feed focus - poultry

7/28/2019 Feed focus - POULTRY

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Digital Re-print -May | June 2013

Feed focus - POULTRY

www.gfmt.co.uk

Grain & Feed Milling Technology is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1466-3872
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3/10

DDGS:cheap and nutritious

food for poultry

by Hossan MD Salim PhD,Upazila livestock off icer,

DLS, Bangladesh andUniversity of Manitoba,

Canada

The world grain price is increasing day

by day and the industry is facing several

challenges to produce good quality

animal products with a reasonable price for

consumers. Similarly, the poultry industry

in Bangladesh is also fighting with high

grain prices to maintain its production with

marginal profit. Small and medium poultry

farm owners are mainly affected and losing

their capital investment in this sector.

The increased cost and the limited supply

of conventional grains have made it necessary

to focus research and extend efforts towards

the potential utilization of energy and proteins

from several grain by-products which are

cheaper with high nutritive values. Corn dis-

tillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) can

play a vital role in this high grain price situation

to formulate the least cost diets for poultry.

DDGS is a co-product of ethanol production

plants that use corn for manufacturing.

During the yeast fermentation in ethanol

plants, corn is ground, mixed with water,

cooked and the liquefied starch from this

process is hydrolyzed and fermented to

produce ethanol and CO2. As a result, the

non-fermentable components of this process

which are rich in essential nutrients such as

protein, fat, fibre, vitamins and minerals are

recovered in a highly concentrated form as

distillers dried grains with solubles.

Although distillers dried grains have been

used by the poultry industry for some time,

recently a renaissance in the use of DDGS has

been observed in the USA and also around the

world. This is due to the rapid escalation in its

production as well as its improved quality when

derived from the new generation ethanol plants.Therefore, in the light of the large production of

corn DDGS entering the USA, and other over-

seas markets, the aim of this topic is to provide

a compendium of information to the people

involved with the industry regarding nutritional

value of corn DDGS for poultry.

Nutrient contents and availabilityof DDGS for poultry

Corn DDGS contain all the nutrients from

grain in a concentrated form except for the

majority of the starch, which has been utilized

in the fermentation process. Therefore, it can

be a rich source of crude protein (CP), amino

acids, P and other nutrients in poultry diets.

Reliable values for the nutrient content of

feed constituents are essential to create more

precise diet formulations for poultry.

Metabolizable energy contentSeveral studies provide estimates of the

metabolizable energy (ME) content of DDGS

for poultry. Lumpkins et al. (2004) reported

that the TMEn content of a single DDGS

sample was 2,905 kcal/kg. In a later study, the

same group determined the TMEn content

of 17 different DDGS samples representing

products from six different ethanol plants.

They determined that the TMEn contents

ranged from 2,490 to 3,190 kcal/kg with a

mean value of 2,820 kcal/kg and an associated

coefficient of variation of 6.4% (Batal and

Dale, 2006).

Fastinger et al. (2006) concluded that the

TMEn content of DDGS averaged 2,871 kcal/

kg and had considerable variation among the

samples. Furthermore, a large variation in TMEn

values of DDGS were also reported by Parsons

et al. (2006), who determined the mean TMEn

value of 20 DDGS at 2,863 kcal/kg 224 kcal/kg.It was hypothesized that energy in corn DDGS

would not vary if samples were derived from

ethanol plants using similar production technolo-

gies and corn that is grown in a proximate geo-

graphical location. Therefore, nutritionists should

be cautious of the fiber content and sources of

data for DDGS ME values, as well as energy vari-

ability when formulating diets for poultry.

Amino acid contentDale and Batal (2005) reported that CP

content of corn DDGS can vary from 24

percent to 29 percent. In our laboratory we

assessed CP content on 395 corn DDGS

samples imported to Korea from the USA,

and the average CP content was 27.15%

(23.87-30.41) with 3.72% coefficient of vari-

ation. Batal and Dale (2006) found that CP

Feed focus

POULTRY

Gri&fd milliG tcholoG26 | may - June 2013


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content of DDGS ranged between 23 per-

cent and 32 percent. Spiehs et al. (2002) have

evaluated nutrient level of DDGS originating

from ten new ethanol plants in Minnesota and

South Dakota, and also found that the CP

accounted for 30.2%, and lysine and methio-

nine for 0.85% and 0.55%, respectively. The

high variability among DDGS sources was

found mainly for the two limiting amino acids

for poultry, lysine and methionine.

Reese and Lewis (1989) showed that corn

produced in Nebraska in 1988 varied in CP

from 7.8 to 10%, and 0.22 to 0.32% in lysine

content. Differences in production technology

provide almost as much variation within one

source of corn as there is between different

plants. Parsons et al. (1983) conducted five

trials that aimed to evaluate the protein qual-

ity of DDGS and concluded that when DDGS

is fed to growing chicks as the sole source of

dietary protein, tryptophan closely followed

by arginine are the second and third limiting

amino acids respectively, after lysine. Although

DDGS was limiting in tryptophan and arginine

it was found that the overall protein quality ofDDGS could be improved greatly by lysine

supplementation for growing chicks.

Mineral compositionA laboratory analysis of corn DDGS from the

US showed that DDGS can be a good source of

P (0.76 %), Zn (57.26 ppm), K (0.91 ppm), and

other minerals. Phosphorus content in DDGS

has been reported at 0.72% and varies widely

from 0.48 to 0.91%. Similarly, Spiehs et al. (2002)

reported the P variation in DDGS ranged from

0.59 to 0.95 %. This large difference in P content

derives partially from its variation in corn grain and

amount of starch residue in DDGS.

However, the technological process of

ethanol production can also significantly con-

tribute to its content and variation. It has

been suggested that the total P content may

be even higher than 0.72% in some sources

of DDGS if produced in new ethanol plants.

Moreover, the rate of addition of solubles to

the wet grains prior to drying affects the P

content, because the solubles contain more

than three times as much P as do the wet

grains.

Pigment contentCorn grain contains about 20 ppm of

xanthophylls and it is expected that corn

DDGS may by a good source of xantho-

phylls pigment, due to the concentration of

the pigment during the production process.

However, the actual xanthophylls content

may be lower in DDGS because of heat

destruction during drying. Roberson et al.

(2005) analysed two DDGS samples and

observed 29.75 ppm of xanthophylls in

one of the samples, but only 3.48 ppm in

another, dark colored sample

which was considered to be

heat damaged.

By analysing 16 samples

of DDGS deriving from

US in our laboratory, we

showed that the average

concentration of

carotene and xan-

thophylls was 8.58

and 36.72 ppm,

respectively. Since

the typical corn

and soybean-based

commercial poultry

diet does not sup-

ply the necessary

amount and type

of xanthophylls to

produce the deep

yellow color in

the egg yolk and

skin, DDGS can be

a good source of

these pigments as

long as they have

not been over-

heated during the

production process.

Other

nutrientsDDGS is not

only a good source

of energy, amino

acids and minerals

but also, can be a

rich source of water

soluble vitamins and

other nutrients that

are present in the

corn used for the

ethanol produc-

tion. DErcole et al.

(1939) reported

that DDGS is a

good source of ribo-

flavin and thiamine.

DDGS also contain

some biologically

active substances

such as nucleotides,

mannan oligosach-

arides, -1, 3 or 1,

6 glucan, inositol,

glutamine and nucle-

ic acids, which have

a beneficial effect on

immune responsesand the health of

animals. Therefore,

to reduce the feed

cost and to make

a balanced diet for

poultry, DDGS

would be a viable

alternative energy

grain source for

the feed industry in

Bangladesh.

This article was originally published on

Gri&fd milliG tcholoG may - June 2013 | 27

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6/10

Amino acidsparing for efficiency

and the environment

by Murray HydenCBiol, MSB director of

biosecurity, Anpario plc,United Kingdom

Animals do not have a crude protein

requirement, they have a require-

ment for amino acids and it is

the responsibility of the nutritionist to

get the ratios correct. Amino acids from

feed are the building blocks of proteinsand there are twenty-two of them

used in the building of animal protein.

Although poultry can synthesise some,

there are some serious essential amino

acids that can become limiting.

Supplementation with these essential

amino acids is now common place and

incorrect supplementation will result in

either a shortfall of one, or a surplus of sev-

eral. This problem has become more acute

since the reduction of animal protein in diets

and a reliance on soya and other vegetable

protein sources with a poorer match to

animal amino acid requirements.

While soya is a good source of protein

when combined with corn, this combina-

tion is limiting in the essential amino acids

such as lysine, methionine, threonine and

tryptophan. However, there is often a lack of

data on the precise amino acid composition

of the raw materials being used.

It is unrealistic to analyse every batch of

raw material. Yet raw material amino acid

content is a big issue this year, especially

with wheat and soya, due to variations in

weather, location, variety and fertiliser use.

We can only use the algorithms we have and

try to ensure that the amino acid profiles of

complete feeds are optimised.

Indeed, it is often better to reduce

protein levels and increase fibre levels if in

doubt. Dr Peter Scott, senior research fellow

at the University of Melbourne, Australia,

calls for more attention on nutrition and gut

health, such as fibre levels in feed. Its there

in black and white: If you maintain adequate

fibre levels in your feed, youll achieve better

coccidiosis control and by default, better

necrotic enteritis control, he argues.

If a correct balance of amino acids is not

achieved there will be performance implica-

tions. Simply adding more supplementary

amino acids can lead to other problems, as

surplus amino acids in the gut are a threat to

health and the environment.

Non-nutritional problemsassociated with amino acids

Surplus amino acids can result in two

different problems:

1. When energy levels are limiting,

bacterial growth in the hindgut by

commensal microflora will stop

allowing proteolitic pathogens such as

Clostridium to flourish.

Clostridia exist in all chickens. The

growth of Clostridia is however only a

problem following coccidial or bacterial

infection where blood and damaged

tissue prevail in the intestine.

The faster growth rates in modern

poultry may exaccerbate the problemfurther because the rate of proteolyis

in the stomach may be insufficient to

release all the amino acids from the

proteins resulting in more protein in the

hindgut.

2. If proteins are not deaminated in the

gut then they are excreted and will

contribute to the greenhouse gas load

associated with livestock production.

The problem of hindgut deamination is

the release of ammonia or nitrous oxide

(N2O) in the faeces with the the FAO

stating that atmospheric emissions of

ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N

2O)

and methane (CH4) associated with

animal waste are a worldwide problem

and may contribute to a detrimental

impact on the environment. High

Adding one tonne of lysine allows a reduction in soya and slightly increase inmaize without affecting the nutritional balance.



7/10

ammonia levels in poultry housing also

directly impacts performance.

Saving the environmentBoth these problems could be resolved by

careful adjustment of the amino acid balance.Such attention to detail would have consider-

able cost benefits by reducing land usage

requirements. Ajinomoto, the Japanese food

and chemical corporation, has determined

that correct supplementation of lysine to

maize/soya based rations could mean that for

every tonne of lysine used there could be a

saving of 12 hectares of land that could be

rechanneled to alternative production.

Other protein sources are also being

used such as rapeseed and rapeseed meal,

sunflower meal, cottonseed meal and more

exotic ingredients such as palm kernel meal

and copra meal. Each of these protein

sources has a different amino acid profile,different digestibility and would require dif-

ferent supplementation.

Amino acids such as methionine, lysine

and threonine are among the most expen-

sive nutrients in the feed ration and wasting

them has economic costs and biological

consequences.

Also remember that young animals

metabolise amino acids at higher efficiency

than adults. Males utilise amino acids more

efficiently than females and extraneous die-

tary factors such as fibre and phytase induce

digestive stress, hampering protein utilisation.

The effect of weatherWhen all these points are taken into

consideration there are other factors that

impact on performance. Adverse weather

conditions both pre and post-harvest result

in higher than normal levels of mycotoxins.

Mould activity during storage depletes

amino acids in both raw materials and

finished feeds. In artificially moistened feeds

between 1-3 percent lysine and 19-26 per-

cent methionine could be lost to fungal activ-

ity alone (Dr Olayinka Akine 2012). Indeed,

Kiotechagil Mycostat can effectively stop

mould growth in raw materials and feeds.

In storage, moulds like Aspergillus pro-

duce mycotoxins that alter amino acid uti-

lisation at the intestinal and cellular level,

especially the sulphur containing amino acids.

Birds fed 2-4 ppm Aflatoxin or Ochratoxin

A had a 51-133 percent reduction in pro-tein efficiency but when both toxins were

present at 1-4 ppm, protein efficiency was

depressed by 79-127 percent. These effects

are due to suppression of enzymatic activity,

disruption to intestinal transport, attenuation

of cellular protein synthesis and modification

to gut functionalities.

Amino acids, including tryptophan and

arginine, are required to feed into the


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immune system and mycotoxins will disturb

their metabolism where they help generate

cytokines. An increase in cytokine production

can unbalance amino acids levels in the gut.

The use of an effective and broad spec-

trum toxin binder like Kiotechagil Neutoxto absorb mycotoxins without hindering gut

performance is essential. Mineral binders

with high cation exchange capacities (CEC)

will trap cations and disrupt mineral nutri-

tion, or reduce phytase activity in formulated

feeds. Selection of the correct toxin binder

will benefit amino acid utilisation.

Unbalanced rationsSurplus amino acids in the hind gut, espe-

cially in an energy limited diet, can result in a

Clostridial infection because this proteolytic

organism, unlike the commensal microflora,

is capable of obtaining energy from deamina-

tion of amino acids, peptides and proteins.

The use of highly buffered feed or stress

conditions can lead to a reduced produc-

tion of acid in the proventriculus. Reduced

acid production will result

in less pepsin activity, lead-

ing to protein escape to

the hind gut. Clostridia can

utilise unused protein in the

hind gut in the absence of

fermentable carbohydrate

by deamination leading to

necrotic enteritis.

Balancing the gutmicroflora can help

There are several aspects

of digestive function to con-

sider that can help resolve

the effects of dysbiosis but it

is obvious that a multifunc-

tional approach is essential.

Direct incorporation of

acids in the ration and into

the foregut will help over-

come the effects of highly

buffered feeds, but that is

not enough. This will be

especially important whenthe feed is highly buffered,

typically with something

like calcium carbonate as

used in poultry breeder and

layer diets. The added cal-

cium carbonate neutralises

stomach acid, increasing the

risk of pathogens passing

through proventriculus.

By reducing free acid in

the proventriculus the con-

version of pepsinogen to

pepsin will be reduced. This

will result in reduced pro-

tein digestion in the stom-

ach and a greater reliance

of the proteolytic trypsin

found in the duodenum and

the peptidases. However

pepsin works best at the

N-terminal of aromatic

amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyro-

sine. It will not cleave at bonds containing

valine, alanine or glycine. Pepsin digests 10

- 15% of dietary protein before it is inacti-

vated in the small intestine. Whilst trypsin

predominantly cleaves peptide chains at thecarboxyl side of the amino acids lysine and

arginine, except when either is followed

by proline. Therefore the loss of activity of

pepsin cannot be fully compensated for by

other proteolytic enzymes further down

the gut.

By adding an acidified carrier matrix it is

possible to overcome some of the buffering

power of the feed, however this will require

free acid and not a salt such as the calcium

and sodium salts of organic acids, as they

have no net acid contribution.

Even with pure acids it is not possible to

provide sufficient acid to directly alter feed

pH and you can work this out easily because

we know that 1 mole calcium carbonate will

require 1 mole of acid to neutralise it.

- Add calcium carbonate (limestone) at

40 kg/t.

- Molecular weight of calcium carbonate

(CaCO3) = 100.09

- 1 mole = 100.09 g so 40 kg = 399.64

moles.

- If we then use formic acid to neutralise

this

- Molecular weight of formic acid

(HCOOH) = 46.03

- 1 mole = 46.03 g therefore to supply

399.64 moles you would need:

- 399.64 x 46.03 = 18395 g or 18.395

kg/t of 100% formic acid

It is clear that we must rely on a com-

bination of natural acid secretions in the

stomach and a fully supportive feed acidifier,

like Kiotechagil Salkil, to boost the bacterial

contribution from carbohydrate fermenta-

tion in the gut.

Natural fermentation in theintestine is vital

Gastric bacterial fermentation contributes

significantly to maintaining a low gastric pH.

This can be supported by the use Salkilto provide suitable platforms for bacterial

colonisation allowing acidophilic species to

predominate in the gut.

In older animals lactic acid represents

only 50 percent of the total organic acid

content in the gut. The remaining acids will

be produced by cellulolytic species such

as Butyrivibrio and Roseburia that ferment

cellulose to acetic and butyric acids provided

the environment remains acidic.

Butyric acid is a vital component of the

hindgut. It is a colonocyte nutrient that will

assist in villus development in young animals

and will help regrowth after disease.

This is especially important after coccidia

or enteric pathogens such as Salmonella or

Escherichia that damage the gut lining, erode

villi and result in bleeding from the intestinal

wall.

Blood in the intestine from pathogen

attack is the perfect nutrient for proteolytic

species like Clostridia.

For the gut to recover faster it requires

a readily available energy source, butyric

acid, produced by cellulose digestion in the

hindgut. Butyric acid has been reported

to increase the density and length of villi,enlarging the adsorption surface of the intes-

tine (Galfi and Bokori 1990). The bacteria

responsible for butyric acid production in the

gut, Butyrivibrio and Roseburia for example,

have narrow ranges of pH tolerance and if

their activity decreases, so does the butyric

acid production in the gut.

Adding a protected butyric acid source is

an effective means of helping villus structure

to recover, whilst supporting the acidophilic

microflora such as the cellulose digesters

and members of the Lactobacillaceae family

(Galfi 1990).

Feeding the commensalsFructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), such as

inulin, have a direct effect on the gut

microflora. Inulin is a complex sugar. Most

Effect of pH on the specific growth rate of B.fibrisolvens Ce51 at 38.5C with glucose as the

substrate. (O) chemostat culture. () batch culture

Lactic acid bacteria colonising the acidifiedsilica platform in Kiotechagil Salkil


FEATURE


9/10

gut bacteria preferentially metabolise simple

sugars allowing the inulin to reach the hind-

gut. Inulin in the hind gut allows bacteria,

typically fibre digesters like Butyrivibrio and

Roseburia, as well as the bacteriocin pro-

ducing Bifidobacteria, to grow and exclude

Clostridia. The inclusion of a FOS in a ration

formulation will therefore have a direct

effect on the microbial colonisation of the

hind gut.

By restricting Clostridial activity with

butyric acid and by providing the commensal

microflora with a valuable energy source

that is unavailable to Clostridia, any surplus

amino acids can be incorporated into the

microbial biomass in the gut rather wasteful

deamination.

Products like Kiotechagil Prefect are

designed to optimise gut performance to

help prevent the effects of amino acid imbal-

ance. Prefect supplies:

1. Organic acids to maintain acidity in

the proventriculus thereby maximising

protein utilisation in the foregut.

2. Fructo-oligosaccharides (inulin) to inhibitclostridia and other enteropathogens

whilst promoting a strong cellulolytic gut

microflora to maintain healthy butyric

acid levels.

3. Additional butyric acid to provide an

instant energy source for villi mucosa

to help overcome irritation and

necrosis resulting from Clostridial or

coccidial attack.

4. A unique carrier that

promotes colonisation

by lactic acid bacteria to

establish the necessary

healthy gut microflora

to achieve genetic

potential.

References

The XXIII Worlds Poultry

Congress offered new insights

for managing necrotic

enteritis and coccidiosis. www.

thepoultrysite.com

Ammonia Emissions from Animal

Waste FAO 2012

Lysine and other amino acids

for feed: production and

contribution to protein utilisation

in animal feeding Yasuhiko

Toride in Protein Sources for

the animal feed industry FAO

document repository.

Dr Olayinka Akine All About Feed.

net Vol 20 No7 2012 p18 - 20Gal f i P and Bokor i J Acta

Vet Hung 1990 : 38(1-

2):3-17

About the author

Murray Hyden trained at

Imperial College London in

Food and Dairy Microbiology

and Industrial Microbiology.

He worked for ICI Plc,

Agricultural Division as a Research

Microbiologist for 16 years spe-

cialising in ruminant nutrition and

poultry health. During his time

there he worked on the interac-

tions of intestinal microflora in

relation to the diet specification.

In 1985 he joined Agil Ltd, a privately owned British com-

pany manufacturing and distributing feed additive products to

several European countries. Murray has been involved in all

stages of product development and has overseen the launch of

the entire range of feed additives since 1987. His microbiological

approach to find alternatives to antibiotics in animal feeding has

lead to the launch of a unique range of products that are now

used around the world.

In 2004 Murray was promoted to managing director of Agil

and then Kiotechagil after an acquisition.

He has presented his work at international conferences incountries such as Sweden, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, France,

Philippines, Thailand, Japan, China and Australia.

He has helped in the development of biosecurity control

programmes for poultry and pig breeding companies around

the world.

Following more recent acquisitions by the company, Murray

has returned to his primary interest and is now director of

biosecurity for Anpario Group.

More inforMation:

Website: www.anpario.com


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