FEED ADDITVES TO ENHANCE MILK PRODUCTION

Qasim MashoodDVM (2010-2015)

Feed additves

• Feed additives are typically non-nutritive compounds added to diets to improve dietary nutrient utilization, to enhance performance, and to minimize the risk of metabolic diseases.

Benefits of additives in dairy animal

• Minimize fluctuations in rumen pH and control lactate concentration in the rumen fluid by reducing its synthesis

• Reduce risk of ruminal acidosis, bloat, ketosis, and hypocalcemia

• Improve the efficiency of ruminal energy utilization by reducing methanogenesis and increasing synthesis of milk and milk components.

Benefits of additives in dairy animal

• Increase ruminal organic matter and fiber digestibility.

• Increase the level and efficiency of animal performance

Classification

Non-Nutritive:1. Ionophores antibiotics2. Rumen buffers3. Probiotics4. Hormones

• Additional-nutritive subtance- vitamins, A.A

Ionophores antibiotics

Mechanism of action:Inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria by transporting potassium into the cell, which then requires energy to pump it out. Eventually the ion pump fails to operate and potassium accumulates inside the cell. Water enters by osmosis and the cell ruptures. Reduce methane production and increase propionic acid proportions, which improve productivity of milk

Monensin:

• Mechanism of action: • Same as above• Improves efficiency of production of milk and

milk components. Minimizes the risk of clinical and subclinical ketosis.

Monensin

• Ruminisen• Dose-350- 500 mg/day

Rumen buffersBuffers are included in ruminant diets to regulate rumen pH to levels that favour the activity of cellulolytic organisms (pH 6–7). Diets rich in readily fermentable carbohydrate create• acidic conditions • increase lactic acid formation both of which are detrimental to the cellulolytic bacteria.

This reduces food intake and predisposes the animal to acidosis.

Secondary problems include…o reduced milk fat production o Ruminitiso ketosis o laminitis • Chemicals such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium

carbonate, calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide buffer the hydrogen ions and increase the dilution rate of the liquids in the rumen.

Mechanism of action:

Typically, sodium bicarbonate Neutralize rumen acids and increase rumen fluid osmolarity, which is thought to increase liquid turnover rate.

Increase rumen pH and improve acid base status by providing additional Na.

Feeding recommendation:

• Cows are expected to consume 200 – 300 g/day.

Effects on lactation and health :Improve milk yield and milk fat concentation.

Rumen alkalinizers: Typically magnesium oxide Increase rumen osmolarity and liquid turnover rate, thereby removing acids from the rumen.

Vitamins

• BIOTIN:• cofactor in carboxylation reactions• involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle,

gluconeogenesis.• Daily intake of 10 – 20 mg Improvements in

milk production of 1 – 2 kg/ day

Rumen – protected choline:

• phospholipid synthesis• needed for absorption and transport of fatty

acids and cholesterol.• Required for synthesis of acetylcholine.• Reduces the risk of ketosis and fatty liver• Improves energy metabolism in early lactation

and milk yield and milk fat content.

Rumen – protected choline

• Reduces the risk of ketosis and fatty liver• Dose: Daily intake of 10 – 20 g/day of choline

as rumen - protected source

Amino acids:

• Rumen – protected methionine and Rumen - protected lysine

• when diets are inadequate in methionine• synthesis of milk protein and efficiency of

protein utilization• Typically fed at 10 – 20 g of /day

HORMONES: Bovine somatotropin (bST) or growth hormone.• Growth hormone supplementation increases

milk production 11-16%in cows.• Naturally it is produced in small quantities by

pitutary gland.• It is a peptide harmone.

Mechanism of action: increase mobilization of body energy stores. ST acts on the adipocytes to make more energy from

fat available to the mammary gland. It also prevent the mammary cell death. increase in overall protein metabolism in other

organs to provide substrates for milk secretion. Increased food intake. increased nutrient absorption from the

gastrointestinal tract.

• Treated cows become more persistent in milk production, so milk yield decreases at a slower rate than untreated cows after peak production.

• This also extends the calving interval and results in fewer calves being born per year.

• bST is banned in some countries because it reduces the reproductive activity so animal are slaughtered.

Administration: Trade name Posilac® bST can be injected daily, or more commonly every

2 weeks.

PROBIOTICS

A probiotic is defined as a live microbial food supplement that beneficially affects the host animal by

• improving the intestinal microbial balance • Increase digestive enzyme production,• more efficient absorption of nutrients, and• greater vitamin production. • In ruminant animals, the application of yeast

(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the form of live culture, or dead cells with culture extracts, has proved successful in beneficially modifying rumen fermentation

Mechanism of action:

.• Yeast cultures can stimulate

forage intake by

.

• increasing the rate of digestion of fiber in the rumen in the first 24 hours after its consumption

METABOLITES OF YEAST CELLS

stimulate

• growth of the bacterial species (Increased cellulolytic numbers and activity)

Live yeast

• scavenge oxygen in the rumen• anaerobic conditions favouring

the growth of cellulolytic bacteria

.

Increased animal performance

increase in forage intake can result in improved liveweight gain, milk yield and milk fat content,

Increased nutrient absorption

Increased forage intake

Increased microbial protein production

Increased rates of fibre digestion

YEAST CULTURE

scavenging of oxygen in the rumen

Favors growth of fungi in the rumen

growth of lactate-utilizing bacteria

Provides organic acids and vitamins

Improves fiber digestion, minimizes the risk of subacute rumen acidosis, and improves yields of milk

• 15 – 60 g/day.Feeding

recommendation:

• Improvements in yields of milk and milk components

Effects on lactation

Live yeast

• Feeding recommendation :• It is typically fed at 0.5 – 1 g/day when fed as

pure live yeast• Fungal additives:• Effects on lactation and health: Minor

improvements in milk yield. Some improvements in milk protein concentration • Dose: 3 g/day when Aspergillus oryzae is fed

Fungal additives:

Improve the rate and extent of fiber digestion in the rumen

degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses

Increase total and cellulolytic ruminal bacteria

Questions……………………???