features of titanium

8/9/2019 Features of Titanium

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M E T A L S

FEATURES OF TITANIUM MATERIA


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Titanium, on the cutting edge and is

an environmentally friendly metal

Development of titanium building materials available

through Prime Metals

Titanium, an element found in 1790, was named after the Titans, earth giants in

ncient Greek mythology. Its industrial production began in around 1946. Being

light, strong and rust-free, it began to be applied in the aerospace, chemical,

electric-power and other industries, finding its way further into architectural, civil

engineering and general-purpose applications. Architects began to use titanium in

he 1970s. Titaniums unparalleled performance in corrosion-resistance makes many

rchitectural designs possible for structures in severely corrosive, salty atmospheres

of seashores and also in permanent architecture (e.g., museums, temples and

hrines). Lately, titanium designs have begun to spread to general housing also.

Overseas, in the 1990s, the use of titanium on a massive scale by Frank O. Gehry in

he Guggenheim Museum (see page 14) attracted the attention of many modern

rchitects and spread to many countries. Demand for titanium building materials is

expected to further grow in the future.

Titanium building materials which have come into the world as building materials

with superior corrosion resistance to stainless steel and copper are the focus of

ttention among many architects because of their design properties. Prime Metals

provides materials in various technological developments necessary for producing

rchitectural design materials.


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Notice: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the informationcontained within this publication, the use of the information is at the readers risk andno warranty is implied or expressed by Prime Metals Inc with respect to the use ofinformation contained herein. The information in this publication is subject to changeor modification without notice. Please contact the Prime Metals office for the latestinformation.

CONTENTS

Basic characteristics of titanium building materials

An extensive product menu (surface finish)

Coloring of titanium

The Development of a color fast titanium surface

Reducing color variation

A wealth of application technology

The Art Gallery of Ontario

Guggenheim Museam

Hotel Marques de Riscal

Roof Tiles

Detailed titanium information

Examples of titanium used in architectural applications

4

9

13

14

17

18

20

22

24

26


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4. Titanium is quite free of stress, pitting, and crevice corrosioas well as other types of corrosion or problems inherent instainless steel.

5. Corrosion due to contact with different metals (Refer toCorrosion potential in sea water on page 21). The corrospotential of titanium is virtually equal to that of stainless

steel, and it can be used in the samemanner. In locationswhere protection against contact corrosion is paramount,consideration must be given to insulation and the prevent

of condensation.

itanium, readily forming stable oxide films (in a passive state), gives excellent performance in corrosion resistance. In ordinary servicenvironments of building materials, the possibility of titanium building materials becoming corroded is non-existent.

. Seawater corrosion resistance is comparable to that of

. platinum suited to application in coastal areas.

. Excellent corrosion resistance to corrosive gases (sulfurousacid gas, hydrogen sulfide gas, etc.) suited to applicationin large cities, industrial areas, hot-spring resorts and the

like. Titanium is a metal that also resists such environmentalpollution as acid rain.

1. Unparalleled corrosion resistance

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TITANIUM BUILDING MATERIALS

Titanium

Stainless

Steel

SUS 304

Stainless

Steel SUS316

Cop

Sea water

(room temperature)

Hydrochloric acid

(room temperature)

Sulfuric acid

(room temperature)

Nitric acid

(room temperature)

Caustic soda

(room temperature)

Sodium chloride

(room temperature)Chlorine gas

(wet)

Hydrogen sulfide

gas

(wet)

Sulfurous acid gas

Rating: Excellent Good Fair Poor

Comparison of chemical resistance between various metals.

Source: Japan Titanium Society

TitaniumStainless Steel

SUS 304Copper

Sea salt particleresistance (pitting)

Ultraviolet ray

resistance

Acid rain resistance(pitting)

Acid rain

atmospheric

resistance

Contact corrosionresistance

Corrosion fluidity

resistance

Thermal resistance

Erosion resistance

Rating: Excellent Good Fair Poor

Comparison of weather resistance between various metals.

Source: Japan Titanium Society


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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Great Strength

Light weight

Minimum thermal expansion

Excellent aesthetic qualities

Environmentally sound

Titanium is almost as strong as steel, and it is the strongest of all metals for its mass or the strongest in terms of specific gravity. For

pplication as a building material, JIS Type 1 which is highly workable, is mainly used.

Titanium is almost as strong as steel, and it is the strongest of all metals for its mass or the strongest in terms of specific gravity. Forapplication as a building material, JIS Type 1 which is highly workable, is mainly used.

Titaniums coefficient of thermal expansion is half that of stainless steel and copper and one third of aluminum. Having a thermal-expansion coefficient quite near those of glass and concrete, titanium can be used in combination with these materials. Thus, with littusceptibility to expansion or contraction from temperature changes, titanium offers great ease and freedom in design and execution

ong-term use.

Titanium itself has an excellent texture and has a tastefully subdued silver color. Titanium is also available in many varied colors develo

by the anodic oxidation method.

Titanium is an innoxiously metal. Only slight dissolution of metal ions makes titanium a very friendly metal to humans and theenvironment.

Chemical composistionMechanical properties

(thickness: 0.5-15mm, excl.)

Bend test

(thinkness: 0.5-5 mm

excl.)

H O N Fe C Ti

Tensile

strength

(N/mm2)

Proof

stress

(N/mm2)

Elongation

(%)

Bend

AngleInside rad

JIS Type 1 0.013 0.15 0.03 0.20 0.08 Remainder 270 - 410 165 165 180 Thickness by




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7.

8.

Others

Survey data on corrosion resistance

Among the other major properties titanium offers are:

. Small Youngs modulus (elastic modulus).

2. Small thermal conductivity.

3. A high melting point.

4. Non-magnetism.

TitaniumStainless Steel

SUS 304

Stainless Steel

SUS 316Iron Copper Aluminum

Melting Point 1,668 1,398 ~ 1,453 1370 ~ 1397 1,530 1,083 660

Specic gravity 4.51 7.93 8.0 7.9 8.9 2.7

Thermal expansion coefcient

x10-6

/C (20 ~ 100)

8.4 17.3 16 12 17 23

Thermal conductivity

ca/cm2/sec/C/cm0.041 0.039 0.039 0.150 0.920 0.490

Electric resistance 47 72 74 9.7 1.7 2.7

Youngs modulus 10,850 19,300 19,300 21,000 11,000 7,050

Data on corrosion tests of metallic materials in spa areas

Corrosion of metallic materials at spa areas is a frequent cause of a variety of environmental problems and accordingly it is necessary topay prudent attention in selecting metallic material for service in these areas. As a typical example of corrosion tests conducted at spa

reas, the test results obtained at the Zao spa, an area noted for its high acidity, are introduced below.Source: Titanium and Zirconium, Vol. 35, No. 4 page 22, October 1987)

Temperature (C) pH C SO4

2- Fe2++ Fe3+

Springhead 52.5 1.30 738.6 5,070 94.3

Public Bath 46.7 1.35 845.3 5,460 106.0

Due attention should be paid as corrosion conditions differ according to the composition of spring water

Major constituents of the Zao spring water

Degree of corrosion of various metallic materials obtained in the corrosion test at the Zao spa (Exposure period: 6 months)

Exposure at thespringhead

Immersion as thespringhead

Exposure at an interiorwall of the bathhouse

Exposure at an exteriorwall of the bathhouse

Immersion in the bat

Pure titanium 0 0 0 0 0

Stainless steel SUS 304 ---- Melted* 1.99 ---- Melted*

Ordinary steel product SS400 46.22 Melted* 41.55 19.33 Melted*

Tough-pitch coated steel 76.33 165.94 64.83 17.11 31.77

Pure zinc metal 0.66 Melted** 2.39 0.55 Melted**

Aluminum 5052 0 74.77 0 ---- 109.49

Nickle 0.66 341.44 3.83 1.83 58.49

Melted within two months ** Melted after immersion of 10 days ---- Abnormal value


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9.

10.

Workability

Execution and applications

Results of surveys on acid rain by Nippon Steel

Research into application of titanium for the protection of cultural assets)

Copper has been applied as the material for roofing of shrines and Buddhist temples because the copper surface develops deep verdig

However, deterioration of the environment such as acid rains is causing diverse problems. The adverse effect of acid rain on copperpplication lies in that unstable basic copper sulfate is formed rather than stable basic copper carbonate (verdigris). This phenomenonoses not only aesthetic but also corrosion problems, in particular pitting corrosion (raindrop corrosion) caused by the dripping of acid

aindrops. Further, the copper has a possibility of being corroded by decoction from mortar and fumigated tiles. Such corrosion andther problems affecting copper application have become a notable issue from the viewpoint of the protection of cultural assets and txpectations are becoming high for titanium application. (Application examples: priests living quarters at Ikkyuji Temple, tea-ceremon

ouses at Koetsuji Temple, Naritaya and Yakuoin Temples, others)hoto 1 shows the results of simulated raindrop corrosion tests by dripping synthetic acid rain [H2SO4 : HNO3 : HCR=1.4:1.4 (mol ratio), pH-4.6].

Metalic surfaces after simulated raindrop corrosion tests by dripping synthetic acid rain

. Formability: There are no particular differences between titanium and ordinary stainless steels. In the case of titanium JIS Type 1, ican be formed employing practically the same tools, jigs, etc., used for ordinary and stainless steels. Due attention should be paidthe larger spring-back of titanium than ordinary and stainless steels.

. Weldability: Steam and spot wealding can be applied to titanium under the same atmospheric conditions and manner as for stainsteel. When general welding methods (mainly TIG welding) are applied, stricter welding control than for stainless steel such as the

necessity of argon gas shelding is required for titanium. There are no fears of weldment corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking.Nippon Steel holds titanium welding training courses periodically to prove appropriate guidance on welding technology.

. Bonding and adhesion performances: Titaniums bonding with visco-elastic, sealing materials and adhesion to coasting film areidentical to those of stainless steel and aluminum.

Most of the execution methods for exterior materials (roofing and walling) of conventional metals can likewise be applied to titanium

Ti (alumina blast finish) Cu

After

2 days

After

2 days

After

66 days

After

66 days


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11. Economics

Titanium, when used as a roofing and exteriormaterial, may seen rather expensive in initial

oast on a base metal basis in comparison with

other materials. But, the elimination of re-painting, re-roofing and other such needs bringsunning costs steeply down to an extremely low

evel. Over a long span of 20-30 or more years,itanium will come out a winner in terms of life-ycle cost.

This advantage becomes even more marked in

highly corrosive environments such as costal,ndustrial and urban areas.

1.5

1.0

0.4

0.3

3.0

Width (mm)

70 3506 50 1,0001 ,220

Roll dull, Pickling dull, Alumina blasting dull

Colored titanium

T

hickness(mm)

Width (mm)

3.0

1.5

0.4

0.33001 ,000 1,1001 ,220

Fabrication+

Execution

Material

TitaniumAt the time of completion

Fluorocarbon resin paint-coated stainless steel

First repair Second repair Third repa

Maintenance

cost

Maintenancecost

Maintenanccost

Coil Sheet * Colored titanium: Max. 3,000 mm in length

Thickness(mm)

Roll dull, Pickling dull

Aluminablasting Coloredtitanium

Range of availability of our products (Cold rolled sheets)

[Conditions] Construction method: Welding method Application conditions: Titanium Basic texture

Stainless steel Fluorocarbon resin paint-baked

Repairing cycle for stainless steel: 15 to 20 years before rst repair, and thereafter repainting / repa

every 5 to 10 years.


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1. Roll dull nish

AN EXTENSIVE PRODUCT MENU (SURFACE FINISH)

After vacuum annealing (VAF), titanium materials are dull-finished on a skin-pass

pherical observation deck at Fuji Televisions headquarters

urface: Roll dull (ND10) Area: 2,800 m2

Weight: 14 tons Completed: 1996

pherical observation deck at Fuji Televisions headquarters

urface: Roll dull (ND10) Area: 2,800 m2


Okinawa Prefecture Budoka

Surface: Roll dull (ND20) Area: 5,000 m2

Weight: 18.3 tons Completed: 1997

Okinawa Prefecture Budoka

Surface: Roll dull (ND20) Area: 5,000 m2


See Page 8.Alumina blasting finish (AD03, AD06, AD09)

Pickling dull finish (VP20)

Roll dull finish (ND10, ND20, SD3)

+

Coloring (anodic oxidation)

B

C

A

ippon Steel has an extensive menu of titanium materials consisting of various combinations of three kinds of surface finish and sever

ens of colors which are suitable for applications ranging from modern buildings to traditional Japanese buildings and also monument


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2. Alumina blasting nish Alumina powder is blasted directly onto the tita

Alumina blasted titanium, which is aimed at creating the appearance of smoked tiles, is used on traditional Japanese buildings,articularly temples and shrines.

Koetsuji Temple / Main Hall

urface: Alumina blasting (AD03) Area: 700 m2


Showa Hall

Surface: Alumina blasting Area: 4,200 m2


howa Hall

urface: Alumina blasting Area: 4,200 m2


0


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3.

4.

Pickling dull nish

Roll dull + color nish

A dull-finish is given by pickling and skin pass

When titanium is pickled, it appears whitish. This is a representative example which shows that color-tone from one lot to another ovearge area can be reduced.

Shimane Art Museum

Surface: Pickling dull (VP20) Area: 10,000 m2


Uchinada Town OfceSurface: Roll dull (ND20) green coloring Area: 1,700 m2



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4. Roll dull + color nish

Ashitaka Shrine

urface: Alumina blasting (verdigris coloring) Area: 70 m2


Kitano Tenmangu/Treasury

urface: Alumina blasting (verdigris coloring) Area: 1,000 m2


Nara National Museum

Surface: Alumina blasting (brown coloring) Area: 6,000 m2


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Coloring of titanium

Principle of coloring of titanium

COLORED TITANIUM

We have constructed a quality control setup that enables us to stably provide colored titanium construction material.

. Uniform Color

. Technology for ensuring adhesion of the film

. Development of new products

. Development of color forming protective film, and so on

Coloring (Anodic oxidation)

When a thin oxide film (colorless and transparent) is formed on the

tanium surface by means of the anodic oxidation method, coloran be seen as a result of interference of light. A wide range of

olors can be produced by changing the film thickness.

Relationship between film thickness and interferencecolor (Theoretically calculated values)

rinciple of interference color

. The oxide film on the surface of titanium is extremely thin, so the color tone is strongly influenced by the surface conditions of the base metal. Titanium sheets thahave different surface finishes may appear different in color, even if the titanium oxide film formed on them is the same thickness. Also, even if sheets have the samsurface finish, the color will differ slightly from one coil to the other. For this reason, in addition to checking the color using color samples, we check the color of thactual ordered material by coloring a part of the material prior to the actual coloring process. When you intend to use two or more coils, we recommend that youcontrol the coils jointly with the fabricator so as to minimize color differences.

. Because titanium is colored by light interference, the color may sometimes appear different depending upon the season, weather, time of day, and viewing angle. it rains, for example, the same color can look completely different. This is a feature of interference colors, and you may find that such a color change is a pleasing asof colored titanium.

. The oxide film may grow depending upon the weather atmospheric conditions, causing the color to change. With our titanium products, there have been casesin which the oxide film grew, causing the color to change from yellow (*1) whose film thickness is thin, to purple over a period of about 10 years. The main factorscontributing to this phenomenon are the extreme thinness and the narrow range of the oxide film required to produce the initial yellow color. For a customer whowants yellow, we recommend yellow (*2) because the oxide film needed to develop the color is relatively thicker and the oxide film range of that color is comparatless narrow. Customers should note, however, that the color of any colored titanium may change gradually with time depending upon the environmental conditio

The hue changes in the sequence gray, yellow, purple, blue, olive green, yellow, purple, and green, as the thickness of the oxide film increases.

. Titanium becomes dirty like other metals. Finger marks get on it. Depending upon the type of contamination, the titanium surface may appear discolored, but thcontamination can be removed with detergent. Note, however, that if the contamination is allowed to remain, it may become difficult to remove. We recommend you use a neutral detergent or our recommended detergent to clean titanium. If you use a detergent that contains a strong acid, the oxide film on the surface maydissolve, preventing the original color from being restored.

When using colored titanium, please understand the following points.

Oxide film

Titanium

Film thickness ( m)

Green

Purple

Blue

Yellow 1

Yellow2

Gray

Purple

Olivegreen

00 .050 .1 0.15

Colortone


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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COLOR FAST TITANIUM SURFACE

We developed titanium for building use that has a resistance to becoming discolored, and at present we use it for all building material

roducts (surface finishes) including colored materials. As a result of exposing titanium for four years in Okinawa, only a very small amf discoloration occurred in the color fast titanium.

Exposure test for a color fast titanium discolored

Accelerated test of color fast titanium

The pH value of acid rain in Okinawa is roughly the mean value (pH 4.8, in 2003), but because of the high temperature and humidity th

s one of the regions in the Japan where discoloration occurs most rapidly. The mean pH value of acid rain throughout Japan is pH 4.7,2003 data). Note: pH 5.6 or less is acid rain; Neutral is 7.0.

We established an accelerated test method that reproduced the discoloration. As a result of this test, it was found that color fast titanior building use undergoes relatively little discoloration compared to untreated material.

Okinawa exposure test

Material thatdoes not readi-ly become dis-colored(Reduced TiC)

Untreatedconventionalmaterial(Much TiC)

Color difference

: 2 3Color difference

: 30 or more

Test period (years)

Colord

ifference

51501 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35: Untreated conventional material(vacuum-annealed)

: Conventional pickled material

: Material that does not readilybecome discolored(vacuum-annealed)

Results of 4-year exposure test in Okinawa

pH4, sulfuric acid

Results of accelerated testThe top 1/5th is the color prior to the accelerated test.)

Untreatedconventionalmaterial(Vacuum-annealed)

Conventionalpickledmaterial

Material thatdoes not readi-ly become dis-colored(pickled)

Material thatdoes not readi-ly become dis-colored(vacuum-annealed)

Test period (days)

Colordifference

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

51 01 5

: Untreated conventional material (vacuum-annealed)

: Conventional pickled material

: Material that does not readily become discolored(pickled)

: Material that does not readily become discolored(vacuum-annealed)

Results of discoloration accelerated test of vacuum-annealed and pickled titanium (pH 4 sulfuric acid, 60C)

4


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When color fast titanium is used the discoloration resistance improves remarkably.

Application of color fast titanium

The graph below shows the results of exposure of titanium of the color corresponding to a thin film at which the discoloration occursmost easily (gold or yellow), in Okinawa. Even after three years exposure, the change in color difference of the material is very small. T

Zamami Pier retains its gold color two and a half years after it was constructed in Okinawa.

Change in color difference of gold colored titanium in Okinawa in the case where conventional material and also color fast material aresed as base materials.

Zamami Pier, Okinawa Prefecture

Completed 2002 (Photographed 2004). Thin film gold color is maintainedMaterial which does not readily become discolored)

Discoloration phenomenonAt the beginning of the 1990s, some of the titanium roofs that had

een installed prior to that time changed color from silver to brown.

he surface of titanium has a chemically stable oxide film (passivelm). The protective action of this film provides excellent resistance

o corrosion. If the oxide film on the surface of the titanium (thicknesspprox. 0.01 m) grows to between 0.03 and 0.05 m, the original

ilver surface will appear brown as a result of interference light. Thishenomenon is called discoloration of titanium. (It does not adversely

ffect the corrosion resistance.)

Exposure period (years)

3102

Colordifference

2

4

6

8

10

12: Gold colored untreated titanium material

: Gold colored titanium material thatdoes not readily become discolored

Examples of discoloration[The test piece is conventional vacuum-annealed material (VA).]

Before exposureto atmosphere

After 7 years expo-sure in Oita City

Note: In the above color difference range, the color

difference and oxide film thickness are proportional toeach other, so the growth of the oxide film on the treated

material is not linear.


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. This technology reduces the rate of growth of the oxide film in a natural environment, and thus slows down the speed of discoloration. It does not stop discoloratifrom occurring.

. Material that does not readily become discolored which was installed during or after 2000 and also material that has been subjected to an exposure test have presundergone little change in the base metal or the color, and maintains a satisfactory condition.

. It is considered that there is a possibility of discoloration occurring in tropical regions of high temperature and humidity or regions where severe acid rain falls.

. Like other metals, titanium sometimes appears discolored due to dirt or finger marks. Contamination can be removed by carrying out appropriate cleaning. If thecontamination is allowed to remain, it will become difficult to remove.

Points to note concerning color fast titanium building material

Mechanism of discolorationAs a result of investigating the discolored areas, a minute amount of carbide and fluorides was found remaining in the oxide film and o

he surface of the titanium base metal. Various tests were carried out, and as a result it was found that these substances react with acidain, causing the film to grow. The higher the atmospheric temperature, the more pronounced is this trend.

t is known that carbon, the cause of discoloration, which is included in rolling mill lubricant used for cold rolling during the manufactuf titanium, remains on the surface of titanium, and also fluorides, which are included in the acid solution used for pickling subsequent

old rolling, remain on the surface of titanium. Accordingly, we established manufacturing technology to remove most of the carbon auorides from the surface of the titanium.

n order to evaluate the performance with respect to the discoloration of the manufactured titanium, an exposure test was carried outn Okinawa and also a discoloration accelerated test method based on the mechanism of discoloration was developed. As a result, the

effectiveness of this method of manufacturing titanium was verified.

Mechanism of discoloration of titanium(pattern diagram)

Acid rain of pH 4.5 or less

TiC changes toTiO2 due to acid rain.

TiVacuum-annealed (VA) Ti

Porous Ti Oxide-hyd

Pickled (AP) Ti

Titanium carbide

Formation of passivefilm containing fluorides

Hot rolling

Dull finish

Vacuum annealing(Control ofthe formation of titanium carbide)

Cleaning(Removal of adhering oil)

Annealing and pickling

Method of manufacturing titanium cold-rolled sheets(Points concerning the improvement of resistance to discolora

Pickling(Preventing the inclusioof fluorides in the surface film)

Cold rolling(Carburizing from lubricating oil)

6


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REDUCING COLOR VARIATION

We have provided materials for a number of major properties. In the process, we have amassed the know-how in control technologiesmake products in a sufficient quantity to extensively cover a large area, with the least possible variations in color tones between lots (c

n addition, we are also able to provide roofing and exterior-execution companies with information required for lot control*.

Lot control

ase metal (uncoated) for use as a building material may often come in delicately varied color tones. Titanium is no exception. In ordeo prevent impairment of the class of the whole building by such an element, it is a common practice to use coils (panels) in the order o

pproximation and gradation in color to make color variations inconspicuous.

The photographs below are representative examples of reduction of color variations.

Kyushu National Museum (17,000 m2) Hangzhou Grand Theatre (15,000 m2)

Hozomon of Sensoji Temple (1,000 m2) Kyushu Oil Dome (32,000 m2))

n this case, the degree of luster of the titanium has been

eliberately varied by using two kinds of alumina blasting to givehe impression of tiles.


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A WEALTH OF APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY

Development of a material that has little distortion during forming

ometimes during rolling, pocket waves occur on titanium. We have developed technology to reduce this phenomenon. We haveucceeded in significantly reducing pocket waves by carrying out the following subsequent to vacuum annealing.

. Performing skin pass rolling by using dull rolling.

. Applying waves in advance to the edges of the titanium sheet

Development of an appropriate cleaning agent

Regarding cleaning, we recommend that you use a commercially available detergent according to the manual. We have independentldeveloped three kinds of cleaning agent, and can introduce the manufacturer. We also have available strong cleaning agents (Type [B]

Type [C]) for removing discoloration. Note, however, that if you use these strong cleaning agents, the surface film will be removed as fahe base metal.

Application of edge wavese RollingNo edge waves e Rolling

Shape after rolling (stepped roofing)

Application of edge waves e Rolling (with ribs) e Seam welding

Kyushu National Museum(Constructed by Sanko Metal Industrial Co., Ltd.)

Rolled cross-sectional shape

300mm

Shape after installation(welding method)

8


19/28

f there are places in the roof and other areas where rainwater is liable to form pools, titanium becomes contaminated like any other mContamination, if left unattended, may sometimes become hard to remove. Contamination due to drips of calking material also becom

ard to remove with time. It is recommended that all these points be taken into consideration in the early design stages.

Cleaning method

1. Removing adhesive remaining on the protective film.

Wipe off adhesive using a sponge or cloth moistened withalcohol, benzene, or thinners, or a mixed solution consisting

of alcohol and toluene or benzene (in sequence from theweakest acting liquid). It is important to wipe the surface ofthe titanium with an unused, clean cloth before these solvents

have dried.

2. Removing contamination due to finger marks or dirt from

the hands. In almost all cases, you can remove contamination

using a neutral detergent or soapy water. If you are unable to

do so, use an organic solvent (alcohol, benzene, etc.). In thiscase, you must observe the above mentioned precautions.

3. Removing contamination due to roofing material and

concrete. Wipe away contamination using a sponge or clothmoistened with a 5% solution of hydrochloric acid in water.

4. Removing contamination due to zinc from scaffolding

material. Wipe away contamination using a sponge or cloth

moistened with a 15% solution of nitric acid in water.

5. Removing contamination due to rainwater or dust. In

almost all cases, you can wipe away contamination using asponge or cloth moistened with a neutral detergent or an

alkaline detergent. If you are unable to do so, you may be ableto remove the contamination by applying a cleaner containing

an abrasive to a soft cloth, and then rubbing gently anduniformly. The above is a description of the various cleaningmethods. In all cases, thoroughly wash the surface with water

after cleaning, and ensure that no traces of cleaning agentremain.

6. Removing contamination from colored titanium. Ofthe above mentioned cleaning methods, do not remove

contamination using hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or acleanser, because the film that produces the color will be

affected, preventing the surface from being restored to its

original condition.

Precautions for cleaning

1. There are various causes of contamination and discoloratiof titanium building material, so it is necessary to use acleaning method that matches the particular circumstance

Do not abruptly start cleaning the entire surface. First carrout test cleaning on a small area, and check the removal othe contamination or discoloration. If the result of the test

satisfactory, use that method to clean the entire surface.

2. When using a cleaning implement such as a cloth, spongeloofah, scrubbing brush, cleaning brush, fine nylon pad,

and so on, be sure to move it in the direction parallel to th

polishing marks on the titanium. Also, move your hand insuch a way as to apply a uniform force as far as possible. If

move the cleaning implement in circles, the contaminatiowill be difficult to remove, and also the luster lines will

be erased and color irregularity will occur, marring theappearance of the titanium surface.

3. Even in the case of fairy stubborn contamination, avoid usa coarse polishing agent, sandpaper, steel wool, or the like

Not only will this erase the luster lines on the titanium, butalso the surface will become scratched, which may cause i

become contaminated.

4.When using a commercially available cleaning reagent to

remove contamination from the surface of titanium, cleanonly the contaminated part but also the vicinity as well. If

clean the titanium surface only partially, irregular color wioccur, marring the appearance of the titanium.

5. When cleaning building tiles, marble, aluminum, and so onthe cleaning reagent that you used splashes on the surfac

the titanium, be sure to wipe away the reagent with a damcloth. If you leave the reagent on the titanium, discolorati

may occur.

6. In the case of colored titanium, consult with the manufactprior to use.

Cleaning

Discolored area

gninaelcfoelpmaxE

Type(A)

Type(B)

Type(C)

Cause of discoloration

Steel rust, dirt, etc.

Slight discoloration

(growth of the oxide film)

Discoloration

(growth of the oxide film)

Base

metal

Color

titaniu

stnegagninaelcdepoleveD


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21/28

THE ART GALLERY OF ONTARIO

In 2004 the AGO embarked on a $276 million redevelopment plan byarchitect Frank Gehry, called Transformation AGO.

Due to the expertise only processors have, Prime Metals worked with thearchitect in the conceptual stages all the way up until the product was

delivered. In total we supplied approximately 47000 sq ft. of 0.4 mmcladding in 24 x 48 panels.

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GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM BILBAO

One of the most admired works of contemporary architecture, thebuilding has been hailed as a signal moment in the architectural

culture, because it represents one of those rare moments when critics,academics, and the general public were all completely united aboutsomething. The museum was the building most frequently named as

one of the most important works completed since 1980 in the 2010World Architecture Survey among architecture experts.

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HOTEL MARQUES DE RISCAL

For the development of the winery hotels floated before an ultra-

modern building that would provoke strong emotions. To achieve thiseffect, was Frank O. Gehry chosen. With a glass of wine from the year

1929 (the year of birth of the architect), the team proposed the idea forthe project. Mr. Gehry was attracted by the challenge of a hotel in theheart of a wine cellar design - something he had never done before.

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TITANIUM ROOF TILES

The roof on the Hozomon of Sensoji Temple was the first time thattitanium was used to replace Japanese tiles. With all of the advantagesof using titanium coming into play with this project, more and more

of the historical roof structures are being replaced with titanium. Thefact that it is light weight titanium imposes less of a burden on theseold historical shrines and temples. Titanium shingles and tiles are very

strong, have minimum thermal expansion, and are environmentallysound because it is an innoxiousness metal.

One of the long term benefits of using titanium that has been either

pickled or vacuum annealed is that it is color fast and will have minimaldiscoloration. This technology reduces the rate of growth of the oxidefilm in the natural environment thus making it the ideal choice for

roofing material. With the development of this technology there hasalso been an explosion of colors and textures that are available to meet

the needs of your project.


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tel: 480.459.5750 fax: 480.214.3483

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3710 East Colonial Drive, Chandler, AZ 85249

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