February 11, 2014

• Label the map of the Roman Empire. • These maps may help you: pages 162, 186,

R38, R40, R41

Roman Civilization Develops

1. Geography of Italy

a. Boot shaped peninsula

b. To the north: The Alps

c. Mediterranean sea provides both protection and transportation

d. Rich soil and mild climate

2. Founding of Rome

a. Legend of Romulus and Remus

i. Legend states they were twin brothers who founded Rome

b. Latinsi. Legend states they were twin brothers who

founded Rome

c. Etruscansii. Took over Rome

iii. Believed to be great metal workers and jewelers

iv. Culture was heavily influenced by the Greeks

iv. Had great influence on Roman society1. Built Rome’s first city walls and sewer

2. Introduced building techniques such as the arch

3. Introduced alphabet and number systems

4. Helped shape system of government

5. Introduced gladiator games and chariot races

6. Influenced styles of sculpture and paintings

3. Rome becomes a Republic

a. Romans will overthrow the Etruscans and establish a Republic

i. A republic is were elected officials govern the state

b. Patricians and Plebeiansi. Patricians

1. Wealthy aristocratic families

2. Controlled every aspect of society

3. Used patronage system1. A system where wealthy Romans provided financial, social,

or legal support for lower ranking families in return for political backing and loyalty

ii. Plebeians1. Common people

2. Demanded more rights from the Patricians

3. Formed the Plebeian councila. Responsible for overseeing and protecting plebeian affairs

4. Gained the right to elect officials known as the tribunes

a. Job was to protect Plebeians against unjust treatment by Patrician officials

b. Eventually given veto power

5. 12 Bronze Tabletsa. Plebeians forced Patricians to have all the laws

written down

b. Displayed them at the Forum

c. Law code will be known as the Law of the Twelve Tablets

4. The Republic

a. Constitutioni. Created by both the Plebeians and Patricians

b. Governmenti. Consisted of 3 main bodies

1. Senatea. 300 members

b. Advised elected officials

c. Controlled public finances

d. Handled all foreign affairs

2. Assembliesa. All citizens voted on laws

b. Elected officials

3. Magistratesc. Put laws into practice

d. Governed in the name of the senate

e. Acted as priests

ii. Consuls1. Replaced the king

2. Held by two magistrates

3. Elected for 1 year

4. Both chief executive and commanders of the army

iii. Censors1. Recorded cities population

2. Recorded personal property of the citizens

3. Appointed new senators when there was a vacancy

iv. Praetors1. Primarily judges

2. Could act as consuls

3. Given either military commands or appointed as provisional governors when their term ended

v. Dictators1. Gave its holder unlimited power for 6 months

2. Chosen only in a time of crisis

vi. Checks and Balances1. Each part of the government could impose certain

constraints upon the others

vii. The Forum1. Heart of the city

2. City leaders met there

3. Shopping

4. Public ceremonies

From Republic to Empire

1. The Republic Expands

a. Militaryi. All men age 17-46, with a minimum amount of

property were required to serve during times of war

ii. Organized into units called Legions1. Commanders called Centurions

a. Officers who command 100 men

iii. Highly disciplined and well trained

b. The Punic Warsi. Series of 3 wars that lasted over 80 years

ii. 1st Punic War 1. Mostly a naval war

2. Carthage will have the upper hand initially but Rome will come back and defeat Carthage

ii. 2nd Punic War1. Hannibal

a. Carthage general who led an army and war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps and invaded Italy

b. Dominated the country side

2. Publius Cornelius Scipioa. Led Roman army to

Carthage

b. Attacked the city

c. Forced Hannibal to return to Carthage

3. Plain of Zamaa. Both Carthage and Roman forces met there

b. Scipio was able to defeat Hannibal and his troops

4. Rome will strip Carthage of its navy and land held in Spain

5. Did not destroy the city

iv. 3rd Punic War1. Carthage begins to build ships again

2. Rome declares war on Carthagea. Laid siege to the city for 3 years

b. Enslaved its citizens and completely destroyed the city

2. Problems in the Late Republic

a. Social Unresti. Gracchi Brothers

1. Tiberius and Gaius

2. Tried to help soldiers by redistributing public land to small farmers

3. Angered the wealthy elite

4. Senate urged a mob to kill the brothers

b. Military in Politicsi. Gaius Marius

1. Elected to the office of Consul

2. Eliminated property restrictions and began to accept anyone who wanted to join the army

3. Armies would become loyal to a general; became a tool for political power

ii. Civil War1. Lucius Cornelius Sulla

a. Marius and supporters tried to prevent Sulla from taking military command

b. Led to a civil war

c. Sulla was victorious and became a dictatori. Executed those who opposed him

ii. Carried out reforms aimed at protecting the power of the Senate

iii. Voluntarily retired

Greek dominoes

• Cut out each of the dominoes on the solid black line. (Each domino should have two sides – left and right).

• Assemble the dominoes such that the definition/description is touching the appropriate word.

February 17, 2014

Please take out your dominoes.

1. On your smart phone, go to m.socrative.com

2. Enter room 779513.

3. Answer the questions regarding Ancient Greece.

** If you do not have a smart phone, please take a quarter-sheet from the front of the room.

Dominoes

3. Rome Becomes an Empire

a. The First Triumvirate (rule of 3 men)i. Made up of 3 men

1. Julius Caesar, Gnaius Pompey and Licinius Crassus

2. Caesar and Pomepy were both successful military leaders

3. Took over the Republic in 60 B.C.

Julius Caesar Gnaius Pompey

ii. Civil War1. Caesar and Pompey faced off in battle

2. Caesar defeats Pompey and takes full control of the Republic

iii. Caesar1. Will be made Dictator for Life

2. Reformsa. Gave citizenship to the providences

b. Gave public lands to the veterans

3. Assassinated by a group of Senators on March 15, 44 B.C. also known as the Ides of March

b. The Second Triumviratei. Composed of: Octavian (Caesar’s son and heir),

Marc Antony (a loyal officer) and Lepidus (a high priest)

ii. Octavian and Antony divided the empire in half1. Octavian took the West

2. Antony took the East

Octavian Marc Antony

iii. Civil War1. Antony and Cleopatra wanted to Expand

2. Octavian defeats them at a naval battle of Actium in 31 B.C.

3. Antony and Cleopatra kill themselves

iv. Octavian is left with sole power

c. Octaviani. Called himself “princeps” or first citizen to avoid

the title of emperor

ii. Senate gave him the title Augustus or “revered one”

iii. Head of State for 40 years

iv. Divided rule between himself and the Senate

d. Augustan Agei. Foreign Affairs

1. Tried to bring peace to the West in Gaul and Spain

2. Tried to push Rome’s borders to the Danube River

ii. Rome1. Created a police force and fire brigade

2. Began Building programs

3. Moral and religious reform

iii. Augustus died in 14 A.D.

4. Julio-Claudians

a. Relatives of Julius Caesar ruled for 54 years after Augustus died

b. Emperorsi. Tiberius

1. A good soldier and competent administration

ii. Caligula1. Brutal and mentally unstable

iii. Nero2. Last of the Julio-Claudian Emperors

3. Burned down Rome

4. Killed his mother

5. Committed suicide in 68 A.D.

Nero Caligula

5. The Good Emperors

a. Started in 96 A.D.

b. 5 emperors who governed for almost a century

c. Almost all were outside of Rome

d. Grew the empire

e. Trajani. Height of expansion

occurred under him

f. Hadriani. Succeeded Trajan

ii. Believed Rome was too large1. Built fortifications on the frontiers to protect against

invasion

2. Built walls in Northern Britain (73 miles long)

Hadrian Hadrian’s Wall

6. The Pax Romana

a. Period of peace from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D.

b. Called Pax Romana or Roman Peace

c. Essential traitsi. Stable government

ii. Strong legal system

iii. Widespread trade

iv. Peace

Roman Society and Culture

1. Cut along the horizontal black lines.

2. On the inside of your foldable, write notes about each of the areas of Roman Society and Culture.

3. Use textbook pages 177 – 182 to help you.

1. Life in Imperial Rome

a. For the Richi. Had two homes: city and country home called a

villa

ii. Had running water and baths

iii. Wealthy men were in politics

b. For the Poori. Lived in crowed 3 or 4 story apartments

ii. Free food and public entertainment was used to keep the poor from rebelling

c. Public Entertainmenti. Circuses

1. Chariot Racinga. Circus Maximus

could accommodate 250,000 people

2. Amphitheatersa. Animal fights

b. Gladiators

3. Public Baths • http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/default.aspx

d. Familyi. Paterfamilias or Family Father

1. Head of Family

ii. Emphasis on virtues such as simplicity, religious devotion and obedience

iii. Adoption1. One way to ensure family name carried on

iv. Roman Women1. Relied on a male guardian

2. Could own and inherit property

3. Lower class women could work outside the home

e. Educationi. Upper classes placed great value on education

ii. Children taught at home

iii. Wealthy hired tutors or sent sons to exclusive schools

f. Religioni. Adopted many elements of Greek mythology

ii. Worshiped house hold gods called penates

iii. Emperor worshiped as a god

iv. Emphasis on signs

v. Augurs were priest who interpret signs

2. Rome’s Cultural Legacy

a. Science and Engineering

i. Galen 1. Wrote several volumes

summarizing all the medical knowledge of his day

ii. Ptolemy1. Synthesized all the knowledge of others in a

single theory in astronomy

2. Believed the earth was the center of the universe

iii. Aqueducts1. Man-made channels

used to bring water to the cities

b. Architecturei. Round arch and vault

c. Language and literatureii. Latin

d. Lawi. Civil law

1. Based on a written code of laws

2. Adopted by many European countries after the fall of Rome

3. Influence still seen in the legal systems of most of the world

Imagine you had the opportunity to meet teachers and students from South Africa, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Cameroon, Turkey, Nepal, Pakistan …

What would you ask them?

February 18, 2014

1. How did Rome’s location help the city grow into a major power?

2. Why do you think the Roman government was made up of three parts?

Crash Course: Christianity

• As you watch the video, please answer the questions on your video guide.

Christianity

1. Christianity and Judaism

a. Christianity- a religion that developed based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth

b. Judaism in the Roman Worldi. Judea was conquered by the Rome in 63 B.C.

ii. Jews had to pay a tribute to Rome but were allowed to keep practicing their religion so long as they maintained civic order and paid their tribute

iii. Rome appointed a new ruler for the region

c. Reactions to Roman Rulei. Zealots

1. Wanted Jews to revolt against Rome and drive them out of Judea

2. Led a revolta. Result

i. Rome sacked Jerusalem

ii. Destroyed 2nd temple

3. Will revolt again resulting in all Jews being expelled from Jerusalem

d. Messianic Propheciesi. Messiah

1. Messiah is the spiritual leader who would restore the ancient kingdom and bring peace to the world

2. Jesus of Nazaretha. Life

i. Almost all we know about him comes from the 4 gospels of the New Testament

ii. Born in Bethlehem

iii. Learned carpentry and also studied the Jewish prophets

iv. Instructed people to repent and seek God’s forgiveness

v. Two basic beliefs1. Love God above all else

2. Love others as you love yourself

vi. Popular with the people but feared by the authorities

vii. Arrested, tried and sentenced to death

b. Death and Resurrectioni. Rose from the grave after his death

ii. Spent 40 days teaching his disciples then ascended into heaven

1. Followers believe that this revealed that Jesus was the Messiah

3. Spread of Christianity

a. Apostlei. 12 disciples that Jesus had chosen

ii. Earliest missionaries

b. Paul of Tarsusi. Name was Saul

ii. Missionary to the Gentiles (non-Jews)

iii. Emphasized doctrines that helped distinguish Christianity from Judaism

c. Persecutioni. Local leaders were afraid of an uprising from

Christians

ii. Martyrs1. People who died for the faith

d. Imperial Approvali. Constantine

1. Converted in early 300’s

2. Issued Edict of Milana. Made Christianity legal within the Empire

b. Did not ban practice of other religions

4. Early Christian Church

a. Development of Ceremoniesi. Eucharist

1. Held in memory of Jesus’ last supper with disciples

ii. Practiced baptism

b. Church Leadersi. Priests

1. Seen to have same authority as the apostles

ii. Bishops1. Oversaw church affairs in most cities

2. Had authority over the priests within those cities

iii. Pope1. Many believe that Peter founded the Roman

church and was its first bishop

2. Popes are seen as the heirs of Peter

Religions Graphic Organizer

• Use the information learned about Christianity to complete the Christianity column of your Religions graphic organizer.

Search and Rescue: Greece and Rome

• Start at your designated color and letter.• Do not change colors!• Be sure to go in order – the answer is at the

bottom of the page, the description is in the middle.

February 19, 2014The passage below comes from a letter written by a Roman statesman to his brother, who was a candidate for consul. In this letter, the statesman gives advice on how to win a Roman election.

"In a word, you must secure friends of every class, magistrates, consuls and their tribunes to win you the vote of the centuries [people]: men of wide popular influence… The first and obvious thing is that you embrace the Roman senators and equites [nobles], and the active and popular men of all the other orders. There are many city men of good business habits, there are many freedmen engaged in the Forum who are popular and energetic: these men try with all your might, both personally and by common friends, to make eager in your behalf."

1. According to this letter, who did a candidate have to appeal to in order to win an election?

2. What does this letter suggest about the nature of Roman politics?

Rome Stations

• For each station, read and answer the questions.

• As you finish a station, swap it out for another station.

• When you’re finished with all 5 stations, find another pair that’s finished and find Ms. Herthel.

Group Project

• Prepare a presentation (skit, commercial advertisement, song and dance, news broadcast, etc) on your assigned topic. We will present in class today.

• You must use and explain at least one primary source.

• Sources you can choose from:– A Portrait of Julius Caesar– Gladiators– How to Keep a Slave in Ancient

Rome– Nero Persecutes the Christians– The Assassination of Julius

Caesar– The Burning of Rome– The Fall of Rome– Romans Destroy the Temple at

Jerusalem– Rome Celebrates the

Vanquishing of the Jews– The Grandeur of Rome