . . . . . 91Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin

5 Bio-Guided Fractionation and Identification of Allergens in Complex Mixtures and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Elena Giménez-Arnau

6 Role of the Permeability Barrier in Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Ehrhardt Proksch and Jochen Brasch

7 Immediate Contact Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137David Basketter and Arto Lahti

8 Mechanisms of Phototoxic and Photoallergic Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . 155Renz Mang, Helger Stege, and Jean Krutmann

Part II Pathology

9 Histopathological and Immunohistopathological Features of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Jean-Marie Lachapelle and Liliane Marot

Contents

x Contents

10 Ultrastructure of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . 179Carolyn M. Willis

11 Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Pieter-Jan Coenraads, Wolfgang Uter, and Thomas Diepgen

Part III Dermatotoxicology

12 Skin Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Hans Schaefer, Thomas E. Redelmeier, and Jürgen Lademann

13 Predictive Tests for Irritants and Allergens and Their Use in Quantitative Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229David Basketter and Ian Kimber

14 Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Humans: Experimental and Quantitative Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Jeanne Duus Johansen, Peter J. Frosch, and Torkil Menné

Part IV Clinical Features

15 Clinical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Niels K. Veien

16 Clinical Aspects of Irritant Contact Dermatitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Peter J. Frosch and Swen Malte John

17 Systemic Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Niels K. Veien and Torkil Menné

18 Phototoxic and Photoallergic Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Margarida Gonçalo

19 Pigmented Contact Dermatitis and Chemical Depigmentation . . . . . . 377Hideo Nakayama

20 Hand Eczema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Tove Agner

21 Protein Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407An Goossens and Cristina Amaro

22 Noneczematous Contact Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415Anthony Goon and Chee-Leok Goh

Contents xi

23 Respiratory Symptoms from Fragrances and the Link with Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Jesper Elberling

Part V Diagnostic Tests

24 Patch Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Magnus Lindberg and Mihaly Matura

25 Atopy Patch Testing with Aeroallergens and Food Proteins . . . . . . . . 465Ulf Darsow and Johannes Ring

26 Patch Testing in Adverse Drug Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Margarida Gonçalo and Derk P. Bruynzeel

27 Allergens Exposure Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Birgitta Gruvberger, Magnus Bruze, Sigfrid Fregert, and Carola Lidén

28 Skin Tests for Immediate Hypersensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Carsten Bindslev-Jensen

29 Photopatch Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Margarida Gonçalo

30 Noninvasive Techniques for Quantification of Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533Jørgen Serup

Part VI Allergic Contact Dermatitis Related to Specific Exposures

31 Allergens from the European Baseline Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545Klaus E. Andersen, Ian R. White, and An Goossens

32 Cosmetics and Skin Care Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591Jonathan M.L. White, Anton C. de Groot, and Ian R. White

33 Fragrances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607Jeanne Duus Johansen and Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin

34 Hair Dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629David Basketter, Jeanne Duus Johansen, John McFadden, and Heidi Søsted

xii Contents

35 Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643Carola Lidén, Magnus Bruze, Jacob Pontoppidan Thyssen, and Torkil Menné

36 Metalworking Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681Johannes Geier and Holger Lessmann

37 Plastic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695Bert Björkner, Malin Frick-Engfeldt, Ann Pontén, and Erik Zimerson

38 Topical Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729Francisco M. Brandão and An Goossens

39 Dental Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Marléne Isaksson

40 Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793Christophe-J. Le Coz

41 Shoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819An Goossens and James S. Taylor

42 Occupational Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831Peter J. Frosch and Katrin Kügler

43 Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Health Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841Ana M. Giménez-Arnau

44 Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Chefs and Food Handlers . . . . . . . 853Vera Mahler

45 Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Hairdressers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865Heidi Søsted

46 Plants and Plant Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873Christophe J. Le Coz, Georges Ducombs, and Evy Paulsen

47 Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927Carola Lidén

48 Contact Allergy in Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937Marie-Anne Morren and An Goossens

49 Therapy and Rehabilitation of Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963Dimitar Antonov, Sibylle Schliemann, and Peter Elsner

Contents xiii

50 Prevention of Hand Eczema: Gloves, Barrier Creams and Workers’ Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985Britta Wulfhorst, Meike Bock, Christoph Skudlik, Walter Wigger-Alberti, and Swen Malte John

51 Prevention of Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Safe Exposure Levels of Sensitizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017Jacob Pontoppidan Thyssen and Torkil Menné

52 Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023Ian R. White and David Basketter

53 International Comparison of Legal Aspects of Workers’ Compensation for Occupational Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029Peter J. Frosch, Werner Aberer, Paul J. August, Tove Agner, Lieve Constandt, L. Conde-Salazar, Swen M. John, Christophe Le Coz, Howard I. Maibach, Haydn L. Muston, Rosemary L. Nixon, Hanspeter Rast, W.I. van Tichelen, Jason Williams, Patricia Engasser, Felipe Heras, Magnus Lindberg, and Antti Laurema

54 Databases and Networks. The Benefit of Research and Quality Assurance in Patch Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053Wolfgang Uter, Axel Schnuch, Ana Giménez-Arnau, David Orton, and Barry Statham

55 Contact Dermatitis Research Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065Derk P. Bruynzeel

56 Patch Test Concentrations and Vehicles for Testing Contact Allergens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071Anton C. De Groot and Peter J. Frosch

57 Patch Testing with the Patients’ Own Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107Peter J. Frosch, Johannes Geier, Wolfgang Uter, and An Goossens

58 Dictionary of Contact Allergens: Chemical Structures, Sources, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121Christophe J. Le Coz and Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249