features and protection - energy
TRANSCRIPT
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© SEL 2020
Challenges and Solutions in Microgrid Controls and Protection
Scott Manson
SEL ES Technology Director
Complexity
TimeInvention
Features
added
Reset
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Recent microgrid advancements
Conventional solution
Advanced relay solution
Self-configuring communications
No tuning controls
Meter
Relay 25
Meter
Relay 25
Utility
Genset
Battery
PLC
LS
AVRGOV
ControllerPCPLC
Microgrid
controller
PCInverter
Meter
Relay
HMI
Microgrid controller
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Recent microgrid advancements
Conventional solution
Advanced relay solution
Self-configuring communications
No tuning controls
Utility
Genset Inverter
Battery
Advanced
relay
Advanced
relay
Advanced
relay
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Recent microgrid advancements
Conventional solution
Advanced relay solution
Self-configuring communications
No tuning controls
Hi! I’m a generator.
Great! Send me data.
Generation
relay
PCC relay
Tactical Microgrid Standard
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Recent microgrid advancements
Conventional solution
Advanced relay solution
Self-configuring communications
No tuning controls
Tactical Microgrid Standard
![Page 6: Features and Protection - Energy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012517/61918adbd9e21a306a3d291a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Recent microgrid advancements
Conventional solution
Advanced relay solution
Self-configuring communications
No tuning controls
Frequency
(Hz)
Power
(kW)
60
58
56
30
0
15
Antiquated controlsState-space energy
packet controls
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0 50 100 150 200250 30047
49
51
53
55
Isochronous mode
Generator tripAutomatic synchronization start
Circuit breaker open
Underfrequency Level 1
shed 0.93 MW
Oscillation start governor
Time (seconds)
Fre
qu
ency (
Hz)
Power (MW)
10 14 18
Microgrid instability caused by load efficiency improvement project
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1 /
R (
MW
/ H
z)
0
Gain
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
1 10 100 1,000
Grid size (MW)
10,000
STG-A, -B, and -C
(50-fold)
STG-D
1
10
100
1,000
1 10 100 1,000
Grid size (MW)
10,000
Small grid
Large grid
Utility gridObserved
Predicted
Curve fit
Microgrid instability caused by load efficiency improvement project
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PI
Variable load compositions negatively impact microgrid resiliency
Topology R –R DOL
1 60% 0% 40%
2 50% 50% 0%
P = V • IR =
I
V
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Inverters create “twitchy” power systems
Power
Frequency
LoadPower,
frequency
Time
Rotating generation frequency
Rotating generation power
Inverter-based power
Inverter-based frequency
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Mea
sure
d fre
quen
cy (
Hz)
60.04
60.02
60.00
59.98
59.96
59.94
Power (kW)
– 0 20 40– 60
Power (kW)
– 0 20 40
Synthetic inertia makes inverters difficult to dispatch
Correct behavior Actual behavior
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Inverters produce less fault current than generators
Silicon limit time Stop commutation time
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Inverter fault currents produce inconsistent Clark, Parks, and Sequence components
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Inverter fault currents are restricted by inverter and battery health
Battery SoC
dynamic limits
Battery SoC
dynamic limits
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Power systems are safer when inverters are controlled by programmable relays
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Recording shows “day in the life of a relay”
Loads
Loads
PCC
SEL-751
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655 15 25 35 45 55Time (cycles)
–
5,000
0Voltage (V)
–
500
0Current (A)
Recording shows “day in the life of a relay”
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Recording shows “day in the life of a relay”
0.8 10.60.40.20Time (seconds)
59
60
Frequency
(Hz)
VAB
voltage
(kV rms)
0
20
0
700
IA
current
(A rms)
Relay trips
Fault starts
Breaker
opens
Microgrid controller
sheds load
Load current
is interrupted
Frequency recovers!
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5 6 7 8 9 10
50.5
49.5
49
50
51
Time
Frequency
(Hz)
Nonresilient power systemcHIL simulation
Island 1
Island 2
Island 3Island 6
Island 5
Island 4
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Same power system with SEL relay controlcHIL simulation
34 35 36 37 38 39
50.5
49.5
49
50
51
Time
Frequency
(Hz)
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cHIL testing improves microgrid ROI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60–20K
–15K
–10K
–5K
0
5K
USD
Iteration
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SDN simplifies security for critical infrastructure
Whitelisting
Minimal software
U.S. manufacturing
Mature processes
Vertical integration
Policy, plan, and procedure
SEL-2742S SDN Switch Additional SEL devices