feeding full fat soybeans to cattle sergio calsamiglia departamento de ciencia animal y de los...
TRANSCRIPT
Feeding Full Fat Soybeans to Cattle
Sergio CalsamigliaDepartamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos
Universidad Autónoma de [email protected]
Soybeans
High fat contentPositive effects on energy supply Effect of processing
High protein contentPositive effects in protein supplyEffect of processing
Ruminal Metabolism of Fat
FatGlycerol
Fatty AcidSaturated
Unsaturated FibrolyticBacteria
coo-
(Ikwuegbu and Sutton, 1982)
Effect of Feeding Oil on ADF Digestion in the Rumen
Linseed oil (mL/d)
0 13 26 40
ADF-dig (%)
Rumen 44 28 18 14
Total 55 52 46 41
Carbohydrate Degradation
Fibre Starch
Glucose
Acetate
Propionate
Lactate
Butyrate
Pyruvate
MILK FAT
Factors Affecting Toxicity
FatGlycerol
Fatty AcidSaturated
Unsaturated FibrolyticBacteria
coo-
X
Effect of FFSB Processing on Free FA (mg/g substrate DM)
40
60
80
100
120
Oil FFSB Extr FFSB Rost FFSB
Fre
e F
A
Reddy et al., 1994
Effect of Type of Processing of FFSB on NDF Degradation in the Rumen
40
45
50
55
60
Oil FFSB Extr-FFSB Rost-FFSB
dND
F, %
Reddy et al., 1994
Characteristics of the Ideal Fat
Ruminal levelIn form of tryglicerides (less ruminal
effects) Seed, encapsulated or protected (Ca soap)Saturated
Intestinal Digestion
Triglycerides
FA
Monoglycerides
FA
Bile salts
Emulsion
FA
Absorption
Emulsion - Digestion
Fat emulsion is necessary for absorption
Micel foramation is best with short and medium FA
Micel formation is best with unsaturated FA
Degree of Saturation/Unsaturation
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
%
Rapeseed Soybean Sunflower Cotton Animal Palm Lard
Unsaturated Saturated
Ingestinal Digestibility of Fats
30
45
60
75
90
%
Vegetal Ca-soaps Hydrog.Veget
Lard Hydrol-Anim
Hydrogen-Anim
NRC, 2001
Energy Value of Fats
2
3
4
5
6
Nel
, Mca
l
Veget Ca-Soap Hydo-Veg Animal Hydrol-Animal
Hidrog-Anim
NRC, 2001
Characteristics of the Ideal Fat
Ruminal levelIn form of tryglicerides (less ruminal
effects) Seed, encapsulated or protected (Ca soap)Saturated
Intestinal levelMedium lengthUnsaturated
Partial Summary
Oilseeds have a good FA profile and when supplied as seeds are close to an “ideal fat”
Saturated fats or calcium soaps of FA are viable alternatives, but its intestinal digestibility is low
Due to changes in intestinal digestion, energy values have been recently reevaluated
The energy value of vegetable fats has increased, and that of animal and hydrogenated vegetable fats has dicreased.
Productive Responses
Measures: DM Intake Milk Production Milk Composition
Source of Data: French: (Chilliard & Ollier, 1994) USA: (Shaver, 1993) NRC, 2001 (Allen, 2000)
Effects on DM Intake
-1.8
-1.5
-1.2
-0.9
-0.6
-0.3
0
kg/d
Animal Encap.Lard
Sat Fats Ca-Soaps
An-Veg Veget Oilseeds Cotton
French USA
Effects on DM Intake
-1,8
-1,5
-1,2
-0,9
-0,6
-0,3
0
0,3
kg/d
Veg-An Ac.Veg-Oleo.Prot
Oilseed Cotton FFSB
French USA
Effects on Production
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
kg/d
Animal Encap Animal Sat-Fat Ca-Soap An-Veg
French USA
+1,1 kg/d
Effects on Production
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
kg/d
Veget Oilseeds Protect-Veg-Oil Cotton FFSB
French USA
+0,19 kg/d
Effects on Milk Fat
-0,6
-0,4
-0,2
0
0,2
%
Animal Encap-Anim Saturated Ca-Soap Veg-Anim
French USA
- 0,04%
Effects on Milk Fat
-0,6
-0,4
-0,2
0
0,2
%
Veg. Oil Oilseeds Ac.Veg-Oleo.Prot
Cotton FFSB
French USA
- 0,01%
Effects on Milk Protein
-0,16
-0,06
0,04
%
Animal Encap-Anim Saturat Ca-Soap Veg-An
French USA
- 0,05%
Effects on Milk Protein
-0,16
-0,06
0,04
%
Veget Oilseeds Ac.Veg-Oleo.Prot
Cotton FFSB
French USA
- 0,07%
Preliminary Conclusions: Fat
Fats reduce intake with lower effects in full fats oilseeds, with the exception of FFSB, where intake is not affected
Fats increase milk productionFats reduce milk fat between 0,04 (animal
and protected fats) and 0,01 % (vegetable fats), except FFSB and cottonseed.
All fats result in a slight reduction in milk protein between
Soybeans
High fat contentPositive effects on energy supply
High protein contentPositive effects in protein supply
Oilseeds
High protein content, generally degradable, and with some essential AA (Lys).
The inclusion rate is limitted by the level and quality of the fat fractions.
Nitrogen Metabolism
CP
Deg-N
NoDeg-N
Bac-N
NH3
AA
InDig-N
Urea
UsedProtein
Rumen
Liver
E
Rec
Pep - AA
Protein Requirements
Ammonia and degradable protein requirements have been defined
True protein is used more efficiently than non-protein N
Requirements are expressed as digestible protein
Some aminoacids have requirements (Lys, Met)
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
Bac
teri
al N
Protein Peptides AA Urea
Microbial Protein and Source of Nitrogen
Griswold et al., 1996
Aminoacid Supply: CNCPS (Lactation – 17% CP/DM)
50%
100%
150%
200%
20 30 40 50
Production, L
Supp
ly, %
Req
uire
men
ts
MetLysArgThrLeuIleValHisPheTry
CNCPS, 2001
Dairy Cattle
As the level of production increases, the deficit of AA also increases
In these conditions, the supply of essemtial AA is important
Therefore, the supply of protein supplements high in rumen undegradable protein, with high intestinal digestibility and good AA profile is important.
Protein Degradation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time, h
Deg
rada
tion,
%
FFSB Sunflower Linseed Rapeseed
Intestinal Digestion
40
50
60
70
80
90
Inte
stin
al D
iges
tion
, %
FFSB Sunflower Linseed Rapeseed
Supply of Digestible Protein(g/kg)
FFSB: 39% CP x 20% RUP x 85% ID = 6,63Sunflower: 19% CP x 11% RUP x 80% ID = 1,67Linseed: 22% CP x 14% RUP x 85% ID = 2,61Rapessed: 21% CP x 21% RUP x 50% ID = 2,15
Supply of Digestible Protein (g/d)
FFSB: 6,63% x 2,5 kg = 170 g (EE=20%)Sunflower: 1,67% x 0,8 kg = 13 g (EE=44%)Linseed: 2,61% x 1,0 kg = 26 g (EE=36%)Rapeseed: 2,15% x 0,9 kg = 19 g (EE=40%)
Dietary Protein=
Intake Protein (kg/d)x
% Ruminal Degradabilityx
% Intestinal DigestibilityX
% AA
Lysine in Bacteria and Feeds
0
2
4
6
8
10B
act
CG
M
Bre
w
DD
GS
SO
Y
SU
N
RA
P
FF
SB
RA
PS
LIN
S
SU
NS
g/10
0 gA
A
Methionine in Bacteria and Feeds
0
1
2
3
Bac
teri
as
CG
M
BR
E
DD
GS
SB
M
SU
N
RA
P
FF
SB
RA
PS
LIN
S
SU
NS
g/10
0 gA
A
Dietary Protein=
Intake Protein (kg/d)x
% Ruminal Degradabilityx
% Intestinal DigestibilityX
% AA
Available Methionine
0
3
6
9
12
Ap
ort
es (
g/k
g)
.
SB
SU
N
LIN
RA
P
TS
B
TS
UN
TL
IN
TR
AP
TS
BM
DD
GS
BR
E
CG
M .
RA
P
SU
N
CG
F
SB
M
Seeds
Avalialable Lysine
0
5
10
15
20
Su
pp
ly, g
/g
SB
SU
N
LIN
.
RA
P
TS
B
TS
UN
TL
IN
TR
AP
TS
BM
DD
G
BR
E
CG
M .
RA
P
SU
N
CG
F
SB
M
Seeds
Observations
Non-processed oilseeds have a limitted contribution to the supply of dietary AA to the small intestine, buy soybeans are the best option
Processing provides the best added value, but those rich in lysine (as soybeans) have better protection
Becuase the higher inclusion rate, higher protein and high lysine content, FFSB are the best election for processing
Processing and Undegradable Protein
0
10
20
30
40
50
Und
egra
dabl
e pr
otei
n, %
Rapeseed Soybean
CTR T1 T2
Productive Response
25
28
31
34
37
40
Pro
du
cció
n (
L/d
)
Bernard, 1990 Faldet & Satter, 1991
SBMSBT-SB
ab
c
How Much RFFSB in my Diet?
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
0 12 18 24
(según Knapp et al., 1991)
Typical Diet (% DM, 40 L milk)
Alfalfa Hay 10 NEl, Mcal/kg 1.72Corn Silage 45 CP, % 17CGF 8 NDF, % 32Corn 10 f-NDF, % 22Soybean Hulls 3 NFC, % 38SBM 5 EE, % 5.5R-FFSB 9 Rumen pH 6.3DDGS 6 Lys, %Req 117MinVit 4 Met, % Req 112
Conclusions
Full Fat Soybeans are an excellent source of energy (fat), rumen degradable protein,
If processed, they are also good sources of undegradable protein and lysine
The recommended level of inclusion depends on total PUFA in the diet: general suggestion: FFSB at maximum of 2,5 kg/animal/day. Extruded (assuming 10% fat), maximum 2-3 kg/animal/day
Soybeans is the best option for processing among other oilseeds