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Ontario College of Teachers Ordre des enseignantes et des enseignants de lOntario Feminization of French publications Part 1: Policy December 2005de

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Page 1: Feminization of French Publications of... · English contains many common nouns, which include both men and women and tend to neutralize the expression of biological sex: driver,

Ontario College of TeachersOrdre des enseignantes et des enseignants de l’Ontario

Feminization of French publicationsPart 1: PolicyDecember 2005de

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Table of Contents

Feminization of French Publications for the Ontario College of Teachers 1Preface 1

Gender, biological sex and language: Feminization or gender neutral? 3Strategies 4Considering the whole text 4Using “doublets” 4Choosing words carefully 5Using feminine titles 5Changing sentence structure 5Using photos 6Making plurals agree 6Forms 6Legal documents 6Speech and other oral presentations 7Conclusion 7

Bibliography 8Ontario 8Québec 9Canada 12Belgium 13France 13Switzerland 14International 15

Biography 15Françoise Mougeon (consultant) 15Claude Tatilon (consultant) 17Pierrette Vachon-L’Heureux (consultant) 17

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ONTARIO COLLEGE OF TEACHERS

FEMINIZATION OF FRENCH PUBLICATIONS - PART 1: POLICY 1

Preface

All languages evolve and reflect the conditions and times in which people live. Like other languages that have grammatical gender, French has been greatly influenced since the end of the last century by the massive entry of women into the workforce.

Canada is particularly noteworthy in this respect, with Québec playing a leading role in the feminist movement around the world, particularly with the establishment in 1971 of the Office of Equal Opportunity for Women one year after the publication of the report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women.

The egalitarian women’s worker movement of the 70s rapidly evolved in the 80s towards achieving recognition of the differences between men and women, and to equitable representation for women at every level of society, including within the French language.

Initially – first in French Canada but soon throughout the French-speaking world – people began to feminize titles to harmonize the language with the reality of our society, namely access by women to jobs previously held mainly by men.

The introduction of feminized nouns is a change that has had very little impact on the French language because the rules for gendered suffixes in French already existed and French nouns therefore lend themselves quite easily to this form of lexical gymnastics.

On the other hand the structure of French offers many challenges to further feminization of the sentence. The feminization manuals of the past five years are much more sophisticated than their pioneering counterparts of the 80s, which emphasized the feminization of every individual sentence while offering few strategies on how to go about it.

The new manuals and the new editions of older manuals now recommend a tiered approach to the feminization of French that uses many different strategies, thus making it possible to give appropriate recognition to women while preserving the syntactical, lexical, stylistic and grammatical features that are specific to the French language.

This document is the result of an in-depth study designed to address this issue in the context of contemporary society.

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ONTARIO COLLEGE OF TEACHERS

FEMINIZATION OF FRENCH PUBLICATIONS - PART 1: POLICY 3

Feminization of French Publications for the Ontario College of Teachers

It is important to treat men and women equitably. It is equally important to write clearly and to write well.

The College has always made sure that parity between men and women is clearly reflected in its French-language publications, in fact in all its French-language material. For instance, we have used feminized titles since the College’s inception.

The recommendations for feminization of French publications and the feminization guide are in keeping with the College’s principles of equity and the most current recommendations of experts in French linguistics in several francophone jurisdictions.

Our research led us to consult leading specialists in the field in Canada as well as the common practice of major French-Canadian publications. We also reviewed a wide range of documents, guides and publications in use in Ontario, Québec, throughout Canada, in France, Switzerland and Belgium. The research presented a fascinating picture of attempts made over the years to feminize French text.

Contained in the appendices to this paper are biographies of the linguistic experts we consulted and a list of the works we reviewed. Our research also led us to talk with many organizations, including those from Ontario French papers like Le Droit, l’Express and le Métropolitain, Ontario broadcast media such as Radio-Canada and TVO/TFO, and Québec publications such as L’Actualité, Le Devoir, La Presse, Le Soleil and Gazette des femmes.

We consulted with language experts at the Office de la langue française au Québec and staff at the education ministries of Ontario and Québec and at teachers’ federations such as the Association des enseignantes et des enseignants franco-ontariens (AEEFO), OTF-FEO and CTF-FCE.

Our research and consultations, along with information from our francophone focus groups, provides the underlying principles of feminization.

Gender, biological sex and language: Feminization or gender neutral?Unlike French, English has natural rather than grammatical gender. Gender in English is defined by biological sex. Names of males are masculine, such as John or brother. Names of females, such as Jennifer or sister, are feminine. Names of things, like college or courage, are neuter. Names that apply to either males or females, like teacher or student, are common.

Unlike French, adjectives and past participles in English do not change with gender. Compare the English – a damaged white shirt, a damaged white hat, a nice polite girl, a nice polite boy – with the French – une chemise blanche abîmée, un chapeau blanc abîmé, une gentille fille polie, un gentil garçon poli.

When writers make English gender-neutral, it’s largely a matter of judicious word choice (humankind instead of mankind, chair instead of chairman or chairwoman) and using the plural to avoid he/she (All teachers should have their reports in by Tuesday instead of Every teacher

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ONTARIO COLLEGE OF TEACHERS

4 FEMINIZATION OF FRENCH PUBLICATIONS - PART 1: POLICY

should have her or his report in by Tuesday). In fact, Canadian style guides now accept the use of the plural pronoun as a reflection of everyday use of non-sexist language (Every teacher should send in their report).

In French, every noun has a gender and adjectives and past participles must agree with that gender. The gender most often has nothing to do with biological sex (une table, une personne, un individu, une université, un collège). Nouns that refer to females or males usually have the same grammatical gender as the biological sex, but not always (une sentinelle, une majesté, une victime are examples of feminine nouns that can represent a man, while un individu, un voyou, un bébé are example of masculine nouns that can represent a woman).

English contains many common nouns, which include both men and women and tend to neutralize the expression of biological sex: driver, teacher, employee.

French nouns, however, use derivatives a great deal when referring to persons (nouns formed from a root and a suffix). These derivatives highlight the biological sex rather than neutralizing it: un conducteur, une conductrice; un enseignant, une enseignante; un enquêteur, une enquêteuse.

Even in the rare case of an epicene noun (having only one form of the noun for both the male and the female), gender (and biological sex) is still revealed by the article and modifier: un élève doué, une élève douée; une grande adulte, un grand adulte. The noun is spelled the same, but the gender changes to reflect the sex of the individual it represents.

In English we hide the difference and call it making the language gender neutral. In French we make the difference visible and

call it feminization. Therefore feminization of discourse is the set of measures taken to give women greater visibility.

The two different languages call for different strategies to give women and men equitable representation. And French, because of grammatical gender and the need for agreement, presents much more of a challenge than English.

StrategiesThe College strives, in all its activities, to treat men and women equitably. The College also strives to ensure that its publications are well written and easy to understand.

All material written in French or translated into French must represent women and men equitably. The material must also be written clearly to reach its communication goal.

Anyone working with French text will start by considering the whole text and use the following strategies so that the document represents women and men equitably.

Considering the whole textThrough years of trying to feminize French text, experts have come to agree that no one answer exists. The consensus that has emerged is that a variety of strategies must be employed.

Each text must be considered as a whole. The goal in non-sexist writing is to write differently from the outset to keep the materials readable and engaging. This is therefore a greater challenge for translators than for writers. Men and women will be mentioned in terms that are equivalent in meaning and prestige. The feminine and masculine will be distributed appropriately throughout the text to make sure that both are visible. Above all, the main concern is the overall impression of the text,

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ONTARIO COLLEGE OF TEACHERS

FEMINIZATION OF FRENCH PUBLICATIONS – PART 1: POLICY 5

whether it is a letter, a short article or a 50-page report.

Using “doublets”Guides published in the last decade recommend that writers use “doublets” (two equivalent words designating men and women who perform the same functions, such as étudiantes and étudiants) judiciously throughout a text. As Vachon-L’Heureux points out in “Féminisation et rédaction” (Correspondence, Centre collégial de développement de matériel didactique (CCDMD) Vol. 10 no 3, Feb. 2005) the introduction of too many doublets makes reading difficult.

According to the Guide de féminisation published by the Government of Ontario, the intensive use of doublets does make women more visible but does not guarantee them equity. In Femme j’écris ton nom, the guide from the Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de la langue française (France), Annie Becquer, Bernard Cerquiglini and Nicole Cholewka write about the negative perception

women have of certain feminized terms and their preference for a masculine term that recognizes their authority and prestige.

A parallel exists in English with the disappearance of the “ess” suffix, which used to denote a woman in an occupation. Poetess and authoress have disappeared completely and even the once-common actress is virtually never seen, as women who act prefer the epicene actor.

Reading a French text about teaching and teachers that says une enseignante ou un enseignant, une directrice ou un directeur d’école, une agente ou un agent de supervision every time would be akin to reading an English text

about writing that says author or authoress everywhere – a barrier to reading. Readers understand it’s about the function, not the individuals.

The French education community stresses the importance of reasonable use of doublets so as to not make sentences cumbersome in written or oral presentation.

The College will use doublets in a text when addressing people directly (Chères collègues, Chers collègues) in titles, to set the tone (Ordre des enseignantes et des enseignants de l’Ontario) as well as throughout a text where appropriate.

Doublets are used appropriately when referring to individuals but not when referring to a function, particularly when the function is being done by a company or an organization, be it a faculty, a school or a school board, such as fournisseur, employeur or client.

The College, like most guides, will ask writers to exercise sound judgment.

Choosing words carefullyWherever appropriate, writers will use generic, collective and epicene nouns, as they represent both men and women. In grammar terms the nouns are still masculine or feminine.

Personne, which is feminine, and individu, which is masculine, are generic nouns.

Une équipe, la communauté, which are feminine, and une assemblée, le personnel, un groupe, which are masculine, are collective nouns.

Les élèves and les adultes are epicene nouns, which represent women and men alike when used in the plural.

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6 FEMINIZATION OF FRENCH PUBLICATIONS - PART 1: POLICY

Using feminine titlesThe College has used the feminine version of titles since its inception and will continue to use them.

In some instances this has meant reclaiming the meaning of the word. La ministre, currently used to mean a female minister, not so long ago meant the minister’s wife. La patronne used to be a pejorative term for wife, much as woman driver used to be an epithet. Today, une ministre, une juge, une générale, une patronne are in common use and have the same meanings and authority as their masculine counterparts.

In many titles the noun remains the same and only the article changes. La maire (female mayor) is as acceptable as le maire (male mayor). La mairesse (rarely used in our modern times) used to be the female equivalent, gender-wise, but referred to the mayor’s wife.

Changing sentence structureRestructuring a sentence can allow the writer to include the feminine by using alternatives to adjectives or past participles, which need agreement. Writers and translators will use a variety of the following devices, to name only a few:

• the active instead of the passive voice, for example, nous convoquons vos collègues à la réunion instead of vos collègues sont convoqués à la réunion

• an infinitive, for example, l’élève pourra changer d’école sans avoir à attendre trop longtemps instead of sans qu’il ait à attendre

• change sentence style, for example, Parmi la clientèle étudiante, nous avons distingué trois groupes : prêt seulement; prêt et bourse; aucune aide financière instead of Nous avons distingué trois groupes : les étudiants

qui reçoivent un prêt seulement, ceux qui reçoivent un prêt et une bourse, et ceux qui ne reçoivent aucune aide financière

• an adverb or other invariable expression, for example, Les élèves doivent arriver à l’heure sous peine de conséquence instead of Les élèves ne doivent pas arriver en retard; S’ils le font, ils devront essuyer des conséquences

• an indefinite or possessive adjective, for example, on a demandé à chaque membre instead of chacun des membres.

Using photosAppearance is important. The fact that there are female members in the Ontario College of Teachers is made clear from the presence of women in the cover photograph of any publication and throughout it. Photographs are the strongest way to demonstrate the presence of women.

Articles in this kind of publication need fewer feminine tags than would be needed in a letter or a report that has no graphics.

Making plurals agreeIn French, unlike English, modifiers must change to agree with the gender of what they’re modifying. Where a statement contains both masculine and feminine nouns the agreement of modifiers is with the masculine plural. The style guides and linguistic experts agree that it is impossible to get around this agreement.

An attempt to make the plural feminine introduces confusion: les étudiants et les étudiantes diplômées says “all male students but only female students who have graduated.” The masculine plural, les étudiants diplômés, means “all students who have graduated” (regardless of whether they are men or women)

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FEMINIZATION OF FRENCH PUBLICATIONS – PART 1: POLICY 7

as according to French grammar the masculine plural includes both sexes. In order to convey the meaning that only male students have graduated, the sentence would have to be more specific. Les étudiants de sexe masculin qui sont diplomés means “only male students who have graduated.”

When referring to a function the noun is generic, even though most “function” nouns carry the masculine gender. When it refers to an individual the noun takes on gender to match the biological sex, as in L’enseignante Julie Thériault est un des enseignants les plus réputés de la province (Teacher Julie Thériault is one of the most respected teachers in the province). It is not L’enseignante Julie Thériault est une des enseignantes les plus réputées de la province, for in that case teacher Julie Thériault is one of the most respected female teachers in the province.

FormsFor College publications and most other documents these strategies will be effective. However, forms and legal-type documents fall into another category.

Forms and questionnaires must be simple and are often subject to space constraints. In these documents, which usually accompany or are part of a larger, informative document, titles and forms of address will be in both genders. The College will follow current practice in most jurisdictions and not use brackets, slashes or dashes.

Legal documentsSince the College must harmonize its regulations with the laws under which it operates, it will continue to follow the practices of major Canadian statutes in the use of the masculine to express the generic.

The report of the committee appointed to prepare bilingual legislative drafting conventions for the Uniform Law Conference of Canada says that sex-specific references should be avoided. However, it also states that one may use the masculine as a generic form (le président, l’auteur de la demande) and the masculine plural (les employés, les avocats).

The College will add to its legal documents the following, which is often added to a French translation: La formulation au masculin pluriel est généraique et inclut donc le masculin et le féminin. (The use of masculine plural is generic and therefore includes feminine and masculine).

Speech and other oral presentationsFor oral presentations, the College will use all the above strategies with the exception of doublets if the words are homophones: Chers collègues instead of Chères collègues, Chers collègues; les professionnels instead of les professionnelles et professionnels.

ConclusionFeminization of titles is now common in the French language. Feminization of text is less so. As writing in a genderless fashion is much more a challenge in French than in English, French will focus more on representing both men and women fairly instead of hiding them.

It is imperative that French-language publications of the College reflect the equity between women and men. At the same time the College must keep up its standards for clear, well-written material.

The linguistic experts agree that no one strategy exists. The answer is to use many strategies.

The College began to implement these strategies as the research and development of this paper proceeded.

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8 FEMINIZATION OF FRENCH PUBLICATIONS - PART 1: POLICY

In all its publications the College will use a variety of feminization strategies to ensure that members see themselves treated fairly.

• Writers and translators for the College will consider the entire text and treat it as a whole, using feminization strategies that ensure the text clearly recognizes the feminine.

• The College will use “doublets” (feminine-masculine pairs) in forms of address (Chères collègues, Chers collègues) in titles as well as throughout the text where  appropriate.

• Writers and translators will look for words that include both men and women, using collective, epicene or generic nouns wherever possible and appropriate.

• The College will use the feminine version when the title is that of a woman.

• Writers and translators will look for ways to alter sentence structure to avoid constructions that require agreement.

• Designers will use photos and graphics representing women.

• In legal documents the College will follow the practices used in major Canadian statutes.

• When used, masculine plural nouns include both men and women, as per common French grammar.

• For oral presentations the College will use all the above strategies with the exception of doublets if the words are homophones.

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FEMINIZATION OF FRENCH PUBLICATIONS - PART 1: POLICY 9

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COMMUNAUTÉ FRANÇAISE DE BELGIQUE, CONSEIL SUPÉRIEUR DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE ET SERVICE DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE. Mettre au féminin. Guide de féminisation des noms et métier, fonction, grade ou titre, Bruxelles, Service de la langue française, Direction générale de la culture et de la communication, 1994.

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Biography

Françoise Mougeon (consultant)Françoise Mougeon has a doctorate from the Université de Paris X in linguistics and language sciences (1999) and a master’s in linguistics from the Université de Paris VII (1970).

Having worked as an educational advisor for the federal government’s Language Training Program until 1986, she has since been a professor at York University’s Glendon College in Toronto, where from 2000 to 2002, she was the head of the French-language program and from 2001 to 2003 the head of the French Studies Department. She was Glendon’s Associate Principal, Academic from 2003 to 2004. She has been the Director of York University Masters Program in French Studies since July 2005.

Mougeon has published many articles about bilingualism, the French spoken in “language isolates” and the influence of information technology on the structure of French, along with a work about oral French entitled Quel français parler? Initiation au français parlé au Canada et en France [Which French? An introduction to spoken French in Canada and France] (Éditions du GREF, 1995; 2nd revised, corrected and expanded edition, 1998), a CD-ROM to accompany the work (produced in co-operation with Dominique Scheffel-Dunand): Paroles francophones: Quebec, Ontario, France (Éditions du GREF, 1999).

In addition, working once again with Dominique Scheffel-Dunand, she created an online course on Interculturality in a francophone network.

In 2003 she collaborated with Raymond Mougeon to publish a pedagogical guide for teachers working in French Immersion schools entitled Mille Images (Éditions Beauchemin).

Her research interests include stylistic variation in French, teaching and acquiring variation in a first and second language.

She is currently conducting research projects on code switching in bilingual subjects and on the sociolinguistic competence of university graduates from immersion programs.

Claude Tatilon (consultant)Claude Tatilon has taught linguistics and translation at the University of Western Ontario and was a visiting professor at the University of Ottawa School of Translation and Interpretation. He is currently a full professor of linguistics and translation at Glendon College, the bilingual faculty of York University. In 1979 he established the Glendon BA Program in Translation and later became Director of the MA Program in Translation and head of the Department of French Studies.

He has published many translations in a variety of fields (fine arts, literature, advertising, education, board games), including, with his colleague Alain Baudot, Jungle canadienne : la période méconnue d’Arthur Lismer [French translation of Dennis Reid’s Canadian Jungle: the later work of Arthur Lismer] (Art Gallery of Ontario, 1991). He has also written approximately 100 articles on language, as well as a number of specialized works, including

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Sonorités et Texte poétique (Montreal/Paris, Didier, 1976), Traduire : pour une pédagogie de la traduction (Toronto, GREF, 1987) and Écrire le paragraphe (Toronto, Gref, 1997).

Together with his colleague Alain Baudot he was the joint editor of Georges Mounin’s final work, Travaux pratiques de sémiologie générale (Toronto, GREF, 1994) and of La Linguistique fonctionnelle au tournant du siècle (Toronto, GREF, 2002). After Helena (Paris, Arcantère, 1991) he returned to novels with Les Portugaises ensablées (Toronto, GREF, 2001; a finalist for the French-language CBC Readers Award). He is currently working on some of the problems involved in non-sexist writing.

Pierrette Vachon-L’Heureux (consultant)Pierrette Vachon-L’Heureux is a leader in translation strategies and terminology with extensive experience in both federal and Québec government service.

Her 45 years of experience in the field has led to her current interest in the feminization of speech and written text. Currently, a leading terminologist with Québec’s Office de la langue française, she is widely published and quoted as one of the world’s foremost authorities in this area.

Professional experienceVachon-L’Heureux joined the Quebec government to work with public service linguists responsible for carrying out the work required by the Charter of the French Language. She specialized in language assistance in order to develop a team of language experts to provide linguistic advice to the Quebec community on the one hand, and at the same time to develop an ad hoc terminological methodology, a discipline which underlies this activity.

The increasing needs involved in operating and adding information to the rapidly expanding Banque de terminologie du Québec (BTQ – Québec Terminology Bank), made this linguistic planner into an experienced terminographer.

Throughout the many phases in the development of language policy in Québec at the Office de la langue française, she pursued her career as a project leader in this field from 1978 onward.

Areas of interest, research in progress, previous research and major publicationsHer basic research into the science of language addresses the noun phrase, the parts of speech, the theory of words and terms, the material signified and the formal signified, lexical semantics and grammatical semantics, the term and terminologization, language power and language effect, discourse, phrasal intent and lexical morphology.

Her applied research is on the development of feminine morphology in French, the effects of feminization on speech, the influence of English on Québec French language and syntax, general and technical language neology under the influence of society and social change, the history of French spelling, linguistic reforms and changes, the development of Québec lexicography, the instrumentation of language quality, the dominant norm, terminological and lexicographical tagging, pedagogical materials, linguistic evaluation criteria, anglicization factors in occupational and technical training, etc.

Vachon-L’Heureux has contributed to six books: Méthodologie de la recherche terminologique ponctuelle : Essai de définition (Collection: Études, recherches et documentation, Québec, Office de la langue française, 1984, 171 pages); Le français quotidien des gestionnaires; Le français quotidien des secrétaires; Le français quotidien

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des communicateurs; Le français quotidien; Au féminin : Guide de féminisation des titres de fonction et des textes. All of these works were published by the Government of Québec.

She writes regularly (articles and mission reports) and delivers frequent papers at all the relevant symposia. Her most recent article appeared in Langue française in December 1995. It was entitled: La variation graphique et les rectifications de l’orthographe française (1990). Issue 108 published the proceedings of the CNRS- HESO-AIROE symposium in June 1993, which she attended as the Québec representative.

AccomplishmentsVachon-L’Heureux completed a terminological internship with the United Nations in 1980, was Vice-President of the Association internationale de psychomécanique du langage (1983-93), represented linguists from government agencies for the Association québécoise de linguistique (1980-90), was the delegate to the Conseil de la langue française as a member of the Québec committee on the modernization of spelling (1989), gave a practicum in terminology in Cotonou (Benin) for the ACCT, established a Network of language specialists for the Québec government, chaired the committee to review management terminology in health care, directed the professional training project team and was also a member of the Terminogramme editorial board (1991 – 96).

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