feedforward presentation to the university of illinois
DESCRIPTION
I had the opportunity to present my dissertation research to a graduate design course at University of Illinois. The course covered cognitive theories that are relevant for design strategy. Feedforward is a design theory that supports emotive learning for lifestyle change through design. The presentation also describes custom research methods I developed to measure change in bias, preference, and behaviors over time. Check out the follow-up workshop presentation. It offers an abbreviated framework for designing with feedforward.TRANSCRIPT
December 4, 2012
University of illinois at Urbana-champaign
Feedforward Support emotive Learning For enduring LiFeStyLe Change
amber Howard, PH.d.
Director of Research and Education
New Kind
Lecturer
North Carolina State University
College of Design, Graphic and Industrial Design
amberhoward.net
@amberkhoward
OvERvIEw
Introduction
Conceptual framework
Purpose
research framework
research methodology
results
Conclusion
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 2 / 115
ChanGE fOR GOOD
The designer
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 3 / 115
what wasn’t now is.
ChanGE fOR GOOD
The Hope
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 4 / 115
make the world better
ChanGE fOR GOOD
The Hope
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 5 / 115
make the world better
life
ChanGE fOR GOOD
The predicament
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Make the world better
lifechange
ChanGE fOR GOOD
The predicament
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 7 / 115
Make the world better
lifechange = challenge the status quo
ChanGE fOR GOOD
The predicament
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 8 / 115
Make the world better
lifechange = challenge the status quo
view the situation differently
ChanGE fOR GOOD
The promise
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 9 / 115
Find a gap, don’t create a need.
ChanGE fOR GOOD
atmospheres of impact
what change do you want to make? find the gap in each atmosphere.
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 10 / 115
things
behaviors
beliefs
culture
things
behaviors
beliefs
culture
ChanGE fOR GOOD
Intended experiences
what experiences do you want to create and reinforce?
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 11 / 115
exPerIeNCe
skill motivation
social
ChanGE fOR GOOD
experiences for change
Current strategies focus on ability, will, and social pressure (patterson, 2008)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 12 / 115
ChanGE fOR GOOD
moving forward
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 13 / 115
... but there’s more to it.
ThE sETTInG
The Social Issue
The obstacles
design’s role
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 14 / 115
ThE sOCIaL IssuE
obesity affects millions of people each year
11% of the population will become obese in the next 7 years (Wang, et al., 2008)
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41% obese
75% overweight
30% obese
65% overweight
2008
41% obese
75% overweight
30% obese
65% overweight
2015
7 YEaRs
41% obese
75% overweight
30% obese
65% overweight
2008
41% obese
75% overweight
30% obese
65% overweight
2015
7 YEaRs
ThE sOCIaL IssuE
obesity affects millions of people each year
11% of the population will become more at risk for:
Heart disease, High blood pressure, diabetes, Cancers, and Premature mortality (CdC, 2009)
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41% obese
75% overweight
MedicaidMedicare
out ofpocket
other
2008
41% obese
75% overweight
30% obese
65% overweight
2015
7 YEARS
ThE sOCIaL IssuE
obesity affects millions of people each year
Currently costs $177 billion/year in medical expenses (CdC, 2009)
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41% obese
75% overweight
30% obese
65% overweight
2008
41% obese
75% overweight
30% obese
65% overweight
2015
7 YEaRs
ThE sOCIaL IssuE
obesity affects millions of people each year
minimized or prevented by changing daily behaviors
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 18 / 115
eating behaviors health / chronic disease
ThE sOCIaL IssuE
we know what to change
Habits and behaviors are the key determinates of future health (healey & Zimmerman, 2009)
depends on our willingness and ability to prioritize for our future health every day
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ThE sOCIaL IssuE
we know what to change
Health issues pervade mainstream media
KNowledge aCCeSS SUPPorT
online references organic Food products Food movements
documentaries dieting Food products Weight loss programs
Best-selling Books health-Conscious restaurants health management apps
magazines national initiatives
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 20 / 115
access skill motivation change+ + =right?
ThE sOCIaL IssuE
we know what to change
we know which behaviors and lifestyles are healthy
we have access to appropriate resources
we know how to perform the behaviors
we care about our future health
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med
ian
wei
ght
loss
n
1/2yr 1yr 2yr
-1
-2
-3
80% reLapSe
ThE sOCIaL IssuE
lifestyle change is easier said than done
relapse despite knowing what we should do (adolfsson, Carlson, unden, & rossner, 2002)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 22 / 115
access skill motivation change+ + ≠
ThE sOCIaL IssuE
lifestyle change is easier said than done
despite our best intentions, we fail to act on them (orbell and Sheeran, 2009)
we revert back to old habits without realizing it
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 23 / 115
“today this mind does not stray and is under the harmony of control, even as a wild elephant is controlled by the trainer.”
— Buddha
“if passion drives, let reason hold the reins.”
— Benjamin Franklin
ThE ObsTaCLEs
lifestyle change is easier said than done
The trainer knows, but the elephant is set in its ways.
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futurepresent
ThE ObsTaCLEs
lifestyle change is easier said than done
we tend to attribute less emotional value to the future
Intertemporal choice (Wilson, 2001)
Current feelings bias predictions about future feelings
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present ≠ future
ThE ObsTaCLEs
lifestyle change is easier said than done
we tend to attribute less emotional value to the future
future discounting (gilbert, 2006)
Care more about an immediate outcome than a future one
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60
today = 61.5
1 day = 53.6
7 days = 53.3
30 dayS = 50.9
185 dayS = 46.5
365 dayS = 42.2
05 01 00 150 200 250 300 350 400
days from now
50
ThE ObsTaCLEs
lifestyle change is easier said than done
we tend to attribute less emotional value to the future
future discounting (receiving $20, gilbert, 2006)
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1/3 SuCCeed
ThE ObsTaCLEs
lifestyle change is easier said than done
an exercise in self-control and will power
delayed gratification
The marshmallow Study (mischel, 1972)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 28 / 115
“time discounting plays an especially important role in decisions concerning health. virtually all health-related decisions involve trade-offs between short-term and long-term gains.”
— economist george Lowenstein, psychologists daniel read and roy Baumeister
ThE ObsTaCLEs
lifestyle change is easier said than done
we tend to attribute less emotional value to the future
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 29 / 115
< 3 digits > 3 digits
or
ThE ObsTaCLEs
lifestyle change is easier said than done
an exercise in self-control and will power
Cognitive load can distract us from our health goals (Baumeister & muraven, 2000)
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stress increases cravings for sweet foods friedfattysalty
ThE ObsTaCLEs
lifestyle change is easier said than done
Physiological components of lifestyle
Stress can distract us from our health goals (epel et al., 2001)
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internal control
external control
chance
long-term decisions
short-term decisionsstress
ThE ObsTaCLEs
lifestyle change is easier said than done
Physiological components of lifestyle
locus of Control (tice, Bratslovsky, & Baumeister, 2001)
Stress leads to short-term decisions (rodrigues, Ledoux, & Sapolsky, 2009)
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we experience and learn healthy lifestyles through designed conditions
DEsIGn’s ROLE
redefining Healthcare
design mediates our relationship to the food we eat
monitoring our health progress
generating healthy recipes on the fly
referencing food information
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We use tools to help us control health-related behaviors
DEsIGn’s ROLE
redefining Healthcare
decentralized and self-initiated
Tailored personal health management and coaching tools
body area Network (baN) technology
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 34 / 115
DEsIGn’s ROLE
redefining Healthcare
decentralized and self-initiated
Tailored personal health management and coaching tools
body area Network (baN) technology
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 35 / 115
DEsIGn’s ROLE
redefining Healthcare
decentralized and self-initiated
Tailored personal health management and coaching tools
body area Network (baN) technology
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 36 / 115
DEsIGn’s ROLE
redefining Healthcare
decentralized and self-initiated
Tailored personal health management and coaching tools
body area Network (baN) technology
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 37 / 115
through designed conditions we manage tactics for health
DEsIGn’s ROLE
redefining Healthcare
Tactical solutions
we learn appropriate behaviors, but remain dependent on the system
Prescribes disjointed tasks (though straightforward and easy to execute)
demands continual reminders, motivators, and feedback to ensure compliance
emphasizes reflective learning (data visualization)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 38 / 115
things
behaviors
beliefs
culture
DEsIGn’s ROLE
redefining Healthcare
Tactical solutions
It’s all about enabling the trainer to control the elephant.
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 39 / 115
“So much [of design] is focused on the moment of decision making. We need to create rewards around other (influences) on behavior…to motivate immediate and long-lasting behavior change.”
— robert Fabricant, Frog design
DEsIGn’s ROLE
design can do better
Strategic opportunities
address the emotive underpinnings of behavior and lifestyles
foster a different mindset/bias regarding eating practices
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 40 / 115
things
behaviors
beliefs
culture
exPerIeNCe
DEsIGn’s ROLE
design can do better
Strategic opportunities
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DEsIGn’s ROLE
True lifestyle change
our biases align with our health goals
we impulsively choose the healthy option
we are not tempted by old habits
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 42 / 115
“do you like marshmallows?”
DEsIGn’s ROLE
a design theory to support lifestyle change
Change biases that guide preferences, interpretations, decisions, and actions
Target emotive learning processes
function beyond the realm of conscious control
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 43 / 115
COnCEpTuaL fRamEwORk
feedforward: a design Theory
Conceptual framework diagram
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 44 / 115
present futurepast feedback feedforward
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
Conditions for emotive learning
Timing matters
Provide anticipatory conditions for a pre-experience
activate a mindset and associated biases
Set the stage for behaviors to unfold
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 45 / 115
present activate bias
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
Conditions for emotive learning
Timing matters
Seek patterns among subtle cues
frame, or contextualize, situations with minimal information
automatically facilitate motivation and goal pursuit
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 46 / 115
present activate bias future
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
Conditions for emotive learning
Timing matters
anticipate what will likely happen within the given constraints
adapt behavior to prepare and/or adjust for change
develop subtle associations among cues
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 47 / 115
present activate bias future
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
Conditions for emotive learning
Timing matters
anticipate what will likely happen within the given constraints
adapt behavior to prepare and/or adjust for change
develop subtle associations among cues
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 48 / 115
present activate bias future
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
Conditions for emotive learning
modulate the emotive learning process
anticipatory cues before the situation
Skew the constraints from which the bias activates
modulates the perception of the situation
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 49 / 115
present activate bias consolidate for predictive model
future
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
Conditions for emotive learning
modulate the emotive learning process
Consolidate the associations as a predictive model
increase the chances of achieving enduring lifestyle change
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 50 / 115
passive exposure skews motivation & goal pursuit
(thank you, pattern matching)
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
Conditions for emotive learning
expose intermittently throughout the day
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 51 / 115
present futurepast feedback feedforward
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
Conditions for emotive learning
modulate the emotive learning process
develop preferred biases pervasively through daily routines
Influence short- and long-term frame of reference, or worldview
decide which bias we want to embody going into a situation (not by happenstance)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 52 / 115
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
research informing the theory
louis Cheskin, clinical psychologist and marketing innovator (Cheskin, 1947)
How design mediates our subsequent experience of products
affects the taste of food
affects the value we attribute to eating it
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 53 / 115
“one remarkable feature of priming is that, unlike other forms of cognitive memory, it is nonconscious. a person perceiving a familiar object is not aware that what is perceived is as much an expression of memory as it is of perception.”
— endel tulving and daniel Schacter
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
research informing the theory
Priming
anticipatory cues activate implicit memory
frames the subsequent responses
does not require awareness or recollection of the priming stimuli
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 54 / 115
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
research informing the theory
Priming examples
elderly stereotype affects behavior (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996)
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fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
research informing the theory
Priming examples
elderly stereotype affects behavior (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996)
faster recognition of “butter” when “bread” precedes it (meyer & Schvaneveldt, 1971)
ambient sad music affects perceived slope of a hill (proffitt, 2006)
Images of eyes affect honesty at the coffee station (Bateson et al., 2006)
warm beverage affects perception of strangers (Wiliams & Bargh, 2008)
Professor persona affects score in trivial pursuit (dijksterhuis and Knippenberg, 2005)
rude/Polite and Cooperation/Competition (Bargh & Williams, 2006)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 56 / 115
“the brain knows more than the conscious mind reveals.”
— neuroscientist antonio damasio
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
research informing the theory
embodiment and Neuroplasticity
Consciousness emerges from emotive processes (ashby, 1956; mcClelland & rumelhart, 1986)
Pleasure in anticipation (dopamine solidifies connections) (hawkins, 2004; Carter et al., 2009)
deep-seated biases are not permanent (Kihlstrom, 1987; hebb, 1949; merzenich, 1984; Ledoux, 1999)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 57 / 115
70 CardS Later
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
research informing the theory
embodiment and Neuroplasticity examples
The Iowa gambling Task (damasio, 2005)
anticipation • emotions • feel without knowing why (Ledoux, 1996)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 58 / 115
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
research informing the theory
Calm Technology (Brown & Wieser, 1995)
Ubiquitous computing as an ambient influence on our behaviors
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 59 / 115
formalizes a body of research regarding anticipatory cues
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
research informing the theory
louis Cheskin
Priming
embodiment and Neuroplasticity
Calm Technology
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 60 / 115
informs design conditions for emotive learning
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
a design theory
leveraging design prior to decisions and actions
frame a mindset through which to interpret a situation
Influence our ability to adopt healthy behaviors and achieve long-lasting lifestyle change
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 61 / 115
B
ias
Goa
l Sta
te &
Mindset
Refine Predictive
Mod
el
Con
stra
int S
eeki
ng
Constraint Matching Constraint Interpreting Constraint Testing
Constraint Conso
lidat
ing
Ant
icip
ate
Identify Cues Assign Value Execution Charge Attr
actor
EmOTIvE LEaRnInG
RapID CYCLE
fEEDfORwaRDBias goal state by introducing additional constraints to the system (increase occurrence of goal state cues)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 62 / 115
COnCEpTuaL fRamEwORk
B
ias
Goa
l Sta
te &
Mindset
Refine Predictive
Mod
el
Con
stra
int S
eeki
ng
Constraint Matching Constraint Interpreting Constraint Testing
Constraint Conso
lidat
ing
Ant
icip
ate
Identify Cues Assign Value Execution Charge Attr
actor
EmOTIvE LEaRnInG
RapID CYCLE
ProgressiveCyCle
sEEkInGlimits the range of stimuli we consider relevant and meaningful (Barrett et al., 2007)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 63 / 115
COnCEpTuaL fRamEwORk
ProgressiveCyCle
identifies internal and external cues that correspond with the anticipated stimuli(Kosslyn S. , 1995)
B
ias
Goa
l Sta
te &
Mindset
Refine Predictive
Mod
el
Con
stra
int S
eeki
ng
Constraint Matching Constraint Interpreting Constraint Testing
Constraint Conso
lidat
ing
Ant
icip
ate
Identify Cues Assign Value Execution Charge Attr
actor
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 64 / 115
COnCEpTuaL fRamEwORk
Bias G
oa
l Sta
te &
Min
dset
R
efine Predictive Model
Constra
int Seekin
g
Co
nstr
aint
Mat
chin
g
Constraint Interpreting Constraint Testing Constraint Consolidating
A
nticipate
Ide
ntify
Cue
s
Assign Value Execution Charge Attractor
ProgressiveCyCle
assigns greater emotive value to the neural networks that match expectancies (oschner et al., 2004)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 65 / 115
COnCEpTuaL fRamEwORk
EmOTIvE LEaRnInG
RapID CYCLE
ProgressiveCyCle
TEsTInGanticipatory behavior and action (Butz, Sigaud, & gerard, 2007)
Bias Goal State & Mindset
Refine Predictive Model
Constraint Seeking C
onstraint M
atchin
g
Con
stra
int
Inte
rpre
ting
Constraint Testing Constraint Consolidating
Anticipate
Identify Cues
Ass
ign
Valu
e
E
xecution Charge Attractor
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 66 / 115
COnCEpTuaL fRamEwORk
EmOTIvE LEaRnInG
RapID CYCLE
COnsOLIDaTInGConnections within the attractor network strengthen or weaken depending on the network’s accuracy
(Sutton & Barto, 1998)
Bias Goal State &
Mindset
R
efine P
redictive Model
Constraint Seeking Constraint Matching Constraint In
terpreting
C
onst
rain
t Tes
ting
Constraint Consolidating
Anticipate Identify Cues Assign Value
E
xecu
tion
Charge Attractor
ProgressiveCyCle
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 67 / 115
COnCEpTuaL fRamEwORk
EmOTIvE LEaRnInG
RapID CYCLE
pREDICTIvE mODELaccurate predictions are strengthened to enable more prominent and clear signals within the network (Carter et al, 2009)
ProgressiveCyCle
Bias Goal State &
Mindset
R
efine P
redictive Model
Constraint Seeking Constraint Matching Constraint In
terpreting
C
onst
rain
t Tes
ting
Constraint Consolidating
Anticipate Identify Cues Assign Value
E
xecu
tion
Charge Attractor
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 68 / 115
COnCEpTuaL fRamEwORk
B
ias
Goa
l Sta
te &
Mindset
Refine Predictive
Mod
el
Con
stra
int S
eeki
ng
Constraint Matching Constraint Interpreting Constraint Testing
Constraint Conso
lidat
ing
Ant
icip
ate
Identify Cues Assign Value Execution Charge Attr
actor
EmOTIvE LEaRnInG
RapID CYCLE
ProgressiveCyCle
fEEDfORwaRDBias goal state by introducing additional constraints to the system (increase occurrence of goal state cues)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 69 / 115
“When learning occurs in a way consistent with the laws that govern brain plasticity, the process of the brain can be improved so that we learn and perceive with greater precision, speed, and retention.”
— neuroscientist michael merzenich, Father of neuroplasticity
fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY
Conditions for emotive learning
modulate the emotive learning process
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REsEaRCh
Purpose of the Theory
Purpose of the Study
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 71 / 115
puRpOsE Of ThE ThEORY
Propose a design theory for lifestyle change
feedforward
align design strategy with our emotive learning process
Provide anticipatory cues that frame our perception of an emerging situation
align biases with intended lifestyle goals
foster preference, behavior, and bias change
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 72 / 115
puRpOsE Of ThE sTuDY
Test the theory
feedforward
deploy a mobile design strategy into a naturalistic setting
Prime for a future health-oriented mindset
measure the preferential, behavioral, and bias effects of prolonged priming
analyze the short- and long-term effects
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REsEaRCh
research Questions
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CEnTRaL REsEaRCh QuEsTIOn
to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times influence preferences, behaviors, and biases toward healthy eating practices among young adult college students at risk for obesity?
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CEnTRaL REsEaRCh QuEsTIOn
to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times influence preferences, behaviors, and biases toward healthy eating practices among young adult college students at risk for obesity?
cause
strategy
when
effect
domain
who
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sub-REsEaRCh QuEsTIOns
to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times for one week influence the perceived desirability of healthy foodsinfluence the proportion of healthy food consumedinfluence future health biasesamong young adult college students at risk for obesity?
cause
strategy
when
Q 1
Q 2
Q 3
who
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REsEaRCh mEThODOLOGY
Participants
research design
Variables
Instruments
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OvERvIEw Of sTuDY
PurposiveSampling
Stratified random assignment
PrefereNCeSurvey: rate appetiteSurvey: rate craving
beHaVIorSmS reported intakeSurvey: Food Choice
bIaSiat response timesSurvey: time perspective
repeated measure aNoVamargin of erroraNCoVa
logistic regressionrepeated measure aNoVamargin of errorChi Square Test for VarianceaNCoVa
repeat measure aNoVamargin of erroraNCoVa
Conclusions aboutthe design theory
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 79 / 115
paRTICIpanTs
recruitment
Purposive Sampling
Irb approval
recruited from 3 cross-disciplinary courses
received extra credit for participation
Participation was voluntary
Screened for ownership and usage of a mobile phone
Similar settings, routines, and stress cycles
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paRTICIpanTs
Sample Size
117 participants completed the full study
58 treatment group / 59 control group
10% attrition rate (from 130 participants)
23% over minimum requirement
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paRTICIpanTs
Questionnaire
demographic, Personal Health, and mobile Phone behaviors
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paRTICIpanTs
demographics
56%never dieted
30%+2 diets
14%1 diet
50%don’t cook37%
cook 1 meal/day
14%cook 2+
meals/day
40%men
60%women
40%men
60%Caucasian
13%African Amer.
10%Other
4%LatinAmer.
74%not currently dieting
16%currentlydieting
65%average
21%overweight
10%obese
3%under-weight
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 83 / 115
paRTICIpanTs
demographics
56%never dieted
30%+2 diets
14%1 diet
50%don’t cook37%
cook 1 meal/day
14%cook 2+
meals/day
40%men
60%women
40%men
60%Caucasian
13%African Amer.
10%Other
4%LatinAmer.
74%not currently dieting
16%currentlydieting
65%average
21%overweight
10%obese
3%under-weight
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 84 / 115
paRTICIpanTs
demographics
56%never dieted
30%+2 diets
14%1 diet
50%don’t cook37%
cook 1 meal/day
14%cook 2+
meals/day
40%men
60%women
40%men
60%Caucasian
13%African Amer.
10%Other
4%LatinAmer.
74%not currently dieting
16%currentlydieting
65%average
21%overweight
10%obese
3%under-weight
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 85 / 115
bmI Gender Zimbardo Dieting phone use Group
m pf
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
m
m
m
f
f
f
f
<18.5
>30
18.5–24.9
25–29.9
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
paRTICIpanTs
group assignment
Stratified random assignment (matching)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 86 / 115
week 1
baselineweek 2
Treatmentweek 3
follow up 1week 4 week 5
follow up 2
• : Preference 1 : preference
• : bias 2 : bias
__ : behavior 3 : behavior
X
(X)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
r
Group
1A 2
A 3
A3
B1
B 2
B 3
C1
C 2
C 3
D
3A 1
A 2
A3
B3
C 1
B 2
B3
D 1
C 2
C
1B 2
B 3
C1
C 2
C 3
D
3C 1
B 2
B3
D 1
C 2
C
1A 2
A 3
A3
B1
B 2
B 3
C1
C 2
C 3
D
3A 1
A 2
A3
B3
C 1
B 2
B3
D 1
C 2
C
1B 2
B 3
C1
C 2
C 3
D
3C 1
B 2
B3
D 1
C 2
C
••___________________________________ ••________________ ••________________
_________________•• __________________________________ •• ________________••
••________________ ••________________
________________•• ________________••
••___________________________________ ••________________ ••________________
_________________•• __________________________________ •• ________________••
••________________ ••________________
________________•• ________________••
REsEaRCh DEsIGn
modified Solomon group design
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 87 / 115
vaRIabLEs
Independent Variable (treatment Condition)
Prime for future health-oriented mindset
delivered through mmS within the hour preceding meal and snack times
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 88 / 115
vaRIabLEs
Control Variable
Neutral point of comparison
delivered through mmS within the hour preceding meal and snack times
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 89 / 115
vaRIabLEs / InsTRumEnTs
dependent Variables (effects)
Perceived desirability of healthy foods
online survey
How appetizing is the food in the photograph?
How often do you crave the food in the photograph?
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 90 / 115
vaRIabLEs / InsTRumEnTs
dependent Variables (effects)
Perceived desirability of healthy foods
Pilot study to categorize the food items used as healthy or unhealthy
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 91 / 115
From Received Date breakfast-1 chicken-1 dessert-1 meat-1 pasta-1 pizza-1 salad-1 sandwich-1 seafood-1 snack-1 veg-1 breakfast-2 chicken-2 dessert-2 meat-2 seafood-2 sandwich-2 snack-2 veg-2 breakfast-3 chicken-3 dessert-3 meat-3 pasta-2 sandwich-3 seafood-3 snack-3 veg-3 breakfast-4 chicken-4 dessert-4 chicken-5 pasta-3 sandwich-4 seafood-4 snack-4 veg-4 breakfast-5 dessert-5 meat-4 pasta-4 snack-5 veg-5 breakfast-6 dessert-6 snack-6 veg-6 breakfast-7 snack-7 breakfast-8 veg-7 breakfast-9
pilot_survey_01_distributed-brittney.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
pilot_survey_01_distributed-brown.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off
pilot_survey_01_distributed-hill.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Off 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Off 1
pilot_survey_01_distributed-huston.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Off 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
pilot_survey_01_distributed-peters.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
pilot_survey_01_distributed-ronlee.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Off 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
pilot_survey_01_distributed-southwell.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
pilot_survey_01_distributed-stephens.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0.125 0.25 0.125 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 0.875 0 0.25 0.625 0.75 0 0.7142857143 0.8571428571 0 0 0.8333333333 0.1428571429 0.5714285714 0.5714285714 0.2857142857 0.8571428571 0.1428571429 0 0 0.5714285714 0.8571428571 1 0.8571428571 0.1428571429 0.8571428571 0.5714285714 0.1428571429 0.2857142857 0.5714285714 0.5714285714 0.7142857143 0 0 0.4285714286 1 0 0.8571428571 0.8571428571 1 0.5345471522
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
break
fast-
1
chick
en-1
desse
rt-1
mea
t-1
pasta
-1
pizza-
1
salad
-1
sand
wich-1
seaf
ood-1
snac
k-1
veg-
1
break
fast-
2
chick
en-2
desse
rt-2
mea
t-2
seaf
ood-2
sand
wich-2
snac
k-2
veg-
2
break
fast-
3
chick
en-3
desse
rt-3
mea
t-3
pasta
-2
sand
wich-3
seaf
ood-3
snac
k-3
veg-
3
break
fast-
4
chick
en-4
desse
rt-4
chick
en-5
pasta
-3
sand
wich-4
seaf
ood-4
snac
k-4
veg-
4
break
fast-
5
desse
rt-5
mea
t-4
pasta
-4
snac
k-5
veg-
5
break
fast-
6
desse
rt-6
snac
k-6
veg-
6
break
fast-
7
snac
k-7
break
fast-
8ve
g-7
break
fast-
9
vaRIabLEs / InsTRumEnTs
dependent Variables (effects)
Proportion of healthy foods consumed
Self-report food log through SmS: please list the food you ate since the last prompt.
online survey: Which food would you rather eat for your next meal?
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 92 / 115
vaRIabLEs / InsTRumEnTs
dependent Variables (effects)
Proportion of healthy foods consumed
Self-report food log through SmS: please list the food you ate since the last prompt.
online survey: Which food would you rather eat for your next meal?
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 93 / 115
vaRIabLEs / InsTRumEnTs
dependent Variables (effects)
future health biases
Implicit association Test: Sort items as fast as possible.
Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: present and future-oriented questions
IaT blocks
Future immediate healthy unhealthy
healthy block 1 block 2
unhealthy block 2 block 1
desirable block 3 block 4 block 5 block 6
undesirable block 4 block 3 block 6 block 5
Sample Items
healthy unhealthy Future immediate desirable undesirableNutritiousfreshNaturalorganic
fattygreasyProcessedInfirm
ProgressgoalsPlanningoutcome
InstantCurrentPresentNow
TastydeliciousappetizingTempting
repulsiveawfulgrossdisgusting
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 94 / 115
E I
vaRIabLEs / InsTRumEnTs
dependent Variables (effects)
future health biases
Implicit association Test: Sort items as fast as possible.
Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: present and future-oriented questions
IaT blocks
Future immediate healthy unhealthy
healthy block 1 block 2
unhealthy block 2 block 1
desirable block 3 block 4 block 5 block 6
undesirable block 4 block 3 block 6 block 5
Sample Items
healthy unhealthy Future immediate desirable undesirableNutritiousfreshNaturalorganic
fattygreasyProcessedInfirm
ProgressgoalsPlanningoutcome
InstantCurrentPresentNow
TastydeliciousappetizingTempting
repulsiveawfulgrossdisgusting
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 95 / 115
E I
vaRIabLEs / InsTRumEnTs
dependent Variables (effects)
future health biases
Implicit association Test: Sort items as fast as possible.
Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: present and future-oriented questions
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 96 / 115
E I
REsuLTs
Perceived desirability of Health food
Consumption of Healthy food
future Health bias
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 97 / 115
REsuLTs
Perceived desirability of healthy foods
analysis of Variance for Phase: appetizing and Craving
Treatment: Healthy foods
p > 0.0294*
appe
tizi
ng
crav
ing
p > 0.0315*
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of app health By phase, treatment=1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of crave healthy By phase, treatment=1
1
2
3
4
5
treatment control
ANOVA of app unhealthy By treatment phase=2
1
2
3
4
5
treatment control
ANOVA of crave unhealhty By treatment phase=2
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of app unhealthy By phase treatment=1, gender=1
1
2
3
4
5
s1-app6
1 2 3 4bmi group
ANOVA of app healthy By bmi group phase=3, treatment=1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of app unhealthy By phase treat=1, bmi group=3
1
2
3
4
5
no yes no yesdiet
ANOVA of app healthy By diet phase=3, treatment=1
1
2
3
4
5
diet
ANOVA of crave healthy By diet phase=3, treatment=1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of app health By phase, treatment=1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of crave healthy By phase, treatment=1
1
2
3
4
5
treatment control
ANOVA of app unhealthy By treatment phase=2
1
2
3
4
5
treatment control
ANOVA of crave unhealhty By treatment phase=2
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of app unhealthy By phase treatment=1, gender=1
1
2
3
4
5
s1-app6
1 2 3 4bmi group
ANOVA of app healthy By bmi group phase=3, treatment=1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of app unhealthy By phase treat=1, bmi group=3
1
2
3
4
5
no yes no yesdiet
ANOVA of app healthy By diet phase=3, treatment=1
1
2
3
4
5
diet
ANOVA of crave healthy By diet phase=3, treatment=1
Treatment: Healthy foods
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 98 / 115
REsuLTs
Perceived desirability of healthy foods
Summary
Short-term effects of treatment
• appetite for healthy foods
• Cravings for healthy foods
Participants who were dieting exhibited greater short-term effects
long-term effects of treatment (2 weeks after exposure)
• Cravings for healthy foods
Participants who were obese exhibited greater long-term effects
*variance in control group suggests the timing (without priming screens) has effect
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 99 / 115
REsuLTs
Proportion of healthy foods consumed
Summary
Short-term effects of treatment
No significant effect overall
long-term effects of treatment (2 weeks after exposure)
• Consumption of healthy foods
Participants who were average weight ate a greater proportion of healthy foods
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 100 / 115
REsuLTs
future health bias
analysis of Variance for Phase: implicit association test
Treatment: Healthy / future Phase 2: Healthy / future
p > 0.001* p > 0.004*
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of IAT health/future By phase treatment=1
0
100
200
300
400
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of IAT desirable/healthy By phase treatment=1
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of IAT unhealthy/immediate By phase treatment=1
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of IAT undesirable/unhealthy By phase treatment=1
0
150
300
450
600
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of IAT desirable/future By phase treatment=1
treatmentcontrol
ANOVA of IAT future/health By treatment phase=2
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of IAT health/future By phase treatment=1
0
100
200
300
400
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of IAT desirable/healthy By phase treatment=1
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of IAT unhealthy/immediate By phase treatment=1
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of IAT undesirable/unhealthy By phase treatment=1
0
150
300
450
600
1 2 3phase
ANOVA of IAT desirable/future By phase treatment=1
treatmentcontrol
ANOVA of IAT future/health By treatment phase=2
resp
onse
tim
e
resp
onse
tim
e
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 101 / 115
REsuLTs
future health bias
Summary
Short-term effects of treatment
• future health biases (stronger associations between healthy, future, desirable)
• associations between healthy, future, desirable
• associations between unhealthy and undesirable
• Present health biases
Participants who were dieting held a stronger association between healthy and desirable
long-term effects of treatment (2 weeks after exposure)
• or • future health biases
• Present health biases
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 102 / 115
REsuLTs
overall Summary
Summary
1. future health bias (short- and long-term effects)
2. Perceived desirability of healthy foods (short-term effects, some long-term effects)
3. Proportion of healthy food consumed (some long-term effects)
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 103 / 115
COnCLusIOn
addressing the research Questions
Implications for Healthcare
Implications of design
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 104 / 115
to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times for one week influence the perceived desirability of healthy foodsinfluence the proportion of healthy food consumedinfluence future health biasesamong young adult college students at risk for obesity?
cause
strategy
when
Q 1
Q 2
Q 3
who
aDDREssInG ThE REsEaRCh QuEsTIOns
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 105 / 115
to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times for one week influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods
there was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups
influence the proportion of healthy food consumedinfluence future health biasesamong young adult college students at risk for obesity?
cause
strategy
when
Q 1
Q 2
Q 3
who
aDDREssInG ThE REsEaRCh QuEsTIOns
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 106 / 115
to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times for one week influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods
there was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups
influence the proportion of healthy food consumedthere was not a significant difference
influence future health biasesamong young adult college students at risk for obesity?
cause
strategy
when
Q 1
Q 2
Q 3
who
aDDREssInG ThE REsEaRCh QuEsTIOns
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 107 / 115
to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times for one week influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods
there was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups
influence the proportion of healthy food consumedthere was not a significant difference
influence future health biasesthere was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups
among young adult college students at risk for obesity?
cause
strategy
when
Q 1
Q 2
Q 3
who
aDDREssInG ThE REsEaRCh QuEsTIOns
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 108 / 115
ImpLICaTIOns fOR hEaLThCaRE sTRaTEGIEs
Healthcare is part of our daily decisions
address mindsets and biases related to health in addition to management
lockscreen on the mobile phone is a convenient delivery space for feedforward
lifestyle change does not need to be about self-control and will power
Change occurred without effort, but could be supplemented with reflective tools
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 109 / 115
ImpLICaTIOns fOR ThE DEsIGn DIsCIpLInE
research for design: Contributing to the knowledge base
offers a design theory for supporting emotive learning
responds to contemporary design approaches (feedback models)
grounded in empirical research
Tested using a naturalistic experiment
applicable to contemporary social issues
Identifies a territory for design within a multi-disciplinary conversation
accountability for the effects of design
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 110 / 115
YOuR TuRn
The Hope
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 111 / 115
make the world better
life
YOuR TuRn
The predicament
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 112 / 115
Make the world better
lifechange
YOuR TuRn
atmospheres of impact
what change do you want to make? find the gap in each atmosphere.
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 113 / 115
things
behaviors
beliefs
culture
things
behaviors
beliefs
culture
YOuR TuRn
Intended experiences
what experiences do you want to create and reinforce?
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 114 / 115
exPerIeNCe
YOuR TuRn
december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 115 / 115