fh planning

FH in Radio Network Planning

NTC / Customer Services / Network Services GSM Capacity Program Jari Ryynnen, Program ManagerNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 1

ContentsNetwork Capacity Frequency Hopping 3-56-14 18-25 20 21 27-28 29-36 30-36 42-47 48 49-52 53-72 73-76 79-81 82-83 84-85

Basics of FH Implementation Required Channel Separation 16-17 Frequency and Interference Diversity Gains FH and Mobile Speed Effect on Cell Coverage Gain of Power Control and DTX with FH KPIs FER and RXQUAL as a Quality Measure FAR, Frequency Load, Effective Reuse 36-41 Random / Cyclic FH, Intracell HO Network Planning Process BCCH Planning Frequency Allocation Schemes (BB-RF FH) FH, PC and HO parameters Network Monitoring NPS/X Support for New Capacity Features FH Support in Nokia BSS

ConclusionsNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

86-87Page: 2

Network CapacityNetwork Capacity is heavily related to Spectrum Channel Bandwidth Cell Size Frequency Reuse Factor Busy Hour Traffic Grade of Service Blocking Drop Call Rate Quality?

Network Capacity }

Spectrum Channel Bandwidth Cell Size Re useFactor (C / I )

Spectrum Utilisation Efficiency = Erlang / km2 / MHz

NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 3

Network CapacityHalfHalf-Rate Networks Dual-BandDual-Band-/ Dual-ModeDual-ModeNetworks Antennas Down Ant. Downtilting MicroMicro-Cell PicoPico-Cell / IndoorCell Size

PC DTX FH Smart Antennas IUO

IFH

Channel-Bandwidth

Spectrum

Reuse-Factor (C/I)

Effective Network Planning

CAPACITY GAIN


Page: 4

Nokia Soft Capacity- More capacity with less sites

Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping (IFH) enhances the capacity by up to 70% combines the unique Nokia IUO with FHTraffic / Capacity+ 70 % + 40 %

Basic

FH IUO

IFH

New Capacity Enhancing Features

Conventional capacity building, cell splitting, adding TRXs 1995NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

1998

1999->Page: 5

Coverage

FH and Open Questions Frequency and interference diversity gains? Gain vs. reuse BB or RF FH? Cyclic or random sequence? Channel separation? PC / DTX gain with FH Frequency allocation strategy? Minimum Effective Reuses? The Best Frequency Allocation reuse Maximum frequency/traffic load? PC / HO parameters? Support of planning and optimisation tools? KPIs vs. subjective speech qualityNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 6

Hopping principlesCall is transmitted through several frequencies in order to average the interference (interference diversity) minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)

Frequency RANDOMF3 F2 F1cycle

CYCLIC

1

2

3

4 5 6 etc.

TDMA framePage: 7


FH ImplementationTRX-1

BB-FH

F1(+ BCCH) F2Frequency

MS does not see any difference

TRX-3

F3 RFF1 F2 F3Time

PSTNMSC BSC TCSM

Dig.

TRX-1

F 1, F 2, F 3 BCCH RF BB-FH is feasible with large configurations RF-FH is viable with all configurations

RF-FH

TRX-2

Dig.


Page: 8

BBBB-FH vs. RF-FH RFLess HW restrictions supported by all BTS generations all antenna combining methods feasible (RTC or AFE) Minimum number of antennas required Easy to Implement (switch on) existing planning tools the same interferers and frequency plan than with IUO Limitations with small configurations ( no collisions.Page: 12


Hopping TCHs in BTSRFRF-FH caseTDMA frame: TRX-1 TRX-2 0 1 2 3 4

TRX-1 (MAIO 0) TRX-2 (MAIO 1)

MAI / freq. : 0 / f1 1 / f2

2 / f3 0 / f1

0 / f1 1 / f2

1 / f2 2 / f3

2 / f3 0 / f1

MA list MAINOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

f1 0

f2 1

f3 2

MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N S = calculated on frame basis by MS and BTS using GSM hopping algorithm and MA/HSN/FN parameters N = length of MA listPage: 13

FH Sequence Generation with MAIOGSM Hopping algorithm TRX-3 Downlink: FN/MA/MAIO/HSN TRX-2 TRX-1

BTS

MA

f1

f2

f3

f4

fN-1

fN

MA INDEX (0..N(0..N-1)

0

1

2

3

N-2

N-1

FN & HSN SNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

S +MAIOPage: 14

Fading

long term fading (log-normal fading)

short term fading (multipath fading)

Amplitude

Long term fading Short term fading

Distance


Page: 15

Benefits of Frequency HoppingFrequency diversity; Compensates the frequencyselective fast fadingSign l Level

F F F

S Loc tion Bursts s t fr uenc still e rec nstructed fr re egr ed r l st, ut t e initi l signal t e ursts n frequencies and .

ist nce ay


Page: 16

Coherence Bandwidth Performance Dependency0.

0.

0. ffi i

t

0.

rr lati

0.

0.

aut

0.

0.

0.

0.0 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 0

Frequency hopping gain at the 1 pct outage

In indoor and open environments: Small Delay Spread High Coherence Bandwidth More frequency spacing requiredNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

fr

i

(

z)

%

$ # " #! " $ ! # ! " !

.0

Type of environm Delay spread , ent s Open area < 0.2 Suburban area 0.5 Urban area 3

delay s read (Qs) 0.2 0.5 1 2 3

1 c! Delay SpreadUncorrelated f/Bc=0.4 f/Bc=0.04

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

8 Number of random hopping frequencies

12

Page: 17

Channel Separation

Adjacent channel separations should be at leastthe following: Urban environment: Suburban environment: Open environment, Indoor solution: 200 kHz 400 kHzf1 f2 f3 f4

f1

f2

f3

f4

800 kHz

f1

f2

f3

f4

f5

RTC: 600 kHz channel separationNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 18

Simulated Frequency Diversity GainThermal noise1 0 1 0 9 9

CoCo-ch. interference

8

8

7

7

6 ) (Eb/N0 ( (C/Ic (8 7 1 0

6 ) 5 FA 3 LT F R=3 E % FA3 LT RE BR C1 =0 % l b ,2 T3 F R=3 E % T3 RE BR C1 =0 % l b ,29 9

5 FA 3 LT F R=3 E % T3 F R=3 E % FA3 LT RE BR C1 =0 % l b ,3 T3 RE BR C1 =0 % l b ,32 2

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

0 N o o p) (' &

06 54 3

2

3

4 N me f a r u b r rrie

5

6

8

In ite fin

N o o p

2

3

4 N me f a r u b r rrie

5

6

8

In ite fin


Page: 19

Frequency Diversity FH GainRelative to the number of hopping frequencies8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Number of hopping frequencies

Gain [dB]

Cyclic, TU3 Random, TU3 Cyclic, TU50 Random, TU50

TU3 TU50

slow moving mobile fast moving mobile


Page: 20

Frequency Diversity Gain vs. Mobile Speed

A higher mobile speed alone provides a betterperformance against fast fading -> frequency diversity gain decreases -> the total gain remains the same The ability of power control to compensate slow fading decreases with higher mobile speed (slow fading starts to resemble fast fading)

The total system quality gets decreased with high mobile speeds (>30 km/h)


Page: 21

Frequency Diversity Gain and Extended Coverage Area opping over 8 requencies provides over 3 dB i prove ent BCCH ti eslot doesnt hop -> an increased coverage area isCoverage Improvement (%) 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3u

li ited y the coverage area o the non-hopping BCCH ti e slot Equivalent coverage to the BCCH with 3 dB higher power

4

5

6

7

8

er o Frequencies F )


Page: 22

FH Gain in SDCCH Channel Simulation Results

According to the simulations, the SDCCH channelgets a smaller frequency diversity gain than TCH channel

FH gain with @2%FER TCH/FS NonFH 15dB FH 8dB

BCCH / SDCCH / SACCH 11.5dB 8 dB


Page: 23

Different Coding Different Interleaving1

TCH & SACCH Frequency Hopping GainsDifferent Hopping GainsSACCH NH SACCH RH4 SACCH RH8 TC H N H TC H R H 4

0 .1TC H R H 8

F ER 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 2 4 6 C /INOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

8

10

12Page: 24

14

Interference Diversity GainInterference diversity; the interference is averaged overmultiple users

Interference

No hopping F1

InterferenceF1

With hopping

F3

F1

F1 F2 F2 F 3 F2 F 3

F2

F3

average

MS_1NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

MS_2

MS_3

MS_1

MS_2

MS_3Page: 25

Interference Diversity Gain Simulated Results2 f requencies 3 f requencies 4 f requencies 8 f requencies 12 f requencies Poly. (2 f requencies) Poly. (4 f requencies) Poly. (3 f requencies) Poly. (8 f requencies) Poly. (12 f requencies) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% ad 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1.4 1.2 Gain d 1.8 1.6 2


Page: 26

Converting Quality to CapacityField strenght Serving carrier

CC/Iworst interference interference marginNew margin

average strongest interference

I

average weakest interference no FHReuse 15NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FH with improved quality

FH with tighter frequency reusePage: 27

Effect of Power Control and DTXdownlink simulation

Reuse 3/9, TU 3km/h GAIN: 1.4 dB 2.3 dB 3.7 dB

Reuse 3/9, TU 50km/h GAIN: 1.0 dB 2.3 dB 3.5 dB

PC on DTX on PC on, DTX on

PC on DTX on PC on, DTX on

C/I improvement

The gain achieved with PC is lower than the gain of DTX In reality, the gain of PC with high mobile speed can be even lower


Page: 28

Power Control & DTXcapacity gain with FH Restrict PC range in DL to 10-14 dB with BB FH (mobile gain control problem) DL DTX may cause problems for some mobiles, not yet recommended to be used DTX worsens RXQuality statistics in UL and DL direction, because of subRXQual samples used in the statistics In PC and HO algorithms the weighting can be used to weight more reliable measurements

Power Control and DTX give an additional


Page: 29

BB FH with DL PC Mobile AGC ProblemThe BCCH TRX is always transmitting at the max power allowed for the BTS.

BB FHBCCH TCH

Difference in DL field strength is up to the allowed PC range (max. 30dB)

TCH

Time slots 1-7


Page: 30

Trial esults (DL P wer Control) PowerDL8

UAL -

euri tic all cati

, A

.

, eff.reuse ~

7

6

5

%

4

No DL C DL C ( ax 20dB)D C C

3

2

1

0 q1 q2 q3 DLNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

q4@ BA

q5

q6

q7

UAL

TCH failure SDCCH call failure rate failure rate rate

Page: 31

BB FH with DL PC Mobile AGC ProblemDL RXQUAL (1-7) drive tests12

10 BB FH BB FH + DL PC (range 10 dB) BB FH + DL PC (range 30 dB)

8

%

6

4

2

0 1NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

2

3

4 DL RXQUAL

5

6Page: 32

7

DTX RXQUAL_full (RXLEV_full) sample for TCH is averaged over 100 burstsduring one measurement period (480 ms, 104 TDMA frames) RXQUAL_sub (RXLEV_sub) is averaged only over 12 bursts carrying SACCH and SID (Silence Descriptor) during one measurement period 4 SACCH and 8 SID/TCH bursts are always sent (DTX on/off) Mobile reports both full/sub values, doesnt matter if DTX is used or not! When there is no speech activity within the measurement reporting period, BSC uses the RXQUAL_sub sample instead of RXQUAL_full sample In PC and HO algorithm higher priority can be given for the full samples by using weighting Weighting doesnt have impact on NMS statistics!! The BER is averaged much more in RXQUAL_full sample > less extremely good and extremely bad RXQUAL Due to less effective averaging a RXQUAL_sub sample is much more likely to indicate extreme RXQUAL values (especially so in fractionally loaded RF FH case where the BER of different bursts is likely to fluctuate a lot)NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 33

RXQUAL Estimation Error GSM Spec. 05.08Quality Band Range of actual BER RXQUAL_0 RXQUAL_1 RXQUAL_2 RXQUAL_3 RXQUAL_4 RXQUAL_5 RXQUAL_6 RXQUAL_7 NOTE 1: NOTE 2: NOTE 3: Probability that the correct RXQUAL band is reported by MS shall exceed Full rate Channel Half rate Channel DTX Mode Less than 0,1 % 90 % 90 % 65 % 0,26 % to 0,30 % 75 % 60 % 35 % 0,51 % to 0,64 % 85 % 70 % 45 % 1,0 % to 1,3 % 90 % 85 % 45 % 1,9 % to 2,7 % 90 % 85 % 60 % 3,8 % to 5,4 % 95 % 95 % 70 % 7,6 % to 11,0 % 95 % 95 % 80 % Greater than 15,0 % 95 % 95 % 85 % For the full rate channel RXQUAL_FULL is based on 104 TDMA frames For the half rate channel RXQUAL_FULL is based on 52 TDMA frames For the DTX mode RXQUAL_SUB is based on 12 TDMA frames

The accuracy to which an MS shall be capable of estimating the error probabilities when on a TCH under static channel conditions [GSM 05.08]NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 34

RXQUAL and RXLEV Measurement88 TCH bursts 4 SACCH bursts 8 SID/TCH bursts 4 IDLE bursts

Frame/burst 0 1 2 ...12 number:

25

... 38

5152-59 ... 64

77

90 103

SACCH Multiframe 104 TDMA frames, 480 ms 100 samples RXLEV_full: 34 44 33 35 45 23 24 44 4+8 samples RXLEV_sub: 32 44 35 37 47 22 ...26 47 Averaging 34 Averaging 37


Page: 35

Measurement Reporting480 ms 480 ms

RXLEV_full: RXLEV_sub: RXQUAL_full: RXQUAL_sub: DTX flag:

37 34 3 4 0

34 36 4 4 1

BSC

Mobile reports to BTS: DL RXLEV_full/sub DL RXQUAL_full/sub UL DTX modeNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

BTS reports to BSC: UL/DL RXLEV_full/sub UL/DL RXQUAL_full/sub UL/DL DTX modePage: 36

Measurement Averaging and Weighting If DTX flag is 0 in UL or DL measurement report (DTX not used),BSC uses the RXQUAL/RXLEV_full sample in PC/HO algorithm If DTX flag is 1 in UL or DL measurement report (DTX is used), BSC uses the RXQUAL_sub sample in PC/HO algorithmUL Measurement Report (RXLEV) UL RXLEV_full sample: UL RXLEV_sub sample: UL DTX flag: 34 33 45 12 22 24 45 55 45 32 33 47 16 18 23 46 51 46 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0BSC

Weighting 3 used in the example!

RXLEV in PC/HO algorithm: 34 33 47 16 18 24 46 55 45 Weighting: Averaged result: 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 x x x x 28 x 28 Sliding windowPage: 37

(33*3+47+16+18+24*3)/(3+1+1+1+3)NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Key Performance Indicators in FH Networks

The FH gain depends on the FH implementation The FH gain directly impacts the BER to FER correlationBER (RXQUAL) is not a good quality performance indicator

Speech Quality is correlated to the TCH FER DCR is correlated to the SACCH FERDCR is not directly correlated to the Speech Quality


Page: 38

Difference in RXQUAL DistributionnonFH FH less samples in quality class 0, more quality samples in classes 1-5 With PC the same effect can be seen The more traffic load, the stronger the change in distribution Bigger change in DL RXQUAL distribution Worse RXQUAL doesnt necessarily mean worse subjective speech quality!!


Page: 39

Uplink RXQuality DistributionUL RXQUAL Distribution100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 Percentage (%) 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 q0 q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7

No FH 1/3 pure 1/3 heuristic 1/1

Quality Clas s e s


Page: 40

Downlink RXQuality Distribution

D RXQ100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00

Distribution

nta

50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 q0 q1 q2 q3 q4E

1/3 pu eV UT

1/3 heu i ti 1/1

r

q5

q6

q7

Quality Class s


Page: 41

T

S

G I G H G F

RQ P

60.00

o FH

Listening Tests for RXQUAL and FERSubjective quality, laboratory tests Steady quality/FER value (fast mobile or frequency hopping) RXqual 0-4 5 6 7 FER 0 - 4% 4 - 15% 15 - 35% >35%

good slightly degraded degraded useless

good slightly degraded degraded useless

FER corresponds better to the subjective speech quality FER doesnt match directly to RXQuality Currently FER can be measured only in DL direction with TEMS measurement systemNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 42

RXQUAL - FER Correlation (Simulations)1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 03 (1297)

Non Hopping:4 (1762) - %

- 0%

1 ( 82)

2 (1059)

%

08)

0-

0(

Each FH scheme has adifferent correlation5-10% 0 (8252) 1 (1802) 10-15% 2 (2153)

FE R

3 (2523)

4 (2678)

5 (2327)

1-5%

6 (1734)

0-1%


15%

R X Q U AL

Page: 43

7 (587)

a

%

W`

YW

X Y

X W W

W X

W

FE R

X

W

RXQUAL 5: Bad Quality RXQUAL 6-7: Not usable Hopping: RXQUAL 5: Good Quality RXQUAL 6: Degradation RXQUAL 7: Not usable

5 (2019)

6 (2033)

R X Q U AL

7 (2243)

0- %

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0%

BER - FER Correlation (Trial Data)FER/R (NO OPPING)FER/R RF o in /1 15 re

100.00% 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% Q5 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% "0-1" Q0 "1-5"f70.00% 100.00%

Q7 Q6

90.00% 80.00%

Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1h g

al

60.00% Q6 50.00% Q5 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% Q4 Q3 Q2 alit

Q7

"5-10" "10-15"

FER

"15100"

10.00% Q1 0.00% "0-1" Q0 "1-5" FER "5-10" "10-15"

">15"


Page: 44

e

dc

b

Hard/soft BlockingHard blocking The whole radio resource is in use - no more calls can be established due to lack of free radio timeslots.Dominates with large reuse factors

Soft blocking The capacity of individual cells is limited by the level of the interference rather than the number of TRXs availableIs dominating with tight reuse patterns.NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 45

Frequency Load, RF FH75 % 25 % HW load is 75% Fractional load FL is 3 TRX / 5 F = 0.6 = 60% Frequency load is HWL * FL = 45% 7 7 7 7 f1 f2, f3, f4, f5, f6 f3, f4, f5, f6, f2 f4, f5, f6, f2, f3

TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4

BCCH 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6

Active slots

Empty slots


Page: 46

TRX-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 frame 1NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Frequency Loadfrequency 1: 17 active slots / 5 frames 40 slots totally / 5 frames frequency load is 17/40 = 42.5 %

Active slots

Empty slots

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4Page: 47

frame 5

time

Reuse in Fractionally Loaded NetworkFrequency Allocation Reuse { Effective Reuse

Example:Total # of freqs = 303 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 2

10 frequencies / cell 4 TRXs / cell

FAR = 30/10 = 3 Eff.reuse = 30/4 =7.5

1/3

Effective Reuse = Total # of frequencies/ Number of TRXs per cell

Frequency Allocation Reuse = Total # of frequencies / # of frequencies in MA listNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 48

Trunking Efficiency(Trunking Gain)100.0 % 90.0 %

80.0 % TCH occupancy at t e ar blocking limitq

70.0 %

60.0 % GOS 5% 50.0 % GOS 2% GOS 1% 40.0 %

13

17

21

25

29

33

37

41

45

49

53

57

61

65

69

73

77

81

85

89

93

Number of CH'sNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 49

97

1

5

9

i

p p

30.0 %

20.0 %

10.0 %

0.0 %

Effecti e Reuse as HW Load Increases12

10

8 effecti e reuser

6

4 1/1 reuse (2% Blocking, Freq.load 7,5% (trialed)) 1/1 reuse (1% Blocking, Freq.load 7,5% (trialed)) 3.65 reuse (2% Blocking, Freq.load 30% (trialed)) 3.65 reuse (1% Blocking, Freq.load 30% (trialed)) 1/3 reuse (2% Blocking, Freq.load 30% (si u lated)) 1/3 reuse (1% Blocking, Freq.load 30% (si u lated))s s

2

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX's/cell 8 9 10 11 12


Page: 50

UL Interference when Random RF FH is UsedIdle channel interference level LowTRX 1 RTSL

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

tells the interference for one frequency group (MA list)f1, f2, f3

Uplink interference report Frequency level

TRX 2

High

TRX 3

Path loss to the interfered BTS

Interfering mobiles using TRX level interference / the same RXQUAL statistics shows the frequencies: f1, f2, f3

interference cannot be measured, without switching the FH off

situation for the whole frequency group!!

Timeslot #


Page: 51

UL Interference when Random BB FH is UsedIdle channel interference level LowTRX 1 RTSL

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

f1TRX 2

f2 f3

High

TRX 3

Path loss to the interfered BTS

Interfering mobiles using the same frequencies: f1, f2, f3

Timeslot #


Page: 52

Intracell HO Intracell HO based on the UL idle channel interference measurements can effectively avoid UL interference when the network load is reasonable Intracell HO to another TRX doesnt helpRTSL

0 LowTRX 1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Idle channel interference level High

TRX 2

f1, f2, f3TRX 3

HO When the load is high in the network, the gain of intracell HO is lowRTSL

0 LowTRX 1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Idle channel interference level High

TRX 2

f1, f2, f3TRX 3

HONOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 53

InterferenceNonNon-synchronized network5t

RTS

6

7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0

1

2

3

4

Serving cell

Interfering cell0t

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

RTS

Serving cell50% 50% 100%

Interfering cell


Page: 54

Random vs Cyclic Hopping SequencesFor both: Intracell HO to another timeslot always changes the interferers Cyclic: Optimum frequency diversity gain Interference diversity gain NOT optimum Risk of having one strong interferer to affect several consecutive bursts Intracell HO to another TRX ( MAIO) while the timeslot stays the same SOMETIMES changes the interferers Random: Frequency diversity gain NOT optimum, especially with short MA lists Interference diversity gain optimum Intracell HO to another TRX ( MAIO) while the timeslot stays the same NEVER changes the interferersNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 55

Random vs Cyclic hopping sequencesWhere to use?Cyclic: In the areas where the interference is NOT a problem (low traffic areas, < 3 TRXs)

Random: In the areas where the interference is a problem (high traffic areas) and long MA lists can be used (> 4 TRXs with BB FH)


Page: 56

FH Planning and MonitoringCapacity Planning Netdim NPSX Monitoring Network Doctor NDW

NMS/2000

NPS/X 3.3 Frequency Planning

PlanEdit NPS/X CDW Parameter Planning


Page: 57

BCCH PlanningCommon band strategy: 1-2 dB superior UL performance on BCCH TRX better DL performance with small traffic load DL performance on BCCH TRX decreases rapidly with high traffic loads DL performance 1-5 dB worse on TCH TRXs

Dedicated band strategy: worse performance in UL direction better performance in DL direction when high traffic load easier to operate recommended strategy!


Page: 58

BCCH PlanningDedicated mixed band strategy: separate but not continuous band for the BCCH frequencies, for example, every 4th frequency is allocated for BCCH adjacent channel interference is avoided between BCCH frequencies TCH band causes adjacent channel interference for the BCCH frequencies and vice versa

BCCH

TCH BCCH + TCH

Dedicated band Common band Dedicated mixed band

BCCHNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

TCHPage: 59

BCCH Planning

UL C/I on BCCH TRXNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

DL C/I on BCCH TRXPage: 60

BCCH Planning

DL C/I on TCH TRXsNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 61

What is a Feasible Reuse?Erl/cellLoad control needed Safe to implement in practice

+40% +31% +33% +30%reference

CALL DROP RATE: REUSE FACTOR:(Freq. Allocation reuse)

0%12 (no hopping) Hard

0.2%9

2%6

2%3

2%1

BLOCKING TYPE:

Hard

Soft

Soft

Soft


Page: 62

How to Allocate a Fixed Band?1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 3 4 2 4 2 2 1 3 1 4 2 4 3 1 3 1 2 5 4 3 7 2 3 6 1 7 2 5 4 3 7 1

FAR

1

3

4

7

Worsening C/I at the cell border

Increasing collision probability

Max. frequency load

8%

30%

40?%Page: 63

70?%


C/I as a Function of ReuseC/I as a function of reuse 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 -5.0 -6.0 -7.0 -8.0

C/I (dB)

C/I, Omni C/I, 3 sectors

1

3

6

9

12

15

18

Effective reuse


Page: 64

BB FH FH is easy to activate: 3 parameters (FH mode, HSN-1, HSN-2) FH gain depends on the number of hopping frequencies, not on the FHtype (BB or RF FH) 3 frequencies or more are needed to give a reasonable FH gain ( 3 TRXs per cell or more) Easy frequency allocation schemes are not possible In 2 TRX cells, FH should be activated if FH is used in the surrounding cells to average interference Intracell FH gain is small with FH, but interference will be averaged more efficiently Downlink PC range should be restricted to 10-14 dB RTC or AFE combiners can be used RTC: less antennas needed AFE: can be changed to RF FH later BCCH reuse: 15, TCH reuse 9-10NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 65

Manual Easy Frequency Allocation Frequency band is divided to a couple of frequency groups Each cell is allocated the most appropriate group > Frequencies are allocated in groups (MA lists) Examples:Groups: 1 f1, f4, f7 2 f2, f5, f8 3 f4, f6, f93 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 2

1/3

3/3(frequency sharing)


Page: 66

Automatic Interference Minimising Heuristic Frequency Allocation The frequencies are selected individually for each cell > each cell may have an unique MA list Allocation algorithm minimises the interference based on the interference matrix containing either predicted or measured interference relations between the cells Allocation tool needs to support fractional loading (In RF FH number of frequencies/cell is not dependent on the number of TRXs/cell) NPS/x 3.3 planning tool fully supports FH frequency allocation (BB, RF FH/IFH, DB)NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 67

RF FH and 1/1 Easy Allocation1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

Normal BCCH planning In hopping TRXs the same frequency list

Reuse 16 Reuse 8 BCCHspare

used in every cell -> high hopping gain Required number of frequencies must be checked beforehand to assure good enough quality (low frequency load) MAIO management is needed to avoid frequency collisions inside the site Synchronized site is needed (12 TRX / cell the current limitation) Ideal in growing networks where the optimal capacity is not needed (New operator, Dual Band, suburban areas, etc.) or in IFH super layerPage: 68


BSS7

MAIO ManagementMAIO Offset:avoid co-channel and adjacent channel collisions between the cells inside the site one MA list per site possible (the same HSN inside the site must be used)

MAIO Step:avoid adjacent channel collisions between the TRXs inside the cell one MA list can contain a continuous band

Together:easy frequency planning the same HSN inside the site must be used to avoid the collisions

1/1, 2/2, 3/3 frequency allocation reuse schemes possible ->


Page: 69

BSS6

Single MA/HSN per Site - with MAIO OffsetHSN same for all sectorsMA = f1, f3, f5, f7,....

MA list can't include adjacent frequencies

Sector1

HSN

MO

TRXTRX-1

MAIO, same for all RTSLs within the TRXBCCH, not hopping

N

0

TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4

01 2 BCCH, not hopping

2 N

TRX-5

3

TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8


Only half of the band allocation can be included into one MA list -> 2/2 reuse

3 N

TRX-9

6

TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12

67 8

Operator can set the lowest MAIOs for the cells


Page: 70

BSS7

Single MA/HSN per Site - with MAIO StepMA = f1, f2, f3, f4,....

HSN same for all sectors

MA list can include adjacent frequencies

Sector 1

HSN

MAIO Offset MAIO step

TRXTRX-1

MAIO, same for all RTSLs within the TRXBCCH, not hopping

Band allocation: BCCH Hopping Freq's

N

0

2

TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4


2N

TRX-5

6

2

TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8


3N

TRX-9

12

2

TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12

1214 16

Nor co-channels neither adjacent channels used simultaneously if number of frequencies > 2*number of TRXs

Operator can set the lowest MAIOs for the cellsNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Operator can also set the MAIO step sizePage: 71


Normal BCCH planning 2 frequency list used, the same list in1 1 1 1

Reuse 16 Reuse 8 Reuse 8 BCCH

every second site Required number of frequencies must be checked beforehand to assure good enough quality MAIO management can be used to avoid frequency collisions inside the site (offset obligatory, step not necessary if no adjacent frequencies) Synchronized site is needed because the same MA list is used in the whole site Better performance than in 1/3 easy allocation schemePage: 72



1 1 1 1

Normal BCCH planning 2 frequency list used, the same list

Reuse 16 Reuse 8 Reuse 8 BCCH

in every second site Required number of frequencies must be checked beforehand to assure good enough quality MAIO management can be used to avoid frequency collisions inside the site, not necessary Synchronized site is needed if the adjacent frequencies are used in the same frequency list Better performance than in 1/3 easy allocation schemePage: 73


RF FH and 1/3 Easy Allocation

1 3 2 1

1 3 2 1 3 2 2 3

Normal BCCH planning 3 separate frequency lists ->1/3

Reuse 16 BCCH

Reuse 8

Reuse8

Reuse 8

frequency allocation reuse Planner allocates the frequency lists according to the direction of the cell (not optimal) Interference analysis with NPS/X before implementation (safe number of frequencies) MAIO management can be used if adjacent frequencies are wanted in the frequency lists In regular networks gives a reasonable performancePage: 74


RF FH and 1/3 Heuristic Allocation1 2 4 5 6

3 7 9 8

Normal BCCH planning Frequency list length about 1/3 of the

Reuse 16 BCCHMA list

Reuse 7

MA list length (1/3 band)NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

available band -> 1/3 frequency allocation reuse NPS/X 3.3 allocates the least interfering frequencies for each MA list MA list length may vary according to the cell traffic (real traffic from NMS), if wanted Plan transfer to NMS Interference calibration possible -> optimal frequency allocation The easiest possible planning procedure and the best capacityPage: 75

RF FH and 2/2 Heuristic Allocation1 1 2 2 2

1 3 3 3

Normal BCCH planning Ma list length half of the band The best frequencies are selected for each MAlist, every MA list is different Required number of frequencies must be checked beforehand to assure good enough quality MAIO management can be used to avoid frequency collisions inside the site (offset obligatory, step not necessary if no adjacent frequencies) Synchronized site is needed because the same MA list is used in the whole site Better performance than with 1/3 easy allocation scheme

Reuse 16 BCCHMA list

Reuse 8

MA list length (1/2 band)NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 76

3/9 Reuse with MAIO-Management MAIO-> 3/3 Reuse Frequency band is divided into 3 groups MA-lists are allocated one per site following 3/3 (omni) reusepattern.6 3 9 7 1 4 8 5 2

Each cell in a sectorised site uses all the frequencies but thecollisions are avoided by using MAIO manamement.Example ( a site using MA-list with 3 frequencies): MA-list: 3 63 1 2

6

9 93

33 1 2

3 3

62

1

9

9

6

TDMA frame n-1NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

TDMA frame n

TDMA frame n+1Page: 77

Length of MA List

The maximum frequency load on the hopping frequencies isdetermined by the effective frequency reuse and frequency allocation scheme. For example, for the effective reuse 6 and frequency allocation scheme 1/3 the maximum peak hour frequency load (FreqL) can be about 30 % (simulated + trialled)Cell_traffic_(Erl) * #_of_TRXs #_of_TRXs*8 * #_of_freqs FreqL

Cell_traffic_(Erl) 8 * FreqL

#_of_freqs


Page: 78

Reuses vs. Frequency Load?1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 3 4 2 4 2 2 1 3 1 4 2 4 3 1 3 1 2 5 4 3 7 2 3 6 1 7 2 5 4 3 7 1

FARMax. frequency load

1

3

4

7

8%

30%

40?%

70?%

Min. effective reuse

8

7

6.5?

7.5


Page: 79

Frequency Hopping Evolution Path2. Generation BTS Talk Family BTS

RTC or WBC

RTC

AFE

min 3 TRX max 6 TRX in S7 max 12 TRX in S8NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

BB FH

RF FH

min 2 TRX max 12 TRX in S7Page: 80

Selecting the Right Hopping StrategyBTS generation 3rd gen. only Combiner type / Amount of antennas AFE No Easy planning preferred over maximum capacity Yes No RF FH with frequency allocation reuse 1 (=single MA list scheme) max 12 TRX / site! (under the same BCF) 2 TRX/cell Yes Planning tool supports FH and fractional loading No Yes RF FH with frequency sharing (no fractional loading) max 12 TRX / site! (under the same BCF)NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

2nd gen. BB FH used on the cells having more than 2 TRXs max 6 TRX / cell with RTC or 12 TRX with AFE

RTC

No Min TRX configuration

3 TRX/cell or more

Maximum gain from DL PC required

8 No Freq. alloc reuse 3 .. 7

Frequency allocation reuse 1 (=single MA list scheme)

Frequency allocation reuse 3 5 or frequency sharing Eff reuse 6,5 .. 7

Calculate the average MA list length per area based on the average busy hour traffic per area and 8% average frequency loadNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Calculate the MA list length in a cell basis based on the busy hour traffic estimate and chosen f.a.schemePage: 82

Fr

No

i

g

f

d

h

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

y v u u

v y u u w x x y yv y v y v x wx x u u xu u w

Eff. reuse

FH ParametersBTS hopping mode (HOP, Range: 0-2) Non-hopping (0), Baseband (1), RF (2) 2nd generation BTS does not support RF FH Hopping sequence number 1 (HSN-1, Range: 0-63) 0 cyclic hopping, 1..63 random hopping Defines hopping sequence for time slots 0 when BB FH in use Defines hopping sequence for RF FH Hopping sequence number 2 (HSN-2, Range: 0-63) 0 cyclic hopping, 1..63 random hopping Defines hopping sequence for time slots 1-7 when BB FH in use MAIO offset (MO, Range: 0-62) Makes possible to use the same MA frequency list for two or more sectors of the site without collisions MAIO step (MS , Range: 1-62) Optional Makes possible to use adjacent frequencies in the MA list without collisionsNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 83

FH ParametersMobile allocation frequency list (MAL, Range: 0-128) Not Assigned (0), Assigned ID (1..128) The parameter defines the mobile allocation frequency list, which have to be attached to each RF hopping BTS Relevant when RF hopping is used Mobile Allocation Frequency List (MA , Range: 0-1023) Must be created for BSC MA lists which the RF hopping BTSs use Max. 63 frequencies in one list: 1..124 and 975..1023 (GSM) 512..885 (DCS) 512..810 (DCS19) Frequency Band in Use (freq_band_in_use, Range: 0-3) GSM (0), DCS 1800 (1), PCS 1900 (2) Defines the frequency band of the MA listNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 84

Power Control Parameters

Quality based fast power control preferred in both (UL &DL) directions Small Px/Nx: if wrong PC setting -> fast correction Fast moving MS: RXQUAL upper threshold 4 -> 3 Step size: 2 dB (variable step in power increase if bad RXQUAL or RXLEV) BB FH: 10-15 dB range in DL, 30 dB range in UL RF FH: full range in both directionsUL RXQL threshold Power Increase RXQL threshold Power Decrease Px/NxNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

DL 4 1-2 1/1Page: 85

4 1-2 1/1

HO Parameters

Intracell HO OK with low traffic loads, doesnt

help much with high traffic load Higher quality threshold can be tried with smaller frequency allocation reuses and longer MA lists

Handover Type Power budget HO Level HO Quality HO

Margins 4-6 dB 3 dB 0 dB

Thresh. UL DL 4-5 5-6

Px / Nx UL DL 3/4 3/4


Page: 86

Nokia Solutions...RTC: AFE:

6 TRX / Cell Only 2 Antennas or 1

12 TRX / Cell One Cross PolarisedAntenna / 4 TRX

Cross Polarised Antenna

12 TRX support in BSS 8 12 TRX support along with BSS 7 Base Band Hopping RF and BB Hopping 10 W at the Antenna port

8.5 W at the AntennaportPage: 87


Expansion Path up to 12 TRX/Cell Dual Duplex Wide Band Combiner8.5 W1 to 3 Cross Polarised Antenna / Cell

8.5 W

AFE AFETX1 TX2 TX3 TX4Basic CabinetNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

AFE AFETX5 TX6 TX7 TX8

AFE AFETX9 TX10 TX11 TX12Extension CabinetPage: 88

Measurement Tools for Network Monitoring

Cell Doctor / Network Doctor in NMS/2000. The tool extracts

data in text format from the database. NDW can be used for Quality / traffic monitoring. It uses the database of NMS/2000. TIM / TOM monitoring SW can be used for indoor / outdoor drive tests (FER measurement coming..) A special DL FER monitoring tool can be used internally, consisting of a Nokia 8110i with SW, a laptop with FMON and post-processing SW Ericsson TEMS monitoring tool can be used for the normal drive tests and DL FER monitoring


Page: 89

NMS/2000 measurementsThe following measurements can be used to monitor the performance:

TRAFFIC RESOURCE ACCESS AVAILABILITY HO RXQUAL UNDERLAY RXLEVEL (Not all the time, creates a lot of data) POWER CONTROL (Not all the time)NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 90

Cell Doctor ScriptsScript 154 163 190 197 204 209 213 250 401 402 403 easurement HO Causes Drop Call Ratios UL Interference RXQUAL KPI KPI KPI Success Ratios IUO Absorbtion and traffic IUO, Busy Hour Absorbtion and traffic IUO, Busy Hour KPI's Level BTS BTS BTS TRX Area Area BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS eriod 24h 24h 1h 24h Busy hour 24h 24h 24h 24h Busy hour Busy hour


Page: 91

Frequency Allocation Procedure for FH/IFHNPS/X 3.3Planning concept decision (1/3, 2/2, ..) Definition of frequency groups and allocation parameters (BCCH, regular, super) Automatic frequency list length generation or manual setting Automatic frequency allocation for each layer (coverage calculation done) Automatic reference cell generation for super layer Automatic neighbour cell generationNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

PlanEditDownload / upload of parameters

NMS T11 / CDW / NDWDownload / upload of parameters Traffic data to NPS/X Interference calibration data Network monitoring (alarms, call drop rate, RXQuality, Rxlevel, handover, etc. statistics) Semi-automatic parameter tuningPage: 92

NPS/X 3.3 Support

Intelligent Frequency Hopping (IFH) PlanningBetter Allocation tool (BCCH-, Regular/Super-, RF FH allocation) MAIO Management Capacity calculation Interference, dominance calculations Automatic interferer generation for IUO BTS parameter editor

Other FeaturesTraffic data transfer Hot spot location (HSL) NMS2000 interworking Interference calibration (DL C/I statistics from the network)


Page: 93

FH and IFH Support in Different BSS ReleasesFeature BB-FH (RTC) RF-FH (3. gen, BB-FH AFE) IFH (FH on Reg.+Sup.) MAIO offset MAIO step 63 frequencies/MA Dynamic HotSpot Direct access to super

BSS6 (S6, DF3)6 TRX/cell 4 TRX/cell 1+N yes no yes no if regular full (C/I)

BSS7 (S7, DF4)6 TRX/cell 12 TRX/cell yes yes yes yes no direct (level)

BSS8(12TRX) 12TRX yes yes yes yes ? direct


Page: 94

BSS Network Element Release Plan

S8

BSS8T11 S7

B12 DF5 NPSX 3.4

BSS7

B11 DF4 NPSX 3.3 T10

NMS BSC

BSS6BTS RNT TOOLSDF2.1

T9 S6 B10 DF3

NPSX 3.2

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000


Page: 95

ConclusionsRF FH offers a more flexible way to increase the capacity than BB FH and works with narrow bandwidths and variable capacity requirements 1/1 and 2/2 reuses with MAIO management dont offer the maximum capacity gain but offer an easy planning Frequency allocation reuse 3-5 with intelligent planning tool (NPS/X 3.3) offers the maximum capacity gain and easy plan transfer to the network


Page: 96

Remember

Best capacity and quality is achieved with the

right site selection and right antenna installation + height Cell specific (heuristic) frequency planning and frequency list planning (FH) is required with every solution when the best quality is required Theoretical frequency reuse factors will not provide good quality in a challenging environment when the network layout planning is compromised


Page: 97

i gle MA Lis Pla i g ase re se) (1/1 Freq e cy all ca i21 freq e c es reserved f r -B TRXsg

Ne w rk lay

:

A2 3

1 3 1 2 3

B C2 1 2 2 1 2 1

B C

D

E

1

E F

F

G1

G

Average TRXs/cell :p r r ns

Average

Effective reuse

21 frequencies / 2.4 hopping TRXs per cell


m

e

e ll

TRX c

TRXs

1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2

2 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 3

3.3i g TRXs/cell :

p kr r nq

pon l

k l j

1 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2

Average frequency load: 7.4%2.4

8.8

OK

Average frequency load 7.4 % (max. 9.9 %) OKPage: 98

Single MA List Planning Case (1/1 Frequency allocation reuse)

MAIO Planning ExampleMAIO Offset determines the MAIO of the first hopping TRX in each sector MAI value for each TDMA frame is calculated by BTS and MS by using HSN and TDMA frame number

Site C

The sectors share the same HSN MAIOs for the rest of the hopping TRXs are determined by adding MAIO Step to the MAIO of the previous hopping TRXNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Transmitted frequencies for each TRX during each TDMA frame No co- or adjacent channel interference between sectorsPage: 99

Site D

Site F

Site GNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Page: 100

RF FH with Fractional Loading (FAR 3-5) 3Planning Case19 freq encies reserved for non-BCCH TRXs Network layo t:ite Cell TRX co n t Ho ing TRXsvv t

A2 3

1 3 1 2

B C2 1 2 2 1 2 1

D3

E

1E F

F

G1G

1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2

2 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 3.3

Average TRXs/cell :vv

Average ho

ing TRXs/cell :

Effective reuse


Frequency allocation reuseNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

19 frequencies / 4.9 FH freqs per cell

u

1 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2

2.4

Average MA list length: 4.9 Average frequency load: 30.7%

7.9

OK 3.9 OK

Average frequency load 30.7 % (max. 34.6 %) OK

Page: 101

RF FH with Fractional Loading (FAR 3-5) Planning Case 3-

Allowing Consecutive Frequencies in MA Lists when MAIOstep = 2Consecutive carriers allowed in the MA lists Fractional load in every sector is 50% or less (fractional load MAL_length / Nb_TRX)

MAIOstep is set to 2

No intra cell adjacent channel interference!Page: 102


RF FH with Frequency Sharing Planning Case19 fr q i r t: rv d f rSit C llw w

-BCC TT t Tx y } {~

Each cell has a sufficient number of hopping frequencies even without fractional loadingi

A

A2 3

1 3 1 2

B C2 1 2 2 1 2 1

D3

E

1E F

F

G1

G

1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2

2 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 3

Average TRXs/cell : Av ra w w

3.3} {

h

i

T

Effective reuse


Frequency allocation reuseNOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

19 frequencies / 5.4 FH freq.per cell

z x w y

} | {z

N tw rk lay

x y

1 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2

Average MA list length: 5.4

The same MA list is shared among all the sectors of one site

/

ll :

2.4

7.9 3.5

OK OK

MAIO planning needed

Page: 103

RF FH with Frequency Sharing Planning Case

MAIO Planning ExampleFrequencies for the MA list are planned with help of frequency planning tool. Minimum separation is 2. Site F as an example.

MAIOStep is 1

The sectors share the same HSN

MAIOoffset for each sector is set so that the MAIOs for TRXs are in consecutive orderPage: 104


fh planning

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