Field bases in the Russian Arctic.

Dr Vasily SmolyanitskyArctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia

The First Asia CryoNet Workshop (Beijing, China, 3 to 5 Dec 2013)

Network of polar observations

NP

Tiksi hydrometeorological observatory

• NOAA Thematic Lead: John Calder, NOAA/OAR/CPO• Roshydromet Thematic Lead: Alexander Danilov,

Roshydromet/AARI and Yury Tsaturov, Roshydromet

• Coordinators of project: Alexander Makshtas (AARI) and Taneil Uttal NOAA/OAR/PSD

• Other partners: Simon Stephenson, NSF, Alexander Reshetnikov, MGO Aleksey Konoplev, “Typhoon”, Irina Repina, IFA RAS, Tuomas Laurila, FMI

Infrastructure of HMO Tiksi

Main building HMO Tiksi

Clean air facilityFlux tower

Study of surface aerosol and WRF application

“Clean air” in Tiksi area under strong inversion

Aetalometer in CAF and results of aerosol measurements March 6, 2012

Surface meteorology from large scale forecast model

WRF forecast with spatial resolution 2 km

Application of WRF allows to discriminate the wrong data of measurements

Radiation measurements in framework of BSRN (Baseline solar radiation network). Comparison with standard Russian sensors

Installation of BSRN sensors on the roof of the Main building

Installation of standard Russian sensors on the distance 120 m from the Main building

Global solar radiation in June 2011

Diffuse solar radiation in June 2011

Direct solar radiation in June 2011

Results of comparison show good agreement between data of the modern sensors of BSRN and standard Russian sensors for measurements characteristics of solar radiation

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

BSRN, W/m2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

MF

19, W

/m2

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Delta MF19 and BSRN (W/m2)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Cou

nts

152.04 156.25 160.42 164.58 168.75 172.92 177.08 181.25

Julian day

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

W/m

2

BSRN MF19

152.04 156.25 160.42 164.58 168.75 172.92 177.08 181.25

Julian Day

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

W/m

2

BSRN MF19

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Delta MF19 and BSRN (W/m2)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Cou

nts

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

BSRN, W/m2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

MF

19, W

/m2

172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183

Julian day

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

W/m

2

M3 NIP

-40 -20 0 20 40

Delta AT-50 and BSRN (W/m2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Co

unts

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

AT-50, W/m2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

BS

RN

, W/m

2

> 0 < -2 < -7 < -12 < -17 < -22

250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Юлианский день

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Глуб

ин

а,

м

> 5 < 5 < 0 < -5 < -10 < -15 < -20

250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Юлианский день

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

0.22

Глуб

ин

а,

м

Soil temperatures

201101/04 01/05 01/06 01/07 01/08 01/09 01/10

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10 5cm 20cm 30cm 40cm

Study of soil temperature regime in wet and dry tundra

Spatial – temporal distribution of soil temperature in wet tundra in summer 2010 – autumn 2011 on 0.2 -3.6 m (left) and 0.05 – 0.2 m (right) depths.

Soil temperature in upper layer of dry tundra in spring – autumn 2011

Drilling holes for installation of temperature sensors on the depths 0.2 - 3.6 meters

Installation for temperature measurements in deep layers

Installation for temperature measurements in upper soil layers

CH4, CO2, aerosolsCH4, CO2 emission

Methane concentration CH4

2010 01/07 01/08 01/09 01/10 01/11 01/12

Air

te

mp

era

ture

(º

C)

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

Me

tha

ne c

onc

entr

atio

n C

H4 (

ppm

)

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

Air temperature

Laptev Seafreeze

Tundrafreeze

Emissions from wetlands

Tiksi summer-autumn 2010

Carbon dioxide concentration CO2

2010 01/07 01/08 01/09 01/10 01/11 01/12

Air

tem

per

atu

re

(ºC

)

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

Ca

rbo

n di

oxid

e co

ncen

trat

ion

CO

2 (

ppm

)

370

380

390

400

410

Air temperature

From the Laptev Sea

Tundrafreeze

Summer CO2 minimum

local sources and sinks

Tiksi summer-autumn 2010

From northern Siberia

long-range transportseasonal increase

Methane and carbon dioxide studies in HMO Tiksi

June 2011

150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185

Julian day

0

2

4

6

8

CO

2 F

lux,

mkm

ol/m

2 s

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Ta

, 0C

Exp_Flux(L) Ta(R)

August 2011

222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244

Julian day

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

CO

2 F

lux,

mkm

ol/m

2 s

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Ta

, 0C

Exp_Flux(L) Ta(R)

Methane emission from valley bottom and slopes

201101/07 01/08 01/09 01/10

So

il T

em

pe

ratu

re (

C)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8Soil temperature (-5cm) CH4 emission slope (WD 70-110deg)CH4 emission valley (WD 180-225deg)

CH

4 e

mis

sio

n (

µg m

-2s-1

)

CO2 and CH4 concentrations in summer 2010 Direct measurements of CH4 emission in summer 2011

Direct measurements of CO2 emission in wet tundra in June and August 2011

Field investigations on the drifting stations “North Pole 33 - 40”

Period of operations:

Domain of operations:

Estimation of reliability of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data on air temperatures and total

cloudiness

Why we are operating NPs ?: 1) [the only site of] year-round comprehensive/complex measurements in the Arctic Basin 2) More flexible and “friendly” for measurents in comparison with shipborne sites 3) Source of various data for validation of numerical modelled / reanalysis parameters4) Complements network of drifting buoys5) etc

submersible vehicle

Echo-sounder emitter

Echo-sounder

ADCP WHS 300Long ranger ADCP

WH LP 757

2 SBE 37SM MicroCat 3 SBE 19 profilers Current meter RCM Grid Juday

Ice thickness

Ice thickness

Unmanned plane

Radiosound

GPS and GLONAS systems for ice drift calculations

aerostat

Polygon 80x100 m for mass balance and dynamic studies

Ice thickness measurements

MAWS-420

Lidar

RadiationCarbon dioxide flux

measurements

Spectrometer “Ramses”

Snow height

Inlets of ozone,carbon dioxide, methane and radioactivity analyzers

Precipitation gauge

Overview of observations: NP-39,40 and further:

0

0.01 km

1.5 km

30 kmAerologyRadiosonde RS-92 (Vaisala, Finland)

Ozone sounding ECC-6A (Science-Pump corp, USA)

Aerostat sounding – Profile measurements of air temperature, humidity and and wind components - Sounder SmartTether (Anasphere, USA)

Standard routine meteorology Gradient meteostation with 2 loggers and visibility sensor 20 kmПолуавтоматическая метеостанция MAWS420(Vaisala, Finland)

Spectral and morphometric Investigations of snow-ice coverMulti-spectral radiometers Ramses-acc-vis,Ramses-arc-vis (TriOs Gmbh, Germany)

Investigations of gas exchange processes - Gase analyzer CO2, CH4, O3 Li-840, Li-8100 (Li-Cor, USA, Optogas 3.02ПА, 500.4С (Optek, Russia), APHA-370 (Horiba, Japan)

Meteorological observations (2012-2013…):

Actinometry Solar tracking system 2АР)Sensors CNR4, CMP21, CGR-4 (Kipp&Zonen, Netherlandes)

Pulse measurements - turbulence meter SATI-3K (Applied technologies USA)

Contentious profiling measurement of air temperature in layer 0-1000 mThermal meteorological profiler МТР5-РЕ (АТТЕХ, Russia)

1.0 km

Acoustic Doppler Current Profilervelocity extended rangeWH LR 75Workhorse Long Ranger ADCP

0 km

4 km

Depth measurement and acoustic Profiling of the ocean and bottomSediment layerEchosounder Bathy-2010

Monitoring of ice bottom layerRemotely controlled submersible Gnom

Acoustic doppler velocity profilerADCP WHS 300

Logging current meter Seaguard RCM

2 water temperature & conductivity recorders SBE 37SM MicroCat

SBE 19 plus SeaCat

Grid Geddy

Oceanographic observations (2012-2013….):

Estimation of thickness and profile of hummocksThermal drilling (Russia)

Monitoring of ice conditionsSurvey and meteorological observations using unmanned aerial vehicle UAV “ELERON" T-23 “Arctic”(«ENIKS», Russia)

Morphometric and seismic measurements Measurements of dynamic processes

Seismic meters СМ3-КВ, СН-1 (Russia)

Measurements of geographic coordinates and ice floe drift vectorSpatially distributed GLONASS and GPS sensors

Autonomous Ice mass-balance IMB buoyIce thickness and snow height Measurements in a pontIce temperature profile measurements (45 sensors), air temperature and SLP(USA)

Indirect ice thickness measurementsElectro-magnetic thickeness meter EM31-Ice (Geonics Co., Ltd., Canada)

Direct measurements of sea ice thickness, draft and snow height on ice polygone(meter and drilling equipment Hitachi, Tanaka, Kovaks)

Sea-ice observations (2012-2013…):

Study of sea ice at the drifting station “North Pole 38” in 2010 – 2013 with UAV “Eleron Т23 Arctic”

December

MarchJuly

Research station “Cape Baranova”

Re-opened in June 2013Under development

Topographic map of Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and MODIS satellite imagery

Area of the ice base is one of the least investigated regions of the Arctic Ocean. Pending the whole complex of meteorological be installed, the Ice Base “Cape Baranova” may pretend for a full partnership in the network of the International Polar Observatories, similar to Tiksi with a perspective to become a second regional station in the Russian Arctic and further as a global station in the WWW.

• Standard meteorological observations• Standard actinometrical observations• Upper atmosphere observations• Monitoring of aerosols, greenhouse gazes, pollutants

(AMAP), ozone• Spectral albedo measurements• Thermo balance and soil thermal conditions

Planned meteorological observations

• Investigations of evolution of morphometric parameters of icebergs, fast ice and drifting ice

• Observations of ice thickness using underwater TV cameras

• Mapping of sea ice parameters using UAV

Planned sea ice cover measurements

• Oceanography measurements in Shokalskij strait• Water level• Hydrochemistry• Hydrobiology (IO RAS)

Planned oceanographic measurements

• Complex land water balance investigations • Glaciological observations• Investigations and monitoring of glacial landscapes • Medical – biological investigations

Mushketov glacier 550 m

Planned polar geographic measurements

Thank you for attention !