female reproductive system. anatomy primary function of the female reproductive system is the...

Female Female Reproductive Reproductive

SystemSystem

AnatomyAnatomy

Primary function of the female Primary function of the female reproductive system is reproductive system is the creation the creation and support of new life.and support of new life.

External GenitaliaExternal Genitalia Labia are divided into two parts: labiaLabia are divided into two parts: labia

majora majora and labia and labia minoraminora.. The clitoris is the sensitive, erectile The clitoris is the sensitive, erectile

tissue tissue anterioranterior to the vaginal opening. to the vaginal opening. Bartholin’s glands are Bartholin’s glands are twotwo small small

rounded glands on either side of the rounded glands on either side of the vaginal opening that produce a mucus vaginal opening that produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina.secretion to lubricate the vagina.

PerineumPerineum - area between the vaginal - area between the vaginal opening and anus.opening and anus.

Anatomy Cont’d.Anatomy Cont’d.

Mammary GlandsMammary Glands Mammary Mammary glandsglands – also known as breasts – also known as breasts The areola is the The areola is the darkdark pigmented area that pigmented area that

surrounds the nipple.surrounds the nipple. Mammary glands produce milk shortly after Mammary glands produce milk shortly after

childbirthchildbirth. .


Internal Genitalia Internal Genitalia

Includes Includes twotwo ovaries, ovaries, twotwo fallopian tubes, fallopian tubes, one one uterusuterus, and the vagina., and the vagina.

Ovaries – almond shaped organ in Ovaries – almond shaped organ in the lower abdomen located on either the lower abdomen located on either side of the side of the uterusuterus. Contain follicles . Contain follicles (fluid filled sacs) and ova (female egg). (fluid filled sacs) and ova (female egg).

FallopianFallopian tubes – carry ova from ovary tubes – carry ova from ovary to uterus and sperm upward from the to uterus and sperm upward from the vagina and uterus. vagina and uterus.


Internal Genitalia Cont’d. Internal Genitalia Cont’d.

Uterus is the Uterus is the pearpear-shaped organ with muscular -shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining. The uterus walls and a mucous membrane lining. The uterus has three portions: the fundus, corpus, and has three portions: the fundus, corpus, and cervixcervix..

The uterus also three layers of tissue: the The uterus also three layers of tissue: the perimetrium, the perimetrium, the myometriummyometrium, and the , and the endometrium.endometrium.

VaginaVagina (colp/o = (colp/o = vaginavagina andand vagin/o = vagina) – vagin/o = vagina) – muscular tube extending from cervix to outside the muscular tube extending from cervix to outside the body.body.

MenstruationMenstruation – normal discharge of bloody fluid – normal discharge of bloody fluid from the non-pregnant uterus.from the non-pregnant uterus.

Medical Specialties Medical Specialties

GynecologistGynecologist – MD that specializes in – MD that specializes in diagnosingdiagnosing and treating diseases/disorders of and treating diseases/disorders of the female reproductive system.the female reproductive system.

ObstetricianObstetrician - MD that specializes in providing - MD that specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirthchildbirth, and immediately after birth., and immediately after birth.

NeonatologistNeonatologist (neo = (neo = newnew + nat/i = + nat/i = birthbirth + + ologist = specialist) – diagnoses and treats ologist = specialist) – diagnoses and treats disorders of the newborn infant.disorders of the newborn infant.

PediatricianPediatrician – MD that diagnoses and treats – MD that diagnoses and treats disorders in disorders in childrenchildren..

PathologyPathology

OvarianOvarian Cancer – third most common cancer Cancer – third most common cancer of the female reproductive system, of the female reproductive system, however, more women however, more women diedie of it than other of it than other forms of cancer.forms of cancer.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PIDPID) – ) – inflammation of female reproductive organs inflammation of female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy; not associated with surgery or pregnancy; can be a complication of can be a complication of STD’sSTD’s and lead to and lead to infertility and tubal pregnancies.infertility and tubal pregnancies.

Pathology Cont’dPathology Cont’d

Endometriosis (endo- = within + metri- = Endometriosis (endo- = within + metri- = uterusuterus + -osis = abnormal condition) – + -osis = abnormal condition) – endometrial uterine tissue grows outside endometrial uterine tissue grows outside the uterus on other structures in pelvic the uterus on other structures in pelvic cavitycavity

Cervical cancer – second most common Cervical cancer – second most common cancer in women, usual onset 35-55 years cancer in women, usual onset 35-55 years of age, detect through of age, detect through pappap smearsmear..

Pathology Cont’d.Pathology Cont’d.

Mastitis (mast/o = Mastitis (mast/o = breastbreast + -itis = + -itis = inflammation) = inflammation of breast inflammation) = inflammation of breast usually associated with lactationusually associated with lactation

Dysmenorrhea (dys- = Dysmenorrhea (dys- = difficultdifficult, painful + , painful + men/o = menstruation, + -rrhea = abnormal men/o = menstruation, + -rrhea = abnormal flowflow) – pain caused by uterine cramps during ) – pain caused by uterine cramps during menstrual periodmenstrual period

Menorrhagia (men/o = menstruation + -Menorrhagia (men/o = menstruation + -rrhagia = rrhagia = abnormalabnormal bleedingbleeding) – excessive ) – excessive amount of menstrual flow, longer duration amount of menstrual flow, longer duration than a normal periodthan a normal period

Diagnostic/Treatment Diagnostic/Treatment ProceduresProcedures

Breast Self Examination (Breast Self Examination (BSEBSE) – important in ) – important in early detection of breast cancer.early detection of breast cancer.

MammographyMammography – radiographic examination of – radiographic examination of breasts.breasts.

Tubal ligation – surgical procedure performed Tubal ligation – surgical procedure performed for female for female sterilizationsterilization, fallopian tubes are cut , fallopian tubes are cut and tied (ligated) and a section removed to and tied (ligated) and a section removed to prevent prevent ovumovum from reaching uterus from reaching uterus

Diagnostic/Treatment Diagnostic/Treatment ProceduresProcedures

Dilation & curettage (Dilation & curettage (D & CD & C) – dilation of the ) – dilation of the cervix and scraping of the uterus. cervix and scraping of the uterus.

Hysterectomy (hyster/o = uterus + -ectomy Hysterectomy (hyster/o = uterus + -ectomy = = surgicalsurgical removalremoval) – surgical removal of the ) – surgical removal of the uterus that may/may not include cervix. uterus that may/may not include cervix.

Bilateral (Bilateral (bothboth sidessides) salgingo-oophorectomy ) salgingo-oophorectomy – surgical removal of the cervix, uterus, both – surgical removal of the cervix, uterus, both fallopian tubes, and both ovaries.fallopian tubes, and both ovaries.

MastectomyMastectomy – surgical removal of breast, one – surgical removal of breast, one treatment for breast cancertreatment for breast cancer

PregnancyPregnancy

OvulationOvulation - release of the mature egg from - release of the mature egg from the ovary.the ovary.

Fertilization – when sperm penetrates Fertilization – when sperm penetrates descending descending ovumovum (egg) (egg)

Embryo – name for developing child from Embryo – name for developing child from implantation of the egg through the implantation of the egg through the eightheighth week of pregnancy.week of pregnancy.

FetusFetus – name for developing child – name for developing child from 9 from 9thth week of pregnancy until birth. week of pregnancy until birth.

Pregnancy Cont’d.Pregnancy Cont’d.

Fraternal twins = two eggs/two sperm; Fraternal twins = two eggs/two sperm; Identical twins = one egg/one sperm Identical twins = one egg/one sperm that separates into two. that separates into two.

PlacentaPlacenta - temporary organ that forms within - temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow exchange of nutrients, the uterus to allow exchange of nutrients, oxygen and oxygen and wastewaste products between the products between the developing infant and mother.developing infant and mother.

Amniotic Amniotic sacsac - innermost membrane that - innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus and filled surrounds the embryo in the uterus and filled with fluid (amniotic fluid) to protect the fetus. with fluid (amniotic fluid) to protect the fetus.

Pregnancy Cont’d.Pregnancy Cont’d.

Gestation – period of time the fetus is Gestation – period of time the fetus is developingdeveloping in the uterus. Appx. in the uterus. Appx. 4040 weeks. weeks.

Nulligravida (nulli- = Nulligravida (nulli- = nonenone + -gravida + -gravida ==pregnantpregnant) – female who has never been ) – female who has never been pregnant.pregnant.

Nullipara Nullipara - female who has never borne a - female who has never borne a viable child.viable child.

Primigravida (primi- = Primigravida (primi- = firstfirst + + -gravida = pregnant) – first -gravida = pregnant) – first pregnancy pregnancy

ChildbirthChildbirth

Labor and delivery occurs in three Labor and delivery occurs in three stages: contraction of uterus & dilation stages: contraction of uterus & dilation of cervix, delivery of the of cervix, delivery of the infantinfant, and , and delivery of the delivery of the placentaplacenta (afterbirth). (afterbirth).

Postpartum (post- = after + -partum Postpartum (post- = after + -partum ==childbirthchildbirth) – after childbirth.) – after childbirth.

Pregnancy PathologyPregnancy Pathology

SpontaneousSpontaneous abortion – also called a abortion – also called a miscarriage, is interruption of the miscarriage, is interruption of the pregnancy before the fetus is viable.pregnancy before the fetus is viable.

Ectopic pregnancy – fertilized egg implants Ectopic pregnancy – fertilized egg implants outsideoutside of the uterus of the uterus

Abruptio Abruptio PlacentaPlacenta - separation of - separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. the placenta from the uterine wall.

Premature infant – infant Premature infant – infant bornborn before 37th before 37th week of gestationweek of gestation

Pregnancy Diagnostic or Pregnancy Diagnostic or Treatment ProceduresTreatment Procedures

Amniocentesis (amni/o = amnion, fetal Amniocentesis (amni/o = amnion, fetal membrane + -centesis = surgical puncture membrane + -centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid) – performed to obtain to remove fluid) – performed to obtain specimen of specimen of amnioticamniotic fluidfluid to evaluate fetal to evaluate fetal health and diagnose congenital disorders. health and diagnose congenital disorders.

Fetal ultrasound – Fetal ultrasound – radiologyradiology test to test to evaluate fetal developmentevaluate fetal development

Pregnancy Diagnostic or Pregnancy Diagnostic or Treatment Procedures Treatment Procedures

Cont’d.Cont’d. CesareanCesarean delivery (C-section) – delivery delivery (C-section) – delivery

of the child through an incision in the of the child through an incision in the mother’s abdominal wall.mother’s abdominal wall.

Episiotomy (episi/o = vulva + -otomy = Episiotomy (episi/o = vulva + -otomy = surgicalsurgical incisionincision) – incision of perineum ) – incision of perineum and vagina to assist in delivery of the and vagina to assist in delivery of the infantinfant

Male Reproductive Male Reproductive SystemSystem

AnatomyAnatomy

Testes – male gonads located Testes – male gonads located in the in the scrotumscrotum that produce that produce spermsperm Also produce male hormones, Also produce male hormones,

mainly mainly testosteronetestosterone MaturationMaturation of sperm, body hair, of sperm, body hair,

facial hair, facial hair, largerlarger muscles, deep muscles, deep voicevoice

Scrotum – a Scrotum – a sacsac suspended suspended between the thighsbetween the thighs Temperature of the scrotum is Temperature of the scrotum is

lowerlower than inside the body so than inside the body so that sperm can be producedthat sperm can be produced

Anatomy Con’t.Anatomy Con’t.

Epididymis – a Epididymis – a tightlytightly coiled coiled tube approximately 20 feet in tube approximately 20 feet in length and located in the length and located in the scrotum near the scrotum near the testestestes After sperm develop in the After sperm develop in the

seminiferousseminiferous tubules in the tubules in the testes, they enter the testes, they enter the epididymisepididymis

Stores the sperm while they Stores the sperm while they mature and become mature and become motile motile and and produces a fluid that becomes produces a fluid that becomes part of semenpart of semen

Then connects with the next Then connects with the next tube, the tube, the vasvas deferensdeferens


Vas deferens – receives Vas deferens – receives the the spermsperm and fluid from and fluid from the the epididymisepididymis Joins with the epididymis Joins with the epididymis

and extends up behind the and extends up behind the urinaryurinary bladder and joins bladder and joins with a seminal vesiclewith a seminal vesicle

Acts as both a Acts as both a pathwaypathway and and storage area for spermstorage area for sperm

This is cut during a This is cut during a vasectomyvasectomy to produce to produce sterility in the malesterility in the male


SeminalSeminal vesicles – two vesicles – two small pouch-like tubes small pouch-like tubes located behind the bladderlocated behind the bladder The glandular lining The glandular lining

produces a thick, yellow produces a thick, yellow fluid that is rich in fluid that is rich in sugarsugar and and other substances to provide other substances to provide nourishmentnourishment for the sperm for the sperm

This composes a large part This composes a large part of the of the semensemen


Ejaculatory ducts – two Ejaculatory ducts – two shortshort tubes formed tubes formed by the union of the vas deferens and the by the union of the vas deferens and the seminalseminal vesicles vesicles Carry the sperm and fluids (collectively known as Carry the sperm and fluids (collectively known as

semen) through the semen) through the prostateprostate gland and into the gland and into the urethraurethra


ProstateProstate gland – doughnut-shaped gland gland – doughnut-shaped gland located below the urinary bladder on located below the urinary bladder on either side of the urethraeither side of the urethra Produces an Produces an alkalinealkaline secretion that both secretion that both

increases sperm motility and neutralizes increases sperm motility and neutralizes the acidity in the the acidity in the vaginavagina, providing a better , providing a better environment for the spermenvironment for the sperm

Prostate contracts during ejaculation to aid Prostate contracts during ejaculation to aid in the in the expulsionexpulsion of the semen of the semen

When it contracts, it also closes off the When it contracts, it also closes off the urethraurethra, preventing urination, preventing urination


Cowper’s gland – two Cowper’s gland – two small glands located small glands located below the below the prostateprostate and connected by and connected by small tubes to the small tubes to the urethraurethra Secrete Secrete mucusmucus and an and an

alkaline fluid which alkaline fluid which decrease the acidity of decrease the acidity of urineurine residue in the residue in the urethra urethra


Urethra – tube that Urethra – tube that extendsextends from the from the urinary bladder, urinary bladder, through the penis, and through the penis, and to the outside of the to the outside of the bodybody Carries urine from the Carries urine from the

bladderbladder and semen and semen from the reproductive from the reproductive tubestubes


Penis – the Penis – the externalexternal male reproductive male reproductive organ that is located in front of the organ that is located in front of the scrotumscrotum Glans penis – enlarged structure at the Glans penis – enlarged structure at the

distaldistal endend Glans penis is covered with Glans penis is covered with foreskinforeskin which which

is commonly removed during circumcisionis commonly removed during circumcision Functions include elimination of urine from Functions include elimination of urine from

the bladder as well as the bladder as well as intercourseintercourse (penis (penis fills with blood to become erect)fills with blood to become erect)

Male Reproduction - Male Reproduction - Diseases and Abnormal Diseases and Abnormal

ConditionsConditions Epididymitis – Epididymitis – inflammationinflammation of the epididymis of the epididymis

caused by a pathogenic organisimcaused by a pathogenic organisim Occurs with urinary tract or prostate Occurs with urinary tract or prostate

infections, mumps, or infections, mumps, or STDsSTDs If not treated, it can cause If not treated, it can cause scaringscaring and and

sterilitysterility Signs and Symptoms – pain in the testes, Signs and Symptoms – pain in the testes,

swellingswelling, and fever, and fever Treatment – antibiotics, cold applications, Treatment – antibiotics, cold applications,

scrotal support, and pain medication (draining scrotal support, and pain medication (draining of of puspus or epididymectomy for severe cases) or epididymectomy for severe cases)


ConditionsConditions Orchitis Orchitis – inflammation of the testes– inflammation of the testes

Usually caused by the virus that causes Usually caused by the virus that causes mumpsmumps, bacterial infections from STDs, or , bacterial infections from STDs, or injuryinjury

Can lead to Can lead to atrophyatrophy of testes and sterility of testes and sterility Signs and Symptoms – Signs and Symptoms – swellingswelling of the scrotum, of the scrotum,

pain, and feverpain, and fever Treatment – antibiotics, Treatment – antibiotics, antipyreticsantipyretics, scrotal , scrotal

support, and pain medicationsupport, and pain medication Prevention – Prevention – vaccinationsvaccinations and preventing STDs and preventing STDs


ConditionsConditions Prostatic hypertrophy – Prostatic hypertrophy – enlargementenlargement of the of the

prostate glandprostate gland Common in men over Common in men over 5050 Can be Can be benignbenign or malignant or malignant

Signs and Symptoms – difficulty starting to Signs and Symptoms – difficulty starting to urinate, frequent urination, urinate, frequent urination, nocturianocturia, urinary , urinary infectionsinfections

Treatment – antibiotics, medications to shrink Treatment – antibiotics, medications to shrink the the prostateprostate size, medications to relax the size, medications to relax the urethra, removal of part of the prostate, or urethra, removal of part of the prostate, or radiation and chemotherapy for prostate cancerradiation and chemotherapy for prostate cancer


ConditionsConditions Testicular cancer – cancer of the Testicular cancer – cancer of the testestestes, occurs , occurs

most frequently in men between 20-35most frequently in men between 20-35 Highly Highly malignantmalignant form of cancer that can spread form of cancer that can spread

rapidlyrapidly Signs and Symptoms – Signs and Symptoms – painlesspainless swelling of the swelling of the

testes, a heavy feeling, and an accumulation of testes, a heavy feeling, and an accumulation of fluidfluid

Treatment – Treatment – orchiectomyorchiectomy, chemotherapy and/or , chemotherapy and/or radiationradiation

One of the most One of the most curablecurable cancers with a 95% cancers with a 95% survival rate if it is detected early (survival rate if it is detected early (monthlymonthly testicular self-examinations)testicular self-examinations)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pJOHRpo1Po

female reproductive system. anatomy primary function of the female reproductive system is the...

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