feasibility of bioethanol and biobutanol from the sap of saba (musa paradisiaca l.) and butuhan...
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Science Investigatory ProjectTRANSCRIPT
INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Bioethanol is a high-octane, water-free alcohol produced from the fermentation of
sugar or converted starch. It is a form of a renewable energy that can be produced from
agricultural feed stocks. It can be made from very common crops such as sugar cane,
potato, manioc, and corn. However, there has been considerable debate about how useful
bioethanol will be in replacing gasoline. It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a
biofuel additive for gasoline.
Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. Because its
longer hydrocarbon chain causes it to be fairly non-polar, it is more similar to gasoline
than to ethanol. Butanol has been demonstrated to work in vehicles designed for use with
gasoline without modification. Additionally, butanol production from biomass and
agricultural byproducts could be more efficient than ethanol or methanol product.
Banana has many functions. It contains vitamin B6, vitamin C, manganese and
potassium. Consumption of bananas may be associated with reduce risk of colorectal
cancer, breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma. And the part of it has many uses too. The
fruits can be used for flavorings. The heart is used as the vegetable usually in Asian
country. And the leaves are used as ecologically friendly disposable food containers or as
plates.
There was a study by Mr. Robert Allan Buendia and Mr. Jesse Lance Jariel from
Cavite National Science High School. They have proven that the peelings of banana can
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be a feedstock for bioethanol production. So that prompted the researchers to find another
part of banana that can be an alternative source for bioethanol and biobutanol production.
B.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to determine if there is any possibility to produce bioethanol and
biobutanol oil from the sap of Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) trunk.
A. Is alcohol present in Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) sap?
B. What are the impurities present in the Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa
balbisiana) sap?
C. How much volume of bioethanol and biobutanol can be obtained from 2kg of Saba (Musa
paradisiaca L.) and 1 kg of Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) trunk?
C. HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS
There is no alcohol present in the sap of Saba (Musa paradisiaca) and Butuhan
(Musa balbisiana) trunk.
The impurities present in the sap of Saba (Musa paradisiaca) and Butuhan (Musa
balbisiana) trunk do not significantly differ.
There is no difference in the volume of bioethanol and biobutanol that can be
obtained from 2kg of Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and 1 kg of Butuhan (Musa
balbisiana) trunk.
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ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
There is an alcohol present in the sap of Saba (Musa paradisiaca) and Butuhan
(Musa balbisiana) trunk.
The impurities present in the sap of Saba (Musa paradisiaca) and Butuhan (Musa
balbisiana) trunk significantly differ.
There is a difference in the volume of bioethanol and biobutanol that can be
obtained from 2kg of Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and 1 kg of Butuhan (Musa
balbisiana) trunk.
D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
In this current generation, fuel is often use. And sometimes, we experience the shortage
in fuel due to the lack of supply from its resources. In this matter, the higher pricing of it will
come up and also relate the increase of food prices. And because of that it will make a great
impact to all of us.
The significance of this study is when the researchers used the sap of banana trunk for
producing a bioethanol gas; the researchers are not just helping Mother Nature to be clean, we
are also relating the matter of reusing the unused things that we can see in our environment.
Banana trees are commonly seen in our country, and sometimes, some of it are wasted and we
could just see that the trunk is already drying. Ethanol is much less likely to catch fire and less
possibility to explode in case of fuel leakage. It has also low green house gases emission.
We avoided the fires that may occur while we used an ethanol gas.And we can buy the ethanol
gas less expensive than the commonly used gas.
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This is why the idea of using banana sap for bioethanol and biobutanol production came
up on the researchers.
E. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The main objective of this study is to produce bioethanol and biobutanol from the sap of
Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) trunk. Having an identified the
banana as an alternative source of a fuel that can be used to operate a vehicle. It is not within the
scope of this study the growing problems in fuel the study ends with the researcher’s product that
will address to feasibility of producing a bioethanol and biobutanol from the sap of Saba (Musa
Paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) trunk.
The fermented extract of the Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana)
trunk was brought to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Industrial Technology
Development Institute,Standard and Testing Division,Gen. Santos Ave.,Bicutan,Taguig
City,Metro Manila for the Gas Chromatography , for testing its feasibility to produce a
bioethanol and biobutanol.
F. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Saba (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana)
Banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus Musa and for the fruit
they produce. Bananas come in a variety of sizes and colors when ripe, including yellow, purple,
and red.
Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) bananas have very large, robust pseudo stems that can reach
heights of 20–30 feet (6–9 m). The trunk can reach diameters of 3 feet. The trunk and leaves are
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dark blue-green in color. Like all bananas, each pseudostem flowers and bears fruits only once
before dying. Each mat bears about eight suckers.
Butuhan (Musa balbisiana) is a species of wild banana native to South Asia. It is one of
the ancestors of modern cultivated bananas along with Musa acuminata. It grows lush leaves in
clumps and grows with a more upright habit than most cultivated bananas. Flowers grow in
inflorescences colored red to maroon. The fruit are between blue and green. They are considered
inedible because of the seeds they contain. It may be assumed that wild bananas used to be
cooked and eaten or agriculturalists would not have developed the cultivated banana.
Bioethanol
Bioethanol or Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking
alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the
oldest recreational drugs. It is best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages; it
is also used in thermometers, as a solvent, and as a fuel. In common usage, it is often referred to
simply as alcohol or spirits. It is a straight-chain alcohol, and its molecular formula is C2H5OH.
Its empirical formula is C2H6O. An alternative notation is CH3–CH2–OH, which indicates that the
carbon of a methyl group (CH3–) is attached to the carbon of a methylene group (–CH2–), which
is attached to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (-OH). It is a constitutional isomer of dimethyl
ether. Ethanol is often abbreviated as EtOH, using the common organic chemistry notation of
representing the ethyl group (C2H5) with Et.
The fermentation of sugar into ethanol is one of the earliest organic reaction employed by
humanity. The intoxicating effects of ethanol consumption have been known since ancient times.
In modern times, ethanol intended for industrial use is also produced from ethylene.
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Ethanol has widespread use as a solvent of substances intended for human contact or
consumption, including scents, flavorings, colorings, and medicines. In chemistry, it is both an
essential solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other products. It has a long history as a fuel
for heat and light, and more recently as a fuel for internal combustion engines. (Myers, 2007)
Biobutanol
Biobutanol, also called biogasoline, is often claimed to provide a direct replacement for
gasoline, because it can be used directly in a gasoline engine. It is butanol from biomass. It may
be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engines. It is more similar to gasoline than it is
to ethanol. Butanol has been demonstrated to work in vehicles designed for use with gasoline
without modification.
Fermentation
Fermentation is the process of extracting energy from the oxidation of organic
compounds, such as carbohydrates, and using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually
an organic compound. In opposite, respiration is where electrons are donated to
an exogenous electron acceptor, such as oxygen, via an electron transport chain. It does not
necessarily have to be carried out in an anaerobic environment. (Klein, et.al, 2004)
Yeast carries out fermentation in the production of ethanol in beers, wines, and other
alcoholic drinks, along with the production of large quantities of carbon dioxide. Sugars are the
most common substrate of fermentation, and typical examples of fermentation products
are ethanol, lactic acid, lactose, and hydrogen. However, more exotic compounds can be
produced by fermentation, such as butyric acid and acetone. Fermentation occurs
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in mammalian muscle during periods of intense exercise where oxygen supply becomes limited,
resulting in the creation of lactic acid. ( Voet, D. & Voet, J, 1995)
Gas Chromatography
A gas chromatograph is a chemical analysis instrument for separating chemicals in a
complex sample. It uses a flow-through narrow tube known as the column, through which
different chemical constituents of a sample pass in a gas stream at different rates depending on
their various chemical and physical properties and their interaction with a specific column filling,
called the stationary phase. As the chemicals exit the end of the column, they are detected and
identified electronically. The function of the stationary phase in the column is to separate
different components, causing each one to exit the column at a different time or retention time.
Other parameters that can be used to alter the order or time of retention are the carrier gas flow
rate, column length and the temperature.
In a GC analysis, a known volume of gaseous or liquid analyte is injected into the
"entrance" or head of the column, usually using a microsyringe or solid phase microextraction
fibers, or a gas source switching system. As the carrier gas sweeps the analyte molecules through
the column, this motion is inhibited by the adsorption of the analyte molecules either onto the
column walls or onto packing materials in the column. The rate at which the molecules progress
along the column depends on the strength of adsorption, which in turn depends on the type of
molecule and on the stationary phase materials. Since each type of molecule has a different rate
of progression, the various components of the analyte mixture are separated as they progress
along the column and reach the end of the column at different times or retention time. A detector
is used to monitor the outlet stream from the column; thus, the time at which each component
reaches the outlet and the amount of that component can be determined. Generally, substances
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are identified or qualitatively by the order in which they emerge or elute from the column and by
the retention time of the analyte in the column.
G.Definition of terms
The following terms used in study are defined for clarity and to understand better the
word in the study.
- Banana trunk of Saba and Butuhan – scientific name: Saba (Musa paradisiacal L.)
and Butuhan (Musa balbisiana)., the body of the banana tree which acts as a support for
its big leaves, fruits and heart.
- Alcohol – it is the product of the fermented sap of the banana trunk.
- Bioethanol – is mainly produced by the sugar fermentation process, although it can also
be manufactured by the chemical process of reacting ethylene with steam.
- Biobutanol – Which is also sometimes called biogasoline,is an alcohol that is produced
from biomass feedstocks
- Fermentation – it is the process storing the sap of any substance in a container to gather
with the yeast and sugar in able to get the impurities of it.
- Yeast – is a unicellular fungus
- Gas chromatography – analysis use to separate the chemicals in a complex sample.
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H. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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Gas Chromatography
Sap of Banana Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan
(Musa Balbisiana) Trunk
Impurity
METHODOLOGY
The following procedures and methods were done to perform the study.
MATERIALS
The following materials were used by the researchers to conduct the study.
1. Extraction
-Gloves, Knife, Graduated cylinder, clean cloth, Chopping board, Blender, Container
2. Fermentation
-Two clear glass bottle (Two for the extract of Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana) and two for
the extract of Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.)).
Yeast, Sugar, Tablespoon
3. Gas Chromatography
-Clear glass bottle (clear glass bottle for the fermented extract).Materials used in the gas
Chromatography Analysis and Impurity.
GENERAL PROCEDURES
1. Extraction
First, the researchers’ garthered the trunk of Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) at the
Maragondon, Cavite and Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana) at Ternate, Cavite.Then brought in H.
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Ventura.Ternate.Cavite for the extaction. The researchers washed the trunk and cut it into small
pieces with the knife.After cutting, the researchers blended it using blender and then squeeze it
using a clean cloth to get the extract. Finally, the researchers drained the extract to remove the
excess tiny particles from the banana trunk.
2. Fermentation
After getting the sap of Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana) and Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.)
trunk, the researchers transferred the extract from basin to clear glass bottle container for the
fermentation process.The container A¹ was poured with 720 mL.sap of Saba then mixed with
four(4) tbsp. of sugar and two (2) tbsp. of yeast.And A² was poured with 250 mL.sap of Saba
then mixed with two(2) tbsp. of sugar and two (2) tbsp. of yeast.And the container B¹ and B² was
poured with 250 mL.sap of Butuhan then mixed with two(2) tbsp. of sugar and two (2) tbsp. of
yeast.This fermentation had to undergo in two weeks before sending the Gas Chromatography in
the Department of Science and Technology.
3. Gas Chromatography Analysis and Intrinsic Property Analysis
The fermented extract of the Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana) and Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.)
was brought in the Department of Science and Technology, Industrial Technology Development
Institute, Standard and Testing Division, Gen. Santos Ave., Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila
for the Gas Chromatography.
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Flow Chart
The diagram below shows the experimental procedure.
Gathering of materials Sterilizing the materials
Chopping or cuttinginto small pieces the Washed the banana trunkbanana trunk
Extracting Fermentation for3 weeks
Gas chromatography Bring to DOST
Recording of data Analysis of result
Interpretation of data Conclusion
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLE 1
Results of the Identified Impurity using Gas Chromatography Analysis Report of
Banana (Saba and Butuhan) Sap
Type of Alcohol
Percent Volume Over Volume ( %^v/v)
Saba Butuhan
Ethanol 3.60 3.08
Butanol 0.001 0.001
Table No. 1 shows the result of the identified impurity present thru gas chromatography analysis
report of the Banana trunk. Only 3.6% of ethanol and 0.001% of butanol was present on the three
weeks fermented of Banana Musa
Paradisiaca L. wine. It was noted that a 2 kilogram of Banana Musa
Paradisiaca L. can yield one liter of the extract. Having the identified impurity present thru gas
chromatography analysis report of the Banana trunk. Only 3.08% of ethanol and 0.001% of
butanol was present on the three weeks fermented Banana Musa Balbisiana wine. It was noted
that a 2 kilogram of Banana Musa Balbisiana can yield one liter of the extract.
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GRAPH NO.1
PERCENTAGE (%) OF ETHANOL AND BUTANOL PRODUCED BY BANANA (SABA) SAP AFTER TEST IMPURITY
Graph no.1 shows the result of the gas chromatography analysis of report of the ethanol and
butanol produced from Banana Musa Paradisiaca L. wine. Only 3.60% of ethanol was present on
the three-week fermented of Banana Musa Paradisiaca L. wine.And 0.001% of butanol was
present to the extract.
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GRAPH NO.2
PERCENTAGE (%) OF ETHANOL AND BUTANOL PRODUCED BY BANANA (BUTUHAN) SAP AFTER TEST IMPURITY
Graph no.2 shows the result of the gas chromatography analysis of report of the ethanol and
butanol produced from Banana Musa Balbisiana wine. Only 3.08% of ethanol was present on the
three-week fermented of Banana Musa Balbisiana wine. And 0.001% of butanol was present to
the extract.
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Based on the result that given to the researchers thru gas chromatography analysis of
impurities, the sap of Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) produced 3.60 %v/v of the ethanol while the
butyl produced 0.001%^v/v and the sap of Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana) produced 3.08 %v/v of
the ethanol while the butanol produced 0.001%^v/v. This result was just noted for three weeks of
fermentation. If the researchers would be give ample time about one month or more to fully
remove the water content of Saba (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and Butuhan (Musa Balbisiana)
sap ,the greater amount of ethanol and butanol content will be produced thru gas
chromatography.
Thus, the researchers continued to have the observation until the impurities will be
identified which could be potential in the field of medicine as well as source of bio-ethanol gas.
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RECOMMENDATION
After the researchers identified the production of ethanol in Saba and Butuhan sap the
following are hereby recommended: a) fermented sap from two different kinds of banana to
produce more volume of ethanol and butanol and to further eliminate the water content so as to
recover a pure ethanol and butanol content thru gas chromatography. b) To use other impurities
like bioethanol and biobutanol as potential source for commercialization in the field of medicine
and produced energy source of alcogas. c) Since the researchers have proved that the 1 kg of
butuhan can produced almost as exactly volume of ethanol produced by two kilogram of Saba,
the researchers can recommend to use butuhan for more ethanol and butanol production.
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APPENDIX A
The Percent Volume over Volume of Saba Compared to the Percent Volume over Volume of Butuhan in terms of Ethanol
SABA BUTUHAN
ETHANOL 3.60 3.08
TOTAL 3.60 3.08
1. Ho. There is no significant difference between the percent volume over volume in ethanol
of saba and butuhan.
2. Ha. There is a significant difference between the percent volume over volume in ethanol
of saba and butuhan
3. a= 0.05
4. Test Statistic:
T-test, Test of Indipendent
C.V.=
5. Computation:
SABA X2 BUTUHAN Y2
ETHANOL 3.60 12.96 3.08 9.4864
TOTAL 3.60 12.96 3.08 9.4864
X= 3.60 Y= 3.08
T=
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df= nx + ny – 2 = 1+1-2= 0 Sx = 0 Sy = 0
T=
T= 0
5. Decision: Accept Ho.
Therefore, There is no significant difference between the percent volume over volume in
ethanol of saba and butuhan.
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APPENDIX B
The Percent Volume over Volume of Saba Compared to the Percent Volume over Volume of Butuhan in terms of Butanol
SABA BUTUHAN
BUTANOL 0.001 0.001
TOTAL 0.001 0.001
1. Ho. There is no significant difference between the percent volume over volume in
butanol of saba and butuhan.
2. Ha. There is a significant difference between the percent volume over volume in butanol
of saba and butuhan
3. a= 0.05
4. Test Statistic:
T-test, Test of Indipendent
C.V.=
5. Computation:
SABA X2 BUTUHAN Y2
ETHANOL 0.001 0.00001 0.001 0.00001
TOTAL 0.001 0.00001 0.001 0.00001
X= 0.001 Y= 0.001
T=
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df= nx + ny – 2 = 1+1-2= 0 Sx = 0 Sy = 0
T=
T= 0
5. Decision: Accept Ho.
Therefore, There is no significant difference between the percent volume over volume in
butanol of saba and butuhan.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
- Myers, Richard L.; Myers, Rusty L. (2007). The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds: a Reference Guide. Westport, Conn.: Green Wood Press. p. 122
- Harris, Daniel C. (1999), “24. Gas Chromatography”, Quantitative Chemical Analysis (Fifth ed.) W.H. Freeman and Company, pp. 675-712
- Dan Koeppel, Banana: The Fate of the Fruit that Changed the World (New York: Hudson Street Press, 2008), pp. 51- 53.
- Montpellier, Emile Frison (2003). “Rescuing the banana.” New Scientist. Retrieved 2006.
- Robinson, J. (ed) “The Oxford Companion to Wine” Third Edition pg. 267-269. Oxford Univerrsity Press 2006.
- Johnson, H. Vintage: The Story of Wine. pg. 16 Simon and Schuster 1989.
UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH STUDY
- Junio, R.G.et.al. (2011) “Preliminary Production of Ethanol from Pungapong (Amorphophallus Campanulatus Blume.) Stalk Extract usin Gas Chromatography and its Intrinsic Property Analysis. Bucal National High School, Bucal 2, Maragondon, Cavite.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Dianne Frances A. De Fiesta is the third child of Mr. Democrito S. De Fiesta and Mrs. Luisa A. De Fiesta. She was born in Cavite City, Cavite on February 28, 1996. She wants to be an engineer.
Gie Ann R. Lozano is the third child of Mr. Alexander F. Lozano and Mrs. Marieta R. Lozano. She was born in Naic, Cavite on September 20, 1995. She likes to play computer games and eat foods.
Bianca B. Ortiz is the first child of Mr. Calixto B. Ortiz and Mrs. Marivic B. Ortiz. She was born in Bacolod City, Negros Occidental on July 16, 1996. She likes to read books, surf the net and everything.
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PLANNING CALENDAR
Planned Date Date Completed
1. Choosing Topic June 21, 2011 June 21, 2011
2. Collecting Background Information
June 26, 2011 July 5, 2011
3. Formulating Problem and Hypothesis
July 7, 2011 July 12, 2011
4. Designing for Experiment
July 14, 2011 July 17, 2011
5. Getting Materials ready for Experiment
July 18, 2011 July 19, 2011
6. Approval at SRB-IRB July 19, 2011 July 21, 2011
7. Test Conducted July 22, 2011 August 8, 2011
8. Making the Data Table August 12, 2011 August 20, 2011
9. Recording the Data August 22, 2011 August 29, 2011
10. Stating the Results of Test Conducted
September 6, 2011 September 8, 2011
11. Drawing the Conclusion
January 9, 2012 January 12, 2012
12. Compiling Biography January 13, 2011 January 14, 2011
13. Finishing All the Manuscript
January 15, 2012 January 17, 2012
14. Making the Display Board
January 24 ,2012 January 29 ,2012
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