POTENTIAL USE OF PLANTAIN (MUSA PARADISIACA) WASTES IN THE REMOVAL OF LEAD AND CHROMIUM IN EFFLUENT FROM BATTERY RECYCLING PLANT

ADEOLU ADEDOTUN T.

INTRODUCTION•Heavy metals are pollutants of very high priority concern in the scientific community because apart from being non-biodegradable, they are toxic to the entire ecosystem.

•The presence of heavy metals and other waste pollutants can be traced majorly to urbanization and industrialization.

•A variety of industries are responsible for the discharge of heavy metals into the environment through their waste water (Sridhar, 2005).

INTRODUCTION CONT’D•Various methods have been applied in the removal of heavy metals from water and waste water such as precipitation, coagulation and filtration, ionexchange, adsorption, biomineralisation and phytoremediation.

•Adsorption technology is being used extensively for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions because it is a cleaner, more efficient and cheap technology.

INTRODUCTION CONT’D

•Some of the low cost agricultural wastes which are generated in large quantities and difficult to dispose, have proved very effective in the adsorption of heavy metals in water/polluted water

•Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) wastes, which are easily available, could be used to produce resource materials such as activated carbon that are of public health importance.

PROBLEM STATEMENT Water pollution is a major problem in the global

context. It is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily (Singleton, 1999).

Industrial effluent often contains heavy metals which bio-accumulate and persist in the environment and thereby constitutes serious health problems.

Plantain wastes also constitute nuisance to the environment particularly in the market. They produced pungent odour when rotten which are harmful to the health of the society.

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

•To assess the use of plantain wastes for the removal of lead and chromium in effluent from battery recycling plant.

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METHODOLOGY Study Area• The study was carried out at Acid-Lead

battery recycling plant in Ogunpa in Ibadan North-West Local Government, Oyo State. The plant deals with recycling of acid-lead battery from vehicles.

Study Design• This study was experimental and laboratory

based.

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SAMPLES COLLECTION Effluent • Effluent was collected from the point of

discharge into Ogunpa river into a 5 litre plastic bottle from Acid-Lead battery recycling plant, Ogunpa, Ibadan North-West Local Government, Oyo State.

• Material used for sample collection was pre-treated by washing with dilute hydrochloric acid and later rinsed with distilled water.

• At the collection point, container was rinsed, and then filled with sample and taken to the laboratory for treatment and analysis.

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SAMPLES COLLECTION CONTD Plantain Wastes Ripe peel and plantain stalk were collected in

market within Ibadan in Oyo State.

The plantain wastes were washed with distilled water and sun dried for 168 hours and then oven dried at 450C to constant weight.

The samples were ground, sieved and, stored in polythene container for analysis and treatment of effluents.

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METHODOLOGY CONT’D Effluent• Physico-chemical characteristics of the

effluent were determined according to standard methods described by the American Public Health Association (1998).

• pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids,

• heavy metals (Lead and Chromium)

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METHODOLOGY CONT’D Procedure for Carbonization and Activation• The plantain wastes were carbonized and activated

by two steps method according to Salami and Adekola,(2002).

• 50.00g of raw ground each plantain waste sample was weighed into pre-weighed crucibles and placed in an Muffle furnace at 400oC for 1hr under a closed system and then cooled to room temperature.

• The charcoal was subjected to H3PO4 activation. The charcoal was agitated in H3PO4. After the agitation, the pre-carbonized charcoal slurry was left overnight at room temperature and, then, dried at 110oC for 24hr.

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METHODOLOGY CONT’D The samples were activated in a closed

system. Consequently, the samples were heated to optimize temperatures of 400oC and maintained at a constant temperature for 1hr before cooling.

After cooling down, the activated charcoal was washed successively several times with distilled water to remove the excess activating agents and other impurities.

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METHODOLOGY CONT’D

400°C, 1hrRaw ground plantain wastes C (s) + CO2

  Δ AA, 400°C, 1hrCarbonized plantain wastes AC + CO2

Δ

Where AA represent Activating agents and AC represent Activated Carbon

TREATMENT DETAILS

Treatment DetailsPAC Ripe Peel Activated

CarbonSAC Fruit Stalk Activated

CarbonCAC Commercial Activated

Carbon (Control)

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PLATE: SHOWING THE PREPARED ACTIVATED CARBON

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ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS Effect of pH• 50cm3 of effluent was measured into each

250cm3conical flask at adjusted pH of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. The desired pH was maintained using conc. NaOH to adjust the pH.

• 1.0g of each activated carbon was added into each flask and agitated intermittently for the desired time periods. The mixture was shaken thoroughly at 200rpm with an electric shaker for 90 minutes.

• The suspension adsorbent was filtered through Whatman No 1 filter paper. Initial and final concentrations of tested heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).

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ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS

Effect of adsorbent doses• 50cm3 of effluent was measured into each 250cm3 conical flask at pH of 2 (Unadjusted pH).

•A known amount of activated carbon 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0g each activated carbon was added into each flask and agitated intermittently for the desired time periods.

• The mixture was shaken thoroughly at 200rpm with an electric shaker for optimum contact time.

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ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS Effect of initial ion concentration• The stock solution of 1000mg/l each of the

standardized Pb2+ and Cd2+ were prepared from their chlorides using effluent sample. The solutions were adjusted to pH 10 with 0.1M NaOH.

• Batch sorption experiments were performed in which 50cm3 of effluent was measured into each 250cm3 conical flask and 1.0g of the adsorbent was added into each flask and agitated intermittently for the desired time periods.

• The mixture was shaken thoroughly at 200rpm with an electric shaker for 150minutes.

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ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS• The amount of metal ion adsorbed during the

series of batch investigations was determined using a mass balance equation:

Qe = (Cv – Cf) x V M• The definition of removal efficiency is as follows: Removal efficiency (%) = (Cv x Cf) x 100 Cv• Where Q is the metal uptake (mg/g); Cv and Cf

are the initial and final metal equilibrium concentration in the effluent sample (mg/l) respectively, M is the mass of the adsorbent (g) and V is the volume of the effluent sample (l).

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DATA MANAGEMENT Data Analysis Data were inputed and analysed using SPSS

software version 16.

Descriptive, paired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used.

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RESULTS

PARAMETERS UNIT VALUE NESREA pH 2.0 ± 0.15 6-9Tempt 0C 30.0 ± 1.53 <40

Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 895.0 ± 0.00 2000

Conductivity μScm-3 2164.7 ± 0.58 1000Lead (Pb) mg/l 31.25 ± 0.00 0.01

Chromium (Cr) mg/l 13.06 ± 0.00 0.01

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The physico-chemical characteristic of the effluent

RESULTS

Parameter Unit PAC SAC CACAsh % 5.0 ± 0.01 6.2 ± 0.01 5.4 ± 0.01

Porosity kg/m3 0.6 ± 0.01 0.7 ± 0.01 0.8 ± 0.01

Bulk density kg/m3 0.8 ± 0.01 0.8 ± 0.01 0.8 ± 0.01

Surface area m2/g 524.7 ± 0.01 530.7 ± 0.01 200.4 ± 0.01

Carboxylic 0.1 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01

Phenolic 0.3 ± 0.01 0.3 ± 0.01 0.3 ± 0.01

Lactones 0.5 ± 0.01 0.6 ± 0.01 0.6 ± 0.01

Basic 0.6± 0.02 0.6± 0.01 0.5± 0.01

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Characteristics of prepared activated carbon

PERCENTAGE REMOVAL OF LEAD

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THE AMOUNT ADSORBED OF LEAD BY PH

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PERCENTAGE REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM

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THE AMOUNT ADSORBED OF CHROMIUM BY PH

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PERCENTAGE REMOVAL OF LEAD FOR ADSORBENT DOSE

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THE AMOUNT ADSORBED OF LEAD BY ADSORBENT DOSE

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PERCENTAGE REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM FOR ADSORBENT DOSE

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THE AMOUNT ADSORBED OF CHROMIUM BY ADSORBENT DOSE

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DISCUSSION• The mean pH value of the effluent indicated that

the effluent was highly acidic than pH 6-9 of NESREA recommended limits for battery factory effluents. Low pH value impaired recreational uses of water and affect aquatic life.

• The mean conductivity value of the effluent is very high. It increase the salinity of the receiving river, which may result in adverse ecological effects on the aquatic biota. High salt concentrations hold potential health hazards (Fried, 1991).

• Lead is a suspected pollutant in a battery recycling effluent because is a major raw material in the manufacture of lead acid accumulated batteries. Lead at very low concentration is toxic and hazardous to most forms of life (USEPA, 1986).

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DISCUSSION•Ash content affected activated carbon by reducing the overall activity of activated carbon. The lower the ash value therefore the better the activated carbon for use as adsorbent.

•pH is an important parameter for adsorption of metal ions because it affects the solubility of the metal ions, concentration of the counter ions on the functional groups of the adsorbent and the degree of ionisation of the adsorbate during reaction (Badmus et al, 2007).

•Increasing pH from 2 to 10, there was a corresponding increase in deprotonation of the adsorbent surface, leading to a decrease in H+ ion on the adsorbent surface. This creates more negative charges on the adsorbent surface, which favours adsorption of positively charge species and the positive sites on the adsorbent surface . 

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DISCUSSION• The increased percentage adsorption by

adsorbent was as a result of increased surface area and increased adsorption site occasioned by increased adsorbent dose.

 • The observed decrease in adsorption

capacity is due to change in the solid-liquid ratio which resulted in this trend since amount adsorbed, qe, has an inverse proportionality function to weight of biosorbent.

 

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CONCLUSION

• Treatment of industrial effluent with plantain wastes activated carbon should be encouraged in battery recycling plant so as to reduce its menace in the environment and enhance effective waste management.

•Converting the plantain wastes into resource materials which is useful to the communities and industries are affordable, available and accessible.

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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING