function of male and female reproductive system

8/18/2019 Function of Male and Female Reproductive System

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Function of male and femaleFunction of male and female

reproductive systemreproductive system


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Formation of sexual fitches of theFormation of sexual fitches of the

organism at fetal periodorganism at fetal period In fetus testosterone is secreted by genital ridges under influenceIn fetus testosterone is secreted by genital ridges under influence

of male chromosome “Y” at 7th week of fetation. Later fetal testesof male chromosome “Y” at 7th week of fetation. Later fetal testessecrete testosterone under influence of human chorionicsecrete testosterone under influence of human chorionicgonadotropin from placenta.gonadotropin from placenta.

Action of testosterone in fetus causes development of penisAction of testosterone in fetus causes development of penisscrotum prostate seminal vesicles and male genital duct!scrotum prostate seminal vesicles and male genital duct!suppresses formation of female genital organs! causes descent ofsuppresses formation of female genital organs! causes descent oftestes through inguinal canal into scrotum during last two monthstestes through inguinal canal into scrotum during last two monthsof gestation. "egulation of testosterone in fetus occurs due toof gestation. "egulation of testosterone in fetus occurs due tohuman chorionic gonadotropin from placenta that causes Laydighuman chorionic gonadotropin from placenta that causes Laydigcell formation in testes and so testosterone secretion. Absence ofcell formation in testes and so testosterone secretion. Absence of“Y” chromosome and testosterone in blood results in development“Y” chromosome and testosterone in blood results in developmentof female fetus.of female fetus.


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Peculiarities of pubertal and prepubertal periodsPeculiarities of pubertal and prepubertal periods

#uberty period in male is period during which#uberty period in male is period during whichsecondary se$ual characters begin to develop andsecondary se$ual characters begin to develop andcapability of se$ual reproduction is attained. Itcapability of se$ual reproduction is attained. It begins normally at age of %&'%(. begins normally at age of %&'%(.

#rocesses probably in amigdala causes#rocesses probably in amigdala causeshypothalamus to begin secretion luteinisinghypothalamus to begin secretion luteinisinghuman releasing hormone that stimulates anteriorhuman releasing hormone that stimulates anterior

pituitary glandto secrete luteinising hormone and pituitary glandto secrete luteinising hormone andfollicle stimulating hormone and then testosteronfollicle stimulating hormone and then testosteronsecretion by Leydig cells.secretion by Leydig cells.


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Peculiarities of pubertal and prepubertal periodsPeculiarities of pubertal and prepubertal periods

-haracters of body which make their appearance-haracters of body which make their appearance

under influence of se$ hormones at puberty are calledunder influence of se$ hormones at puberty are calledsecondary se$ual characters. In male they include/ %0secondary se$ual characters. In male they include/ %0 body hears 1 testosterone causes increase hair growth body hears 1 testosterone causes increase hair growthover pubis male pattern is conve$ upward alongover pubis male pattern is conve$ upward alonglinea alba on chest on face and on back! &0 baldnesslinea alba on chest on face and on back! &0 baldness

1 testosterone causes decrease hair growth on top of 1 testosterone causes decrease hair growth on top ofhead producing baldness! (0 voice 1 testosteronehead producing baldness! (0 voice 1 testosteronecauses hypertrophy of pharyngeal mucosa andcauses hypertrophy of pharyngeal mucosa andenlargement of laryn$ which first causes “crackingenlargement of laryn$ which first causes “cracking

voice” and then causes typical masculine bass voice!voice” and then causes typical masculine bass voice!20 skin 1 testosterone increases skin thickness20 skin 1 testosterone increases skin thicknesssecretion of sebaceous gland and acne! *0secretion of sebaceous gland and acne! *0subcutaneous fat 1 testosterone decreasessubcutaneous fat 1 testosterone decreasessubcutaneous fat.subcutaneous fat.


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Peculiarities of pubertal and prepubertalPeculiarities of pubertal and prepubertal

periodsperiods

)estosterone increases spermatogenesis in)estosterone increases spermatogenesis inseminiferous tubules. Anabolic effect of testosteroneseminiferous tubules. Anabolic effect of testosterone

1 increases protein synthesis causes positive nitrogen 1 increases protein synthesis causes positive nitrogen balance decreases blood urea level increases muscle balance decreases blood urea level increases muscle

development and creatin content in muscles increasesdevelopment and creatin content in muscles increases bone thickness narrows pelvic outlet and lengthens bone thickness narrows pelvic outlet and lengthensit increases strength of pelvis for load bearing.it increases strength of pelvis for load bearing.

)estosterone due to metabolic effect increases also)estosterone due to metabolic effect increases also

red blood cells count 3a and water reabsorbtion inred blood cells count 3a and water reabsorbtion indistal tubuls in kidney increases libido 4se$ualdistal tubuls in kidney increases libido 4se$ualappetite0 by directly acting on central nervous system.appetite0 by directly acting on central nervous system.


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Peculiarities of pubertal and prepubertalPeculiarities of pubertal and prepubertal

periodsperiods

#eriod during which monthly se$ual cycles begin in#eriod during which monthly se$ual cycles begin infemale is called as puberty period begins at %%'%*female is called as puberty period begins at %%'%*years of life. At this age anterior pituitary glandyears of life. At this age anterior pituitary gland

begins to secrete luteinising hormone and follicle begins to secrete luteinising hormone and follicle

stimulating hormone that causes changes in ovariesstimulating hormone that causes changes in ovariesand uterus that result in monthly se$ual cycles inand uterus that result in monthly se$ual cycles infemale.female.

5uring childhood granulosa cells secrete oocyte5uring childhood granulosa cells secrete oocyte

maturation'inhibiting factor that keeps ovum in itsmaturation'inhibiting factor that keeps ovum in its primordial state. )here are two types of ovarian primordial state. )here are two types of ovarianhormones/ estrogenes 4most important is estradiol0hormones/ estrogenes 4most important is estradiol0and progestins 4most important is progerterone0.and progestins 4most important is progerterone0.


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Action of estrogenesAction of estrogenes Action of estrogenes is based on protein formationAction of estrogenes is based on protein formation

mechanism so slight positive nitrogen balance develops fatmechanism so slight positive nitrogen balance develops fatdesposition in subcutaneous tissue breast buttocks and thighsdesposition in subcutaneous tissue breast buttocks and thighsoccur in blood cholesterole level decreases and fibrinogenoccur in blood cholesterole level decreases and fibrinogenlevel rises. 6strogenes cause increase in sie and walllevel rises. 6strogenes cause increase in sie and wallmasculature in vagina! simple cuboidal epithelium ismasculature in vagina! simple cuboidal epithelium isconverted to stratified epithelium which is more resistant toconverted to stratified epithelium which is more resistant to

trauma and infections.trauma and infections. 6strogenes increase glycogene disposition so p8 in vagina6strogenes increase glycogene disposition so p8 in vagina

becomes more acidic due to conversion of glycogen into lactic becomes more acidic due to conversion of glycogen into lacticacid by bacteria. 6$ternal genitalia increase in sie andacid by bacteria. 6$ternal genitalia increase in sie andincreases fat deposition in mons pubis and labia ma,ora underincreases fat deposition in mons pubis and labia ma,ora under

the influence of estrogenes. Increase of uterus in sie itsthe influence of estrogenes. Increase of uterus in sie itsvascularity proliferation of epithelium and proliferation ofvascularity proliferation of epithelium and proliferation ofglandular tissue in fallopian tubes are also occurs.glandular tissue in fallopian tubes are also occurs.


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Female reproductive systemFemale reproductive system VideoVideo

http://217.196.164.19/data/teacher/video/fiz_pat/Video1/F196677_femalereproductive.movhttp://217.196.164.19/data/teacher/video/fiz_pat/Video1/F196677_femalereproductive.movhttp://217.196.164.19/data/teacher/video/fiz_pat/Video1/F196677_femalereproductive.mov


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Action of estrogenesAction of estrogenes

6strogenes inhibit luteiniing hormone and follicle6strogenes inhibit luteiniing hormone and folliclestimulating hormone secretion by negative feedbackstimulating hormone secretion by negative feedbackmechanism so ovarian function decreases. )his effectmechanism so ovarian function decreases. )his effectis used as oral contraception. +econdary se$ualis used as oral contraception. +econdary se$ual

characters are also get developed due to estrogenes.characters are also get developed due to estrogenes. )hey initiate growth of breast cause development of)hey initiate growth of breast cause development of

stroma and duct system cause fat deposition instroma and duct system cause fat deposition in breast causes skin to become smooth and soft due to breast causes skin to become smooth and soft due to

increase skin vascularity broadens pelvis laryn$increase skin vascularity broadens pelvis laryn$retains its prepubertal sie and voice remains high'retains its prepubertal sie and voice remains high' pitched. pitched.


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ProgesteroneProgesterone

#rogesterone promotes secretory changes in uterine#rogesterone promotes secretory changes in uterineendometrium and fallopian tubes during secretoryendometrium and fallopian tubes during secretoryfae of menstrual cycle promotes development offae of menstrual cycle promotes development oflobule and alveoli in breast! causes alveolar cells tolobule and alveoli in breast! causes alveolar cells to

proliferate enlarge and become secretory. 9nset of proliferate enlarge and become secretory. 9nset ofmenstruation is called menarche.menstruation is called menarche.

#rogesterone inhibits ovulation by inhibiting release#rogesterone inhibits ovulation by inhibiting releaseof luteiniing hormone and follicle stimulatingof luteiniing hormone and follicle stimulating

hormone. #rogesterone causes also slight retention ofhormone. #rogesterone causes also slight retention of 3a: -l' and water from renal tubules and completes 3a: -l' and water from renal tubules and completesaldosterone in this action.aldosterone in this action.


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Formation and mechanismFormation and mechanism

of sexual motivationof sexual motivation

In male pathway of afferent se$ual sensationsIn male pathway of afferent se$ual sensationsincludes the ne$t/ psychic or physical stimulation ofincludes the ne$t/ psychic or physical stimulation ofsensory end organs spreading impulses by pudendalsensory end organs spreading impulses by pudendal

nerve sacral ple$us sacral portion of spinal cord andnerve sacral ple$us sacral portion of spinal cord andthen undefined areas of cerebrum and limbic system.then undefined areas of cerebrum and limbic system.

Afferent pathway in female includes psychic orAfferent pathway in female includes psychic orse$ual stimulation spreading e$citation throughse$ual stimulation spreading e$citation through

pudendal nerve to sacral segment of spinal cord and pudendal nerve to sacral segment of spinal cord andthrough analying systems to limbic system.through analying systems to limbic system.


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Anatomy of the aleAnatomy of the ale"eproductive +ystem"eproductive +ystem

)he male reproductive system consists of the testes)he male reproductive system consists of the testes4sing.4sing. testis0 a series of ducts accessory glands andtestis0 a series of ducts accessory glands andsupporting structures.supporting structures.

)he ducts include the epididymides 4sing.)he ducts include the epididymides 4sing.epididymis0 ductus deferentiaepididymis0 ductus deferentia 4sing. deferens! also4sing. deferens! alsovas deferens0 and urethra.vas deferens0 and urethra.

Accessory glandsAccessory glands include the seminal vesiclesinclude the seminal vesicles

prostate gland and bulbourethral glands. prostate gland and bulbourethral glands. +upporting structures include the scrotum and penis+upporting structures include the scrotum and penis


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Sagittal section of the male pelvis showing theSagittal section of the male pelvis showing the

male reproductive structuresmale reproductive structures


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+perm cells are very temperature'sensitive and don;t+perm cells are very temperature'sensitive and don;tdevelopdevelop normally at usual body temperatures.normally at usual body temperatures.

)he testes and epididymides)he testes and epididymides in which the sperm cellsin which the sperm cellsdevelop are located outside the bodycavity in thedevelop are located outside the bodycavity in thescrotum where the temperature is lower.scrotum where the temperature is lower.

)he ductus)he ductus deferentia lead from the testes into thedeferentia lead from the testes into the pelvis where they ,oin the pelvis where they ,oin the ducts of the seminalducts of the seminalvesicles to form the ampullae. 6$tensions of vesicles to form the ampullae. 6$tensions of thetheampullae called the e,aculatory ducts pass throughampullae called the e,aculatory ducts pass throughthethe prostate and empty into the urethra within the prostate and empty into the urethra within the

prostate. prostate. )he urethra)he urethra in turn e$its from the pelvis and passesin turn e$its from the pelvis and passes

through the penis tothrough the penis to the outside of the body.the outside of the body.


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#erineum#erineum

)he area between the thighs which is bounded by the)he area between the thighs which is bounded by thesymphysissymphysis pubis anteriorly the coccy$ posteriorly pubis anteriorly the coccy$ posteriorlyand the ischial tuberositiesand the ischial tuberosities laterally is called thelaterally is called theperineumperineum..

)he perineum is)he perineum is divided into two triangles by a set ofdivided into two triangles by a set of

muscles the superficial transversemuscles the superficial transverse and deepand deeptransverse perineal muscles that runs transverselytransverse perineal muscles that runs transversely between the two ischial tuberosities. between the two ischial tuberosities.

)he anterior)he anterior oror urogenital triangle,urogenital triangle, contains thecontains the

base of base of the penis and the scrotum. )he smallerthe penis and the scrotum. )he smaller posterior or posterior or anal, triangle,anal, triangle, contains the analcontains the analopeningopening..


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Testicular HistologyTesticular Histology )he)he testestestes areare

small ovoid organssmall ovoid organseach about 21* cmeach about 21* cm long within thelong within thescrotum.scrotum.

)hey are both)hey are bothe$ocrinee$ocrine andandendocrine glands.endocrine glands.

+perm cells form a+perm cells form ama,or part of thema,or part of thee$ocrinee$ocrine secretionssecretionsof the testes andof the testes andtestosterone is thetestosterone is thema,or endocrinema,or endocrine

secretion of thesecretion of thetestes.testes.


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)he outer part of each testis is a thick)he outer part of each testis is a thickwhite capsule consistingwhite capsule consisting of mostlyof mostlyfibrous connective tissue called thefibrous connective tissue called the

tunica albugineatunica albuginea.. -onnective tissue of the tunica-onnective tissue of the tunica albuginea enters the testis and formsalbuginea enters the testis and formsincompleteincomplete septasepta. )he septa divide. )he septa divideeach testis into about (==12==each testis into about (==12== cone'cone'shapedshaped lobules.lobules.

)he substance of the testis between)he substance of the testis betweenthethe septa includes two types of tissue/septa includes two types of tissue/seminiferousseminiferous 4semi'nifer'u>s!4semi'nifer'u>s! seedseedcarriers0carriers0 tubulestubules in which sperm cellsin which sperm cellsdevelop and a loosedevelop and a loose connective tissueconnective tissue

stroma that surrounds the tubules andstroma that surrounds the tubules andcontainscontains clusters of endocrine cellsclusters of endocrine cellscalledcalled interstitial cells,interstitial cells, oror LeydigLeydigcells,cells, which secrete testosterone.which secrete testosterone.


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Descent of the Testes Descent of the Testes

( ( ApproximatelyApproximately

months months!!

)he testes develop)he testes developas retroperitonealas retroperitoneal

organs in theorgans in theabdominopelvicabdominopelvic cavity and eachcavity and each

testis is connectedtestis is connectedto the scrotumto the scrotum by a by agubernaculumgubernaculum aafibromuscularfibromuscularcord.cord.


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( ( Approximately "Approximately "

monthsmonths!! )he testes move)he testes move

from thefrom theabdominalabdominal cavitycavitythrough thethrough theinguinal canalsinguinal canals toto

the scrotum.the scrotum. #ryptorchidism#ryptorchidism

is failure of one oris failure of one or both both of the testesof the testesto descend intoto descend intothe scrotum.the scrotum.


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( ( ApproximatelyApproximately

birthbirth!!

As they move into theAs they move into thescrotumscrotum each testis iseach testis is preceded by an preceded by an

outpocketing of theoutpocketing of the peritoneum peritoneum called thecalled theprocess vaginalisprocess vaginalis..

)he superior )he superior part of part ofeach process vaginaliseach process vaginalis

usually becomesusually becomesobliterated andobliterated and thetheinferior part remainsinferior part remainsas a small closed sacas a small closed sacthethe tunicatunica vaginalis.vaginalis.


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( ( AdultAdult!!

)he tunica vaginalis)he tunica vaginalissurrounds most of surrounds most of the testisthe testisin much the same way thatin much the same way that

the pericardium surroundsthe pericardium surrounds the heart.the heart.

)he visceral layer of the)he visceral layer of thetunica vaginalis covers thetunica vaginalis covers theanterior anterior surface of thesurface of thetestis and the parietal layertestis and the parietal layerlines the scrotum.lines the scrotum.

)he tunica vaginalis is a)he tunica vaginalis is aserous membraneserous membrane

consisting of aconsisting of a layer oflayer ofsimple s?uamoussimple s?uamousepithelium that rests on aepithelium that rests on a basement basement membrane.membrane.


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Inguinal 8erniaInguinal 8ernia 3ormally the inguinal canals are closed but they do 3ormally the inguinal canals are closed but they do

represent weak spotsrepresent weak spots in the abdominal wall.in the abdominal wall. $nguinal$nguinalherniashernias are abnormalare abnormal openings in the abdominal wallopenings in the abdominal wallin the inguinal region through whichin the inguinal region through which structures such asstructures such asa portion of the small intestine can protrude.a portion of the small intestine can protrude.

)hese hernias can be ?uite painful)hese hernias can be ?uite painful and even veryand even verydangerous especially if a portion of the small intestinedangerous especially if a portion of the small intestineisis compressed so its blood supply is cut off.compressed so its blood supply is cut off.@ortunately inguinal hernias can@ortunately inguinal hernias can be repaired surgically. be repaired surgically.ales are much more prone to inguinal hernias thanales are much more prone to inguinal hernias than

are females because a male;s inguinal canals are largerare females because a male;s inguinal canals are largerand weakenedand weakened because the testes pass through them on because the testes pass through them ontheir way into the scrotum.their way into the scrotum.


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+perm -ell 5evelopment+perm -ell 5evelopment

A cross section of a mature seminiferousA cross section of a mature seminiferoustubule reveals thetubule reveals the various stages of sperm cellvarious stages of sperm celldevelopment a process calleddevelopment a process calledspermatogenesisspermatogenesis..

In additionIn addition tight ,unctions between thetight ,unctions between thesustentacular cells form asustentacular cells form a bloodblood''testestestes barrier,barrier, which isolates the sperm cells fromwhich isolates the sperm cells fromthe immune systemthe immune system


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)he seminiferous)he seminiferoustubules containtubules contain

two types of cellstwo types of cellsgerm cellsgerm cells andand sustentacularsustentacular or orSertoli cells.Sertoli cells.

)he sustentacular)he sustentacularcells are alsocells are alsosometimessometimes referredreferredto asto as nurse cells.nurse cells.


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%estosterone%estosterone

)estosterone produced by the interstitial cells passes into)estosterone produced by the interstitial cells passes into thethesustentacular cells and binds to receptors. )he combination of sustentacular cells and binds to receptors. )he combination of testosterone with the receptors is re?uired for the sustentacular testosterone with the receptors is re?uired for the sustentacular cells to function normally. In addition testosterone iscells to function normally. In addition testosterone isconverted toconverted to two other steroids in the sustentacular cells/two other steroids in the sustentacular cells/dihydrotestosteronedihydrotestosterone andand estrogenestrogen..

)he sustentacular )he sustentacular cells also secrete a protein calledcells also secrete a protein called androgen&androgen&bindingbinding proteinprotein into the seminiferous tubules.into the seminiferous tubules.)estosteroneand dihydrotestosterone bind to androgen'binding)estosteroneand dihydrotestosterone bind to androgen'binding protein and are protein and are carried along with other secretions of thecarried along with other secretions of the

seminiferous tubules toseminiferous tubules to the epididymis. 6stradiol andthe epididymis. 6stradiol anddihydrotestosterone may be the activedihydrotestosterone may be the active hormones that promotehormones that promotesperm cell formation.sperm cell formation.


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+cattered between the+cattered between thesustentacular cells aresustentacular cells aresmaller germsmaller germ cells fromcells from

which sperm cells arewhich sperm cells arederived. )he germ cellsderived. )he germ cellsareare arranged so that thearranged so that themost immature cells are atmost immature cells are atthe periphery andthe periphery and the mostthe most

mature cells are near themature cells are near thelumen of the seminiferouslumen of the seminiferous tubules.tubules.

)he most peripheral cells)he most peripheral cellsthose ad,acent to thethose ad,acent to the

basement basement membrane ofmembrane ofthe seminiferous tubulesthe seminiferous tubulesareare spermatogoniaspermatogonia which whichdivide by mitosis.divide by mitosis.


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SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis

+ome of the daughter+ome of the daughtercells produced fromcells produced fromthese mitoticthese mitoticdivisionsdivisions remainremainspermatogonia andspermatogonia andcontinue to producecontinue to produceadditionaladditionalspermatogonia.spermatogonia.

)he others divide)he others dividethrough mitosis andthrough mitosis and

differentiate todifferentiate to formformprimaryprimaryspermatocytesspermatocytes..


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'eiosis'eiosis

eiosis beginseiosis begins when the primary spermatocyteswhen the primary spermatocytesdivide. 6ach primary spermatocytedivide. 6ach primary spermatocyte passes through the passes through thefirst meiotic division to become twofirst meiotic division to become twosecondarysecondaryspermatocytes.spermatocytes.

6ach secondary spermatocyte undergoes6ach secondary spermatocyte undergoes a seconda secondmeiotic division to produce two even smaller cellsmeiotic division to produce two even smaller cellscalledcalled spermatidsspermatids..

6ach spermatid undergoes the last phase6ach spermatid undergoes the last phase ofof

spermatogenesis calledspermatogenesis called spermiogenesisspermiogenesis toto form aform amaturemature sperm cell,sperm cell, oror spermato(oonspermato(oon.. 6ach6ach spermatid develops a head midpiece and a tailspermatid develops a head midpiece and a tail

or flagellum.or flagellum.


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After their release intoAfter their release intothe seminiferousthe seminiferoustubules the spermtubules the sperm cells pass through thecells pass through thetubuli recti to the retetubuli recti to the retetestis.testis.

@rom the rete@rom the rete testistestisthey pass through thethey pass through theefferent ductulesefferent ductuleswhich leave the testiswhich leave the testis

and enter theand enter theepididymis to ,oin theepididymis to ,oin theduct of the epididymis.duct of the epididymis.

)he)he sperm cells thensperm cells thenleave the epididymisleave the epididymis passing through the passing through the

ductusductus epididymisepididymisductus deferensductus deferense,aculatory duct ande,aculatory duct andurethra to reachurethra to reach thethee$terior of the body.e$terior of the body.


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UrethraUrethra )he)he male urethramale urethra is about &= cm long and e$tendsis about &= cm long and e$tends from thefrom the

urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis. )he urethra is aurinary bladder to the distal end of the penis. )he urethra is a passageway for bothurine and male reproductive fluids. )he passageway for bothurine and male reproductive fluids. )heurethra is divided intourethra is divided into three parts/ the prostatic part thethree parts/ the prostatic part themembranous part and themembranous part and the spongy part.spongy part.

)he)he prostaticprostatic 4pros'tatik04pros'tatik0 urethraurethra is connected tois connected to the bladderthe bladderand passes through the prostate gland. @ifteen to (=and passes through the prostate gland. @ifteen to (= smallsmall

ducts from the prostate gland and the two e,aculatory ductsducts from the prostate gland and the two e,aculatory ducts empty into the prostatic urethra.empty into the prostatic urethra.

)he)he membranous urethramembranous urethra is theis the shortest part of the urethrashortest part of the urethraand e$tends from the prostate glandand e$tends from the prostate gland through the perineumthrough the perineumwhich is part of the muscular floor of thewhich is part of the muscular floor of the pelvis. pelvis.

)he)he spongy urethra,spongy urethra, also called thealso called the penilepenile urethra,urethra, is by faris by farthe longest part of the urethra and e$tends from thethe longest part of the urethra and e$tends from the membranous urethra through the length of the penis.membranous urethra through the length of the penis.


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#enis#enis )he)he penispenis contains threecontains three

columns of erectile tissue andcolumns of erectile tissue andengorgement of this erectileengorgement of this erectiletissue with blood causestissue with blood causes thethe penis to enlarge and become penis to enlarge and becomefirm a process calledfirm a process called erectionerection..

)he penis is the male organ of)he penis is the male organ ofcopulation through which spermcopulation through which sperm cells are transferred from thecells are transferred from themale to the female. )wo of themale to the female. )wo of theerectileerectile columns form thecolumns form thedorsum and sides of the penisdorsum and sides of the penis

and are called theand are called the corporacorporacavernosacavernosa. )he third column. )he third column thethe corpus spongiosumcorpus spongiosum


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Seminal Vesicles Seminal Vesicles

)he)he seminal vesiclesseminal vesicles are sac'shaped glandsare sac'shaped glands located ne$t to the ampullae of the ductuslocated ne$t to the ampullae of the ductusdeferentia.deferentia.

6ach gland is about * cm long and tapers into6ach gland is about * cm long and tapers intoa short ducta short duct that ,oins the ductus deferens tothat ,oins the ductus deferens toform the e,aculatory duct.form the e,aculatory duct.

)he)he seminal vesicles have a capsule containingseminal vesicles have a capsule containingfibrous connective tissuefibrous connective tissue and smooth muscleand smooth musclecells.cells.


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Prostate Gland Prostate Gland )he)he prostate glandprostate gland consists of consists of both glandular and muscular both glandular and muscular

tissue and is about the sie andtissue and is about the sie and

shape of a walnut! that isshape of a walnut! that is

about 2 cm long and & cm wide. It isabout 2 cm long and & cm wide. It is dorsal to the symphysisdorsal to the symphysis pubis at the base of the urinary bladder pubis at the base of the urinary bladder where it surrounds thewhere it surrounds the prostatic urethra and the two e,aculatory prostatic urethra and the two e,aculatory ducts.ducts.

)he gland is composed of a fibrous connective)he gland is composed of a fibrous connective tissue capsuletissue capsule

containing distinct smooth muscle cellscontaining distinct smooth muscle cells and numerous fibrousand numerous fibrous partitions also containing smooth muscle partitions also containing smooth muscle that radiate inwardthat radiate inwardtoward the urethra. -overing these muscular toward the urethra. -overing these muscular partitions is a partitions is alayer of columnar epithelial cells that form saccular layer of columnar epithelial cells that form saccular dilationsdilationsinto which the columnar cells secrete prostatic fluid. @ifteeninto which the columnar cells secrete prostatic fluid. @ifteen toto

(= small prostatic ducts carry these secretions into the(= small prostatic ducts carry these secretions into the prostatic urethra. prostatic urethra.


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'ale reproductive irgans'ale reproductive irgans VideoVideo

http://217.196.164.19/data/teacher/video/fiz_pat/Video1/F203303_malereproductive.movhttp://217.196.164.19/data/teacher/video/fiz_pat/Video1/F203303_malereproductive.movhttp://217.196.164.19/data/teacher/video/fiz_pat/Video1/F203303_malereproductive.mov


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Sexual reaction in maleSexual reaction in male

ale se$ual act includes such processes/ %0 erection!ale se$ual act includes such processes/ %0 erection!&0 lubrication! (0 emission! 20 e,aculation.&0 lubrication! (0 emission! 20 e,aculation.

#sychical stimuli lead to e$citation of corresponding#sychical stimuli lead to e$citation of correspondingcenters in limbic system. #hysical se$ual stimulationcenters in limbic system. #hysical se$ual stimulationcause afferent impulse through pudendal nervecause afferent impulse through pudendal nerveintegrated in sacral segment. )hen afferent impulsesintegrated in sacral segment. )hen afferent impulsesthrough nervi erigentes from pelvic parasympatheticthrough nervi erigentes from pelvic parasympatheticnerve spread to penis and cause delation of arteries.nerve spread to penis and cause delation of arteries.

Arterial blood builds up under high pressure inArterial blood builds up under high pressure inerectile tissue and venous outflow occluded.erectile tissue and venous outflow occluded.


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+o erectile tissue balloon up penis become hard and+o erectile tissue balloon up penis become hard andelongated that called as erection. +ame parasympatheticelongated that called as erection. +ame parasympatheticimpulses that cause erection also stimulate urethral and bulbo'impulses that cause erection also stimulate urethral and bulbo'

urethral glands to secrete mucous that lubricate duringurethral glands to secrete mucous that lubricate duringintercourse.intercourse. hen se$ual stimulation becomes e$tremely intense refle$hen se$ual stimulation becomes e$tremely intense refle$

centers of spinal cord 4L%'&0 send sympatheticcenters of spinal cord 4L%'&0 send sympatheticimpulsesthrough hypogastric ple$us that cause contraction ofimpulsesthrough hypogastric ple$us that cause contraction of

vas deference ampulla prostate and lastly seminal vesicle. +ovas deference ampulla prostate and lastly seminal vesicle. +osemen emitted into internal urethra. After this afferentsemen emitted into internal urethra. After this afferentsignalsthrough pudendal nerve cause sympathetic stimulationsignalsthrough pudendal nerve cause sympathetic stimulationand efferent signals from sacral sigment of spinal cord throughand efferent signals from sacral sigment of spinal cord throughhypogastric ple$us lead to contraction of internal genitalhypogastric ple$us lead to contraction of internal genitalorgans that cause rhythmic increase in pressure of internalorgans that cause rhythmic increase in pressure of internal

urethra from outside. )his provides e,aculation of semen fromurethra from outside. )his provides e,aculation of semen frominternal urethra into deep vagina. 6$tremely pleasurableinternal urethra into deep vagina. 6$tremely pleasurablesensations felt during emission and e,aculation are called malesensations felt during emission and e,aculation are called maleorgasm or male clima$.orgasm or male clima$.


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Sexual reaction in femaleSexual reaction in female

@emale se$ual act includes such processes/ %0 stimulation! &0@emale se$ual act includes such processes/ %0 stimulation! &0erection! (0 lubrication! 20 clima$. #sychical stimuli lead toerection! (0 lubrication! 20 clima$. #sychical stimuli lead toe$citation of corresponding centers in limbic system.e$citation of corresponding centers in limbic system.

#hysical se$ual stimulation cause afferent impulse through#hysical se$ual stimulation cause afferent impulse through pudendal nerve integrated in sacral segment. #arasympathetic pudendal nerve integrated in sacral segment. #arasympatheticsignals that pass through nervi erigenes dilate arteries ofsignals that pass through nervi erigenes dilate arteries oferectile tissue in introitus and clitoris. +o blood accumulateserectile tissue in introitus and clitoris. +o blood accumulatesin erectile tissue. +ame parasympathetic signals also pass toin erectile tissue. +ame parasympathetic signals also pass toBartholin;s glands beneath labia minora and vaginalBartholin;s glands beneath labia minora and vaginalepithelium that cause them to secrete mucus which is essentialepithelium that cause them to secrete mucus which is essential

for massaging action. )han during clima$ perineal musclesfor massaging action. )han during clima$ perineal musclescontract rhythmically.contract rhythmically.


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function of male and female reproductive system

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