federation of european heating, ventilation and air ... · guidebook contents 1 terminology 2...

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Rue Washington 40, 1050 Brussels

Belgium

www.rehva.eu

[email protected]

Tel: +32 2 514 11 71

Fax: +32 2 512 90 62

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation

and Air-Conditioning Associations

Professional organization with 28 member countries

representing more than 100 000 HVAC experts in Europe


Use of REHVA Guidebook Power Point

Presentations

• This Power Point Presentation can be freely used for training purposes by REHVA members.

• It is prepared by the main authors to the REHVA Guidebook.

• Please refer the original authors always when making the presentation.

• Inform REHVA secretariat each time the presentation is used: [email protected]


Design of energy efficient ventilation

and air-conditioning

systems

REHVA Guidebook nº 17


Nejc Brelih (ed.)

Olli Seppänen

Thore Bertilsson

Mari-Liis Maripuu

Hervé Lamy

Alex Vanden Borre


Why this Topic ?

In light of the future stringent EU energy regulations, design of ventilation

and air-conditioning systems will play an increasingly important role. The

traditional approach, with HVAC design being an indispensable phase of

the project will have to be integrated into the building design right from

the beginning of the project.

The major focus of the book is on the current state-of-the art equipment

and systems. Practical guidance is offered for the selection, installation and

operation of equipment, as well as information on the future design trends.


Pecs Univ, HUN,

Zoltan Magyar

ESSO, F

Hervé Lamy

Camfill, SE

Thore Bertilsson

Airmodus & FAMBSI,

FIN Minna Väkevä, Jorma

Railio

Rev

Rev

Rev

Rev

Rev

Reviewers: Ahmet Arisoy (Turkey), Derrick Braham (UK), Vincenc Butala, (Slovenia), Gianfranco Rizzo

(Italy), Christian Feldmann (France), Risto Kosonen (Finland)

Acknowledgements Mika Vuolle (EQUA), Niels Bidstrup (Grundfos), Sandrine Marinhas and Sylvain

Courtney (Eurovent Certification), Petra Vladykova (Swegon), Philippe Rivière (Mines ParisTech) for all their

valuable contributions to the guidebook. Verity and Derrick Braham for proof-reading.

Layout and typesetting: Jarkko Narvanne (Finland)

Rehva Task – Guidebook 17

Rehva , Olli

Seppanen,, Nejc Brelic,

Alex van den Borre


Aim of the Guidebook

Although the goal of building nearly zero energy

buildings may appear difficult to achieve in less than 10

years from now, the good news is that the know-how is

already available.

We hope that this guidebook will prove to be a valuable

source of this knowledge and that after reading it the

reader will be able to successfully use it in practice.


Guidebook Contents

1 Terminology

2 Energy & buildings in EU

3 Indoor environmental quality

4 Air handling units

5 Energy efficient fans

6 Air filters

7 Air-to-air recovery systems

8 Demand controlled ventilation

9 Design and balancing of ductwork

10 Chillers and heat pumps

11 Pumps and hydronics

12 Elect motors and variable speed

13 Solar shading equipment

References

Appendix 1: Simulation details


28%

23%17%

11%

7%

4%

11%Wholesale & retail

Offices

Educational

Hotels & restau.

Hospitals

Sport facilities

Other

Non-residential floor space for the

European countries with industrial buildings

excluded (source: BPIE).

Energy and buildings in Europe

3 %7 % 10 %

6 %

57 %

3 %

Catering

Computing

Hot water

Heating

Lighting

Other

14 %

End use energy splits in British office

buildings in 2006


Normalized performance in office work

Indoor Environmental Quality

Total operating expense 100%

Miscellaneous cost 10%Salary and employee related cost 80%

Operation & maintenance 3%

Construction cost 7%

Energy 0.3…0.6%

Electricity0.2…0.4%

Heating0.1…0.2%

Building related cost 10 %


Air Handling Units, Fans & Filters

15 %

46

%

27 %

2 %10 % Investments

Fan electricity

Energy

Pumps electricity

Maintenance

Typical split of life-cycle costs for AHUs

in office buildings (Source: Eurovent) €50 000

€0

€100 000

€200 000

€250 000

€150 000

€300 000

€350 000

€400 000

AHU3.2 m/s

AHU2.6 m/s

AHU2.3 m/s

AHU1.9 m/s

AHU1.5 m/s

capital costs

power costs

cost of space reorganisation

LCC analysis of 5 different sizes of AHUs with different

face velocities – operating time 24 hours per day, 7

days per week (source: AL-KO).


Air Handling Units, Fans & FiltersN

um

be

r o

f fa

ns

Total fan efficiency [%]

125

197 220

156

69

0

100

200

3001

0%

‐ 1

9%

20

% ‐

29

%

30

% ‐

39

%

40

% ‐

49

%

50

% ‐

59

%

Results of total efficiency measurements

of 779 fans in Sweden


Air-to-air Heat Recovery Systems

Extractair

Supplyair

Exhaustair

Outdoorair

ClassTemperature

effectiveness

Sum of

pressure

losses [Pa]

Coefficient of

performance

Energy

efficiency

H1 0.75 2 x 280 19.5 0.71

H2 0.67 2 x 230 21.2 0.64

H3 0.57 2 x 170 24.2 0.55

H4 0.47 2 x 125 27.3 0.45

H5 0.37 2 x 100 26.9 0.36

Classification of heat recovery units according to EN 13053.

€ 0

€ 50 000

€ 100 000

€ 150 000

€ 200 000

€ 250 000

€ 300 000

€ 350 000H

RW

1

HR

W 2

HR

W 3

HR

W 4

HR

W 5

HR

W 6

HR

W 7

HR

W 8

capital costs

heating costs

cooling costs

power costs

humidifying costs

An example of a LCC analysis of heat recovery

equipment (source: AL-KO).


Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV)

Recommendations in a nutshell:

DCV systems can be successfully applied for indoor air quality control in a number of different types of buildings.

The most suitable is application in premises with varying occupancy density.

The controlling sensor must be located in a place where it best represents and responds to the measured indicator.

For best performance a DCV system should be designed, installed, commissioned and operated under a constant and

complete commissioning process.

Airflow rateDC V system

Time of day

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Airflow rateC AV s ystem

O ccupancyNu

mb

er

of

pe

op

le -

Hyg

ien

ic a

irfl

ow

rate


Design and Balancing Ductwork

Range of outdoor air flows in 33 randomly selected

mechanically ventilated office buildings in the

Helsinki metropolitan area

. Distribution of room temperatures


Chillers and Heat Pumps

Cooling

EERpoint35°C

Heating

COP point7°C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

‐10 ‐6 ‐2 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38

Nu

mb

er

of

ho

urs

pe

r b

in (

h)

Outdoor temperature (°C)

Number of hours per one degree of outdoor

temperature for the typical cooling and

heating seasons in average European

climate (e.g. Paris, London, Berlin, Vienna).

COP and EER points show the standard

temperatures for the calculation of COP and

EER according to EN 14511.

872

874779

1129 1224892

475125 111 40 1

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

17,5 50 100 200 350 500 700 900 1200 1500

EER

Cooling capacity [kW]

25%

Min

50%

Max

75%

Numberof units

Air-cooled chillers – EER distribution in Eurovent

database from year 2010 (Rivière, 2011).


Pumps and Hydronics

ST IM VS-AC VS-EC

Ene

rgy

(kW

h/y

ear)

25% 50% 75% 100% Total0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Flow

Energy consumption of four different circulation pumps

(ST – a standard single-speed pump; IM – a single-

speed pump with improved hydraulic efficiency; VS-AC

– a variable speed pump with an asynchronous motor

and a variable frequency drive; VS-EC – a variable

speed pump with EC motor)


Electric motors and variable speed drives

Typical efficiency of indirect three-phase voltage source converters

with a passive front-end (IEC 60034-31).


Solar Shading Equipment

The reduction of primary energy

used for heating, cooling and

lighting with automatically

controlled solar shading

compared to energy use without

shading for double glazing (red

line), low-e glazing (yellow line)

and solar control glazing (blue

line). A simulated case for an

office in Madrid


Thank you

for your

attention

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