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Periodic Report 3

EuroCirCol-P3-WP1-PR3 EDMS 2173352 February 20, 2020

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Project1 Number: 654305

Project Acronym: EuroCirCol

Project title: European Circular Collider

Periodic Technical Report

Part B

V 1.0

Period covered by the report: from 01/06/2018 to 31/12/2019

Periodic report: 3

1The term ‘project’ used in this template equates to an ‘action’ in certain other Horizon 2020 documentation

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Explanation of the work carried out by the beneficiaries and Progress Overview ......... 3

1.1 Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Explanation of the work carried per Work Package ...........................................................12

1.2.1 Work Package 1: Management, coordination and implementation ........................................... 12 1.2.2 Work package 2: Arc design ............................................................................................................. 45 1.2.3 Work package 3: Experimental insertion region design .............................................................. 57 1.2.4 Work package 4: Cryogenic beam vacuum system ....................................................................... 67 1.2.5 Work package 5: High-field accelerator magnet design ............................................................... 91

1.3 Impact ............................................................................................................................... 101 1.4 Publications ...................................................................................................................... 124 1.5 Access provisions to Research Infrastructures ................................................................. 125

2 Update of the plan for exploitation and dissemination of results ................................126

3 Update of the data management plan ..........................................................................126

4 Follow-up of recommendations and comments from previous review(s) ...................126 4.1 Recommendations concerning the period covered by the report ..................................... 129 4.2 Recommendations concerning future work, if applicable ................................................ 130

5 Deviations from Annex 1 and Annex 2 ......................................................................... 131 5.1 Tasks ................................................................................................................................. 131 5.2 Financial Statement (Part C) ............................................................................................ 131 5.3 Unforeseen subcontracting ............................................................................................... 131 5.4 Unforeseen use of in kind contribution from third party against payment or free of charges 131

6 Use of resources ............................................................................................................138 6.1 Overall use of human resources at M55 ............................................................................ 138 6.2 Overall use of budget during the 3nd reporting period ...................................................... 141

7 Annex: Publications ......................................................................................................145

8 Annex: The value of education and training ................................................................160

9 Annex: FCC CDR press release .................................................................................... 161

10 Annex: Gender Equality ...............................................................................................168

11 Annex: deliverables and milestones tables ...................................................................168 11.1 Deliverables ....................................................................................................................... 168 11.2 Milestones ......................................................................................................................... 170

12 Annex: International Collaboration ..............................................................................172

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1 EXPLANATION OF THE WORK CARRIED OUT BY THE

BENEFICIARIES AND PROGRESS OVERVIEW

1.1 OBJECTIVES

This section describes the high-level objectives of the action, the work performed in Periodic Reporting Period 3 and the achievements so far.

Following the DoA, section 1.1, the primary objective of this project was to develop a conceptual design for a circular energy frontier hadron collider with a target centre of mass energy of 100 TeV and a luminosity in the order of 5-10 x 1034 cm-2s-1. Such a collider shall permit operation with proton and ion beams. This study prepares the ground for strengthening Europe’s leadership in particle physics research and cutting edge technology R&D. The main deliverable of the project is a Conceptual Design Report (CDR), serving as key input for the next update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, which is scheduled to be set in May 2020 as recently communicated in the 183rd session of the CERN Council (CERN/SPS/1080/RA and CERN/3289/RA)[2].

The EuroCirCol project is a full subset of the international Future Circular Collider study. It focuses on the core elements of the collider design, the arc and interaction region beam optics, the feasibility study of the superconducting main bending dipole magnets and a suitable concept for a cryogenic beam vacuum system required to achieve the key performance figures.

Specifically, for Reporting Period 3 the technical scientific goals were to:

1. Present an optimized baseline design for the arc region of a future 100 TeV proton collider, including consolidation position and key accelerator component characteristics. Furthermore develop the collimation system design including a description of the beam-line elements and the expected performance to meet the FCC-hh requirements.

2. Develop a preliminary design for the Experimental Interaction Regions (EIR) taking into account the optimized lattice deck. The design should specify the required magnet types and quality.

3. Conclude a detailed analysis of the beam-induced effects and comparison with the results obtained from previous measurements at a light source during the previous periodic report.

4. Deliver a cost model for the high-field superconducting dipole magnet that will inform future design efforts and R&D directions to meet the requirements of an energy-frontier particle collider in an efficient and sustainable way.

5. Consolidate the particle collider complex layout and parameters, including the operation parameters and associated infrastructure requirements.

6. Publish the FCC conceptual design reports and executive summaries documenting the key findings and strategic outcomes from this project.

The strategic objectives were to

1. Disseminate and communicate the FCC Conceptual Design Report – including the EuroCirCol achievements - to inform the next steps towards the realization of a post-LHC research infrastructure in Europe,

2. Identify a set of key technologies, based on the work carried out during EuroCirCol, for subsequent R&D projects. These efforts could profit from the consortium formed with the support of EuroCirCol but also present opportunities for new partners to join the efforts towards a post-LHC research infrastructure,

3. Prepare a vision for a post-LHC research infrastructure and share it at a global level while strengthening the international collaboration under European leadership,

4. Extend the cooperation with industrial partners in key accelerator technologies with view of long-term partnerships and potential market applications,

2http://home.cern/cern-people/opinion/2016/12/news-council

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5. Document how a research infrastructure that builds on the precious assets that Europe has built up so far can create socio-economic benefits beyond the research results,

6. Continue to attract activities from countries without any particle accelerator infrastructure and helping capacity building in the domains of accelerator technologies and high-energy physics.

The efforts culminated in the production of a conceptual design study report for a post-LHC research

infrastructure based on an energy-frontier 100 TeV circular hadron collider. EuroCirCol enabled – directly or through joint collaborations with external participants - numerous innovations in key accelerator technologies including superconductivity, high-field magnets, radio-frequency systems, thin-film technologies, software and civil-engineering studies. Furthermore, discussions in the framework of EuroCirCol sought to clarify issues surrounding the physics research topics this large-scale Research Infrastructure can open up for a world-wide user community. Moreover, EuroCirCol enabled dedicated working groups to explore the theoretical and experimental physics foundations that can be explored by post-LHC circular particle colliders in close cooperation with accelerator physicists and engineers while attracting significant additional matching resources delivered by a world-code consortium of scientists.

Table 1 summarizes the achievements of all three elements with clear and measurable results: technical sciences, strategic vision building and valorization for the physics community as users of the Research Infrastructure.

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Table 1: Objectives and achievements during the period.

Objective Results

Technology science goals

Present an optimized baseline design for the arc region and a baseline design for the collimation system.

The particle collider layout and operation parameters have been revised and documented (D1.3). Consequently, a preliminary placement developed in the first project period has been analysed by a Swiss contractor specialised in environmental and socio-urbanistic impact assessments (company Ecotec) and by a French notified body (CEREMA) that federates comparable expertise. The requirements and constraints of this revised design onto the other work packages (WP3 – experimental insertion region, WP4 – cryogenic beam vacuum system and WP5 – superconducting accelerator magnet) were analysed and documented (D2.3). The experimental insertion region design was in turn analysed in view of the resulting requirements and constraints on the cryogenic beam vacuum system (M1.3) developed in WP4. The iteration was concluded with interaction region design (D3.2) and arc design reports (D2.4).

This work permitted also producing a design report for the beam screen and the beam pipe engineering design (D4.3). Similarly, the functional design specifications of the arc key components were produced (M2.3).

The lattice deck for a future 100 TeV collider considered under FCC has been presented (D2.5) including the main optics files and the parameters for the different type of magnets foreseen for the FCC-hh accelerator (dipoles, quadrupoles, dipole correctors and other multipoles).

Furthermore, the FCC-hh beams open up a new regime in machine protection posing a significant challenge for the collimation system that will protect the magnets even from extremely small beam losses while increasing the reliability and availability of the machine. The developed baseline FCC-hh collimation system builds on expertise from the LHC system and foreseen upgrades for HL-LHC. Following the previous overview of collimation concepts (D2.2) and the constraints posed by the arc design options (D2.3) a detailed design was published including both the needed collimators and the beam optics. Moreover it discusses the infrastructure requirements like cooling water circuits, controls and remote inspection and handling to minimize the intervention time and any associated risks. The proposed system meets the requirement while the system can cope even at the most critical scenarios.

Develop preliminary design for the Experimental Interaction Regions (EIR)

The final focus triplet is central to the performance of a future 100 TeV particle collider. FCC-hh features two high luminosity EIRs and two low luminosity EIRs with individual magnet parameters each that are specified in deliverable (M3.4). Following the work on preliminary EIR design (D3.2) this work takes into account the cumulative findings of all studies carried out under EuroCirCol and includes the optimized lattice deck. Moreover findings from this report suggest R&D topics related specifically to the interaction region that should be followed up including both machine parameters and detector technologies.

Detailed analysis of the beam-induced effects

The build-up of electron clouds through multipacting and their detrimental impact on the collider performance can be suppressed by a sufficiently low maximum secondary electron yield (SEY) of the beam screen surface. Further simulation studies of the electron cloud build-up and its effect on beam stability were performed as part of EuroCirCol (M 2.4) to identify the

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required conditions for electron cloud suppression. Based on the performed studies and the measurements at a light source (D4.3), a baseline scenario for electron cloud mitigation has been identified. The report compares simulated effects with the experimental data thus allowing to understand limitation of the models and in-depth understanding of the mitigation measures.

Publish cost model for high-field dipole accelerator magnets

A detailed cost estimate for the dipole magnets has been developed in parallel to the magnet design study. The development of a cost model is pivotal as it allows to optimize the technological choice of the superconducting technology, the target performance of the superconductor, the operating temperature of the magnets, the relevant design margins, the nature and extent of conductor grading and the magnet aperture.

The detailed calculations are described in EuroCirCol deliverable (D5.3). Scaling the costs from the LHC, the work considers the double number of coils/magnet, the higher coil complexity, the assembly complexity, the higher parts cost, the conductor cost, the FCC baseline cosine theta design and a number of tailored industrial enquiries for the magnet parts. Subsequent measurements after an iteration on the model and the test bed will permit collecting sufficient amounts of data to be able to conclude if the proposed novel design meets the needs of a high energy hadron particle collider.

Design option for a machine detector interface

Report on the machine-detector-interface requirements and constraints considering all studies carried out so far. (M3.5). The study takes into account the impact of synchrotron radiation on detector and machine components near the interaction region and on the effects that debris will have in the magnets close to the detector. The study also discusses radiation shielding and space constraints for experiments.

Produce the FCC Conceptual Design Report

In order to comply with the newly established schedule of the European Strategy for Particle Physics update process, the production of the conceptual design report volumes (physics, hadron collider, lepton collider, high-energy LHC) was delivered in the end of December 2018 and submitted to publication in a high-impact Open Science journal.

An international advisory committee, consisting of experts in the different fields covered by the FCC Conceptual Design Report, regularly reviewed the progress in dedicated workshops. A dedicated website was developed with extra material helping to promote the publication of the FCC CDR: http://fcc-cdr.web.cern.ch

For this purpose. the Overleaf (www.overleaf.com) environment was chosen by CERN as the collaborative scientific writing tool offering the required functionalities for a timely preparation of the report.

An editorial team consisting of 10 senior scientists and engineers has been established for the design report of the FCC-hh/EuroCirCol volume. Comparable teams had been set up for the physics volume, the lepton collider and the high-energy LHC volumes of the CDR. One software engineer ensured training of the editors and a sub-set of authors in an initial phase to ensure proper usage of the tool set on Windows, OSX and Linux platforms as well as an introduction to the Web based support systems. The editorial team was supported throughout the entire writing and editorial process by one software-skilled physicist and one administrative assistant through additional matching resources from CERN. A dedicated contract with an external editorial company with a long track record in the field (JP Scientific, see www.jpscientific.co.uk) ensured personalised accompaniment

http://fcc-cdr.web.cern.ch/

http://www.overleaf.com/

http://www.jpscientific.co.uk/

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on a daily basis with regular working meetings at CERN to drive the production of the volumes forward.

Strategic goals

Initiate new collaborative research & development

The ever-growing collaboration and the converging R&D activities demonstrates the feasibility of a new particle collider research infrastructure spawn the development of well-defined and self-contained research projects with impacts that go beyond the period of the EuroCirCol project. Two concrete examples are the CERN coordinated EASITrain H2020 Marie Curie Innovation and Training Network and the participation in the RI-PATHS H2020 project for the development of a framework for the Cost Benefit Analysis of research infrastructures.

Through the launch of these two projects, which are fully integrated with the FCC/EuroCirCol activities, the network is significantly enlarged with academic, industrial and governance partners, which are also active outside the particle physics and particle accelerator community.

Both projects are essential to create lasting impact beyond EuroCirCol and to prepare the ground for follow-up initiatives.

Strengthen international collaboration

The EuroCirCol consortium federates 16 beneficiaries that form the nucleus of an ever growing, world-wide collaboration. So far, 150 universities and research centres from 34 countries have joined the study (see Annex 12) by having signed the FCC Memorandum of Understanding, which the EuroCirCol beneficiaries co-signed as Annex to the Consortium Agreement. The EuroCirCol project continuously identifies technology R&D needs and the study’s Coordination Committee works to identify organisations, which can contribute to the research. Special care is taken during this process to achieve a geographically healthy mix of technically complementary skills. Including the EuroCirCol final event in Brussels, Belgium, the number of participants at the international collaboration meetings related to the FCC study have stabilized around 500 participants.

A significant number of participants in the open, scientific sessions come from China, mainly involved in the CepC/CppC design study (see also Annex 13) while FCC activities have also presented during dedicated meetings hosted by China’s Institute for High-Energy Physics.

Collaboration with research institutes and academic partners in the US, Russia and Japan was strengthen during this reporting period linked to results obtained from EuroCirCol and the preparation of the final conceptual design report. In particular activities for high-field magnet design and superconducting technologies have intensified supported also by the global FCC superconductor development programme and the FCC 16 T magnet development programme. Worked carried out in the framework of EuroCircol (WP1, WP4 and WP5) informs these efforts while EuroCirCol provides the necessary administrative framework and monitoring tools for establishing these collaborations.

During this reporting period new academic partners include:

2018

June: University of Akdeniz (Turkey)

July : Centre d’Etudes des Tunnels, CETU (France)

November: Ruprechts-Karls-Universität Heidelberg (Germany)

http://cepc.ihep.ac.cn/preCDR/volume.html

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December: Royal Holloway University of London (UK)

2019

January: Centre d’études et d’expertise sur les risques, l’environnement, la mobilité et l’aménagement, CEREMA (France)

March: Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI)

April: University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain)

May: Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität (Innsbruck, Austria)

November: Autonomous University of Yucatan UADY (Mexico)

December: Izmir Institute of Technology (Turkey)

Extend the cooperation with industrial partners

EuroCirCol created awareness among relevant industry partners that significant technological advances are required to build an energy-frontier particle collider. So far, the focus has been put on the most critical enabling technology, superconducting high-field magnets. As a result, a number of R&D activities has been initiated with industry partners in Europe and Asia to take up the challenge. New partners in this period include:

ASG: superconducting magnets and superconductors

BRUKER-HST: superconducting wires

Luvata: superconducting wires

I-CUBE: fast forming and manufacturing

CSIL: Centre for Industrial Studies in Milano

CEREMA

During the second reporting period, the project also started to raise an awareness among industries, which are involved in the significant infrastructure projects. These include mainly the construction of a 100 km long underground infrastructure (civil engineering, management of the excavation material, project planning and host state administrative implementation) and operation of large-scale cryogenics infrastructures (mainly large-scale cryogenic refrigeration plants and electricity supply/energy efficiency measures).

Partners in these endeavour include:

Geoconsult and ILF, Austria: continued in depth studies on the engineering feasibility of the underground structures and cost optimisation studies.

CEREMA, France and Ecotec, Latitude Durable, Switzerland: start of studies concerning the administrative procedures in both host states, the legal frameworks and how to consider the status of CERN as international organisation for large-scale science projects in these frameworks.

Linde, Switzerland and Air Liquide, France for in depth studies on

innovative cryogenic plant architectures.

Studies on the geology in the region, on on-line soil analysis during tunneling, on searching novel use-cases for excavation materials have started with the Monantuniversität Leoben, Austria, with the French Centre for Tunnel Studies (CETU) and the Geneva cantonal

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geology service (GESDEC). A collaboration with the University of Geneva is currently being defined.

Moreover, under WP1 a plan for the use and dissemination of foreground, technical gap analysis has been produced (D1.4). It describes how the generated foreground is intended to be used within and beyond EuroCirCol and summarizes the technical gaps that need to be addressed in a follow up implementation project.

Develop the basis to document how a research infrastructure that builds on the precious assets that Europe has built up so far can create socio-economic benefits beyond the core research mission

Cost Benefit Analysis has become an indispensable vehicle to document the long-term value of a research infrastructure for the entire society. In order to quantitatively assess the impact potential of a future particle collider, a solid basis of data and a verification of the impacts created so far through the LHC/HL-LHC programme has been established.

In cooperation with one of the leading experts in the field (Prof. M. Florio, University of Milan, Italy and Jean Monnet Chair of EU Industrial policy), the method documented in the EC Guide to Cost-Benefit Analysis of Investment Projects has been further refined and verified by the university. A thorough, quantitative CBA of the entire HL-LHC project has been performed and the findings will now serve the establishment of a framework for FCC/EuroCirCol CBA studies to be carried out towards the end of the EuroCirCol project and beyond. This method is also the one currently suggested by the ESFRI roadmap group.

Analysis of the socio-urbanistic aspects and the implementation scenarios in France have been launched with the French CEREMA organisation and with the Ecole des Mines, Paris. Socio-economic impact studies are ongoing with the University of Milano (Italy) and the Centre for Industrial Studies CSIL in Milano (Italy) as well as with the University of Santiage de Compostela (Spain).

The findings so far suggest that the further use and extension of the assets built up so far is the fastest path to realise again societal benefits of a new significant investment in a large particle accelerator.

This collaboration also resulted in a report about the “Impact of CERN procurement actions on industry: 28 illustrative success stories” demonstrating that the benefits spill over across the entire supply chain demonstrating the impact of investing in large-scale scientific tools on a broader industrial landscape and the actual benefits generated for the society. The report is available online: http://cds.cern.ch/record/2670056?ln=en

Furthermore, the activities launched in this domain motivated the organization of a dedicated workshop on the “Economics of Science” during EuroCirCol’s final event: indico.cern.ch/event/727555/sessions/307542/#20190625

The event federated representatives from other big scientific laboratories and projects (ESS, SKA, ESA), funding agency representatives (UKRI-STFC, EU parliament, European Commission), and experts from different fields including physics, economics and philosophy.

Continue to attract activities from countries, including those without any particle accelerator

Austria (Montanuniversität Leoben) has joined the collaboration to study together with France and Switzerland the possibilities to make use of the tunnel excavation material (ca. 12 million cubic metres). This will be an essential infrastructure R&D topic to raise the acceptability of a mega-scale engineering project in the host countries and to create significant added

http://cds.cern.ch/record/2670056?ln=en

https://indico.cern.ch/event/727555/sessions/307542/#20190625

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infrastructure (beyond the scope defined in the GA)

value for industrial partners beyond the key enabling technologies that are needed for particle accelerators.

Technische Universität Wien launched an investigation on the analysis for environments that are needed to study and qualify electronic systems in view of improving the radiation tolerance of microelectronics and semiconductors in the coming decade. AIT has begun to develop a framework for the documentation of particle accelerator component reliability in view of future studies to come to availability improved designs.

France (CEREMA) has carried out initial studies on the compatibility of the collider placement in the region, the administrative impacts on the host state and on the potential socio-urbanistic impacts to be considered for future iterations of the design. CNRS supports the team with project management and EU project office related resources. CEA has committed to develop, construct and test a short dipole model based on the designs developed in this EU project.

Germany (Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg) started to work on elementary material research to engineer the growth and microstructure of Nb3Sn in view of high-performance wires. TU Dresden entered a next step on developing a Nelium cryogenic refrigeration system and University of Stuttgart launched the studies of novel turbo-compressors that are needed for such a system. Fraunhofer Institute for Material Flow and Logistics has concluded their initial studies on the feasibility to install the thousands of superconducting magnets and is now investigating the boundary conditions for temporary storage for assembly and testing. The Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main began to investigate beam dynamics and collective effects in order to be able to propose mitigation approaches.

Greece (University of Patras)studying compact mechanical structures for the superconducting magnet design.

Finland (Tampere University of Technology) analysis of Nb3Sn magnet manufacturing based on the work that is currently ongoing for the HL-LHC upgrade at CERN. TUT is also pursuing the development of models and simulations for high-temperature superconducting Roebel type cables.

Italy (University of Calabria) started an investigation of a disruptive method to come to efficient helium absorbers that would have a strong impact on the reduction of the number of permanent turbomolecular pumping units to achieve the ultra-high vacuum conditions needed. The Centre for Industrial Studies in Milan has performed an analysis on the impacts of a large-scale particle accelerator project on the participating industrial partners. The Universita degli Studi di Milano performed a Willingess To Pay survey in France and has quantified on the potentials emerging from cultural goods and the training of early stage researchers.

Japan (University of Tokyo) has started to investigate detector designs.

Mexico (Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan) contributes on the simulations of electron-cloud formation, in particular on the build up inside quadrupole fields.

Russia (JINR) has started investigations on designs on fast pulsed dipole magnets for the particle accelerator injector complex. Moscow State University has launched theoretical physics studies and the modeling of detector magnetic systems.

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Spain (ICMAB) has launched and R&D project to evaluate the use of high-temperature superconductors in the form of coated conductors for accelerator magnets. This project is an association of ICMAB with two other institutes, IFAE and ALBA in Spain.

Turkey (Ankara University) has engaged in theoretical physics studies in order to document the physics opportunities at a future high energy hadron collider.

United Kingdom (STFC) has enlarged their investigations on thin-film coated superconducting radio frequency cavity designs. University of Lancaster has started to work on high efficiency klystrons.

Switzerland (PSI) has launched complementary studies on the beam-matter interactions, which are essential to come to a workable design for the particle detectors that will operate as experiments at such a particle collider. PSI together with ETHZ started to work on impregnation systems for superconducting Nb3Sn wires. EPFL started complementary studies on the loss of particles due to beam-beam interactions to search for mitigation methods and thus to improve the performance of the collider design. EPFL has launched a performance test of high-temperature superconductors in order to develop a roadmap for fundamental conductor R&D. University of Geneva has started research on how to refine the grains of Nb3Sn as a route to identify materials, configurations and processing routes for a high performance conductor at industrial scale.

USA (Fermilab) has started to work on a design of the collimation system. Work on a 15 T superconducting accelerator model magnet has also begun.

Build world-wide user community

Document the physics opportunities at an energy frontier particle collider

A significant fraction of the FCC collaboration members contributes the identification of the opportunities to answer the most burning open questions of fundamental particle physics and for which the Standard Model of Particle Physics cannot provide answers:

What is dark matter?

How has stable matter formed?

What is the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry?

How do neutrinos acquire mass?

Why particle masses differ by 13 orders of magnitude (the so-called hierarchy problem)?

What gives mass to the Higgs boson and is it’s mass fine-tuned? Is it a composite or fundamental particle?

The physics opportunities at three particle collider scenarios (FCC-hh/EuroCirCol, FCC-ee and HE-LHC) are detailed in the first volume of the FCC CDR (Future Circular Collider Study. Volume 1: Physics Opportunities. Conceptual Design Report, preprint edited by M. Mangano et al. CERN accelerator reports, CERN-ACC-2018-0056, Geneva, December 2018. Published in Eur. Phys. J. C) identifying the physics opportunities, the required machine and detector parameters and the complementarity between different accelerators that can be hosted in the same Research Infrastructure as part of an integrated programme (FCC-int).

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Figure 1: Evolution of the Future Circular Collider study collaboration that includes the EuroCirCol H2020 project.

The subsequent sections present in details the progress in the individual work packages, according to the defined tasks and the detailed objectives set for this reporting period.

1.2 EXPLANATION OF THE WORK CARRIED PER WORK PACKAGE

1.2.1 Work Package 1: Management, coordination and implementation

Lead beneficiary: CERN – WP Progress: Completed

The management, coordination and implementation work package (WP 1) comprises all activities required to adequately coordinate the work and to assure the quality of the planned deliverables. It includes managerial and administrative tasks as well as the technical coordination to come to an unanimously agreed set of baseline parameters as the technical work progresses. Based on experience from previous large-scale projects and seeking ties with similar intergovernmental agencies, implementation and governance scenarios have been evaluated and a draft governance structure for a preparatory project phase has been developed. All these activities are complemented with a rigorous communication and innovation management program that builds on successful predecessor EC projects. This work package produced the FCC Conceptual Design Report (CDR) and submitted it for publication in December 2018. It is the main product of the study that will create lasting impact for the decade to come. The WP includes 6 tasks:

Task 1.1: Study management

Task 1.2: Quality management

Task 1.3: Communication, dissemination and outreach

Task 1.4: Knowledge and innovation management

Task 1.5: Coordinate technical scope

Task 1.6: Develop implementation and cost scenarios

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Number Sum

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Report on the work during the period to meet the objectives:

The integrated FCC study/EuroCirCol project has successfully continued during the third reporting period to attract an ever-growing number of collaborating institutes. The integration of EuroCirCol in the international FCC study has explicitly been applauded during the mid-term review and this approach continued giving fruits during the third reporting period. Consequently, the EASITrain MSCA ITN H2020 project, submitted by members of the FCC collaboration, and the RI-Paths project, in which CERN participates through the FCC study, have been fully integrated into the management and coordination structure of the study.

Each annual meeting of the FCC collaboration includes an International Collaboration Board meeting and the EuroCirCol collaboration board is part of this meeting with a dedicated agenda and with the implementation of the project-specific voting rules.

Regular EuroCirCol/FCC coordination group meetings organized by WP1 continue to take place, partly at CERN and partly at collaborating institutes with support of the “Vidyo” video conferencing technology. Doing so also permits promoting the open technologies that CERN uses in the daily management of projects (Vidyo for video conferencing, Indico for event management, Invenio for the dissemination of openly accessible documents).

Project management has continued to regularly review and where needed adjust the schedules (e.g. extension of the EuroCirCol project to assure the continuous supply of detailed information during 2019 to the European Strategy Group, integration of results of the beam screen following measurement of three different prototypes at the KARA facility at KIT, establishment of a working group to coordinate activities with the French and Swiss authorities for a roadmap of the required administrative processes). Project management is continuously monitoring the progress of deliverables and milestones of all Work Packages and identities project risks in order to find timely mitigation measures (e.g. change of WP3 work package leader, collaboration with the US MDP programme leading to successful demonstrators of a 14.2 T accelerator dipole magnet, a.o).

The collaborative Web platform (http://cern.ch/eurocirol or http://eurocircol.eu) set up on top of Microsoft Sharepoint 2013 was used by all project members to record and store reports, resource consumption information, sharing of relevant documents, archiving publications and media products. Project management document and data quality management is carried out by the CERN FCC/EuroCirCol Study Office, consisting for this reporting period of a team of one administration assistant, one communication officer, one scientific secretary. Each person is assigned 50% of their time, reflecting a substantial added matching resource value. CERN’s finance and accounting department contributes part time, performing the required accounting and EC administrative processes.

CERN continues to assume its role to monitor and if needed to adjust the technical scope and continuously work with all partners within the available resources.

Working relationships with the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade project (HL-LHC, now part of the ESFRI roadmap) are now permanent, in particular in the domains of superconducting wires, superconducting magnets, cost benefit analysis, civil engineering studies and operation efficiency as well as in establishing the tools for measuring the socio-economic impact of public investments in research infrastructures. Also, EuroCirCol project members actively contribute to the ARIES H2020 project that is coordinated by CERN and which aims at advancing technologies that are used in particle accelerators and which also have societal applications. The working relations with HL-LHC and ARIES also extend to communication issues including content for public talks, media visits and content from HL-LHC and ARIES for the photographic exhibition “Code of the Universe”.

Summary of Achievements:

WP1 achieved all planned objectives. The FCC Conceptual Design Report was submitted for publication in December 2019 and was published by Springer Nature in June 2019. The first volume covering the "Physics Opportunities" was published in EPJC while the three volumes on "The Lepton Machine - FCC-ee", "The Hadron Machine - FCC-hh" and the "High-Energy LHC - HELHC" were published in EPJ Special Topics.

http://cern.ch/eurocirol

http://eurocircol.edu/

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Figure 2: The four volumes of the FCC Conceptual Design Report were submitted for publication in December 2018 and published in European Physics Journal C and European Physics Journal Special Topics (ST) in June 2019.

The final event of EuroCirCol took place in Brussels at the end of June 2019. The meeting was aligned with the Open Symposium of the European Particle Physics Strategy Update (EPPSU) held in Granada in May 2019 and incorporate the event in the 2019 FCC week that federates several hundreds of participants from research institutes, industry and funding agencies.

Figure 3: During the EuroCirColfinal event (M1.13), Christian Caron (Executive Editor for the European Physical Journal (EPJ) handed over the four volumes of the FCC CDR to Michael Benedikt (FCC study leader), Fabiola Gianotti (CERN, Director General) and Frédérick Bordry (CERN's Director of Accelerators & Technologies).

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Milestone M1.9 (Implementation and governance model) has been submitted, including essential results of work carried out in cooperation with the French and Swiss government representatives. The milestone M1.11 (Cost Baseline) has also been uploaded including some preliminary calculations for the civil engineering and construction costs as well as the key cost-drivers in building an energy-frontier hadron collider. These results – based on the work of other EuroCirCol WPs – demonstrate also the validity of the integrated approach that foresees a lepton circular collider housed in the same tunnel as the first step. This ensures a smooth budget profile, add to the physics opportunities of the foreseen research infrastructure and helps to maximize the socio-economic returns from this public investment. Moreover, it offers the needed time for a solid R&D plan towards the industrialization of high-field magnets required for FCC-hh and the exploration of more innovative technologies (i.e. High-temperature superconductors) that could allow reaching higher magnetic fields.

Following activities on the socio-economic impact of RIs, a new person has joined the FCC study office at CERN to work on cost-benefit analysis (Irene Del Rosario Crespo Garido, Juan Carlos university, Spain). During this period, Pauline Le Guen (Ecole des Mines, Paris, France) stepped down and a new person Anne-Laure Verdier (CERN) is working on the development of implementation and governance models.

Problems encountered:

One of the sensitive issues was the continuous administrative support to the project. Especially after June 2019 as the dedicated communication officer (previously a fellow at CERN) is now spending 33% of his time for CERN’s Physics Department and the dedicated administrative assistant has left on maternity leave replaced by temporary labor staff that had to be trained and familiarized with the project.

The Web/IT technology (Efrat Tal Hod, Tel Aviv University, Israel) has departed from CERN.

Corrective actions:

In order to meet the IRUS, IAR and Annual Report deadlines, personnel has been re-assigned from other tasks in the FCC study in an ad-hoc fashion.

Concerning the difficulty to continuously track and record all scientific publications, the project coordinator regularly reminds all researchers to communicate any publication records to the project office. An issue identified during EuroCirCol is related to publication of conference proceedings and the need to inform in the future conference organizers to agree on open access publication (in collaboration with researchers from other fields).

To be able to anticipate the production of the conceptual design report, a contract with an experienced external authoring and editing consultant has been concluded (CERN matching funds). A post-doctoral researcher from the Academica Sinica institute (Taiwan) joined the editorial team and assisted with the production of the LaTeX based documents.

Concerning scientific staff and engineers, the EuroCirCol Coordination Committee periodically solicited the beneficiaries to report expected obstacles to report early and to continue training students and early stage researchers in the needed disciplines.

Panagiotis Charitos has temporarily took over the maintenance of the FCC websites and as a contact point for IT support.

WP 1 workplan:

Objective Status Achievements until M18

Manage the H2020 study project and integrate it coherently with the FCC study

COMPLETED

This is a level-effort task. EuroCirCol has been successfully integrated with the FCC study both at organisational/administrative and scientific/technical levels. The International Advisory Committee, the International Collaboration Board and the International Steering Committee has met regularly to review

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the project and propose adjustments where needed. The EC mid-term review has been successfully concluded.

Produce hadron collider (FCC-hh) Conceptual Design Report

COMPLETED Cconcluded in December 2018.

Assure quality of the deliverables COMPLETED

This was a level-effort task that is performed throughout the project duration.

Coordinate work packages at technical and scientific level and maintain the technical scope

COMPLETED

This was a level-effort task performed throughout the project duration to ensure a coordinated flow of information required to progress on the different WP of the project and deliver input to the final Conceptual Design Report.

Coordinate hadron collider baseline parameter refinement

COMPLETED The parameter baseline and been refined as planned.

Develop an overall layout and plan for the collider infrastructure

COMPLETED

The layout has been adjusted and an iteration of the placement review in France and Switzerland has been performed together with host-state authorities.

Ensure a coordinated flow of information between project, industry, universities COMPLETED

This is a level-effort task that is performed throughout the project duration. Annual meetings were used to ensure a common understanding and to engage industrial participation.

Plan and implement outreach and communication activities COMPLETED

The communication activities have been performed according to the drawn up communication strategy and plan.

Plan and perform gender and equal opportunities relevant activities

COMPLETED

The diversity prize has been continued by CERN to facilitate the participation of traditionally underrepresented groups at the FCC annual meetings with financial support of around 1000 Euro per selected person.

Explore innovation potentials and transfer to society, and in particular industry

COMPLETED

The list of technologies with innovation potentials has been revised by CERN (see The study office maintains a list of technologies developed either directly within the scope of EuroCirCol or within the Future Circular Collider umbrella study (see Error! Not a valid bookmark self-reference. below). This list is actively monitored and further extension with experts and industrial partners is ongoing.

The third volume of the FCC CDR (FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider) includes a dedicated chapter on topics for further strategic research and development. The work done in the framework of EuroCirCol helped to identify key areas of research and development that can form the basis for an implementation project for a post-LHC particle based research infrastructure. These areas include:

– 16 Tesla superconducting high-field, dual aperture accelerator magnet.

– Cost-effective and high-performance Nb3Sn

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superconducting wire at industrial scale.

– High-temperature superconductors.

– Energy efficient, large-scale cryogenic refrigeration plants for temperatures down to 40 K.

– Invar based cryogenic distribution line.

– Superconducting septum magnet (to be merged with high-power switching element).

– High-speed, high-power switching system for beam transfer elements.

– Decentralised, high-capacity energy storage and release.

– Particle detector technologies.

– Efficient and cost-effective DC power distribution.

– Efficient treatment and use of excavation material.

In the following the current status of technologies developed in the framework of the FCC study for an energy frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh) with the support of EuroCirCol are presented.

Table 4). A hackathon has been performed on superconducting technologies in September 2017 as a result of a 6 months lasting competence leveraging activity together with the university of economy. A survey with 600 companies has been carried out in the scope of the Cost Benefit Analysis to understand better the quantitative impacts on companies working for particle accelerator projects and in particular to understand better the reasons that underlie the impacts. A publication of 28 illustrative success stories has been produced and was delivered to the members of CERN’s Council Finance Committee [publicly available on CERN's Document Server]. Workshop on “Economics of Science” organized during the FCC week 2019 including speakers from other big research organizations. Follow-up activities planned with ESA and SKA. A dedicated symposium was hosted by the University of Liverpool with partners from the FCC/EuroCirCol projects to showcase the science and technology challenges attracting also a variety of industry representatives including

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energy, health, security, transport, IT, communications, and civil engineering, as well as cryogenics, detectors and accelerator technology.

Develop implementation scenarios including management and performance structures

COMPLETED

The working group to develop an implementation schedule considering technical and administrative processes has been enlarged to include the Swiss territory. Contracts with consultancy companies have been concluded.

Develop a cost baseline for the collider infrastructure

COMPLETED

Work on the estimation of the cost of the particle collider and technical infrastructures has concluded while in parallel ongoing activities help to identify ways to measure and maximize the impact of a post-LHC collider-based research infrastructure

All lattice and beam optics have been refined in order to come to a particle collider concept, which can meet the target requirements. The requirements and constraints on the superconducting magnets have been documented accordingly and WP5 finalized the publication of magnet designs for a 100 TeV collider. Accordingly, the collimation, beam vacuum and cryogenics requirements have been reviewed. Consequently, an architecture for the cryogenics refrigeration infrastructure has been documented and the associated costs have been estimated. A coherent set of specifications and conceptual designs for the key subsystems have been developed that permit reaching the target performances.

A more cost efficient particle collider design calls for developments in the Nb3Sn superconducting wire and the exploration of different types of superconducting materials (HTS). The findings have been included in the documentation of the cost model of the superconducting magnet and in the deliverable document on the specifications of the superconducting wire (M.5.3, D5.3).

So far, no showstopper has been identified which was pre-condition for the consortium formed with the support of EuroCirCol to propose a follow-up project dealing with the preparatory project phase period of a new research infrastructure for particle physics.

The established communication strategy and plan permits running an established communication network effectively, implementing the planned communication actions according to priorities and available resources.

Following the success of the previous annual FCC meetings (see previous periodic reports), the final FCC/EuroCirCol event was held in Brussels (Belgium) from 24-28 June 2019 with the support of ECFA, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and London School of Economics (LSE) and as a common event with the EASITrain MSCA and RI-Paths H2020 projects. This meeting was the final meeting of the project. The only availability for a venue that could host the high number of participants expected was in month 49 and thus a request was made to the EC to permit postponing the final meeting with respect to the time schedule indicated in the Grant Agreement.

Finally, as part of this work, an international Advisory Committee has been established to review the progress and give guidance for the next steps of the project before the publication of the FCC CDR. Its members are listed in Table 2 below:

Table 2: Geographically distributed and topically complementary International Advisory Committee.

Name Role Organisation Country

Günther Dissertori Chair ETH Zürich Switzerland

Oliver Kester EC assigned reviewer TRIUMF Canada

Andrew Parker Physics, experiments University of Cambridge UK

Chris Quigg Physics, experiments Fermilab USA

Marcella Diemoz Physics, experiments INFN Italy

Gregor Herten Physics, experiments University Freiburg Germany

Victor Egorychev Physics, experiments ITEP Russia

Ralph Assmann Accelerators DESY Germany

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Caterina Biscari Accelerators CELLS-ALBA Spain

Wolfram Fischer Accelerators BNL USA

Vladimir Shiltsev Accelerators Fermilab USA

Joe Minervini Magnets, RF MIT USA

Alban Mosnier Magnets, RF CEA France

Akira Yamamoto Magnets, RF KEK Japan

Marc Ross Technologies SLAC USA

Mike Seidel Technologies PSI Switzerland

Philippe Lebrun Civil Engineering, technical infrastructures, cryogenics, Education

JUAS France

Tim Watson Civil engineering, technical infrastructures, cryogenics

ITER IEIO

1.2.1.1 Task 1.1: Study management

Lead beneficiary: CERN - Task status: Completed

The coordinator continued the managerial and financial tasks of the project as outlined in the GA and CA. All management and governance structures are operational. CERN advised all beneficiaries on the reporting requirements and to our best knowledge, all consortium partners have implemented the reporting guidelines. Additional matching resources engaged by CERN helped ensuring that the reporting deadlines were met.

Regular meetings and internal reviews have been organised by CERN in cooperation with the consortium partners. CERN has followed-up the deliverable production and verified the contents against the defined goals. Table 3 summarises the meetings that took place during the last reporting period:

Table 3: Relevant project meetings during Reporting Period 3 for Work Package 1

2017

Dates(dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting

Venue Attendance Indico link

09/02/17 Coordination Committee

CERN ECC members https://indico.cern.ch/event/605964/







31/05/18 Collaboration Board

Berlin, Germany

ECB members https://indico.cern.ch/event/640485/

01/06/17 Mid Term Review

Berlin, Germany

WP leaders + EC reviewer

https://indico.cern.ch/event/605995/





09-10/10/17 EuroCirCol Working Meeting

CERN EuroCirCol Workforce members




2018

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Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting






12/04/18 Collaboration Committee

Amsterdam, NL











KIT ECC members https://indico.cern.ch/event/759571/







2019

Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting















Brussels, Belgium


1.2.1.2 Task 1.2: Quality management

Lead beneficiary: CERN -Task status: Completed














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The FCC/EuroCirCol study office was run by a dedicated administrative assistant (Julie Hadre), who is partially financed by the H2020 grant. Since July 2019 and until the end of this reporting period, a new person temporarily took over these duties partially replacing the project administrative assistant during her maternity leave. The assistant performs daily office administration tasks, organizes project-related meetings and travels at all levels, organizes guided tours for visits, drafts milestone and deliverable document structures based on the established MS Word document templates, gives telephone and e-mail advice and assistance on documentation and EC project follow-up related matters.

The collaborative website (http://eurocircol.eu) is an indispensable tool for this work, which after login into the CERN domain permits managing documents, financial and activity reports, project member lists, milestone and deliverable reports. A document quality management scheme implemented in MS Sharepoint is regularly used by the WPs for preparing, reviewing and delivering their reports. Internal resources and activity reports are collected with the same tool so that a coherent baseline for the annual and periodic reports can be achieved.

As reported earlier, proper tracking and accounting of scientific and outreach publications remained a challenge. The assigned additional matching workforce could no longer perform the activity due to re-prioritization of the tasks to be carried out in other projects at CERN. Beneficiaries are regularly polled to provide references for their scientific publications and to provide information about non-technical articles, but compliance remains limited due to the fact that numerous authors are not immediately known (students, fellows, post-doctoral researchers at institutes world-wide). Documents are uploaded to CERN’s Document Server (cds.cern.ch) after proper annotation with metadata and a separate Excel sheet to ease reporting is created.

1.2.1.3 Task 1.3: Communication, dissemination and outreach

Lead beneficiary: UNILIV - Task status: Completed

A communication and outreach strategy document was released in December 2015 followed by a communication plan in June 2016 that outlines a number of tasks addressing the different audiences defined in the FCC Communication Strategy. The report (M1.3) aims to define communication and outreach related actions for the FCC study and supporting projects including EuroCirCol.

Consequently, a communication plan (D1.2) with concrete actions has been drawn up and permits performing targeted communication actions according to priority and resources availability. Based on this plan, the following communication products have been delivered:

CO-1: A renewed public website that serves as a single-point entry and gives more information about the different aspects of the FCC study is now available: http://fcc.web.cern.ch. A French version is also available.

CO-2: A visual identify for FCC and EuroCirCol projects: This includes the logos for both projects and a graphic charter based on the concept of “curved” lights for an initial 3-year period. Full-embedded version is available online to all members of the FCC collaboration. As the study progresses with the conceptual design report, the graphic charter will move toward a more suitable version than the one currently implemented in the FCC week 2019 and be developed further for future communication actions.

CO-3: An FCC brochure developed by CERN gives an overview of the entire study in English. Moreover, a French version has been produced in December 2016, a German one in 2017 for the FCC week in Berlin and a Japanese one for the “Science Agora” festival in Tokyo.

CO-4: An EuroCirCol brochure developed by UNILIV with a concise overview of the project.

CO-5: A Wikipedia [3] article produced by the WP1 team.

3 See more: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Circular_Collider

http://eurocircol.eu)/

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/M1.3/FCC-1511300900-EuroCirCol-M1-3-CommunicationStrategy.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D1.2/EuroCirCol-1606281345-P1-WP1-D1-2_CommunicationPlan.pdf

http://fcc.web.cern.ch/

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/19fqQF_7VntgLe4Dxa3_0I1pYeYZDvf0L?usp=sharing

https://edms.cern.ch/file/1741417/1/Guideembeded_V0001_PC_04062016.pdf

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CO-6: A FCC Q&A Factsheet was published as part of the FCC CDR Press Kit in January 2019. The Q&A will be regularly updated responding to media requests as well as R&D progress. A French version was produced to facilitate contacts with local authorities. This activity also inspired a similar action and publication for the FCC-ee proposed collider emphasizing the complementarity between the FCC-ee and FCC-hh machines.

CO-7: A series of articles on the FCC website put the spotlight on researchers and institutes from all EuroCirCol participating members. This has been positively received by involved institutes. In a future communication strategy personal/human stories should inform the communication strategy for a new design study from the beginning onwards.

CO-9: An FCC Overview Video (2’) was produced and used to promote the FCC Conceptual Design Report: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aXgBzFAzDk. Also shared on the FCC YouTube Channel. The full (6’) version of the video is also available online HERE & HERE.

In addition, taking advantages of the recordings at CERN, the study produced in collaboration with UNILIV and the MSCA project EASITrain three extra videos: a) one on the value of scientific collaboration (HERE&HERE); b) one on the role of technological R&D for society (HERE&HERE).

CO-10: A set of infographics related to the FCC study have been produced during the EuroCirCol project:

- Different scenarios explored by FCC.

- Physics opportunities of FCC.

- Socio-economic impacts.

CO-11: FCC booklet informs different stakeholders about the main goal of the project and the key achievements (English version&French version). Following the publication of the FCC CDR and the outcome of the ongoing EPPSU, a final version will be printed and distributed by November 2019. This will also be redesigned based on the new FCC graphic charter.

CO-12: Standard set of slides for high-school children and educators:

https://edms.cern.ch/document/1855706/1. In addition, we have created a repository gathering general presentations about FCC from our

collaborators: https://edms.cern.ch/document/1973995/1

CO-13: Create ownership of the study for the participating institutes. This has been an ongoing effort from the beginning of the study. Though it is hard to quantify the level of ownership we believe that a successful sense of ownership remains a challenge.

CO-14: A public event "Discovery Machines” [4] has been held at the music Auditorium in Rome during the FCC Week 2015. The event was webcast and recorded. Invited journalists picked up the information and produced coverage in Italian print-media. For this public event, the FCC study office also developed a brief video on the presentation of the event: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRZra3ulxAc

CO-15: A public event “Can it be a bit bigger?”[5] was organized during FCC week 2017 in Berlin in Urania Hall with the participation of Dr. Karl Jakobs, Dr. Rolf Heuer, Dr. Michael Peiniger, Dr. Simone Raatz and Dr. Marlene Weiss.

4Watch it on Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egb4Gkfhdxo 5 Website: https://www.urania.de/darfs-ein-bisschen-groesser-sein-fuer-und-wider-von-grossforschungsanlagen-

und-was-haben-wir

https://edms.cern.ch/ui/file/1703140/1/FCC_QA_French_29062016_V0001.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aXgBzFAzDk.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0ou50ado_4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0ou50ado_4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvq8vF5LKzM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=habsQbdEc0A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUGEWoGM_1U

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pPAcrLUGX0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3JNnKEht_8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGImsJmwiXo

https://edms.cern.ch/file/1813683/1.0/Poster_FCC_Physics_v5.pptx

https://edms.cern.ch/ui/file/1813683/1.0/Poster_FCC_Scenarios.pdf

https://edms.cern.ch/ui/file/1813683/1.0/socio-economic-impact.PNG

https://edms.cern.ch/ui/file/1719268/1/FCC_booklet_13092016_eng.pdf

https://edms.cern.ch/ui/file/1703362/1/booklet_30062016_FRENCH_v00001.pdf

https://edms.cern.ch/document/1855706/1

https://edms.cern.ch/document/1973995/1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRZra3ulxAc

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CO-16: A public event[6] took place in Beurs van Berlage in Amsterdam during FCC week 2018. Jo van den Brand and Ivo van Vulpen discussed about the fundamental open questions and ways to address them.

CO-17: Press Release for the announcement of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, originally published by CERN’s Press Office and also distributed through all FCC Collaborating institutes:

https://home.cern/news/press-release/accelerators/international-collaboration-publishes-concept-design-post-lhc e.g. feature articles published by UNILIV in Scientific American and Laboratory News.

The full list of press clippings following the distribution of the Press Release (15 January 2019) and within a period of 90 days can be found here:

https://cernbox.cern.ch/index.php/s/lovN8l07u4Yq2br. See also ANNEX 1.

CO-18: Quantification of training value of a post-LHC research infrastructure. A methodological report has been published based also on the CBA analysis of LHC and HL-LHC. The report sketches some guidelines for designing a FCC program CBA and summarize the timeline and the cost estimates of different FCC scenarios:

https://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/2666742/files/CERN-ACC-2019-0037.pdf (See also CO-22).

CO-19: Acceleratingnews.eu: Regularly publishing articles about the study and covering ongoing R&D results from the various programs (i.e. RF development, superconducting wire manufacturing, high-field magnets, beam-screen monitoring system).

CO-20: Regular coverage in CERN Courier, CERN Bulletin and FCC internal communication channel with 15 articles covering FCC weeks, progress of the FCC study and contributions to another 20 articles concerning the different options for a post-LHC collider and the ongoing technological R&D.

CO-21: Desktop calendar 2019. The calendar was produced by the FCC study office and has been distributed to all FCC members & collaborating institutes (including industrial partners) as well as to various stakeholders around Europe including journalists, funding agencies a.o.

CO-22: Booklet on socio-economic impacts of Large-Scale Research Infrastructures. The content of the booklet has been adapted from the original plan to increase the impact and potential reach.

In collaboration with the HL-LHC office and CERN’s Procurement Service, a booklet has been produced highlighting 28 Illustrative Successful Stories of Industrial Collaboration with CERN for the construction of the LHC and the benefits gained by the industry. The booklet was distributed to CERN’s Council Members and to the Industrial Liaisons officers of CERN’s Member States. It will be further used in FCC meetings to inform members of the collaboration and involved stakeholders on the value for the industry of similar investments. The booklet is also available online: https://cds.cern.ch/record/2670056?ln=en

In addition, a 6-page brochure has been produced both in German and English presenting key figures from the Cost Benefit Analysis of LHC/HL-LHC. Files can be found HERE (English) and HERE (German).

CO-23: Press material for the FCC Week 2016. The material was completed and extended to serve also for FCC Week 2017 in English and German language.

CO-24: Press material has been developed in English and in German for the FCC Week 2017 in collaboration also with local organizers and DESY’s communication office.

CO-25: Press material has been developed in English and in Dutch for the FCC Week 2018 in collaboration also with local organizers and NIKHEF’s communication office. Three articles and a radio-interview took place also during the FCC week 2018 in Amsterdam.

6 The presentations can be found here:

https://indico.cern.ch/event/656491/timetable/?layout=room#20180410.detailed

https://home.cern/news/press-release/accelerators/international-collaboration-publishes-concept-design-post-lhc


https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/would-new-physics-colliders-make-big-discoveries-or-wander-a-particle-desert/?redirect=1

https://www.labnews.co.uk/features/future-circular-collider-08-03-2019/

https://www.labnews.co.uk/features/future-circular-collider-08-03-2019/

https://cernbox.cern.ch/index.php/s/lovN8l07u4Yq2br

https://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/2666742/files/CERN-ACC-2019-0037.pdf

https://cds.cern.ch/record/2670056?ln=en

https://edms.cern.ch/file/2011953/1/Brochure_A5_SocioEconomic_EN-V004.pdf

https://edms.cern.ch/file/2011953/1/Brochure_A5_1_Print_double-pages_pc_2011953.pdf

https://indico.cern.ch/event/656491/timetable/?layout=room#20180410.detailed

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CO-26: Promote the Conceptual Design Report. It received more than 1500 mentions in various media channels and a potential reach of 1.390.000.000 people. First report available by the CERN Press Office.

CO-27: Social media channels have been launched on Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, G+ and more recently on LinkedIn (2018) providing regular coverage of the activities of the FCC study and allowing to launch campaigns.

CO-28: IMAX film not realized by the external production company as they failed to gather the required funding (FCC/EuroCirCol would contribute with part of this funding).

CO-29: Industry & outreach Event. A one-day event that took place on the 22 of March in Liverpool. Around 100 academics and industry delegates joined an Industry Co-Innovation Workshop to discuss the FCC strategic R&D programme and funding opportunities. The workshop was part of a bigger event: the symposium “Particle Colliders – Accelerating Innovation”, co-organized by UNILIV and CERN and devoted to the benefits of fundamental science to society: https://indico.cern.ch/event/747618/. Almost 1000 delegates took part, including 200 undergraduates and 500 high-school students. An industry exhibition allowed companies to showcase their products, also serving university students as a careers fair. 18 hands-on activities were available to the younger students. These included the award-winning Tactile Collider, an exhibit especially designed for visually impaired people to experience the science of particle colliders. The plenary talks were live streamed and displayed at several institutions across Europe, and a media campaign was carried out around the symposium.

CO-30: Regularly monitoring FCC communication plan in meetings with University of Liverpool collaborators.

CO-31: International survey about the job market in the EuroCirCol-related accelerator industry and a study on the market potential of EuroCirCol technologies. The focus of the survey has been adapted to doctoral students (as the CBA analysis revealed that human capital training? is one of the biggest benefits of large-scale RIs) and highly qualified personnel (as they have not been included in previous surveys). The survey has been launched and the results will be delivered later in 2019.

CO-32: Information brochure about the EuroCirCol project. The brochure was produced by the University of Liverpool and is distributed in all major events where FCC study is represented as well as during the annual meetings of the FCC Collaboration and public events:

http://fcc-cdr.web.cern.ch/webkit/press_material/EuroCirCol_brochure.pdf

CO-33: Travelling exhibition “Code of the Universe” co-developed with external partners from HEPHY, Vienna Natural History Museum and Editions Lammerhumber. The FCC travelling exhibition introduces the study and raises an interest in the target audiences to learn more about the scientific and technology R&D study contents. The exhibition opened in Vienna in September 2018 as part of the BE Science and Society festival and the opening coincided with a public event on the value of fundamental research also organized in the framework of the first MSCA EASISchool. The exhibition remained open until the first week of November and then moved to Wiener Neustadt (December 2018 - February 2019) and finally to Graz (March-April 2019). The next stop will be outside Austria, in Brussels, Belgium during the FCC week 2019. On average we have 150 visitors per day plus organized tours for schools.

CO-34: Participation ESOF18 in Toulouse. The FCC study/EuroCirCol organized a special session in the “Science to Business Programme” showcasing how technologies developed for fundamental research can also find industrial applications. A poster for ESOF18’s poster session was also showing some of the key technologies developed for FCC.

CO-35: FCC short animation prepared for the “Science Agora” festival in Tokyo, Japan. EuroCirCol was presented as one of the successful collaborative projects between Europe & Japan: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeDWH61uYKA

https://cernbox.cern.ch/index.php/s/9hEjyu8bbko3oMm


http://tactilecollider.uk/

http://fcc-cdr.web.cern.ch/webkit/press_material/EuroCirCol_brochure.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeDWH61uYKA

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The study office has also created accounts in different social media channels, regularly runs campaigns and regularly posts updates:

Site Link Entries

Facebook www.facebook.com/FCCstudy/ 367 (104 in PR1, 75 in PR2)

Twitter twitter.com/FCC_study 1429 (884 in PR1, 310 in PR2)

LinkedIn www.linkedin.com/in/fccstudy >70 (+40 this period)

Google+ plus.google.com/115255189642259428162/posts 43 (Google has terminated this platform in April 2019).

Flickr www.flickr.com/photos/138254846@N06/albums 510

YouTube www.youtube.com/channel/UCIEScaRSCBf4YptAErwjPKg 42

Storify storify.com/FCC_study 29 service terminated / All content transferred to Wakelet

Wakelet https://wakelet.com/@FCC_study 67

1.2.1.3.1 Website Analytics

Here, we report the total traffic for the period June 2018 – December 2019. About 35’000 page reads (as opposed to brief visits) were registered with an average stay of about 2 minutes and a good fraction of new visitors 86.6% (see Figure 4 below). Shorter stays are not considered page reads.

Figure 4: Distribution of new and older visitors.

The balance between new and returning visitors is satisfying. There is a relatively low bounce rate of 65%, though slightly increased, compared to the previously reported rates (see Periodic Reports I & II).

http://www.facebook.com/FCCstudy/

http://twitter.com/FCC_study

http://www.linkedin.com/in/fccstudy

http://plus.google.com/115255189642259428162/posts

http://www.flickr.com/photos/138254846@N06/albums

http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIEScaRSCBf4YptAErwjPKg

http://storify.com/FCC_study

https://wakelet.com/@FCC_study

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Figure 5: Impression of Webpage views during 2016 (top), when Google Analytics was introduced as standard measurement tool and in 2019 (bottom) with the number of users also doubled and the number of total page views.

The peak in January 2019 corresponds to the publication of the FCC Conceptual Design Report.

Steadily during reporting periods I and II more US visitors are recorded which can be explained by more contents generated by US organisations (see Figure 6)following collaboration with many US research institutes and universities as well as the fact that most of the media outlets are based in US (while the content was mainly produced in English).

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Figure 6: Origin of Web page readers in 2016 (top) and 2019 (bottom). Darker colours indicate higher density of readers.

Figure 7: Details of geographic origin of Web page readers from 06-2018 to 12-2019.

The following figures provide additional information about the Web page reads during the reporting period.

Figure 8 below indicates also the higher interest/attractiveness of news about the FCC study to younger group ages.

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Figure 8: Distribution of FCC website visits during the day.

This fact is also confirmed by looking closely at January 2019 when the FCC CDR was released (see Figure 9:).

Figure 9: A close up of age demographics for January 2019

1.2.1.3.2 Social media analytics

Social media channels have been introduced as regular communication means only in autumn 2015. This periodic report provides data from these channels from June 2018 to end of December 2019. Figure 10 shows the number of people on Facebook (FB) that viewed FCC/EuroCirCol posts on their timelines. So far, a total of 250’000 individuals have been reached through Facebook posts.

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Figure 10: Facebook reads from June 2018 to June 2019 (one year period). Dark yellow areas indicated targeted campaigns around the FCC CDR publication and before the FCC Week 2019/EuroCirCol final event.

There are clear sparks around the publication of the FCC Conceptual Design Report and a follow up tale due to the debate on the current landscape in particle physics and the role of colliders.

The significant impact raise achieved by running a social media campaign is clearly displayed in September, November and December (dark yellow areas in Figure ). Those months achieved multiplication factors of 6 to 7, reaching out to 4’000-6’000 people on average. An average of five Euros is spent for 10-day duration campaigns.

People reacted to posts by “liking” them. 41’000 “Likes” have been recorded since the launch of the FB account and no other reactions (Sad, Angry) were recorded (See figure 10). These figures confirmed the success of the initial strategy to avoid negative emotions and wording in the shared contents.

Figure 11: Type of reactions to the FCC Facebook page over the one-year period (June 2018 – June 2019). The purple colour in the graph corresponds to “likes”. No other reactions-colours were identified.

Posts have an average reach of 3000 persons per day and the efforts made during EuroCirCol confirmed that FB remains an effective tool to reach out to large amounts of people during and outside working hours.

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Figure 12: A slow but steady increase in the number of followers coming from organic reach (not through promotional campaigns).

It is worth comparing impact of social media activity of the FCC/EuroCirCol as a design study with those of other established projects in high-energy physics. In the case of the LHC experiments, 8200 page “Likes” were registered, compared to 27’000 “Likes” on FB account for ATLAS, 18’000 “Likes” for CMS and 17’000 “Likes” for ALICE for the same period. It should be considered that those well-known experiments exist for a long time, have world-wide audiences and produce significantly more stories.

Planned actions:

The success of social media campaigns shows their effective value to reach out to new audiences. Consequently, this concept will be used more intensely and with a finer target audience granularity while seeking to integrate this activity as part of an overall brand strategy for a new collider-based research infrastructure for high-energy physics.

1.2.1.3.3 Twitter analytics

The Twitter account was launched in January 2016 and by the end of the project had 2500 followers and about 1400 Tweets. These generate through re-tweeting an impact of several tens of thousands of reads with peaks of almost 240’000 people reached during key events such as the publication of the FCC Conceptual Design Report.

Twitter was originally considered effective for reaching large amounts of people beyond the core audience consisting of participants from the collaborating institutes and the high-energy physics community. However during the third reporting period it was found that LinkedIn is a much more efficient tool. Campaigns need to be carefully selected and only very relevant topics such as technological, scientific breakthroughs or major organisational achievements with societal impact potentials should be highlighted.

From the communication around the FCC CDR and the follow-up discussion in social media it was found that it is important to regularly showcase technological R&D work and thus generating a broader understanding to the public of (a) efforts to push technologies for a cost & energy efficient research infrastructure as well as (b) of how the budget is invested in advancing key technologies with potential future applications through the collaboration of the private with the public sector.

Lack of clear, constant and coherent communication about the required R&D developments for building such a research infrastructure can feed negative criticism about the project – failing to explain the use of resources and the long-term goals of the collaboration.

The overall reach of the FCC study twitter account during this reporting period is 40’000 impressions with a peak of 60’000 impressions in April 2019 (see Figure 13 below). It is worth pointing out that the top tweets seem to be those relating to the future of physics and the open questions.

The worth of investing in a future research infrastructure and the physics questions it would help us answers were too hot topics following the publication of the FCC CDR. If the project gets the green light to move ahead with a preparatory phase, extra topics could include the environmental impact and the opportunities it can create for industry and young scientists. It is our impression that given the increased role that social

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media play today – a dedicated person or external company should be hired to develop and implement a social media strategy that will be in line with the broader communication & brand strategy of the project.

Figure 13: High Twitter impact in January following the publication of the FCC CDR report (top) and in the next months (bottom).

1.2.1.3.4 YouTube analytics

This channel is used upload videos from different sources and gather them in one single place from which they can be shared on other social media channels. The geographical distribution of users is similar to the one of the FCC Website.

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1.2.1.3.5 Brief Conclusions

FCC Weeks have been excellent opportunities to promote the project, since more suitable contents for communication are produced. In addition, there are also news-stories published in other media channels (non-specialist websites and journals) that help diverting traffic to the project accounts.

Twitter: It is important to increase the frequency of tweets to keep the level of engagement high. A limited number of campaigns (2 targeted to attract new followers “Followers January 2017” & “Followers April 2019”, 2 during the FCC week 2016 and FCC week 2017 and one on the Physics Perspectives of FCC) had clear impact on the number of impressions and total reach. However, the total number of followers remains low. Interestingly enough, even after CERN tweeted about the publication of the FCC CDR (16/01/2019) (tagging the FCC study account) there was no significant rise in the number of followers. Further monitoring would be needed to understand the limiting factors that may be related to the account name and twitter handle.

Despite some positive steps in creating ownership of the study among participants and certain activities co-organized with them (i.e. for example during the FCC weeks, Science Agora festival, Industry Day, a.o) there is room to further improve the engagement of relevant partners. The difficulty stems partly from the priority given by many of the participating institutes on the LHC and its upgrade programme and secondly from the early stage of the FCC project (at least 10 years until start of construction and 20 years from first physics beam). Rather positive has been the engagement of many industries from the creative sector including DNEG, TeraMatter/RedBull Media Company, SPAN Architect, Film School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Lammerhuber Editions, a.o. Hopefully based on the original contact established during EuroCirCol we could engage them in collaborative projects during the subsequent phase of the project providing also matching resources.

Facebook and LinkedIn performed quite satisfactorily while the FCC Twitter account has not been so successful despite different efforts to increase traffic. Certain reasons may be related to the chosen acronym “FCC” due to confusion with the #FCC = Federal Commission for Communication and the limited interaction with other users/posts that would require significant more investment of time. For the next phase of the project, a dedicated digital media strategy should developed and integrated in a communication plan allocating sufficient resources. Another open question concerns the creation of an Instagram account given its attractiveness for young groups as well as the exploration of other platforms like TikTok or SnapChat.

Throughout the project it was found that posts about physics opportunities and open questions in the current physics landscape attracted more readers. It also informed a debate on the pros and cons of investing in a next-generation particle colliders and how this investment compares with other possible experiments. The physics reach-goals of a post-LHC particle collider research infrastructure should be carefully developed into a coherent narrative, conveying the vision of a future large-scale particle-accelerator based research infrastructure.

Content that permits users to interact more with comments needs to be produced. Interactive Q&A sessions – using dedicated hashtags #askFCC or #whyFCC. Future tools to disseminate information about the project could also include live Q&A sessions on Facebook or Reditt with expert scientists from CERN and all the collaborating institutes representing different cultural and geographical backgrounds.

Need to develop communications targeting the local audiences integrated with the environmental impact assessment of a future circular collider and in coordination with the host states.

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1.2.1.4 Task 1.4: Knowledge and innovation management


The study office maintains a list of technologies developed either directly within the scope of EuroCirCol or within the Future Circular Collider umbrella study (see Error! Not a valid bookmark self-reference. below). This list is actively monitored and further extension with experts and industrial partners is ongoing.

The third volume of the FCC CDR (FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider) includes a dedicated chapter on topics for further strategic research and development. The work done in the framework of EuroCirCol helped to identify key areas of research and development that can form the basis for an implementation project for a post-LHC particle based research infrastructure. These areas include:

– 16 Tesla superconducting high-field, dual aperture accelerator magnet.

– Cost-effective and high-performance Nb3Sn superconducting wire at industrial scale.

– High-temperature superconductors.

– Energy efficient, large-scale cryogenic refrigeration plants for temperatures down to 40 K.

– Invar based cryogenic distribution line.

– Superconducting septum magnet (to be merged with high-power switching element).

– High-speed, high-power switching system for beam transfer elements.

– Decentralised, high-capacity energy storage and release.

– Particle detector technologies.

– Efficient and cost-effective DC power distribution.

– Efficient treatment and use of excavation material.

In the following the current status of technologies developed in the framework of the FCC study for an energy frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh) with the support of EuroCirCol are presented.

Table 4: Table of technologies for which impact potentials have been identified. A green cell colour indicates that an initiative to create concrete impact has either been launched or is ongoing.

Technology Lead Potential impacts

Novel cryogenic-beam screen design

CERN Potential users include synchrotron light sources for improving the efficiency of such installations performing material and molecule analysis, imaging, nanostructure analysis and femtochemistry.

Socio-economic impact assessment of large-scale Research Infrastructures

University of Milano, Italy

EuroCirCol is a reference case to apply the EU recommended framework for infrastructure CBA to the research community. This work has led to the formulation of a H2020 project (RI-PATHS) that aims at developing a uniform framework for the benefit and impact assessment of research infrastructures. The work performed so far serves as a vital case-study. The job-bonus for students and Early Stage Researchers has been quantitatively determined. The impact in industry performing co-innovation with particle-accelerator project owners has been quantified. The impact of science tourism has been quantified. The tax payers Willingness to Pay in France has been quantified.

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Prof. Florio, the leader of this investigation is writing a reference book on the impact potentials of research infrastructures.

Klystron efficiency improvement (90%)

Lancaster University, UK

Power and communications applications. Potential industrial partners have been identified.

Web-based tunnel optimization tool integrating many data sources

ARUP company, UK

Any large-scale civil engineering project. The tools has been used by another research infrastructure study in Japan (ILC) and in an archeological project in the UK (Stonehenge).

Reaction heat treatment of Nb3Sn under vacuum or gas atmospheres

Gero Carbolite company, Germany

Large scale production of superconducting magnet coils, training of engineers and technicians in superconductors’ production using reaction heat treatment, large-scale reaction treatment ovens.

Scalable reliability and availability modeling and simulation, using Cloud-based computing

Ramentor company, Finland

Energy efficiency of buildings, production plants, logistics and transport systems, data centres, oil & gas industries. A follow-up project with Wärstilä to study the availability of a future natural gas terminal has been launched by the company. Training on reliability has been extended in the frame of the ARIES H2020 project to institutes outside of the EuroCirCol project. Interest has been communicated by the medical accelerator community, namely HIT (Germany) and MedAustron (Austria). Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) is designing and implementing a demonstrator of a reliability information system targeting industrial and medical particle accelerators.

Detector modeling and simulation suite

CERN Impact on HEP community already today: ATLAS, CMS and LHCb move towards the common suite. Linear Collider studies continue to evaluate the tools, HEP software foundation engages. Applications expected beyond HEP.

Improvement of high-precision hydro-dynamic forming for large parts involving different types of materials

I-CUBE/Bmax company, France

Parts for automotive, aerospace and consumer goods industries. The company participate in the EuroCirCol as well as the EASITrain MSCA project extending the technology to ever more complicated shapes and different types of materials.

Identify materials for magnetic refrigeration in kW range

CEA Cooling in satellite systems, household fridges, car AC, reduced cost, reduced energy consumption, higher reliability.

Cooling architectures and cryogen distribution

CEA Hybrid and fully electric aircraft propulsion systems. CEA has hired and provides training to an Early Stage Researchers in the EuroCirCol spawned EASITrain MSCA project in order to further investigate this research domain. A software is under development at CEA for the modelling of cooling systems that has potentials also for other research infrastructures and large-

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scale industrial refrigeration infrastructures.

Cryogenic and thermal properties of superconducting magnet coils

CEA More energy efficient and compact magnets for medical imaging, induction heaters, semiconductor crystal growth systems, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pharmacy and food industry. CEA is employing and training an Early Stage Researchers in the EuroCirCol spawned EASITrain MSCA project in order to further investigate this research domain.

Turbocompressor for light gases (e.g. Nelium)

University Stuttgart, Germany

More efficient hydrogen and helium liquefaction. University of Stuttgart is employing and training an Early Stage Researcher in the frame of the EuroCirCol spawned EASITrain MSCA project in order to lift this research to a higher technology readiness level. A demonstrator setup is in the process of being set up with significant matching resources for CERN. University of Stuttgart teams up with industrial partners to understand better the feasibility and also to raise an interest for applications outside research (e.g. MAN Turbo).

Development of a Nelium-based refrigeration system down to 40 K

Technical University Dresden, Germany

Any cryogenic medical and industrial application. University of Dresden is employing and training an Early Stage Researcher in the frame of the EuroCirCol spawned EASITrain MSCA project in order to lift this research to a higher technology readiness level. Industrial partners interested in this topic remain to be identified.

Laser triggered solid state switches for pulsed power applications

CERN HVDC transmission, Static Var Converters, RADAR, UV sources, high-energy pulse machining, lasers, magnetic forming. Potential industrial partners to investigate the technology are currently being identified.

Double Jc of Nb3Sn wires at high fields (16 Tesla, 4.2 K and 1.9 K)

CERN High-field MRI, high frequency NMR, ship engines, levitating trains. A set of industry partners has been identified and the R&D work is ongoing (e.g. with KISWire, TVEL, Luvata demonstrating already units with performance similar or exceeding the HL-LHC one.

Nb3Sn thin film coating on Cu substrate

CERN Ultra-wide-band applications (RADAR, cargo scan), ultra-fast electronics, FEL.

Development of a superconducting Thallium phase

CNR-SPIN, Italy

Superconducting front-end receivers for wireless, RADAR, MRI and NMR pickup coils.

Superconducting MgB2 thin film tapes

CNR-SPIN, Italy

Cost effective high-field magnets for MRI, NMR, induction heaters, superconducting motors and generators, ultra-wide-band applications (RADAR, cargo scan), energy efficient DC power transmission.

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Manufacturing process for large scale superconducting thin film deposition

CNR-SPIN, Italy

Cost effective production of superconducting wires and cables.

Development of a 16 Tesla, large bore Nb3Sn accelerator magnet

CERN Impact on NMR, MRI, heaters, single crystal growth devices due to the efficiency increase and cost reduction potentials.

Large scale MgB2 coil production for magnet applications > 5 Tesla

ASG, Italy Open, single sided, portable MRI and the same as for Nb3Sn magnet

Nb3Sn coil winding setup using a 6-degrees of freedom machine for series production.

CERN Improve winding process for ceramic superconductor-based devices.

Accelerator reliability training material


Open course to external persons, e.g. for other research infrastructures (ESS, Iter, ELI, Myrrha) and for medical accelerator facilities (HIT, CNAO, MedAustron).

System and component reliability database

Heidelberg Ion Therapy facility, Germany

Making available database to entire accelerator community, including medical centres, commonly filling the database to improve operation efficiency. Now the specification and proof-of-concept implementation work is pursued in the frame of the ARIES H2020 project.

Assess next generation wireless communications in large underground environments

University of Malta, Malta

Underground metro systems. Although this opportunity exists, a specific R&D activity has been considered too early, considering a time frame of 2040 for the beginning of operations of a next-generation collider in a 100km circumference underground tunnel facility.

Use of excavation material Montan-universität Leoben, Austria

Current European-wide legal frameworks consider excavation material as waste and consequently the applicable regulations apply, hampering the efficient use of this valuable material. Therefore a collaboration with the Montanuniversität Leoben (Austria) and the centre for tunneling studies CETU (France. Work has been launched to explore the use of excavation materials in a multi-year project. This cooperation is currently being set up with matching resources from both organisations. It expands along the legal framework issues, the soil analysis, identification of industrial use cases, economic & ecological logistics, fast on site analysis and preprocessing as well as the identification of entirely novel methods to use the material. This work is in line with the EU’s priority to move towards a circular economy and EuroCirCol creates a concrete test-bed.

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Cost-effective tunneling Montan-universität Leoben, Austria

Current tunneling methods are still based on conservative approaches although modern materials and techniques would already permit significant cost savings with tremendous impacts for the European infrastructure efficiency. A new underground infrastructure for a research infrastructure to be designed and built under the responsibility of an international organization creates an ideal environment to show-case those methods, since different legal frameworks apply. This work can lead to adaptations of the legal frameworks, to real-world demonstration of the feasibility of the technologies and to the cost-effective offering of the technology on the market. Today, a concrete project for this theme would be the preparatory-phase of a particle collider construction project.

Temporary high-capacity energy buffering and steady supply

CERN The recovery of energy stored in the superconducting magnets at the end of each operation cycle can release energy at the order needed to power of a small town. Today, particle accelerators dump this energy in form of heat. A future particle collider could recover this energy with novel technologies that can be developed in cooperation with industry. The potentials include the efficiency increase of research infrastructures in Europe through upgrades as well as the development of large scale energy buffering technologies for industry and de-centralised clean energy production in Europe. A concrete project remains to be defined coupled to a decision to pursue the detailed design of a particle collider infrastructure after 2020.

Waste heat recovery CERN Large-scale industrial installations such as the turbo-compressor based cryogenic refrigeration plants consume large amounts of electrical energy that is almost entirely converted into waste heat. For a complex of plants in the order of 250 MW it becomes economically interesting to recover even a limited percentage between 5% and 10% of this heat, although for low temperature heat recovery (30 to 40 degree Celsius) technologies are today still inefficient. A concrete project remains to be defined for this impact potential, once a decision is taken if a particle collider that needs such a kind of refrigeration infrastructure is to be designed in greater detail.

Large-scale Invar-based cryogen distribution

CERN Invar is a long-known alloy that is characterize by a very low thermal expansion coefficient. It is therefore the ideal material for building large-scale cryogenic infrastructures. Despite its high price, the overall cost of cryogenic infrastructures can be

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reduced, due to the avoidance of costly interface and linking equipment that become needed due to the shrinking of ordinary metals when used over a large temperature range. An R&D project has been defined for bringing this approach to a higher technology readiness level. It can be launched if a decision to pursue the detailed technical design is taken. The impact includes the upgrade of other research infrastructures with cryogenic installations as well as industrial cryogenic plants such as liquid natural gas and hydrogen liquefaction plants.

Software support for Environmental Impact Assessment of large-scale, long-lasting project in a transnational context

CERN Performing environmental impact assessments of geographically distribute, large scale and trans-national installations requires particular software support. The impacts need to be regularly assessed, mitigation measures need to be planned and their efficiency needs to be documented. Different regulatory frameworks impose different constraints and call for different reporting styles. Such systems are today not existing on the open market. Solutions that multinational industries use are partially project-specific and partially not available to other customers. With an ever-growing importance of constructing for long-term in an ecological manner, the development of such a framework can create numerous benefits for future large-scale projects. Today, the need for a future particle-collider project has been identified, but specific projects to develop such a system together with industrial partners remains to be defined during a project preparatory phase.

EuroCirCol project continued profiting from synergies with the H2020 EASITrain MSCA project. With dedicated resources by the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU-WIEN) the Technology Competence Leveraging method has been used to identify potential impacts for superconducting and cryogenics technologies.

Collaboration also exists with the H2020 FuSuMaTech project on establishing a pan-European roadmap for the development of innovative superconducting magnets for medical and industrial applications. In line with the technology list above, the following credible application candidates were identified for the superconducting R&D topics:

Compact particle accelerators for light-ion therapy (protons, carbon ions and others)

High-efficiency, non-invasive fruit quality control systems

Superconducting fly-wheel energy storage systems

Loss-less DC power distribution

Open and single sided, cryogen free MRI based on MgB2 technology,

Very high field whole body MRI with 16 Tesla magnets based on Nb3Sn technology,

Gradient coils for high field MRI beyond 10 Tesla.

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Industry partners are regularly invited to common workshops (FCC Weeks, FCC conductor workshop, IEEE conferences) to report on their progress and plans. The list of participants includes Bilfinger BNG, ASG/Columbus, Bruker, Luvata, SuperPower/Furukawa, TVEL JSC,KISWire and WST.

1.2.1.5 Task 1.5: Coordinate technical scope


The layout of the hadron collider (FCC-hh) has been optimized (D2.4, D3.2) for the physics performance that has been defined in period 1 as a cooperative effort between WP2, WP3, WP4 and WP5. In addition, the layout has been adjusted to be able to accommodate both, an energy frontier hadron collider and an electron-positron collider as a possible first step. All files are managed via the repository for the lattice and beam optics design that has been set up for the collaborative work in project period one. The particle accelerator elements (D2.3, M2.3, M3.3) has been defined accordingly. During this period, WP1 coordinated the assessment of the socio-urbanistic impacts of the current placement baseline. The framework, which exists now will be used after the project period to develop detailed implementation scenarios that could also include an intensity frontier lepton collider (FCC-ee) as the potential first step – housed in the same 100km circumference tunnel that could ultimately house an energy-frontier hadron collider.

The overall collider design meets the performance and physics goals for a new accelerator-based research infrastructure to continue exploring high-energy physics after the end of the LHC programme. The parameters presented satisfy the requirements posed by WP2, WP3, WP4 and WP5 and define a framework for subsequent work for possible implementation scenarios that should take into account the environmental impact and the legislative procedures in the hosting states. The defined parameters also meet the existing CERN injector complex, infrastructure requirements and constraints while also taking into account findings from geological studies and the need for overall operation and optimization of the cost. The work under this task constituted a substantial interface between the H2020 EuroCirCol project and the FCC study.

Initial and nominal operation parameters have been revised and are now integrated in the conceptual design report (D1.5).

Table 5 summarizes the parameters.

Table 5: The initial and nominal performance parameters of the collider defined in period 1 have been kept. They are published in the 3rd Volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report (FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider).

Parameter Initial Nominal

Perimeter (tunnel length) [km] 97.75

Centre of mass collision energy [TeV] 100

Injection energy 3.3 TeV

Luminosity L [1034cm-2s-1] 5.0 Up to 30.0

Background events/bx 170 (34) < 1020 (204)

Bunch distance Δt [ns] 25

Bunch charge, protons per bunch[1011] 1

Fraction of ring filled ηfill [%] 80

Normalised emittance [mm] 2.2

Max ξ for 2 IPs 0.01 (0.02) 0.03

IP beta-function β [m] 1.1 0.3

IP beam size σ [mm] 6.8 3.5

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RMS bunch length σz [cm] 8

Full crossing angle [µrad] 91 200 (crab cavities)

Turn-around time [h] 5 4

Three comprehensive reviews of the entire study took place together with the International Advisory Committee (IAC) on 29/30 June 2017 (https://indico.cern.ch/event/612848/), on 17/18 May 2018 (https://indico.cern.ch/event/718237/) and on 10 September (https://indico.cern.ch/event/752103/).

The FCC IAC received draft contents of the conceptual designs and established a comprehensive list of questions that the work package leaders and technical experts answered in preparation of the final Conceptual Design Report. The FCC IAC published a statement on the Conceptual Design Report that was made publicly available on the 15th of January 2019: https://cds.cern.ch/record/2653792?ln=en

The documents of the internal reviews are not openly accessible but can be made available to the EC project management upon request.

The following IAC members acted as reviewers of the FCC conceptual design report chapters.

Name Name

Physics Chris Quigg (FNAL), Andy Parker (University of Cambridge), Marcella Diemoz (INFN), Gregor Herten (University Freiburg), Günther Dissertori (ETH Zürich), Victor Egorychev (ITEP)

Collide design and performance

Vladimir Shiltsev (FNAL), Mike Seidel (PSI), Ralph Assmann (DESY), Wolfram Fischer (BNL)

Collider technical systems Akira Yamamoto (KEK), Alban Mosnier (CEA), Mike Seidel (PSI), Joe Minverini (MIT)

Civil engineering Tim Watson (ITER)

Technical infrastructures Philippe Lebrun (JUAS)

Injector scenarios Vladimir Shiltsev (FNAL), Wolfram Fischer (BNL)

Experiments and detector Christopher Quigg (FNAL), Andy Parker (University of Cambridge), Marcella Diemoz (INFN), Gregor Herten (University Freiburg), Günther Dissertori (ETH Zürich), Victor Egorychev (ITEP)

Safety Tim Watson (ITER), Philippe Lebrun (JUAS)

Energy efficiency Mike Seidel (PSI)

Environment Tim Watson (ITER)

Education and society Günther Dissertori (ETH Zürich)

Strategy R&D All IAC members





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A further study has been performed to specify the reliability and availability budgets of the individual subsystems that are required to meet the target performance. This work has not revealed any showstoppers.

Concerning the injectors, the required key beam transfer elements have been studied in greater detail and the needed R&D activities have been identified. Despite the age of the injector complex, now showstoppers have been found.

In order to come to a workable design concept, the study assumes the use of a novel cryogenic refrigeration infrastructure based on a Helium-Neon light gas mixture and novel turbo-compressor gear. In addition, a novel high-performance low-temperature Nb3Sn-based superconductor with small filament size and high current, limiting the heat generation during ramping is assumed. Without that combined approach it would be difficult to conceive an efficient and sustainable operation of a future high-energy hadron collider. Further improvements to reduce the electrical energy consumption and to recover losses have been identified:

- Investment in the optimization of plants and components - Recovery of energy stored in the superconducting magnets - Recovery of waste heat for process-internal consumers and for the facility - Storage of waste heat in the ground for using it for facility and outside heating and cooling

The study has started to investigate an alternative scenario, looking at an electron-positron collider as a first stage. In this scenario, a high-energy hadron collider to be installed at a later stage, in the second half of the 21st century could be based on high-temperature superconductors (HTS) for which a longer technology R&D programme would be required. For this scenario, electricity consumption due to less refrigeration needs is expected to be much lower.

1.2.1.6 Task 1.6: Develop implementation and cost scenarios


The study office at CERN has been using the cost documentation framework that emerged from the previous reporting periods for the cost estimates of a new particle collider infrastructure. As part of this work, the following systems have been quantified: civil engineering (underground and surface), cryogenics, superconducting magnet, particle detector, electricity infrastructure, transfer lines for injector, injector, superconducting radio frequency system.

CERN has commissioned ILF Consulting Engineers Austria GmbH (ILF) with the first estimation of costs and construction programmes for the FCC civil works construction contracts. This study has been divided in three phases. Phase 1 focused on estimation of cost and schedule for the Baseline Design, which consists of a circular 100km and 6m internal diameter tunnel, shafts, caverns and additional tunnel and surface infrastructure. Phase 2 explored cost and schedule impacts for some alternative layouts for the concept designs. ILF has completed these two phases. The final Phase 3, included reviews of the alignment, cross sections, schedule constraints, additional items for the ee and eh Machines, spoil schedules and site investigations. The report also investigates alternatives to the layout at point F, shaft and junction cavern shapes and the use mobile platforms in shafts. Civil construction works can be completed within the deadlines predetermined by CERN physics installation schedule. The report also suggests that planning and design activities for the connection between the LHC and Injection Tunnels should be carried out during the shutdown between 2024 and 2026. Construction of the connections is proposed to take place during the 2030 shutdown.

Site investigations are planned to be divided in four stages. The first stage is dedicated to feasibility and corridor definition and three further stages are to encompass the Main Site Investigation. Moreover, given the project level of complexity and geological setting, it is expected that site investigations will cost approximately 2% of the total direct construction costs which is included in the civil engineering costs reported in the FCC CDR.

The detailed reports for all three phases are not openly accessible as they contain sensitive geological and satellite data but can be made available to the EC project management upon request.

The FCC study revealed the validity of the so-called integrated approach foreseen a circular lepton collider (FCC-ee) as the first step followed by a hadron 100 TeV collider (FCC-hh) leading to significant savings

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compared to the standalone cost of a single FCC-hh phase. Specifically through this synergy a total amount of 7,000 MCHF can be saved from the construction costs and the reuse of the current infrastructure. The two machines could offer a long-term research programme of 60 years, complementing physics opportunities and a longer R&D period for pushing the required technologies for FCC-hh.

The breakdown of cost of the full FCC programme (ee and hh) is as follows:

- 4 GCHF for the FCC-ee collider and injector; - 17 GCHF for the FCC-hh collider and injector (of which 9.4 GCHF for the magnets); - 7.6 GCHF for the common civil engineering and technical infrastructure.

The construction cost for FCC-hh as a single project (i.e. without prior construction of an FCC-ee lepton collider) amounts to 24 000 million CHF for the entire project.

The capital cost estimate assuming the total integrated project is summarized in the following Table 6a.

Domain Cost in MCHF

Stage 1 – Civil Engineering 5,400

Stage 1 - Technical infrastructure 2,200

Stage 1 – FCC-ee Machine & Injector Complex 4,000

Stage 2 – Civil engineering 600

Stage 2 – Technical Infrastructure Adaptation 2,800

Stage 2 – FCChh Machine & Injector Complex 13,600

TOTAL construction cost 28,600

In the case of a stand-alone project, the capital expenditure estimate of 24,000 MCHF is summarised in Table 6b. The precision of the overall cost estimate is at ±30% level. For a more detailed discussion see also M1.9.

Domain Cost in MCHF

Collider and injector complex 13,600

Technical infrastructure 4,400

Civil Engineering 6,000

TOTAL construction cost 24,000

Table 6b: Cost estimates for the FCC-integrated and the FCC-hh standalone scenario.

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Figure 14: FCC capital cost per domain for the case of the integral FCC project.

Thanks to the work of EuroCirCol the key cost drivers for a future energy-frontier circular hadron collider have been identified. The project is dominated by the accelerator and injector, amounting to 57% or 13,600 MCHF. The major part of the accelerator cost corresponds to the 4,700 Nb3Sn 16 T main dipole magnets, totalling 9,400 MCHF, at a cost target of 2 MCHF/magnet. The construction cost for surface and underground civil engineering is 6,000 MCHF or 25% of the total. Finally, the capital cost for the technical infrastructures is 4,400 MCHF corresponding to 18% of the total construction cost.

The study also demonstrated that in the case of the so-called FCC integrated programme the total capital cost can be significantly reduced by an amount of 7,000 MCHF. It was found that the main additional civil engineering structures required for FCC-hh are two experiment caverns with four shafts for the lower luminosity experiments, the beam dump tunnels and the two transfer lines from LHC including one access shaft and injection cavern each, with a total construction cost of 600 MCHF. The scenario of the FCC integrated programme also opens the opportunity for a much longer R&D time period (+20 years) for the design of FCC-hh key technologies.

Together with the French authorities a working group with the secretariat of the region Auvergne-Rhone-

Alpes [SGAR] has yielded a document that describes the case for a new particle collider research

infrastructure in the region and that documents a viable administrative procedure schedule towards its

operation. The costs for the host state in terms of administrative procedures have been estimated.

The next steps towards a preparatory phase for this project have been identified in collaboration with

CERN’s host-states and a working group has been established.

Work with French authorities led to the following recommendations for the next phase of this project:

- Study of the re-use of the excavation materials

- Study for an optimization of the particle collider layout and placement in the region

- Preparation of the environmental and socio-urbanistic impact assessments

- Development of a plan for the use of the excavation materials

- Preparation to establish a set of the applicable legal frameworks in France & Switzerland and those

rules, which need to be customized in view of preparing a “law for a unique procedure to prepare,

construct and operate a future circular collider”

- Preparation of a scenario document for a validation by the French president’s office that serves as a

condition to study the preparatory project phase

- Establishment of an institutional communication that permits working with government and

stakeholder representatives in an effective way, much before a decision to build is taken. This

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communication package needs to include the identification and preparation of important topics for

the debat plublique.

All findings have been documented in a booklet that has been communicated to CERN’s Directorate, the

prefects of the region and to the president of the republic.

To work efficiently with Switzerland (one of CERN’s host state), CERN has also set up a permanent

concertation structure with a group of representatives from the canton and State of Geneva, with

representatives from the federal government and with the Swiss representatives at the international

organisations. The work concerning the identification of a workable schedule of administrative processes in

Switzerland for the preparation and construction of a future circular collider was launched in autumn 2017

and has been validated by the Swiss authorities in 2018.

Work with Swiss authorities led to the following recommendations:

- Timely establishment of an institutional communication project and the production of adequate

communication material

- Creation of dedicated working groups to develop processes for the de-classification of non-

constructible land and for the acquisition of land or the acquisition of rights to use the land for a

project

Analysis of the excavation material in view of developing a plan for the management and use of the

material

- Preparatory work for the use of resources in the region (e.g. water)

- Preparatory work for setting up the environmental impact studies, including landscaping and

architectural topics

- The development of a governance and management structure for the preparatory phase of the

project that demonstrates the professional approach of the international organization in preparing

the project and which demonstrates, how the host nations are included in this structure

In order to proceed effectively with the work in Switzerland, which is based on a federal governance scheme

as opposed to France, CERN acknowledged the recommendation to engage an “Assistance Maitre Outrage”

(administrative project organization assistance company), which represents again significant matching funds

contributed by CERN.

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1.2.2 Work package 2:Arc design

Lead beneficiary: CEA –WP Progress: Completed

The arc design work package (WP 2) focused on the conceptual design of the largest fraction of the collider ring, the modular arc. The design of the arcs and their magnets is critical for beam performance and in particular is the key to the overall cost of such a research infrastructure. Cost efficiency is of paramount interest, since the high-field superconducting magnets and in particular the magnet aperture have significant cost impacts. The beam screen aperture is directly linked to the beam performance (egg, the beam stability) and the magnet aperture. Therefore, this WP produces the functional specifications for WP4 studying the cooling and vacuum requirements for a post-LHC energy frontier hadron collider.

The study derives field quality specifications for the accelerator magnet design activities (WP 5), moving technical feasibility into reachable regions. Understanding the behaviour of novel materials in presence of unprecedented synchrotron radiation levels, understanding novel techniques such as high-temperature superconductor coatings and seamless construction and production are major topics of interest to keep cost under control and to achieve reliable operation. WP includes six tasks:

Task 2.1: Work Package Coordination

Task 2.2: Develop optimized arc lattice

Task 2.3: Study dynamic aperture

Task 2.4: Study single beam current limitation

Task 2.5: Understand and control impact of electron cloud effects

Task 2.6: Develop optics concept for collimation system

Objectives:

Continued work on the accelerator lattice design and alternative scenarios.

Refinement of the tuning procedure, of the chromaticity correction and other correction schemes.

Continued work on dynamic aperture. To compare dynamic aperture (DA) of the alternatives with the baseline.

Continued effort on single bunch instabilities and electron cloud studies.

Proposals of alternatives for the optics of the collimation insertions and comparison of their cleaning inefficiency with the baseline.

Develop a baseline conceptual design of the collimation sections and provide the key specifications for the beam pipe and magnets.

Develop optic concept for collimation system.

Achievements:

The lattice has been updated based on the final magnet designs and cost considerations produced by WP5 and the global FCC 16T magnet development programme.

Alternative optics with 60 degrees in the FODO cells has also been studied but the 90 degrees has been retained as the baseline.

Correction schemes for the coupling and the tuning have been developed.

Dynamic studies have been updated with updated lattice and updated dipole error table. Octopuses are integrated in the baseline lattice.

The impacts of the phase advance between IPs on the dynamic aperture (with and without collision) and of the misalignment of the sextuple correctors on the beta-beating have been studied.

The impact of coatings on the impedance has been investigated, in particular the impact of laser surface treatment or amorphous carbon coating have been evaluated. These are the main mitigation options for electron cloud effects. Carbon coating is found acceptable while more work is required for the laser treatment since the impedance depends on the parameters of the treatment. A detailed report/publication on Landau damping for FCC has been published.

A report on the collider arc design and its key elements, taking into account the findings from previous reporting periods of WP2, has been released.

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In collaboration with WP 3, a comprehensive study of energy deposition due to the debris produced in p-p non elastic collisions up to the end of the matching section has been undertaken. Three different mitigation strategies have been explored based on (i) regular crossing plane and polarity alternation or (ii) splitting of magnets.

Thoroughly studied the results of electron cloud effects using computer simulations for different geometries of the beam pipe and beam configurations. The studies have shown that operation with the baseline value of 25 ns bunch separation is acceptable. Further work is required for smaller bunch spacings to ensure stable beam operation.

The preferred set of working points and resulting requirements and constraints on the overall collider design have been studied. In combination with WP 3, which studies different aspects, useable points have been discussed. The baseline point is acceptable but further studies may allow to choose a point with improved performance.

Annotated beam optics and lattice files with specifications of the required magnet parameters (strengths & apertures) including consolidated position and element characteristics have been collected.

Contribute to the FCC Conceptual Design Report (FCC CDR) that provides input to the ongoing update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics. All insertions have been included also those from WP 3 and other design efforts.

Together with CERN, CEA iteratively developed an optimised design baseline to adjust tolerances for the magnet field errors by adding non-linear elements (D-2.4, D-2.5). The work was performed in close collaboration with the colleagues working for task 2.3 (dynamic aperture) and WP 5 (accelerator magnet design), to commonly establish acceptable field error tolerances for different magnet designs.

Gap analysis study between findings of the study, towards a realization project: Portfolio of suggested R&D topics related to accelerator technologies and design elements remaining to be elaborated in greater detail or to be further optimised to come to a sustainable machine design.


No specific new problems occurred.

Corrective actions:

None were required.

The studies of the beam screen impedance have been very useful for the LHC community as the use of laser treatment is an option for the luminosity upgrade. As a result of the studies a new activity has been setup up to experimentally determine the impedance.

WP 2 workplan:


Develop an optimised conceptual design for the hadron collider arc.

COMPLETED The overall machine lattice and beam optics have been integrated and validated and formed the preparation of the FCC Conceptual Design Report. The possibilities to achieve the initial and nominal performances have been validated based on the assumption of the availability of certain key technologies (superconductor, magnets, cryogenic refrigeration, cryogenic beam vacuum system) explored by WP4 and WP5 as well as by other R&D efforts launched in the framework of the FCC study.

The lattice files are maintained in a versioned,

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configuration managed repository using the Git open source software at CERN (D2.5).

Evaluate and optimise the dynamic aperture and derive magnet field quality tolerances.

COMPLETED Based on the injection energy selection, updated results on the impedance studies, results from the formation of electron cloud effects and the proposed mitigation schemes as well as the defined operation cycle, the dynamic aperture requirements have been reviewed jointly with WP5. The magnet specifications have been revised accordingly.

Develop a baseline conceptual design of the collimation sections.

COMPLETED The collimation system baseline design has been documented including both the needed collimators and the beam optics. The detailed design lists all the beam-line elements (type, description, quantity, physics element characteristics) and uses existing know-how from the LHC collimation system but with some further developments to cope with the very high power loads expected during the FCC-hh beam loss scenarios.

Infrastructure requirements include, as for the LHC, cooling water circuits, controls, and remote inspection and handling and high-radiation areas

Provide the key functional specifications for the beam pipe and magnets.

COMPLETED The preferred magnet designs have been documented (WP5). An engineering design of the beam screen and beam pipe has been produced (WP4).

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1.2.2.1 Task 2.1: Work package coordination

Lead beneficiary: CEA - Task status: Completed

The work was coordinated among the consortium members with regular meetings that include also remote participation using the videoconferencing system provided by CERN (Vidyo). Discussions have occurred with magnet experts (with several dedicated meetings) to converge on the magnet families and to check the technical feasibility (gradients and inter-distances) of the proposed design. The arc lattice was then modified to fit better the requirements (longer quadrupoles and correctors). The work allowed to explore different concepts for the collimation system comparing experimental data with simulated results and review the baseline designs taking into account the physics requirements and the constraints on the infrastructure and services.

The WP2 had to coordinate with WP3, WP4 and WP5 on a number of topics to maximize the efficiency and reliability of any future machine and identify the technological gaps that call for further collaborative R&D. Specifically the design of the collimation system had to be coordinated with WP3 that designed the EIR. Also the impedance effects and beam stability have been studied together. The design of the beamscreen and its impact on impedance and electron effects were studied with WP4 on the vacuum system to ensure that the design achieves beam stability and that the build-up of electron cloud is acceptable. Finally, close interaction with WP5 helped to provide the right error tolerance constraints for the accelerator magnet design and understand technical limitations emerging during the magnet design studies. All in all the success of this WP is thanks to the close and continuous collaboration with all the other WP of this project providing timely input for WP2 work.


2017

Dates(dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting


12/01/17 Collective effect meeting

CERN WP2 + FCC hh members


02/02/17 Alignment meeting






17/03/17 Magnet-beam dynamics

CERN WP2+WP3+WP5 members


30-31/03/17 Collective effect

Workshop



13/04/17 Coordination meeting

CERN WP2+WP3 members















CERN WP2 members https://indico.cern.ch/event/638306/

27/07/17 Lattice/EIR CERN WP2+WP3 https://indico.cern.ch/event/656067/










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meeting meeting




14/09/17 Electron cloud meeting



21/09/17 General design meeting



09-10/10/17 Coordination meeting






07/12/17 Collimation meeting



2018

Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting








19/02/18 Magnet quality discussion



22/03/18 Beamscreen design




CERN WP2+WP3+FCC hh members


31/05/18 Lattice and beam stability






13/09/18 General design

meeting

CERN EuroCirCol + FCC hh

members



CERN EuroCirCol + FCC hh members



KIT WP2+WP3 members








2019

Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting


14/02/19 General design CERN EuroCirCol + https://indico.cern.ch/event/798366/














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meeting FCC hh members







25/06/19 EuroCirCol WP2 Session, FCC Week

2019

Brussels EuroCirCol

+FCC study members




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1.2.2.2 Task 2.2: Develop optimised arc lattice


Discussions evolved during this period with the civil engineering team (part of FCC umbrella study) to validate the survey. A new lattice was released in agreement with the new layout [7][8]. Multipole correctors (trim, skew quadrupoles and octupoles) have been successful integrated to the final baseline lattice

design (see Figure). Significant work allowed to refine the correction procedures and fine tune

between the different IPs foreseen for a future 100 TeV hadron circular collider (FCC-hh).

The final arc lattice includes magnets with less stringent performance requirements than before (inter-distance increased to 1.5 m, longer quadrupoles to reduce the maximum gradient from 400 T/m to 360 T/m, longer correctors.). The impact of the intra-beam distance on the b2 component in the dipoles has been taken into account thanks to the work performed during this period. The dispersion suppressors were modified to enable the insertion of collimators to protect the arc entrances.

During this reporting period, the aperture model has been updated and integrated to take into account the last beam screen geometry. The aperture is sufficient in the arcs but the bottleneck is in the dispersion suppressors. Special care is necessary to enlarge the aperture there.

Coding has been developed allowing for correction goals allowing to quickly assess alternative options: dispersion suppressor, orbit, tune and coupling corrections. Alternatives scenarios to the baseline

were explored taking into account a phase advance of 60 degrees for the arc cell (see Figure ). Currently, the

aperture is too small at injection energy, because of the enlarged dispersion

Figure 15: Magnet distribution for a half-cell in the arcs.

Figure 16: Optics of the arc cell in the case of a phase advance of 60 degrees. The beam stay clear is given at injection energy.

7 A. Chance et al., "Updates on the Optics of the Future Hadron-Hadron Collider FCC-hh," in IPAC2017,

Copenhagen, Denmark, 2017, TUPVA002 8 A. Chance et al., "Overview of Arc Optics of FCC-hh" in IPAC2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2018,

MOPMF025

http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/ipac2017/papers/tupva002.pdf

https://impedance.web.cern.ch/impedance/fcchh/meetings/ipac2018/chance.pdf

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1.2.2.3 Task 2.3: Study dynamic aperture

Lead beneficiary: CEA - Task status: On schedule

Dynamic Aperture (DA) studies have been updated with the latest dipole field quality tables [9][10].

Present tables of main dipole field quality alone ensure a DA above 12 σ at the injection energy of 3.3 TeV, if sextupole and decapole errors are locally corrected in the main dipole. This is similar to the LHC and provides a safety factor of about 2 taking also into account all related uncertainties from SixTrack calculations. The octupoles used to stabilize the beam can also reduce the DA for a future energy-frontier hadron collider, like in LHC. Dedicated studies at injection shows that the minimum DA stays above

collimator settings, therefore even if the target of 12 is not reached this is not considered a show stopper. Most of the reduction of DA come from the chromatic aberrations, in fact the minimum DA for the on

momentum particles is very close to 12 even in presence of the octupoles. Injection energy at 1.3 TeV is presently excluded from a DA point of view.

At the FCC collision energies, non-linear errors in the EIR drive the DA. A number of baseline corrections have been applied: including chromaticity and tune corrections, spurious dispersions (like in the case of HL-LHC), coupling corrections, sextupole arc dipole corrections and the phase advance between EIRs is optimised to increase the DA. The use of non-linear correctors provides a considerable increase in DA but are particularly important for the cases with very low beta* (below the target value of 30 cm), for which the

target at collision energy of 10 is only achieved (or nearly achieved for the case with beta* 15 cm) with the use of normal and skew sextupole and octupole. Further work will be needed to address chromaticity correction for these very low beta* optics option that would push beyond the design value.

Figure 17: Dynamic aperture at injection energy of 3.3 TeV with b3 and b5 correctors and octupoles. The target of 12 σ is shown as the red dashed line.

The orbit correction procedure includes now errors in the experimental insertions and crossing schemes. Correction procedures for the tune and coupling exist[11][12]. In the technical design phase further studies for the orbit correction in the insertions will be needed to confirm that as expected these do not present a

9B. Dalena and others, "Advance on Dynamic Aperture at Injection for FCC-hh," in IPAC2017, Copenhagen,

Denmark, 2017., TUPVA003 10B. Dalena et al, "Field Quality of the hadron option of the future circular collider," in IPAC2019, Melbourne,

Australia, 2019, MOPMP005 11D. Boutin et al., "Progress on the Optics Corrections of FCC-hh," in IPAC2017, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2017,

TUPVA001 12D. Boutin et al., "Updates on the Optic Corrections of FCC-hh," in IPAC2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2018,

MOPMF023


http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/ipac2019/papers/mopmp005.pdf


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problem. In particular beta-beating and dispersion beating correction will have to be implemented before to include linear imperfections in the DA calculation.

Finally, in the current magnet design, the systematic component of b3 in the dipoles reaches up to 25 units at injection. The studies showed that, to first order, this is mitigated by the spool pieces. Residual effects arise from orbit uncertainties in the dipoles and spool pieces that create feed-down effects with a random b2 component, and are a source of beta-beating. The studies showed that to keep this beta-beating contribution at the same level as the one of random b2 in the dipoles and quadrupoles, the relative RMS misalignment between the spool pieces and the dipoles should be below 0.3 mm, which is slightly better compared to the LHC value of 0.5 mm but appears feasible.

1.2.2.4 Task 2.4: Study single beam current limitation

Lead beneficiary: TUD - Task status: Completed

In this task the sources of single beam instability and the mitigation methods have been studied and

it has been ensured that the beam will remain stable (see Figure 18). Initially a goal for the level of impedance had been defined that should be high enough to allow unavoidable sources and low enough to still ensure the beam stability with the appropriate mitigation methods.

The developed transverse impedance model, also described in the FCC-hh CDR, includes the most critical components: the beam screen together with the contributions of the surface coating and the pumping holes, the warm beam pipe in the straight sections, the collimators, the interconnects between the dipole magnets, the RF system and the crab cavities. It was demonstrated that the beam screen related impedance dominates coupled-bunch instability while the impedance sources coming from the different elements of the beam screen have also been detailed thanks to this work. EuroCirCol identified an important dependence of the impedance on the exact coverage of the copper coating. The inner surface of the slits should also be coated to minimise the impedance.

The inner part of the beam screen needs to be either coated or laser-treated to suppress the electron cloud build-up, see next task. The impact of these solutions on the impedance has been studied. A coating with amorphous carbon or TiN is acceptable. Specifically, the beamscreen surface coating is expected to give a 30% increase in impedance at the relevant frequencies if an amorphous carbon or a titanium-nitride coating is used for electron cloud mitigation. Alternatively, a laser treatment of the beamscreen surface could be used. Measurements at the FRESCA laboratory setup at CERN demonstrated that the laser treatment approach for electron cloud mitigation is an acceptable approach to suppress the electron cloud build-up sufficiently for FCC-hh requirements. However, the resulting increase in beamscreen impedance is not fully known and varies with the details of the treatment. Therefore impedance considerations may limit the treated area to only a small fraction of the surface. The geometric impedance contributions from pumping holes and interconnects are acceptable.

A key method to stabilize the beam is the orbit feedback system. The one explored by EuroCirCol is based on LHC but has been further improved. It can damp the m=0 modes while higher modes require an additional method. Detailed studies have been performed and concluded that Landau damping by the addition of octupoles is capable of ensuring the beam stability with a strength that is practical. A detailed report on the Landau damping (Landau damping requirements and implementations) for FCC-hh has been published.

The detailed electron cloud studies continued during this reporting period and are now completed, see next task. Simulations show that other operation schemes are feasible (like 5 ns spacing). If the future experiments, designed for a future energy-frontier collider, require smaller bunch spacing an appropriate R&D programme can be launched taking into account the EuroCirCol lessons. The alternative bunch spacing will increase the electron cloud effect, with the 12.5 ns option being the most critical. This requires additional mitigation and improvements of the existing mitigation measures. Furthermore, the instrumentation and feedback systems must have higher bandwidth.

Progress in simulation codes achieved as part of this work will enable us to go further in the feedback study. More experimental data would be very useful for validation and verification of the models used for these simulations. Feedback will damp the mode m=0 whereas octupoles magnets will be

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used to Landau damp the mode m=1. An interplay between octupole and long-range beam-beam effects before collisions that has been solved applying the collide and squeeze operational scheme as foreseen for the HL-LHC. The phase advance between IRs and the working points have been optimized using the DA simulations in the presence of beam-beam interactions. Electron lens and radio-frequency quadrupoles have also been studied as alternatives to the octupole magnets system for Landau damping. Finally, as a further optimisation of the lattice (i.e. working point and phase advance), coating of the beamscreen with a high-temperature superconductor (HTS), or the use of an intra-bunch feedback, are considered as next steps following the work of this group.

.

Figure 18: Beam stability region at collision energy. The fundamental mode (m=0) is assumed to be corrected with feedback systems.

Finally, another important contribution to the total impedance budget comes from the machine collimators. A proposed solution developed by EuroCirCol is to make the jaws of some collimators from a low-resistivity material (such as molybdenum-graphite). First results show that this could bring their impedance down to an acceptable level.

1.2.2.5 Task 2.5: Understand and control impact of electron cloud effects

Lead beneficiary: KEK - Task status: Completed

The effect of beam screen geometry (from WP4) on electron cloud build-up has been fully evaluated. It has been found that the beams will be stable for the proposed parameters.

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Figure 19: Electron cloud density versus secondary emission yield (SEY) of the chamber surface in quadrupoles (left plot) and dipoles (right plot). Different curves are for different densities of emitted photon electrons.

The increase of the slit size of the final design increases the multipacting threshold in drifts. The new geometry with an increased slit and a saw-tooth on the ante-chamber surface has been used. The expected flux of this optimized design has been confirmed with WP4. The estimated primary photoelectron fluxes, which are due to synchrotron radiation, are within stability limits. In the drifts, photoelectrons produced at the saw-tooth are not trapped close to the surface by magnetic fields as in the dipoles; one could consider to further improve reduce the level of electron by adding small magnetic fields, e.g. with solenoids.

The simulations also show that the new chamber design sufficiently suppresses the avalanche-like build-up of electron cloud from individual seed electron for the baseline bunch spacing of 25 ns if either an amorphous carbon coating or surface laser treatment is applied.

For the alternative bunch spacing, stability requires a challenging secondary electron yield (SEY) of 1 in quadrupoles and possibly coating in field free regions. This has been a key factor while the decision remain with the baseline bunch spacing until further design optimizations improve the situation.

Studies in the framework of EuroCirCol aimes to get electron cloud scaling rules from LHC to FCC. They conclude that the SEY threshold is sensitive to the chosen model. It therefore appears prudent to fully verify the expected performance of the beamscreen experimentally when progressing to a technical design. These studies have important synergy with LHC and HL-LHC.

The cryogenic beam vacuum system ensures excellent vacuum to limit beam-gas scattering. The LHC vacuum system design is not suitable for FCC-hh, hence a novel design has been developed in the scope of the EuroCirCol project. It is as compact as possible to minimise the magnet aperture and consequently magnet cost. The beamscreen features an ante-chamber and is copper coated to limit the parasitic interaction with the beam. The shape also reduces seeding of the electron cloud by backscattered photons and additional carbon coating or laser treatment prevents the build-up. This novel system is operated at 50 K and a prototype has been validated experimentally in the KARA synchrotron radiation facility at KIT (Germany).

1.2.2.6 Task 2.6: Develop optics concept for collimation system

Lead beneficiary: CNRS - Task status: Completed

Due to the high stored beam energy, and low quench limit of the FCC-hh magnets, a high performing collimation system is critical for the success of the accelerator operation. A detailed design of the FCC-hh collimation system has been performed, including both the needed collimators and the beam optics. The assumed hardware design of the collimators is based on concepts from the LHC and HL-LHC but with

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some further developments to cope with the very high power loads expected during the FCC-hh beam loss scenarios.

The performance of the FCC-hh collimation system has been studied in detail through particle tracking, energy deposition, and thermo-mechanical simulations. In spite of a stored beam energy of 8.3 GJ, it has been shown that the cleaning performance largely meets the requirements and that the machine can be protected from quenches during lifetime drops down to 12 minutes in both the horizontal and vertical planes, which is pessimistically taken as a specification for the betatron cleaning.

This has been achieved through the use of a system based on the LHC design. Simulations have been performed at both injection and collision energies, and for horizontal, vertical, skew and off-momentum beam halos. Some issues were found, and following the initial simulations, the design has been optimised with the addition of extra dispersion suppressor collimators as well as local protection to alleviate losses at some critical locations. The cleaning of off-momentum losses is the most critical scenario, where the un-bunched beam is lost rapidly at the start of the ramp, has been also found to be within the estimated limits assuming an LHC style beam ramp. Injection quench limits show that the current design is acceptable. Studies also show that the addition of dispersion suppressor collimators also assist with lead ion operation, and dispersion suppressor losses due to ion fragmentation are acceptable.

The collimators of the FCC-hh will be subject to very high loads during sharp BLT drops and this is a major challenge for the system design. Energy deposition studies and thermo-mechanical simulations have been used to study and optimise the loads, and through changes in the collimator design the resulting peak power load can be brought down to tractable levels. Some issues still remain to be solved but they are not believed to be showstoppers (e.g. cooling pipes). Other elements in the warm collimation section, such as the passive absorbers and the warm dipoles, receive very high instantaneous power loads, and the design and cooling of these elements need further study during a subsequent technical design phase and optimisation.

Power on the most loaded primary collimator has been reduced by halving the primaries’ active length as well as removing the skew primary. The first secondary collimator jaws have been thickened to decrease the peak power load deposited on the collimator. Simulations with the skew primary removed show increased losses, but still within acceptable ranges.

Following these changes, the cleaning efficiency, energy deposition in cold magnets and loads on collimators are in general under control.

The physical beam pipe aperture model was refined to match the updated beam vacuum pipe design. Minimum apertures are not far away the target. A few potential outliers remain but could be solved by using higher tolerances in a small number of magnets.

Beam failure studies have been completed for the dump system. Collimation efficiency has been addressed also in case of failure of the extraction kicker or collimator imperfections. Up to 3 extraction kickers could pre-fire and the machine will not be damaged. The misalignment impact is not negligible on global cold losses. More imperfections should be studied in the future. Cleaning the halos with electron lens or crystal channeling should be developed in the future.

The work of this task has also shown that additional collimators are required in the dispersion suppression regions, experimental and extraction insertions (70 movable collimators per beam installed, and in addition, fixed masks are required).

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1.2.3 Work package 3: Experimental insertion region design

Lead beneficiary: UOXF – WP Progress: Completed

The initial focus was to set the performance that a future 100 TeV hadron circular collider can deliver to physics experiment users with a focus on sustained high-energy, high-luminosity collisions at controlled background conditions. Experiment interaction region and final focus lattice calculations led to refined collider baseline parameters. Once a detailed functional design had been available, studies on beam effects and on particularly critical beamline elements began. Machine detector interface constraints and requirements leading to particular design concepts and component specifications have been studied and validated for a future energy-frontier particle collider. The WP includes 4 tasks:

Task 3.1: Work package coordination

Task 3.2: Develop interaction region lattice

Task 3.3: Design machine detector interface

Task 3.4: Study beam-beam interaction

Objectives:

Establishing a solid baseline IR design and an alternative without crab cavities.

The designs should demonstrate Dynamic Aperture above 10 sigma and the triplets should survive about half of the project integrated luminosity.

Specify functions and performances of key beam-line elements.

Identify the potential needs for further dedicated research and development activities

Achievements:

EuroCirCol WP3 produced a robust design for the Experimental Interaction Region (EIR) with input from the other Working Packages that meets the performance expectations of a future circular energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh).

The design of the high luminosity experimental insertion region is capable of running with the ultimate parameter set and has the potential to even exceed the goals. It is fully compatible with the detector design and opening scenarios as well as the overall FCC-hh design. The crossing angle was chosen to offer operational margins. The required strength of the crab cavities is compatible with current assumptions for HL-LHC.

More specifically, the design of the interaction region follows the structure of the LHC interaction region: the final focus system consists of a quadrupole triplet on each side of the interaction point (IP) with a single aperture shared by the counter-rotating beams. Dipoles in the next sections away from the experiment separate the incoming and outgoing beams into the individual apertures used in the rest of the ring. Four quadrupoles in the straight section, the dispersion suppressor quadrupoles and trim quadrupoles in the first arc cell, are used to match the optical functions between the final focus system and the regular arcs.

The foreseen detector for a future circular hadron collider (FCC-hh) would require a 33 m space on either side of the IP including the space to be opened. The resulting total cavern length of 66 m sets the limits on the minimum distance between the triplets. An upper limit for the distance between the triplets arises from the length of the insertion, since the matching becomes more difficult with distance. Further, the design of the final focus system is driven by energy deposition from collision debris from the IP; the level exceeds the one of LHC by a large factor due to the higher beam energy and luminosity.

Shielding of the front of the magnets is required as well as shielding of the inside to protect the magnet from the debris, which could cause magnet quench and excessive radiation damage. Therefore a large quadrupole aperture, at the technical limit, is required. The overall geometry has been optimised taking all these constraints into account. Studies of collision debris indicate that the thick shielding inside final focus triplet can protect the magnets sufficiently, requiring only a single magnet replacement to reach the integrated luminosity goal even under conservative assumptions.

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The experimental insertion has an important impact on the dynamic aperture (DA) of the machine due to the strong interaction between the colliding beams and the fact that due to their large size the beams sample magnetic field errors close to the aperture.

DA has been extensively scanned for a large set of parameters clearly demonstrating that EIR non-linear corrector magnets are required only if beta* is pushed below 30cm. Results suggest that they should be considered to keep margin and flexibility.

FLUKA-based simulations show that triplet lifetime is sufficient to withstand more than half of the project luminosity production period.

An alternative optics with flat IP beta optics to mitigate the absence of crab cavities has been established. Performance loss is only about 10%. Fist DA simulations show promising results. Further work will be needed to evaluate the interplay of beam-beam effects, Landau octupoles and field errors though the values for the dynamic aperture identified look promising and demonstrate the feasibility of the design.

Document (D3.3) lists the specifications for the triplet quadrupoles of the high-luminosity Experimental Interaction Regions (EIRs) as well as the field quality specifications used in dynamic aperture studies. Moreover as part of the work of this WP, the hardware needs (i.e. parameters of separation and recombination dipoles of the high luminosity EIRs) have been identified along with the field error components for the two recombination dipoles in the high-luminosity EIRs.

Future studies should aim to provide an optimized squeezing scheme, making best use of the evolution of emittance and bunch charge.


No problems were encountered during the final reporting period of EuroCirCol following the smooth transition from Andrei Seryi (JAI UOXF) to Rogero Tomas Garcia (CERN) as WP leader. The successful submission of the deliverables and milestones of WP3 as well as the contribution in the preparation of the FCC Conceptual Design Report (CDR) testify the progress and smooth completion of WP3 tasks.

Corrective actions:

Not applicable.

WP 3 workplan:


Develop a baseline conceptual design of the interaction region, consistent with machine and detector requirements

COMPLETED

A revised baseline design of the interaction region has been produced that lists all beamline elements and their characteristics. It successfully addresses all performance limitations and no showstopper could be identified. Most notably, the energy deposition studies reviewed that triplet shielding and the target absorbers provide adequate lifetime of the triplet.

Specify functions and performances of key beam-line elements

COMPLETED

The functional and performance characteristics of the EIR beam-line elements have been documented. The study revealed that there is

no showstopper to reach the collider ’ s

performance goals.

Develop a machine detector COMPLETED The protection concept for the machine – detector interface is based on the

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interface (MDI) concept implementation of a number of different subsystems. The design for the MDI of a future high-energy collider has been documented and is included in the FCC Conceptual Design Report to meet the physics requirements but also taking into account the machine parameters. Dedicated beam-transfer element R&D projects have also been identified and documented in the CDR allowing to detect possible malfunctioning quickly and extract the beam rapidly..

Identify the potential needs for further dedicated research and development activities

COMPLETED

A set of technology R&D activities has been identified in order to bring the technology up to the required performances within the foreseen time frame. The topics are described in a dedicated document (WP3) during reporting period 3. They include the following themes:

- Beam transfer elements - Fast and high-power switching

elements - Highly resistant materials - The studies of the debris also have an

important impact on the detector design.

- Further optimization of the opration, e.g. phase advance between experiments, to gain margin and potentially push the performance further.

- Study the potential impact of high temperature superconductor magnet technology on the design.


Lead beneficiary: UOXF - Task status: Completed

WP3 coordinators provided overall guidance to the team and facilitated close collaboration with other WPs in order to converge to a refined lattice.

The development of the IR design was presented at the FCC week 2017 in Berlin, leading to a revaluation of L*. Work in progress towards the updated and refined lattice were presented at the EuroCirCol meeting in October 2017 at CERN, leading to the results shown at the FCC week 2018 in Amsterdam and the further results shown 2019 in Brussels and included in the FCC Conceptual Design Report.


2017

Dates(dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting


09/02/17 IR design meeting



23/02/17 Beam delivery system



17/03/17 Magnet-beam CERN WP2+WP3+WP https://indico.cern.ch/event/589686/




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dynamics 5 members 17/04/17 Coordination

meeting CERN WP2+WP3

members https://indico.cern.ch/event/631829/










22/06/17 Optics meeting CERN WP3 + FCC hh members


07/07/17 DA discussion CERN WP3 + FCC hh members


27/07/17 Lattice/EIR meeting







CERN WP2+WP3 meeting








17/10/17 Detector beam pipe






16/11/17 Impedance and DA studies



2018

Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting




22/03/18 Beam screen design




CERN WP2+WP3+FCC hh members




31/05/18 Lattice and beam stability







KIT WP2+WP3 members














2019

Dates

(dd/mm/yy) Type of

meeting Venue Attendance Indico link

























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25/06/19 EuroCirCol WP3 meeting

Brussels EuroCirCol + FCC study members






KIT WP2+WP3 members














1.2.3.2 Task 3.2: Develop interaction region lattice

Lead beneficiary: UOXF- Task status: Completed

The interaction region layout of FCC-hh follows the same principles as the LHC and HL-LHC interaction regions.

Early studies of the final focus system layout concluded that the main contributor to the minimum

β∗ is the overall length of the triplet, while L∗ plays a minor role. However, L*, impacts the total length required for the EIR. This led to a clear strategy to use the minimum L* consistent with the detector requirements. It should be noted that Machine Detector Interface (MDI) studies have been instrumental to

reduce this value as much as possible. Then the goal has been to minimize β∗.

An important constraint arises from the need to shield the magnet from the inside against the collision debris thus significantly reducing its free aperture that is available for the beam. This has been addressed by increasing the triplet length to the maximum until dynamic aperture and chromatic effects become obstacles.

The aperture in the 2 m thick wall between cavern and tunnel is equipped with a cast iron absorber to complete the forward shielding. TAS, a 3 m long copper absorber that protects the final focus magnets of the accelerator from the collision debris is located 35 m from the IP. With an additional space of 2 m reserved for vacuum equipment and for the end of the magnet cryostat, it was estimated that the first quadrupole of the final focus triplet should start at L* = 40 m.

Starting at the Interaction Point (IP), the strongly focused and highly divergent beams pass a drift space with

the length 𝐿∗ chosen to accommodate the detector. Following this drift space, a final focus system comprised of three large aperture quadrupoles (hence called the triplet) focuses the beams in both the horizontal and vertical plane. The triplet consists of single aperture magnets that host both beams (see Figure 20)








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Figure 20: Layout of the high luminosity interaction region. The layout is antisymmetric around the IP at (0,0).

The resulting reference orbits are shown in Figure 21. Also depicted are orbit excursions that let the two beams collide with a crossing angle in order to avoid parasitic collisions outside the detector area.

Figure 21: Reference orbits (solid lines) and closed orbits with crossing angles (dashed lines) in the interaction region.

Four more quadrupoles Q4-Q7 make up the following matching section that occupies the rest of the straight section. The straight section is connected to the arcs by a two cell dispersion suppressor. To provide enough degrees of freedom to match all required beam parameters from the IP to the arcs, the four matching section quadrupoles, the three individually powered quadrupoles of the dispersion suppressor Q8-Q10 and well as three tuning quadrupoles in the first arc cell QT11-QT13 are used for the matching procedure.

Figure 22: Optics of the main interaction region with β* = 0.3 m.

WP3 group has produced a robust lattice that meets the performance expectations and which is detailed in the FCC Conceptual Design Report (FCC-hh, Vol.3). The design of the high luminosity experimental insertion region is capable of running with the ultimate parameter set and has the potential to

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even exceed the goals. It is fully compatible with the detector design and opening scenarios as well as the overall FCC-hh design. The crossing angle was chosen to offer operational margins. It was calculated that the required strength of the crab cavities is compatible with current assumptions for HL-LHC.

First studies of crab cavities determined that a space of 20 m is required to provide full crabbing beyond ultimate parameters. A corresponding drift space has been allocated in the lattice.

1.2.3.3 Task 3.3: Design machine detector interface

Lead beneficiary: STFC- Task status: Completed

The optimized opening scenario of the detector led to a shorter L* of 40 m, reducing the maximum beta functions in the final focus triplet and reducing the overall length of the straight section to the allocated 1400 m (see Figure 23& 24). The compatibility of the detector beam pipe, opening scenario and radiation protection has been ensured in collaboration with the detector work group of the FCC study.

Figure 23: Detector and interaction region layout leading to the L∗ = 40 m lattice for a future hadron collider (FCC-hh). The Interaction Point (IP) is located at (0, 0) of the figure.

An important potential issue identified from this research is the background that one experiment can inject in another experiment in the subsequent insertion. These effects have been studied in the framework of EuroCirCol and it has been concluded that the cross talk is negligible in the case of an energy-frontier circular collider.

Studies of collision debris indicate that the thick shielding inside final focus triplet can protect the magnets sufficiently, requiring only a single magnet replacement to reach the integrated luminosity goal even under conservative assumptions. The dynamic aperture studies, performed in the framework of EuroCirCol are encouraging and demonstrate that validity of this approach. First evaluations of the impact of beam-beam effects, Landau octupoles and magnetic field errors on the DA is also encouraging. Future work should focus on an extended and systematic study of magnets multipolar errors. A subsequent R&D project should aim to provide an optimized squeezing scheme, making best use of the evolution of emittance and bunch charge.

Finally, particle losses in the arcs around the experiment that can lead to magnet quench have been mitigated by adding dedicated collimators.

1.2.3.4 Task 3.4: Study beam-beam interaction

Lead beneficiary: EPFL- Task status: Completed

The beam-beam interaction is an important factor limiting the performance reach of particle colliders. In the framework of EuroCirCol three of the most significant effects of beam-beam interactions have been studied: (i) the induced particle losses, which decreases the beam lifetime, creates a high background load for physics experiments and elevates the heat and radiation load on the collimation system; (ii) the degradation of beam

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quality, which leads to beam size blow-up that decreases the luminosity delivered to the experiments; and (iii) the impact on the coherent beam stability.

The expected impact of the beam-beam interactions on the machine performance has been modelled with weak-strong as well as strong-strong simulation tools employing the SixTrack [107] and COMBI [108] codes, which have been successfully used for the design and optimisation of the LHC and HL-LHC. Based on these studies an appropriate configuration and set of parameters has been chosen.

In the nominal scenario (25 ns spacing) explored by the member of this WP, bunches with 1011 protons per bunch and transverse normalised emittance of 2.2 µm collide at four Interaction Points (IPs). The bunches will be tilted by crab cavities at points PA and PG to ensure head-on collisions despite the trajectories crossing with a finite angle. Assuming constant transverse emittances, the separation of beams at the first parasitic encounter (104– 116 long-range interactions per IP are expected) in PA and PG will be 17σ while for PB and PL (60 long-range interactions per IP) the separation will be 30σ to keep the impact of such low-luminosity experiments in the shadow of the two main ones. This configuration corresponds to a crossing angle of 200 µrad at PA and PG and of 160 µrad at PB and PL.

The proposed design, developed thanks to EuroCirCol project and the collaboration with the other WPs, ensures a DA of 7.2σ for the nominal emittance of 2.2 µm – well above the collimation aperture of 6 σ, in order to provide sufficient margin (see Figure 24). This also ensures that no extra particles are lost on the collimation system due to beam-beam diffusive mechanisms. Studies performed at the constant crossing angle of 200 µrad show that the target DA of 7.2σ can be maintained during the entire operation cycle starting collisions occurring at beta* above 1 meter.

Figure 24: Dynamic aperture as a function of the crossing angle θ. Under EuroCirCol, dynamic aperture has been studied for the full FCC optics together with beam-beam effects.

Simulations of collective effects revealed that the beams could become unstable while bringing them into

collision at β∗ = 0.3 m due to the loss of Landau damping as shown in Figure 25 where a reduced area arrives

when β∗ = 0.3 m (green line) respect β∗ = 1.2 m (black line).

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Figure 25: Stability area in the presence of beam-beam long-range effects and at collapse of separation bumps at the main IPs.

The proposed mitigation without a significant penalty in integrated luminosity would be to collide

beams at larger β∗ and continue the β∗ squeeze while colliding. This is usually referred to as collide & squeeze. Figure 1 shows an illustration of how FCC-hh physics fill would look like with and without resorting to collide & squeeze. In addition, margins are also left for high chromaticity operations (up to 20 units) if required for mitigation of coherent beam instabilities, for operating in the presence of multipolar

lattice errors or to also collide in two additional experiments. For the Baseline scenario with collisions at β∗ = 1.1 m, the long range beam-beam separation is well above 30 σ (the red dots).

Large β functions in the final focus triplet make the beam susceptible to field errors in these magnets. In order to assess the impact on the dynamic aperture (DA), tracking studies were performed using field errors derived from the HL-LHC final focus quadrupoles. Initial tracking showed a very low dynamic aperture, however, the phase between the two main IPs, as well as nonlinear corrector packages close to the triplets have shown to increase the DA to acceptable levels of more than 10 σ – 12 σ. These values are expected to leave a DA of 6 σ when beam-beam effects and octupoles are added. The results of the tracking studies are

shown in Figure 26. The baseline optics with 𝛽∗ = 1.1 𝑚 revealed no issue with the calculated DA.

Figure 26: Dynamic aperture as a function of β*.

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The work of our team revealed that the beams can be stabilised against collective effects by using Landau octupoles. They are preferentially powered with negative polarity. In this case they provide the maximum threshold for single beam stability at flat-top energy and allow global compensation of the long-range beam-beam interactions.

In this configuration the DA improves and reaches a maximum value of 8.5σ, leaving margins to reduce the crossing angles or increase the intensity. Further improvement of the lattice appears possible to optimise the global compensation of the long-range effects and the collider performance while reducing beta functions with multipoles. To maximise the beam stability, the beams will be brought into collision using the “collide and squeeze” scheme planned for HL-LHC.

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1.2.4 Work package 4: Cryogenic beam vacuum system

Lead beneficiary: ALBA – WP Progress: Completed

The cryogenic beam vacuum system work package (WP 4) has conceived a technical concept for the system consisting of beam screen and beam pipe based on the requirements and findings from the arc design work package (WP 2). The approach has combined state-of-the-art developments performed for the High Luminosity LHC upgrade with elements targeting next-generation (4th and 5th generation) synchrotron radiation facilities. Measurements with a prototype that has been built by the consortium members under near-operational conditions at the ANKA/KARA light source at KIT in Germany helped draw conclusions on feasibility and performance.

The WP includes 6 tasks:


Task 4.2: Study beam-induced vacuum effects

Task 4.3: Mitigate beam-induced vacuum effects

Task 4.4: Study vacuum stability at cryogenic temperature

Task 4.5: Develop conceptual design for cryogenic beam vacuum system

Task 4.6: Measurements on cryogenic beam vacuum system prototype

Objectives:

The objectives of WP3for the period 1/06/2018-31/12/2019 are summarized in the following milestones:

• Milestone M4.5. Preliminary Cryogenic-beam-vacuum-system design

Integrated report on the cryogenic-beam-vacuum system design, considering all studies and findings so far as input to the preparation of the Conceptual Design Report. Description of the key elements, quantities and data permitting to come to an overall cost estimate of the collider.

• Milestone M4.6. Report on recommended follow-up R&D beam vacuum system

Gap analysis between findings of the study, towards a realization project: Portfolio of suggested R&D topics related to elements of the cryogenic beam vacuum system. In particular, identification of design elements remaining to be elaborated in greater detail or further optimised to come to a sustainable machine design for FCC-hh.

Achievements:

The WP4 achieved all the objectives of the third reporting period on due time and form.

Publish report on recommended follow up R&D (M4.6) activities and parameters that can be further optimized to come to a sustainable machine design.

CERN delivered to KARA premises the BESTEX experiment together with all documents required to define and create the machine-BESTEX interfaces. KARA assisted in the installation and integration of BESTEX carried out by CERN and INFN personnel. Measurements have been carried out by CERN personnel.

In parallel, the contribution of this work package has produced its contribution to the FCC Conceptual Design Report.

In addition, outside of EuroCirCol but in close collaboration, carbon coated samples and high temperature superconductors shielding are being analysed as possible alternatives for the beam screen coating.


No problems were encountered during this working period allowing to smoothly complete the milestones and carry out extra activities with matching resources raised from CERN and other partners.

Corrective actions:

Not applicable.

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WP 4 workplan:

Evaluate the impact of the arc design on technology requirements COMPLETED

The beam screen design has been adapted in an iterative fashion several times to address those issues and different surface treatments have been evaluated as mitigation effects.

Develop an overall, integrated design for the cryogenic beam vacuum system consisting of (1) bean-screen, (2) proximity cryogenics, (3) magnet cold bore and (4) vacuum system

COMPLETED

An engineering design of the beam screen has been developed. Three 2-meter-long prototypes of a beam screen/beam pipe system have been produced. A set of dedicated measurements at the KARA light source allowed/enabled detailed determination of the synchrotron radiation heat loads, the fraction of reflected photons, and photo-electron generation.

Determine the needs for advancing individual technologies to meet the requirements

COMPLETED

LASE treatment and amorphous carbon coating are technologies that need to be further advanced in order to achieve SEY below 1. HTS surface coating remains to be validated in field as a method to reduce the impedance effects. Both situations (electron cloud and impedance) remain challenges for the detailed technical design of a particle collider. A more refined mechanical design of the BS components has been made, in order to assure a cost-effective fabrication for large-scale industrial production. The molecular density in the arcs of the FCC-hh shall be sufficiently low, with a reasonably short conditioning time corresponding to running the machine for a few months at nominal current, similar to that of the LHC Deviations of the real reflectivity from the theoretical one have been already observed experimentally at dedicated measurements at the light source BESSY II. Therefore, additional studies to adapt the LHC sawtooth geometry to cope with the FCC-hh conditions will also have to be carried out in the future.

Study synchrotron radiation heat load absorption and mitigation of the photo-electrons generation

COMPLETED

The study so far has shown that two methods to reduce SEY need to be further investigated in follow-up R&D initiatives. The studies on the efficiency of the novel beam screen design are ongoing. The proposed SEY mitigation solution, LASE, would reduce considerably the ESD pressure contribution, for an ideal saw-tooth geometry. LASE parameters could be adjusted to meet the specifications with a narrower margin and thus improve its impedance properties BESTEX experiment has demonstrated to be very useful by providing confirmation of small

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samples data and for validating the computer tools used to carry out the vacuum simulations for the FCC-hh.

Consider novel mitigation techniques, e.g. based on frequent discrete photon absorber

COMPLETED

A simplified photon absorber scheme at the end of the dipole magnets was studied and included in the engineering design. The study of a thin-film coating with a novel superconducting Thallium-based material is now ongoing in the FCC/EuroCirCol spawned EASITrain MSCA project together with the Italian national research council (CNR-SPIN). Different surface treatment techniques to mitigate electron cloud effects have been identified and are now under investigation. A follow-up R&D programme will be a collaborative endeavour, which builds on the committed involvement of universities and research centres from around the world. CIEMAT and CELLS/ALBA in Spain along with KEK in Japan can contribute to the mechanical design and the overall vacuum system optimisation. La Sapienza in Rome, Italy, will contribute to impedance calculations and electron-cloud mitigation through NEG coating. Beam tests and synchrotron-radiation exposure of prototype systems could and will be performed at KARA (KIT / Germany), at DAFNE (INFN Frascati, Italy), and VEPP-4M (BINP, Russia). The Cockcroft Institute in the UK can further optimise the laser surface treatment for a possible application to the lepton collider. SLAC in the US has competencies in wake fields and impedance calculations, higher-order mode damping and synchrotron radiation shielding, in particular for the interaction region. Collaborations on the lepton vacuum system can be envisioned also with other US institutes, such as BNL and Jefferson Lab, where the vacuum-system development for the heavy-ion collider shows great synergies. IHEP in China and the Izmir University of Economics have indicated a potential interest in prototyping a section of the lepton-collider beam vacuum system. Riga Technical University, the University of Malta, and the Technical University of Vienna are other potential partners for this activity. At CERN, a strong core team is available to support and coordinate part of these activities, e.g. ultrathin NEG coating, and evaluation of the radiation shielding using the code FLUKA. Most of the aforementioned institutes (all except for IHEP) are already members of the FCC collaboration

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Lead beneficiary: ALBA - Task status: Completed

This task is the coordination of the work of all other tasks of this work package and the coordination with the other work packages.

To this end, there have been several meetings during the period:

- WP4 Coordination meeting 06 – KIT - Karlsruhe – March 2017 - WP4 Coordination meeting 07 – Berlin – May 2017 - WP4 Coordination meeting 08 – CERN – October 2017 - WP4 Coordination meeting 09 – Frascati – March 2018 - WP4 Coordination meeting 10 – Amsterdam – April 2018 - WP4 Coordination meeting 11 – Karlsruhe – October 2018 - WP4 Coordination meeting 12 – Barcelona – March 2019

In addition to coordination works at KIT, between Task 4.5 and 4.6 teams, for the installation and commissioning of the test set-up.

Day to day work has been followed up by a continuous interchange of information among WP members and other WP participants.

Coordination with WP2 and WP5 -for maximum dimensions of the beam screen, impedance considerations, temperature operation and heat load to the cold bore-, has been also done with satisfactory agreements.


2017

Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting



KIT (DE) WP4 members

09-10/03/17 FCC-hh beam screens

Vienna (AT) WP4+FCC hh members



FCC week, Berlin (DE)

WP4 members https://indico.cern.ch/event/642516/

10/08/17 Beam-beam effect meeting

CERN WP4 + FCC-hh members




14/12/17 CDR discussion

CERN WP4+FCC hh members


2018

Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting


15/02/18 CDR discussion

CERN WP4+FCC hh members



LNF (IT) WP4 members

22/03/18 Beamscreen design



26-27/04/18 FCC-hh beam screens

Italy WP4+FCC hh members





FCC week, Amsterdam (NL)

WP4 members https://indico.cern.ch/event/716826/












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KIT WP4 members https://indico.cern.ch/event/733292/







2019 Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting












ALBA WP4 members https://indico.cern.ch/event/804470/

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1.2.4.2 Task 4.2: Study beam-induced vacuum effects

Lead beneficiary: ALBA - Task status: Completed

This task explored the effects induced by the beam circulating in the accelerator and their impact on the vacuum requirement to meet the specifications of the FCC and ensure a sustainable and cost-efficient operation of a post-LHC circular hadron collider.

For this, a doctoral student (Ignasi Bellafont) started in November 2015, and the software Synrad+ and Molflow+ were used, among others for the investigation.

This task is well within the expected schedule, with all the beam-induced vacuum effects having been studied in some detail. They are detailed in the deliverable report D4.4, Analysis of beam-induced vacuum effects, submitted on the 1st of June 2018.

In particular, the works done during the period 01/06/2018 to 31/12/2019 can be summarized as follows:

The beam screen was further optimized in order to lower the amount of synchrotron radiation (SR) scattering inside the vacuum chamber and to decrease the complexity of the geometry . The major change has been the replacement of the polished reflector with a saw-tooth surface finishing, as is the case of the LHC. Better vacuum has been achieved for a same arbitrary photon dose, since the reduction in light scattering triggers less photon- and electron-stimulated desorption (PSD and ESD) and since the pumping performance of the vacuum chamber has been increased. A simplified design of the photon absorbers at the end of each bending magnet was also proposed. It is placed immediately upstream of the contact fingers, and in order to minimize any effect on the impedance it has been designed symmetric, i.e. it is placed on the internal side of the BS, although there is no direct SR photon hitting there. Figure 27 below shows the evolution of the beam screen (BS) cross section design. The new symmetrical design offers better impedance and allows better tolerance on the machining and positioning during assembly-welding of the system which is critical for large-scale production. The latest BS is shown on the bottom part (Fig.27b).

Figure 27a: Evolution of the FCC-hh beam screen design during the EuroCirCol project.

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Figure 27b: FCC-hh beam screen aimed for bending magnets, showing the LASE treatment of the upper and

lower flat areas of the inner chamber. The internal part has a height of 26.9 mm and a width “B” of 27.55 mm. The new BS geometry has also been modelled with SYNRAD+ and Molflow+, to calculate the SR fan

distribution and the related density profiles.

Figure 28: Detail of the sawtooth treatment on the BS’s secondary chamber area.

Photon ray tracing analyses with an ideal saw-tooth geometry were also performed for the latest geometry. The photon flux texture map has been used as an input for the vacuum studies and also by the WP2 to calculate the electron cloud density in the primary chamber. The SR power map has been used to carry out the related thermo-mechanical simulations.

In a collaboration led by LNF-INFN, an experimental plan was arranged to measure at the third generation light source BESSY II (Berlin, Germany) the reflectivity and photoelectron yield of saw-tooth copper, SS P506, baseline LASE and other materials. The obtained results have provided useful inputs for the ray tracing and vacuum analyses.

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Figure 29: Ray tracing results of the SR power generated by a 50 TeV, 500 mA beam, 15.78 T, ideal sawtooth geometry, in a standard arc dipole chamber. The beam sagitta and photon trajectories can be clearly appreciated.

BESTEX, KARA Light Source experiment, has been used as a tool to study and partially validate on one hand the vacuum performance of one of the initial designs of the FCC-hh beam screen and on the other hand one the tools used to calculate the molecular density level of the accelerator's vacuum system. Predicted pressures and reflectivity values match well with the lectures in the setup.

The molecular density profile and gas composition have been estimated for the bending magnets in the arcs, for all the beam induced effects (see Figure 30 below). A pressure bump was identified in the interconnection region, and opportune measures were carried out in order to reduce it.

A differential LASE treatment depending on the magnets (i.e. magnetic field, type, location) is proposed in order to minimise the electron cloud generation depending on the magnetic field map geometry that the electrons experience. As can be seen in Figure 30: Electron density graphs for an LHC-type BS and SEY curves Cu-like, with the FCC-hh parameters, and associated areas in a previous FCC-hh BS geometry.

Figure 30: Electron density graphs for an LHC-type BS and SEY curves Cu-like, with the FCC-hh

parameters, and associated areas in a previous FCC-hh BS geometry. Courtesy of L. Mether, EuroCirCol WP2 [9, 10].

The preliminary work during this period lead to an efficient design of the cryogenic arc vacuum system of the FCC-hh and the production and publication of the Conceptual Design Report that informs future decisions for the field of particle physics after the end of the LHC scientific programme. It would need a reasonably short conditioning time to achieve the molecular density specifications of 1·1015 H2eq/m3. No showstopper has been identified so far.

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Nevertheless, additional experimental data will have to be acquired in order to fully validate the performed calculations. In particular, a new set of measurements keeping the beam-screen at liquid nitrogen (LN2) temperature around 77 K is ready to start in Q1-2020, as soon as the KARA accelerator will be switched to user mode, delivering stable photon beams to its users.

Figure 31: Molecular density profile in the most irradiated FCC-hh MB, for 50 TeV, 500 mA, 36 A·h ideal sawtooth geometry and preliminary ESD data showing the estimated contribution of each beam induced effect.

Thanks to the granted extension of six months the the vacuum performance of three different prototypes was measured at the KARA facility at KIT at room temperatures. Fully assessing the potential of these screens further tests at cryogenic temperatures are required. Given the important investments in the set-up of both technical teams and the test-stand infrastructure at KARA as well as the excellent results the test stand has been updated allowing tests at cryogenic temperatures using liquid nitrogen LN2 for cooling. In a first stage, between March and June 2019, this will be done with a local, dewar-based installation and first measurement results are expected for June/July 2019. In a second stage, during summer, a fix-installed LN2 distribution was installed and a measurement campaign took place in autumn 2019 based on matching resources that provided by the members of the EuroCirCol collaboration. The requested prolongation of the project allowed integrating the outcome of these important activities in the project and thus leveraging the impact of the study in the design of a future energy-frontier collider envisioned by the FCC study. The modification of BESTEX which is underway since early 2019, namely the installation of liquid nitrogen (LN2) distribution line in order to cool-down to 77 K the beam screen installed on BESTEX, will help clarify some question arising from the fact that so far BESTEX has tested mainly room-temperature beam screens, while all Μonte Carlo simulations have been carried out for the real 40-60 K temperature range envisaged for the operation of FCC-hh.

1.2.4.3 Task 4.3: Mitigate beam-induced vacuum effects

Lead beneficiary: STFC – Task Status: Completed

The objective of this task is the reduction of the SEY on the vacuum screen by surface treatment techniques without compromising vacuum and RF surface resistance, two approaches are followed, laser ablation and dual layer NEG coating. In particular, the works done during the third reporting period can be summarized in the following:

LASE development

With respect the SEY reduction by applying LASE (Laser Ablation Surface Engineering), over 100 different LASE surfaces with several lasers with both nano- and picosecond pulse duration at 355 and 1064

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nm wavelengths, in different atmospheres (air, argon and methane) and on different substrates (copper, stainless steel and aluminum). To access the laser with different characteristics, the STFC team has collaborated with Micronanics, Liverpool and Manchester Universities. These varied parameters created a variety of different surface structures, which all provided a significant reduction of the SEY at all energies.

Figure 32: SEY of untreated copper and copper treated with LASE at different scan speeds and pitch .

In Fig. 32 it can be seen that untreated copper has a SEYmax = 1.9, however, after the laser treatment with the specified parameters it decreased to SEY < 1 in all, except one case where SEY was close to 1. Of these samples, approximately 40% had SEYmax < 1, which was the required value for the study. The sample being characterised not only on SEY, but also on particulate generation, surface chemistry with XPS, morphology with SEM and surface resistance.

It was demonstrated that13

• Not only microstructure (groves) but also the submicron- and nanostructures play a role in reducing SEY.

• These surfaces can be produced using various lasers with different wavelength, such as l=355 nm and l=1064 nm.

• The surface resistance can be reduced by reducing the depth or complete elimination of grooves, provided that the submicron- and nanostructures are still present at the surface.

• Although the particulates are generated during LASE processing, but the size of majority of these particles is in tens of nm, and for all of them is less than 1 mm, in addition, their amount can be reduced by applying certain laser parameter, air/gas blow, and post-treatment wash in ultrasound bath.

• Test in SPS demonstrated that LASE can suppress the e-cloud completely.

13 See the following list of references

- R. Valizadeh, O.B. Malyshev, S. Wang, T. Sian, M. D. Cropper and N. Sykes. Reduction of Secondary Electron

Yield for E-cloud Mitigation by Laser Ablation Surface Engineering. Appl. Surf. Sci. 404 (2017) 370–379

- R. Valizadeh, O.B. Malyshev, S. Wang, T. Sian, L. Gurran, P. Goudket, M.D. Cropper, N. Sykes. Low secondary

electron yield of laser treated surfaces of copper, aluminium and stainless steel. In Proc. of IPAC'16, 8-13 May

2016, Busan, Korea (2016), p. 1089.

- T. Sian, R. Valizadeh, O. Malyshev. New LASE Surfaces Obtained with Various Lasers and their Parameters. In

Proc. IPAC-2018

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Figure 33: 1.00 K and 5.00 K SEM augmentations of a Cu baseline LASE sample, showing the high roughness and aspect ratio the surface presents, measured at CERN.

A benefit of LASE is the possibility of applying it directly in the series manufacturing under atmospheric pressure, lowering then the manufacturing costs, and for its very low SEY values which can easily achieve the SEY specifications necessary to avoid critical densities. For this, the critical build-up areas in the inner chamber of the BS are proposed to be treated. This would allow to reduce the electron density by orders of magnitude below the established instability threshold.

A new facility for studying SEY from LASE surfaces at cryogenic temperatures

A new facility Based on RDK-305D 4K Cryocooler (RDK-305D Cold Head with CNA-31C/D Compressor) for studying SEY of LASE surfaces at cryogenic temperatures has been designed, and being assembled in STFC. A layout and a present state is shown in Figure 34. The measurements with and without condensed gas at 4 K < T < 80 K will commence in autumn 2018.

Figure 34: A facility for studying SEY from LASE surfaces at cryogenic temperatures: (a) a layout, (b) a photo of assembled parts and (c) a sample holder.

Laser treated samples for WP4 partners

To study LASE surfaces at various experimental conditions a number of samples was produced for WP4 partners. All the samples were treated at Micronanics with the same LASE procedure which was found by the STFC team earlier [Error! Bookmark not defined.].

10 samples with treated area 8 mm x 8 mm has being sent to INFN to study an effect of cryogenic temperatures and cryosorbed gases on SEY (see results of R. Cimino et al.)

A sample with treated area 20 mm x 300 mm sent to INFN to study the SR reflectivity at BESSY (see results and detailed in discussion in E. La Francesca, R. Cimino, et al., 2018)

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Four samples with treated area 12 mm x 12 mm were sent to BINP (Novosibirsk, Russia) for studying PEY/SEY in a strong magnetic field

Sample for experiment in KARA (KIT) – 2 m long a tube in two halves, treated area of each half is 2 m x 20 mm.

The columnar Zr NEG coating has demonstrated good pumping properties with an activation temperature as low as 160 °C and CO capacity of a few monolayers. This is comparable to the results achieved with quaternary TiZrHfV coating and better than the ones of the ternary Ti-Zr-V film. While the sticking probability and CO pumping capacity are considerable lower than that of columnar film, single metal columnar Zr coating is a good candidate for the coating of accelerator vacuum chambers due to the wider availability of a single metal target and a lower cost of Zr compared to Hf and V and alloys. Furthermore, the deposition process is simplified when single metal is used.

1.2.4.4 Task 4.4: Study vacuum stability at cryogenic temperature

Lead beneficiary: INFN - Task status: Completed

The aim of this task is to determine vacuum stability and adsorption isotherms at different cryogenic beam-screen operating temperature ranges.

In particular, the work can be summarized in the following:

In the first period, we studied the possibility to follow adsorption and desorption processes with Secondary Electron Yield (SEY). It was found that it is possible to follow the formation of Argon ice on the surface looking at the behaviour of SEY in different primary energy ranges; in the high energy range (above 700 eV), it is possible to follow the formation of the Argon thick film, meanwhile, in the low energy range (between 0 and 50 eV), SEY gives information about the formation of the first layers. During the first steps of adsorption, the SEY in the Low Energy region shows the formation of a characteristic peak at 10 eV, which can be associated with the formation of the first layer and has its maximum intensity at one monolayer coverage. After this, the SEY in the High Energy range starts to increases following the formation of the Thick Layer of Argon Ice. This behaviour, for two characteristic energies in both ranges, is reported a as a function of Argon dose.

Following SEY evolution at specific energies in the two different ranges, we are able to study also the desorption process. After the adsorption of an Argon multilayer, Copper substrate was heated up to 100 K. The SEY shows two different decreasing steps: the first one (for primary energies of 720 eV) at 27 K, where it abruptly decreases from a value of 3.7 to a much lower value of 1.3, and a second one (for primary energies of 10 eV) at 32 K, starting from a value of 0.7 and reaching 0.35 at 36K and 0.16 around 44 K. The two different steps can be correlated with the different stages of Ar desorption. In particular, the first one (in the high energy range) can be correlated with the desorption of the multilayer structure, meanwhile the second one (in the low energy range) can be correlated with the progressive desorption of the last layer of Ar from the surface. In the low energy range, we actually observe a double step; the first one, at 32 K, has been already assigned, the second one, at 44 K, can be attributed to the desorption of sub monolayer contaminants absorbed during initial sample cooling down. Above 44 K the system presents a SEY curve similar to that observed for the Cu sputtered clean sample.

The main work of this first period was finalized to understand if contamination (few layers on the clean surface) can affect the SEY behavior of Argon ice. For this reason, different tests have been done and some preliminary results suggest that low contaminations don't affect the main behavior of SEY during the Argon adsorption. However, some changes were observed during the desorption process; in particular, in the low energy range the contaminants could change the final SEY value after the desorption of Argon ice.

In order to improve the comprehension of the desorption process, a new quadrupole high resolution mass spectrometer was installed in the main vacuum chamber; some tests have been done on the new system and the acquiring program was implemented for Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) experiments.

The Ar desorption kinetics have been investigated as a function of the substrate surface morphology. In particular, TPD curves obtained from the Ar adsorption on one sample of the laser treated (LASE) Cu family (provided within the EuroCircol collaboration) and on the flat Cu counterpart have been compared at

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different Ar coverage. The results are shown in Figure 35 belowError! Reference source not found.. The desorption curves observed from the Ar dosing on the flat Cu shows the typical peak at T~30 K, which intensity increases on increasing the Ar dose. On the other hand, the desorption of Ar from the LASE-Cu surface is characterized by a broad curve, which peak temperature and width depend on the Ar dose. On increasing the coverage from 10 L, 25 L to 100 L, an almost bell-shaped curve centered at T~58 K, T~54 K and T~51 K is observed, having a Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of about 15 K, FWHM~20 K and FWHM~25 K, respectively. Moreover, at 25 L and 100 L, Ar multilayer desorption at T~30 K is also observed from LASE-Cu, the ratio between the two peaks depending on the coverage: the higher the Ar dose, the higher is the intensity of the multilayer desorption component respect to the other one.

Figure 35:Comparison between the TPD curves obtained monitoring the desorption of (a) 10 L, (b) 25 L, (c) 100 L of Ar dosed on a clean Cu substrate (red lines) and on a LASE-Cu sample (blue lines).

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Figure 36: The effectiveness of the LASE treatment is shown by comparing the baseline LASE’s SEY [15] and raw Cu [13] SEY, conditioned and unconditioned. The range of most common electron energies is also shown for

SEY curves Cu-like.

The desorption properties of Ar on the LASE-Cu can be understood by looking at the surface morphology of the material. In fact, LASE is characterized by an highly rough surface, due to inhomogeneous nanometric structures that are the ones causing the very appealing low SEY properties of such modified material. This surface has, by construction, a significant variety of under-coordinated surface defect sites, which adsorption energies are higher in respect to the one observed on the properly coordinated flat substrate. Therefore, at a lower coverage, Ar atoms mainly interact with the higher energetic sites (desorbing at higher temperatures) and, at higher coverage, also the less energetic sites are occupied up to form Ar multilayers. Then, the TPD process of the low dose will involve the Ar desorption from the higher energetic sites of LASE-Cu surface, whereas, on increasing the gas content, also usual Ar-Ar interaction becomes influent in the kinetics.

Looking at these results, from the point of view of the vacuum stability at cryogenic temperature, these preliminary tests pose some conditions on the use of LASE-Cu materials in cryogenic environment. In fact, as a consequence of the specific morphology, the desorption temperature of Ar is not unique but it extends in a broad temperature range, covering tens of Kelvin depending on the amount of gas. This could render very difficult to find temperature intervals were vacuum stability could be granted. This fact has been proved for Ar, however more experiments have to be done taking into account molecular species present as residual gas contaminants in the beam pipe of accelerators (CO, CO2, C2H4).

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Given the present understanding, the use and optimization of LASE surfaces to mitigate Secondary Electron Yield require a significant additional experimental campaign to find a proper operational temperature window compliant with the stringent vacuum stability requirements.

1.2.4.5 Task 4.5: Develop conceptual design for cryogenic beam vacuum system

Lead beneficiary: CIEMAT - Task status: Completed

This task performs the mechanical design of the cryo-magnet beam-screen, ensuring compatibility with fast magnetic transitions and cryogenic cooling concept.

For this task an engineer was hired, Javier Fernandez Topham, in 2016. His term finalized on March 2018, after the period covered by the EuroCircol grant.

In particular, the works done during the period 1/12/2016 to 30/6/2018 can be summarized in the following:

The design of FCC-hh beam screen has been updated to improve vacuum and impedance performance while ensuring thermal and mechanical behavior. In particular, larger pumping holes and larger primary chamber slit have been implemented. Two alternatives to handle the synchrotron radiation have been proposed and developed. The first concept relies on the deflection of photons by a sharp tip and their local absorption by ribs used as photon stoppers and also as mechanical reinforcements. The second approach is based on a distributed absorber: The photons, entering in the antechamber, instead of being reflected and deviated to the ribs, are absorbed directly on the external wall thanks to a saw tooth profile. This evolution allows even larger slit height and therefore offers a larger horizontal beam aperture.

In both cases, thermal analyses of synchrotron heat transfer and mechanical studies of the beam screen behavior during a magnet quench have been carried out using a multiphysics 3D model implemented in a FE code (see Figure 37). Good results have been obtained and the appropriateness of the designs have been shown: the temperature of the primary chamber remains controlled by the helium temperature and elastic behavior is expected during a magnet quench.

Figure 37: Detailed simulations of the FCC-hh beam screen reveal a satisfactory thermal behavior of the proposed design. Taking into account various heat sources (nuclear scattering, conduction through supports, thermal radiation

and leaked SR power) a total head load of 255.1 mW/m is estimated which is well below the 300 mW/m threshold of the FCC-hh requirements.

Large scale manufacturing constraints have been considered and a final design of the beam screen has been proposed in the framework of EuroCirCol shown in Figure 38 below.

The supporting system has been studied from thermal and mechanical points of view. Based on an elastic spring ring structure, it allows a self-centering of the beam screen in the cold bore. Heat load to the cold bore has been assessed as well. Overall deformation due to thermal gradient across the beam screen section (synchrotron radiation heat deposited on one side) has been evaluated and turns out to be marginal.

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Figure 38: Latest design of the FCC-hh beamscreen. The main functions and parts of the BS are indicated with details of the temperature distribution. The internal part has a height of 26.9 mm and a width “B” of 27.55 mm.

The large pumping slots provide an effective pumping speed for H2 inside the beamscreen of ∼860 l/m/s at 50 K

(LHC: ∼480 l/s/m at 15 K, as derived from [13]). The thickness of the copper layer on the inside of the ante-chamber areas, including the sawtooth, has been reduced to 80 µm.

A proposal of an end absorber has been studied. Further study of integration in the interconnection is ongoing.

Three beam screen prototypes, 2 m long, have been produced for vacuum tests at the KARA facility: the two firsts are based on the deflector concept whereas the third one on integrated distributed saw tooth absorbers. The central chamber of the last one is made of copper-calumniated stainless steel with laser treatment used for electron cloud mitigation.

1.2.4.6 Task 4.6: Measurements on cryogenic beam vacuum system prototype

Lead beneficiary: KIT - Task status: Completed

The goal of the task was to study synchrotron radiation induced photo-desorption, heat loads and photo-electrons generation inside the FCC-hh beam-screen prototype, using a specially design test bench for the EuroCirCol project.

The designed test bench was installed at the KARA electron storage ring. The experiment consisted on the exposure of the beam-screen prototypes to significant levels of synchrotron radiation. For this task an engineer, Miguel Gil Costa and a physicist, Luis Gonzalez, were incorporated in the project.

To study synchrotron radiation induced photo-desorption, heat loads and photo-electrons generation inside the FCC-hh beam-screen (BS) prototypes a specially designed test bench for the EuroCirCol project has been realized.

The designed test bench was named as BEam Screen TEstbench EXperiment (BESTEX) [14] and installed at the KARA storage ring (Figure 39).

14L. A. Gonzalez, "Results on the FCC-hh Beam-Screen at the KIT Electron Storage Ring", IPAC'18, Vancouver,

BC,Canada. April 2018

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Figure 39: KARA (KArlsruhe Research Accelerator) Storage Ring

A schematic layout of BESTEX is presented in Figure 40.

Figure 40: Schematic description of BESTEX

BESTEX (Beam Screen Testbench Experiment) is an experimental instrument designed to study SR related effects on non-leak tight samples under UHV. The SR photon beam originated at KARA’s bending magnet is collimated so as to irradiate the samples on the selected region. KARA has been chosen due to its similarities with FCC-hh in terms of SR spectrum, photon flux and power (see Figure 41).

Figure 41: The FCC-hh’s photon spectrum and linear power are reasonably reproduced in KARA, even at nominal beam energy. Comparison of the photon flux (a) and power (b) of the FCC-hh at 50 TeV proton beam energy in

comparison with KARA’s at its nominal 2.5 GeV. Calculations were performed with SYNRAD+.

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One FCC-hh BS prototype has been manufactured according to the current BD and tested in BESTEX installed in the 2.5 GeV electron storage ring KARA (KArlsruhe Research Accelerator) light source at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). The installation and testing facility is shown in Figures 42 and 43.

Figure 42. Latest beam-screen during commissioning period at CERN, (right): BESTEX set-up with the latest beam screen inserted for measuring at the KARA facility(Photos Courtesy: L. A. González).

Figure 43: Pictures of the test setup in the KARA facility Left: Top view Middle: Side view Right: Control rack installed at KARA.

The FCC-hh BS design implements a main chamber (MC) and an antechamber (AC) separated by a slot aperture at the BS’s equatorial plane, through which SR travels before impinging on a saw-tooth profile, as in the case of the LHC (Figure 44).

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Figure 44: Schematic cross section of the FCC-hh BS prototype used in this experiment. b) Graphical descriptions of the different geometrical configurations of both saw-tooth profiles installed at each side of the BS prototype #3 in which

the samples were irradiated15.

Three FCC-hh BS prototypes, labeled as Prototype#1, Prototype#2 and Prototype#3 have been measured(details about the evolution can also be found in the previous EuroCirCol periodic report) in different geometrical configurations.

1st prototype: Has been used to validate the temperature profile and the vacuum performance of the screen design.

2nd prototype: With isolated electrodes, have been used for measuring the photoelectron production due to synchrotron radiation.

3rd prototype: With all the lessons learned in the different work packages has incorporated bigger pumping slots, sawtooth profile for photon absorption and LASE treated surface for low SEY.

15 L.A. Gonzalez, “Results on the FCC-hh Beam Screen Sawtooth at the KIT electron storage ring KARA”,

IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia: doi:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-TUPMP036

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Figure 45: Schematic cross section of the FCC-hh BS prototypes used in this experiment. b) Graphical descriptions of the different geometrical configurations of both saw-tooth profiles installed at each side of the BS prototype in which the

samples were irradiated.

Before insertion into BESTEX, the samples were cleaned following standard UHV procedures. Then, after installation, bake out cycles of 24h at 150ºC were performed in order to remain within vacuum pressure limits required to operate the storage ring KARA. Prior to the shipment of the test bench to KIT, the pertinent metrology work was carried out in order perform the alignment of the system within the required tolerances (700 µm).

The plots presented in Figure 46 show the evolution of the pressure as a function of the accumulated dose, measured at the center of the samples through a chimney connection and normalized to the KARA´s e-beam current during irradiation of Prototype#1 (nominal), Prototype#2 (inverted) and Prototype #3.

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Figure 46: Evolution of the dynamic pressures normalized to the beam current for nominal saw-tooth (black line) and inverted saw-tooth (red line).

The SYNRAD+ and Molflow+ Monte Carlo codes [16] have been used to simulate the pressure evolution of BESTEX during irradiation of BS1 at two different photon doses, namely 3Ah and 9.5Ah. The calculation of the dynamic pressure was an iterative process whereby the geometrical details and physical parameters of the 3D models used by the two codes were refined.

The experimental results are in good agreement with the calculated pressures and photon scattering. In Table 10, a comparison of the experimental pressures and the calculated ones is shown, with discrepancies always under 30%. These results obtained thanks to EuroCirCol contribute to the validation of the developed theoretical model.

Table 10. Comparison of the experimental pressure readings and the calculations at BESTEX experiment.

Dose 3.12 Ah 9.36 Ah

Reading Experiment Calculations Experiment Calculations

Middle (mbar) 5.8E-9 6.3E-9 2.9E-9 3.4E-9

Front (mbar) 3.0E-9 3.0E-9 1.9E-9 1.7E-9

Back (mbar) 2.0E-9 2.8E-9 1.1E-9 1.5E-9

At low photon doses, the normalized pressure during irradiation of inverted saw-tooth is about 50% higher than for nominal. A higher amount of reflected photons during irradiation of the inverted saw-tooth, in

16Roberto Kersevan, Marton Ady, Molflow+ and Synrad+ website, url: cern.ch/molflow, CERN (2018)

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comparison to nominal the saw-tooth, towards the inner walls of the BS would explain such an effect. Besides, due to the different orientation of each saw-tooth profile with respect to the incoming photon beam, a larger surface is irradiated at more glancing angles in the case of the inverted saw-tooth.

This is also assumed to play an important role in the discrepancy found for the evolution of the dynamic pressure during irradiation of both saw-tooth profiles. Previous experimental findings17,18 have shown that as the photon dose accumulated on different surfaces increases, the value of the dynamic pressures tend to merge into a common value independently of the nature of the surface under irradiation. Such merging effect takes place at doses around 1∙1023 ph/m in all cases. Remarkably, both curves merge at considerably lower doses (2 orders of magnitude) than the value commonly observed at previous experiments. However, in interpreting this result it is important to take into account that the two irradiated surfaces are made of the same material and have been exposed (together) to the same baking and cleaning procedures and they both present a pattern deviating from a flat surface. The latter observations are assumed to be the reason why the two conditioning curves measured in this work merge at lower doses than during irradiation of surfaces of different nature.

To investigate the effectiveness of both surfaces in terms of reflectivity, we have decided to measure the current of the photo-electrons generated at the photon cup’s electrode vs. different bias voltages. The plot of Figure 47 shows the results for inverted and nominal saw-tooth.

Figure 47: Evolution of the current measured at the photon cup's electrode, normalized to the beam current for nominal saw-

tooth (black line) and inverted saw-tooth (red line).

It was found that the amount of photons reflected towards the photon cup is clearly larger in the case of the inverted saw-tooth in comparison with the nominal sawtooth. This is an important finding as for FCC-hh the goal is to minimize the amount of reflected photons which could contribute to EC at unwanted locations.

Future investigation at BESTEX will provide information on the effect of direct irradiation of photons to laser structured surfaces. Such information will be extremely relevant in order to estimate the photodesorption originated at the BS’s main chamber due to irradiation by those photons which are backscattered by the saw-tooth profile. More importantly, experiments at cryogenic temperatures on several surfaces of relevant interest for the accelerator community are scheduled to be carried out in the near future. Such measurements, as well as those presented in this work, have been and will be used as an input to the Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations such as those discussed in the companion paper.

17 G. Guillermo, D. Sagan and F. Zimmermann, “Examining mitigation schemes for synchrotron radiation in high-

energy hadron colliders”, Phys. Rev Accel. Beams, vol. 21, Feb. 2018. 18 I. Bellafont, R. Kersevan, and L. Mether, “Summary of Modelling Studies on the Beam Induced Vacuum Effects

in the FCC-hh”, presented at the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf. (IPAC'19), Melbourne, Australia, May 2019,

paper TUPMP038, this conference.

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The concept of the vacuum system of the FCC-hh based on a novel Beam Screen design looks adequate to meet the requirements of a 100 TeV energy-frontier machine. A more refined mechanical design of the BS components has been made during this reporting period to assure a cost-effective fabrication for large-scale industrial production.

The manufacturing of the prototypes has provided useful inputs for the beam screen design for the two 100 km rings. The granted extension allowed to take results from the BESTEX experiment into account. These results were very useful by providing confirmation of small samples data and for validating the computer tool used to carry out the vacuum simulations for the FCC-hh and confirming the validity of the theoretical model developed to study these effects.

Figure 48: Evolution of the beam screens from the LHC to the FCC-hh (top) and evolution of the FCC-hh beam screen following results obtained during this reporting (bottom) allowing to optimize the proposed design. At the expense of a higher

complexity - translated into a higher, but still affordable, cost - the beam induced vacuum effects are mitigated and the pumping speed and cooling capacity have been considerably increased.

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Further simulations with a more realistic sawtooth surface geometry are on-going. The deviations of the real manufactured product from the ideal geometry are expected to increase the outgassing due to PSD and the amount of generated photoelectrons in the vacuum chamber, increasing consequently the ESD outgassing and total pressure. Deviations of the real reflectivity from the theoretical one have been already observed experimentally at dedicated measurements at the light source BESSY II. Therefore, additional studies to adapt the LHC sawtooth geometry to cope with the FCC-hh conditions will also have to be carried out in the future.

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1.2.5 Work package 5: High-field accelerator magnet design

Lead beneficiary: CERN – WP Progress: Completed

The high-field accelerator magnet design work package (WP5) integrates results and ongoing activities from the Future Circular Collider umbrella study, the related High-Luminosity LHC upgrade project into a single, unified work to produce a performant accelerator magnet with sufficient aperture and good field quality. Initially, the work package pursued different design concepts to assess their relative merits. Additional collaboration partners in the FCC study took up additional model variants to study in greater detail their feasibilities. The study showed that, when properly conceived, several options have a potential to meet the requirements for a FCC: it was then decided to pursue the study on more than one single preferred option, with detailed analysis using analytical computation and simulation models. This decision also constituted a spin-off the new initiatives to design and manufacture models of different configurations followed by the same partner institutes of the EuroCirCol WP5.

This activity has also been the basis for completing the FCC CDR, with the identification of a baseline design option and a short description of the alternative options.

Test results of advanced superconducting strands and wires form an important ingredient to formulate reliable statements about the cost and feasibility of such a magnet to be produced at industrial scales. Eventually this work will lead to a manufacturing folder including specifications, design drawings, ancillary system designs and indicated operation conditions. This material will be used to build and evaluate a short model of the accelerator magnet in a follow-up project. The WP includes 7 tasks, which have been slightly re-organised with respect to the initial DoA (see section 5.1 for details).


Task 5.2: Study accelerator dipole magnet design options

Task 5.3: Develop dipole magnet cost model

Task 5.4: Develop magnet conceptual design

Task 5.5: Conductor studies

Task 5.6: Devise quench protection concept

Task 5.7: Produce magnet engineering design and manufacturing folder

Objectives:

Define the baseline option for the 16 T dipoles

Establish a cost model for the 16 T dipoles

Characterize the strain dependency of the critical current of Nb3Sn conductors

Produce the contents concerning the superconducting magnets and wires for the conceptual design report

Achievements:

All objectives have been achieved:

The baseline option has been defined as being the cosine-theta option during the annual meeting in Autumn 2017.

A cost model has been established and has been presented during the FCC week 2018.

The new measurements of critical current on wires at the University of Geneva and on cables at the University of Twente and at CERN give now good results, in-line with practical experience on magnets. These measurements constitute then a proper guideline for magnet designers.

Contribution to the FCC Conceptual Design Report (CDR)

The creative work performed within the EuroCirCol WP5 in elaborating different design options for the 16 T dipoles has shown that all the three alternatives may work on paper. Until a comprehensive experimental evidence will be available, it is considered important not dropping any of these alternatives, which once constructed in a model may show better features than the others. For example if, in practice,

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one of the alternatives could work with less conductor margin than the others, because for example more stable and less affected by training, this would constitute a new element of selection criteria for a baseline. The exploration of all three design variants will continue beyond the end of EuroCirCol project with matching resources from the participating institutes.

Special contribution of the US Labs (US Magnet Development Programme) as EuroCirCol Partners in developing a 14-15T cosine-theta magnets.

An eRMC magnet structure was assembled at CERN using instrumented aluminium dummy coils. Two thermal cycles, using 2 different interference level, were used to characterise the mechanical structure behaviour at cryogenic temperature. Three coils were produced and are ready for assembly to do the first cold powering tests.

Attracting global interest to the FCC 16T magnet development programme and establishing a rigorous collaboration to carry on further R&D on the domains of superconducting technologies and mechanical design.


At this stage of the project it is not prudent to remain only with one single preferred superconducting magnet design option. The designs based on computer simulations only and the unavailability today of a high-performance superconducting wire that meets the target characteristics for a technical element to be constructed towards the end of the next decade represents a high risk for homing in to one particular design.

Corrective actions:

The WP coordination team took the decision to remain with a small set of preferred design options. Each of those will be verified using a short model magnet in the coming years in order to gain experience with the very high field. This international, collaborative pre-prototyping activity will show the most promising path. At the same time, R&D on superconducting wire will be pursued so that the two R&D activities can converge to a viable design around 2025.

WP 5 workplan:


Explore design options for an accelerator dipole magnet in the range of 16 Tesla

COMPLETED

The four different design options have been documented and collaborative projects with partners in different countries (France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, USA) have been established and are ready for constructing and testing short model magnets of each type to gain practical experience and to further advance the technology.

Produce conceptual designs for the most promising options

COMPLETED

The production of the engineering design for the cosine-theta and block coil designs Are underway. Other designs are, however, also pursued in the frame of international cooperation projects. The engineering folder deliverable defined in the scope of this project includes two designs: cosine-theta and block coil.

Develop a calibrated cost model for system optimization studies

COMPLETED

Based on the identified key cost drivers (conductor, manufacturing process) a cost model has been developed and the cost estimates for the different design options have been reported.

Develop a preferred option into a baseline design based on

COMPLETED

A set of preferred design options has been documented. This set is now at the core of the

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performance merits and cost estimates

definition of individual collaboration contracts with institutes world-wide that will build short model magnets to validate the design concepts in practice.

Produce the engineering design of the selected baseline configuration, covering all electromagnetics, mechanical, thermal and operation aspects, including the manufacturing folder for a short model.

COMPLETED

The engineering design for the cosine-theta and block coil started in September 2018 and results are documented in Milestone M5.4. Consolidated design work consists of drawings, functional and performance specifications for a dipole model sufficiently long (~1.5 m) to make relevant qualification measurements on performance, field quality and protection in a follow-up project.

Deliverable D5.4 reports on the design folder of one of these magnets, the US designed model magnet. The specifications and parameters, set by the EuroCirCol WP5, have been implemented in the engineering design of a cos-theta dipole model magnet developed by Fermilab in the framework of the US Magnet Development Program (MDP), which includes Fermilab, LBNL, NHMFL and recently BNL. The magnet design and manufacturing has been in part adapted to the tooling used for the 11 T dipole for the HL-LHC upgrade project, which was available at FNAL when the activity started. The requirements for this milestone, to achieve a conceptual design have been exceeded: In addition to the description of the magnet, the parts for the model have been ordered and the magnet is currently being assembled at Fermilab in the US. In addition, various geometries have been pursued with other institutes, foreseen also production of short models

CEA in France,

INFN in Italy,

BINP in Russia,

CIEMAT in Spain

PSI in Switzerland. These additional activities were not foreseen originally in the EuroCirCol program, but have been launched and coordinated by CERN, leveraging matching resources of the international organisation and national funding agencies in the member states.

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The coordination activity during the reference period has been particularly intense, with the organization of more than 50 meetings and video-conferences in several cases with participation of experts also outside the EuroCirCol beneficiaries, in particular of the US partners of the project.

This has allowed to strategically share to and within the EuroCirCol state of the art information and efficiently progress in the development of the magnet options.

Another important aspect of the coordination activity has been the focus given to the readiness for writing the magnet chapter of the CDR, an important milestone for the FCC project. Thanks to this, a first version document was already made available as a draft to the FCC International Review Panel at an early stage of the review process, allowing an efficient feedback, which made possible the elaboration of a second version of the document presently under the review process.

Finally, we remark the actions undertaken for the evolution of the EuroCirCol WP5 itself which has been considered on the basis of a global analysis of the progress of the 16 T project for the FCC. In particular, the successful initiatives for the manufacture of model magnets in several of the same partner institutes engaged in EuroCirCol (CEA, CIEMAT, INFN), in Russia (BINP) and in the US (the US MDP) have motivated a change in scope of Task 5.7 of the WP5.


2015

Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting


17/01/17 FCC MDP CERN WP5 + US collaboration

members


17/01/17 Cost estimate CERN Task 5.3 members


















members





09/05/17 Coordination CERN WP5 members https://indico.cern.ch/event/628937/













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meeting













09-10/10/17 Review CERN WP5 + FCC 16 T magnet members













2018

Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting







24/01/18 Conductor CERN WP5 + FCC 16T magnet members






20/02/18 Conductor CERN WP5 + FCC 16T magnet members



members

























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CERN WP5 + US collaboration

members


17/10/18 Coordination meeting 38

KIT WP5 members https://indico.cern.ch/event/733292/




members


2019

Dates (dd/mm/yy)

Type of meeting




26 & 27/06/19

EuroCirCol Machine

Design WP2 – FCC week

2019

Brussels FCC study members



1.2.5.2 Task 5.2: Study accelerator dipole magnet design options

Lead beneficiary: CIEMAT - Task status: Completed

The activity was considered as concluded until it has been agreed, in agreement with WP2 of the EuroCirCol, to impose tighter constraints on the allowed quadrupolar component of the design options, initially acceptable up to 50 units. The activity performed during WP2 has shown that this limit is too large, and that a new constraint of 20 units has to be considered. This imposed a change of the reference inter beam distance between the two magnet apertures, from 204 mm to 250 mm, and as a consequence a rework of the 2D magnet cross-section. Considering that model magnets of each of the design options will be built, instead of implementing this change on the baseline option (the cosine-theta) only, it has been decided to complete the study for all the design options.

The associated deliverable of this task has already been released and the task officially terminated, so the task is on time, but in practice additional work is being performed due to the abovementioned reasons, which did not affect any of the EuroCirCol deliverables.








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Figure 49: Electromagnetic baseline designs of the FCC arc and interaction region magnets developed in the framework and/or the support of H2020 EuroCirCol project. The institute taking the lead in the design is indicated

in brackets.

1.2.5.3 Task 5.3: Develop dipole magnet cost model


The activity for the cost model is completed, the relevant report has been published and is included in the FCC CDR. The work includes the description of the model, with appropriate references for the data and assumptions used as basis. The conductor has been identified as, by far, both the major cost driver and the major cost uncertainty.

Following lessons from the LHC dipoles, the team took into account a series of factors in elaborating a suitable cost model for the FCC-hh magnets. These include the double number of coils/magnet needed for a new 100 TeV collider housed in a new 100km tunnel, the higher coil complexity (+20%), the higher assembly complexity (+20%) and the higher parts cost (+30%), the baseline cosinetheta design found by the EuroCirCol study and the FCC target cost of the conductor. The status of the conductor and the opportunities of a more intense R&D coupled to the integrated programme of the FCC (FCC-ee followed by FCC-hh) could further bring down the high-field magnet cost.

1.2.5.4 Task 5.4: Develop magnet conceptual design

Lead beneficiary: INFN - Task status: On schedule

This task was initially imagined for the baseline option only. Considering that model magnets of more than one design option will be built, it has been decided to pursue conceptual designs, including 3D, for both the cosine-theta and the block coil options. Furthermore, both designs are being optimized considering the new constraints coming as a feedback from WP2, which, as anticipated, have imposed for example to modify the interbeam distance. The work is well on schedule with respect to the associated engineering folder deliverable, which will include two design options instead than just one.

Thanks to a number of novel concepts introduced in the different designs, all design options are considered complementary with diverse potentials. The design activity is described in greater detail in the FCC Conceptual Design Report, Volume 3, Section 3 (Openly accessible at the CERN Document Server at https://cds.cern.ch/record/2651300)

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Figure 50: Electromagnetic (left) and structural (right) cross-section for a central field of 16 T (Image from FCC CDR, Vol.3).

The “preferred design option”, the cosine theta design, currently being built by the US Department for Energy (DOE) collaboration partners Fermilab (FNAL) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) will be tested under operating conditions in 2020.

1.2.5.5 Task 5.5: Conductor studies


In the framework of the task 5.5 of work package 5, the parameters of the superconductor for the design of the FCC magnets were defined and constituted a common base to compare all the magnet designs developed in the framework of EuroCirCol. Two different types of Nb3Sn Rutherford cable were identified: an “high-field” cable and a “low field” one, both based on high critical current density (Jc) wires

This has resulted in the definition of the reference conductor parameters used by the different partner institutes of the EuroCirCol WP5 as well as in the identification and exploration of several strategic experimental parameters, in particular the effects of transversal load on the superconducting properties of the conductor.

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Figure 51: PIT cable sample measured at UT: critical current vs. magnetic field. The measurement confirmed that up to 150 MPa, the reduction of the critical current is mainly reversible and it is dominated by the reduction of the upper critical field (top). It was also found that the irreversible Ic degradation starts around 120 MPa however up to 150 MPa is still limited (bottom).

These effects were explored in a comprehensive experimental study was carried out at CERN, at the University of Twente and at the University of Geneva. Detailed studied investigated the effect of transverse loads on the performance of the Nb3Sn superconductor, which appears as one of the major challenges in the development of the FCC magnets. It was found that already at 150 MPa the critical current decreases substantially because of the reversible reduction of the upper critical field. The tests showed that the RRP conductor is less sensitive to transverse loads than the PIT conductor and the use of more rigid impregnations can help in sustaining a more important transverse load. From this experimental study, magnet designers can properly estimate the margin of the magnet and the maximum transverse load that the conductor can stand before degrading irreversibly.

The activity is on time and the associated deliverable have been produced during the previous reporting period.

1.2.5.6 Task 5.6: Devise quench protection concept

Lead beneficiary: TUT - Task status: Completed

The activity of this task has accompanied the evolution of the design options since a very initial phase, allowing to elaborate common and efficient strategies for the magnets quench protection. For what concerns quench protection all designs have been analyzed and optimized under the same conditions and using the

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same tools. An important effort has been devoted in integrating new techniques like CLIQ, in the study, thanks to an effective collaboration between the different partners and CERN.

1.2.5.7 Task 5.7: Produce magnet engineering design and manufacturing folder


All drawings, material and element specifications, assembly procedures have been collected and properly archived to inform future work and R&D efforts in light of the next update of the European Particle Physics Strategy Update. The deliverable also include calculation files, cost model, cost indications for materials and required components.

An important milestone, exceeding the initial goal of this deliverable, is the demonstration of a 14.2 T field in a dipole accelerator magnet at Fermilab in the framework of the US MDP meeting the requirements set by the EuroCirCol WP5. The result is a tremendous achievement in one of the key enabling technologies for circular colliders demonstrating the success of the adopted approach paving the way for future work to reach the 16T target. The goal is to reinforce the coil’s mechanical support and retest the magnet to achieve the 15-tesla design goal.

Figure 52: The cos-theta dipole model magnet with project leader A.V. Zlobin and his team (FNAL)

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1.3 IMPACT

In this final report, we report on those impacts that have materialized during the project period on those impact potentials, which are considered to be likely after the project period. We showcase selected potentials in an “onion” type fashion (see Figure 50), starting with the innermost circle consisting of the consortium members and expanding outwards to the European Research Area society. The particular scope of this Research Infrastructure concept study permits also adding a global impact layer.

In this report additional impact potentials have been identified and the already documented potentials have either been confirmed or have been refined to be more concrete.

Figure 53: Impact potentials for different communities.

For impact reporting we adapted an evaluation framework [19] (see 51). The main impact that this project generates was to form a coherent community with a single vision as a result of a set of globally converging activities as a pre-cursor to a preparatory project phase. This generated impact lasts beyond the project period. It has resulted in the creation of input to the European Strategy for Particle

Figure 54: The main impact of EuroCirCol is providing a decision basis for a new research infrastructure project. The next European strategy for particle physics update will use the FCC/EuroCirCol reports as input for their roadmap development process. Consequently, the impact of the project is the definition of a preparatory phase for a construction project of a new world-class research infrastructure in the heart of Europe for a global science community until the end of the 21st century.

19http://www.stfc.ac.uk/stfc/cache/file/B5D5D5C7-809A-44F3-990FBDC045835BAC.pdf

EuroCirCol H2020 projectFuture Circular Collider

preparatory phase project

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029

European strategyfor particle physics

update process

European strategyfor particle physics

update process

Potential construction project for a new RI

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Figure 55: Creating impact at each level (enablers, themes, goals) to strengthen the vision.

Table 12: Impact potentials for different communities at all levels.

Topic Impact Potential

EuroCirCol consortium members and directly involved researchers

Science and knowledge

The FCC-hh has a broad physics discovery potential with an opportunity to attract a worldwide community of more than 20,000 physicists (see arXiv:1707.03711). It addresses the energy frontier, electroweak, Higgs, Dark Matter and heavy flavour physics communities as well as the heavy ion and lepton-hadron communities, presently working on the LHC, flavour factories, Dark Matter experiments and other particle collider experiments worldwide. The theory community is needed to develop scenarios that can be tested at this collider. Together with the experimental physics community they will define a comprehensive physics programme.

The results from EuroCirCol helped understand that the most efficient method for the thorough exploration of the open questions in modern physics is a staged, integrated research programme, consisting of a high-intensity lepton collider to achieve an exhaustive understanding of the Standard Model to an extent that guides the optimised design of a cost-effective and sustainable energy frontier collider that re-uses the entire existing technical and organisational infrastructures. The reasons for this efficiency are (i) the powerful physics complementarity of the two machines, leading to an unbeatable exploration potential for the integrated FCC (ee and hh) programme; (ii) the synergy of infrastructure, which leads to a considerable cost saving, and reduces the financial burden. The integrated implementation schedule, opens a time window of 25 years for the development of the critical technologies identified under EuroCirCol and building on the lessons acquired in cryogenics, vacuum (WP4) and superconductivity and high-field magnets (WP5) for a hadron collider. Dedicated R&D programme profiting from the network established under EuroCirCol and building on the available infrastructure could allow a cost-efficient and reliable large-scale industrialisation of these technologies.

The team learned, which injector scenarios are feasible. Consequently, a plan on how to efficiently leverage the existing LHC accelerator as an injector has been drawn up. The reliability and availability goals for this constellation have been quantified.

The team learned that longer operation schedules are workable both from physics

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and infrastructure maintenance points of views. This approach leads to less downtimes, less stringent demands on peak performance and thus to a credible way to achieve the research performance goals.

The project helped understanding the technical requirements on the cryogenic refrigeration and the electrical infrastructure.

Knowledge about the effects of synchrotron radiation, electron-cloud creation and interaction with high-energy beams gained at modelling and simulation levels led to a definition of a workable collimation system concept. The encouraging findings suggest that a step-wise improvement of the current technology can lead to a workable system and that further, novel approaches will contribute to the efficiency, but are not indispensable key enabling technologies. This is an important step to show the feasibility of such a high-energy particle collider.

The entirely novel geometry for a beam screen and the identification of a set of suitable surface treatments have been confirmed as key technology enablers. Further insight will be gained during the measurement campaign. In case of an EPPSU recommendation, targeted technology R&D projects will be defined at international scale to bring the technologies to high maturity level and to be able to manufacture them at industrial scale.

The performance capabilities of the Nb3Sn superconductor are better understood as a result of this project. Preparatory work is now ongoing for a targeted R&D initiative to develop a novel Nb3Sn wire over a time span of ten years, which can meet the requirements. The FCC global conductor programme launched in 2018 aims to achieve a margin which is lower than for today’s state-of-the-art Nb3Sn HL–LHC magnets, where the it ranges between 20 and 22%. A main concern is to achieve reliable operation with a margin of 14% and to reduce it further to 10%. A Jc performance of up to 1200 A/mm2 at 4.2 K in a field of 16 T was achievable by the publication of the FCC Conceptual Design Report and is therefore considered to be the current state-of-the-art for large-scale production. The push to reach higher critical current density to meet the target requires extensive material science research effort and the development of new manufacturing technologies. During the EuroCirCol final event (Brussels, 2019) new results for the production of Nb3Sn wires with new technologies were presented by the US partners of the FCC conductor development programme. Specifically, at Fermilab, multi-filamentary wire produced with the Internal Oxidation process has already exceeded the FCC target critical current density – reaching values of up to about 1600 A/mm2 at 16 T and 4.2 K. Moreover, work at the Applied Superconductivity Centre of Florida State University has demonstrated the beneficial influence in improving the high-field performance of Nb3Sn via Hafnium addition to Nb-Ta.

Advance technology and develop solutions

The consortium developed four different magnet designs to be further pursued in search of a cost-effective high-field accelerator magnet design that can meet the performance and cost requirements. An international group of research laboratories has been formed to launch a world-wide cooperative initiative to produce model magnets to advance the technology based on these designs.

Two magnet baseline designs are currently further developed in greater detail by European beneficiaries (CEA, INFN).

The Swiss CHART programme has endorsed the continuation of another superconducting magnet design and prototype development at PSI, EPFL and ETH Zurich.

The US Magnet Development programme is continuing on the prototyping of a fourth magnet design and research on Nb3Sn is ongoing, too.

The consortium developed a prototype of the beam screen that was tested at the ANKA/KARA light source.

Surface treatments to limit the build-up of electron clouds have been validated in test

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stands build with the support of EuroCirCol and matching resources from the institutes (KARA/ANKA facility at KIT).

The consortium developed one workable baseline for the accelerator lattice and its beam optics including arcs and experimental insertion region.

Education and training

The consortium identified the urgent need of qualified researchers and engineers as a prerequisite for the detailed technical designs and to carry out the technical developments at a later stage. The consortium members agreed to take initiative and launch dedicated education and training initiatives around particle accelerator physics, superconductivity, cryogenics, radiofrequency and system reliability and availability. As a first step, a MSCA H2020 project on superconductors, manufacturing and cryogenic refrigeration has been defined. The EASITrain project is now active (three companies act as employers) and training of 15 Early Stage Researchers (ESRs) is ongoing. The project continues to document the need for training at international level and consortium partners are regularly encouraged to develop new training programs.

Solutions for challenges

The question if a lattice, layout and beam optics for a circular particle collider can be designed to allow reaching collision energies of 100 TeV at intensities of 5 – 10 x 1034 cm-

2s-1 has been conclusively answered. The consortium members developed a suitable collider concept and found a solution that permits exceeding the theoretically achievable beam intensities by developing a high-performance variant that could deliver intensities of 10 – 20 x 1034 cm-2s-1. The FCC hadron collider was the first subject of study, since it defines the infrastructure requirements. Now, conceptual design works for the first phase of the FCC integral project, the electron-positron collider is required. This particle collider has less demanding infrastructure requirements, but a solution needs to be found for an infrastructure that can host both particle colliders in sequence.

Inspire and involve

This project triggered the creation of a US Magnet Development Programmme (MDP) tackling the challenges of key technological components of an energy-frontier circular collider like the high-field accelerator magnet design and superconducting wire. The existence of common targets has facilitated the promotion and development of parallel programs (in particular the US MDP, for both the conductor and the magnets). For example, EuroCirCol WP5 has organized about 40 collaboration video-meetings and about 30 topical meetings, many of them with the enlarged participation of the US labs engaged in the US MDP

Sustain research excellence and leadership

This project serves as excellent enabler to sustain research excellence and confirm the European leadership in the design and preparation of a visionary research infrastructure for the continued in-depth exploration of the fundamental building block of our universe. This project consortium is now the engine of a world-wide group consisting now of more than 150 institutes world-wide to develop this strategic vision. The project leads by defining focused research projects, such as the EASITrain H2020 MSCA Innovation and Training Network and the FCC Innovation Study in Europe and a dedicated superconducting magnet development programme in the USA.

Effective knowledge exchange

The project with its document and software sharing concepts, frequent virtual and in-person meetings turned out to be an effective knowledge exchange enabler for the current size of the consortium. During the work towards the governance document milestone, it became evident, that for a much larger consortium, a dedicated support organisation needs to be established, tools need to be tailored to the community and the case and dedicated preparatory training of the project members to make effective use of the tools is indicated. Such an organization will have a pivotal role in a decades spanning research infrastructure development, construction and operation project not only at European scale, but with impacts world-wide.

Create and strengthen partnerships

This project continues to create tight and durable links between the consortium beneficiaries, forming the core of a world-wide vision for a post-LHC research infrastructure. The loose association of partners in the US has already led to the definition

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of a US magnet development program that led to the successful demonstration of a 14.2T cosine theta dipole magnet. The link with Japanese beneficiary KEK has also resulted in the engagement of Japanese industries for R&D actions on superconductivity and high-field magnets

Build international influence

Beneficiaries are regularly organising annual meetings in different key locations (Washington - USA, Rome - Italy, Berlin - Germany, Amsterdam - The Netherlands, Brussels - Belgium) that are accompanied by face-to-face meetings and public events in order to create an awareness for the vision and to communicate the strategy. A number of high-profile public events have been organized by WP1 to promote the work done in the framework of EuroCirCol. Locations include London, Vienna, Graz, Grenoble, Rome, Berlin, Athens and several other locations in Europe.

Human Capital Formation

Researchers and students in this project have gained experience to commonly develop a workable lattice and beam optics for an energy frontier particle accelerator. Through the connected activities in the project, they have learned about the key requirements of the potential users (theoretical and experimental physicists) and about the needs and constraints of technical infrastructures. This made the core-team grow and confident that such a machine is eventually technically feasible and confronted them with technical, organisational, managerial and financial challenges to be addressed in subsequent phases. The consortium continues to invest in the training and education of early stage researchers via EC actions and matching funds.

Financial sustainability

Through the EC grant, this project has so far helped to the beneficiaries to build core research teams at each site. The existence of the EC approved project and the seed funding has already triggered additional research activities, creating additional matching resources. Examples include: launch of conductor studies with industrial partners at CERN, construction of a model magnet Fermilab, setup and operation at KIT/ANKA for the cryogenic beam vacuum system measurement campaign, a model magnet design and development project with the participation of CIEMAT, CEA, INFN and PSI. Launch of additional R&D activities concerning magnet cooling and refrigeration system architectures at CEA, TU Dresden and University of Stuttgart, launch of research activities around physics opportunities exploration and experiment concept developments, launch of conductor studies in the Russian Federation, Japan, Korea and the US with industrial partners.

Efficient and effective organisation

The originally proposed and implemented organisation turned out to be lean and adequately comprehensive to carry out this efficiently. The structure integrated seamlessly with the international FCC study, representing the umbrella for this activity. The project integrated also neatly with the EASITrain MSCA and with the RI-Paths H2020 projects. Availability of competent & skillful early stage researchers has been identified as a key concern for future activities. This project made clear that for a future large-scale infrastructure project a dedicated hiring policy or a dedicated project development organization would be required. In addition, a dedicated system engineering and project management office providing central services for the efficient execution of the project (document management, software configuration management, assistance for document preparation, common naming and project databases) is needed to ensure the efficiency of such an R&D activity. Such comprehensive project support was not foreseen at the level of a conceptual study, but it will be compulsory during a preparatory phase to successfully maintain the large and ever-growing international contributions.

Particle physics, high-energy physics and accelerator physics scientific community

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The publication of the physics opportunities as pre-prints [20] and ultimately in Springer-Nature’s EPJ-C and the experiment concepts [21] are further detailed in a dedicated volume on the physics opportunities and as part of the conceptual design report (included in D1.5). At the time of proposal submission, many opinions existed on the technical feasibility of a 100 TeV hadron collider. The research so far led to a world-wide consensus among the relevant experts that indeed such a discovery machine is technically feasible and operable. However, the first compulsory step in further elucidating the current state of physics is a precision lepton collider that precedes an energy frontier hadron collider. Together, these two machines lead to a seventy-year long physics programme a world-wide science community. The most important technical constraints and R&D requirements have been drawn up and are included in the published Conceptual Design Report volumes. Corresponding R&D portfolios have been described for selected key components (e.g. high-field magnets, power conversion and transport, radiofrequency, large-scale cryogenics, beam effect mitigation, injection and extraction systems, collimation approaches, integration concepts, implementation scenarios). Infrastructure related R&D needs have been defined during the last reporting period and has partially been started (efficiency cryogenic refrigeration, cost-efficient tunneling and use of excavation materials, efficient use of electrical energy). Reliable tools to model and simulate the effects of proton and ion beams at energies of 50 TeV did not exist until now. This project triggered a range of developments in this domain and also concerned the prediction of the effects that such beams may cause in quantitative manners. This led to a review of the existing theoretical frameworks to study high-energy beams, led to new approaches on how to operate quickly decreasing beam intensities in particle colliders (an effect already seen at the LHC that will be even more relevant at HL-LHC) and will result in design and simulation tools with significantly improved precision and confidence levels. The study for a generic detector concept has been triggered by this project. A long-term strategic programme on detector-related R&D is in the process of being defined in greater detail. It would be coupled to recently launched efforts like CERN’s Experimental Physics Department 5-year R&D programme (2020-2025), the proposal for a continuation of AIDA++ as well as the ATTRACT H2020 project identifying potential market applications of detector technologies and areas of co-development with industrial partners.

Technology and solutions

WP5 has triggered activities around the advancements of superconductors in different geographical regions of the world. A Nb3Sn conductor advancement programme is now in full swing as a collaborative effort of academic and industrial partners. It is essential to point out that those activities around conductors and magnets are committed for a time period until at least 2023, i.e. reaching significantly beyond the EuroCirCol project duration. The reason is the long lead time required to ramp up industrial research, production, model building and testing at laboratories of equipment which weights tens of tons, consist of thousands of components, require a global integration chain and significant electrical, cryogenic, instrumentation, control and protection ancillary systems. At the start of the project, no available technology appeared to be available to cope with the unprecedented synchrotron-radiation induced heat loads of the high-energy particle beams and to cope with the expected formation of electron clouds. Now, the novel beam screen design has yielded first results, carefully pointing to a solution to deal with this challenging environment. Also, this R&D will continue beyond the EuroCirCol project and during a subsequent design phase. A set of surface treatment methods, notably the cost-effective Laser Engineered Surface

20 1) Standard Model processes (06 July, 2016), 2) Higgs and EW symmetry breaking studies (30 June, 2016), 3)

Beyond the Standard Model phenomena (03 June, 2016), 4) Heavy ions at the Future Circular Collider (12 October

2016) 21Iron-free detector magnet options for the future circular collider, M. Mentink et al., November 2016, Phys. Rev.

Accel. Beams 19, 111001

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.01831v1.pdf

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.09408v1.pdf

https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.00947


http://journals.aps.org/prab/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.111001

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Structures (LESS) approach and coating techniques, have been identified as potential mitigation measures. An additional R&D activity on developing a very high temperature superconducting thin films based on a Thallium-phase is ongoing as a potential future alternative with additional, beneficial characteristics for beam operation. This long-term research with the Italian National Research Council (CNR-SPIN) has not been described in the DoA, but it is also included in the EASITrain MSCA action.


EuroCirCol has attracted a significant number of students in the participating organisations. In this reporting period, we counted so far 157 (95 in period 2) trainees, master students, doctoral students and post-doctoral researchers at CERN. Categories include 19 Technical Students, 22 Doctoral Students, 9 PJAS, 18 Trainees and 83 Fellows over the lifetime of the project.

Distribution of students and post-doctoral early stage researchers in EuroCirCol at CERN.

A dedicated study that the University of Milan (Italy) carried out in this period in order to prepare the Cost Benefit Analysis of a future particle collider after the EuroCirCol project confirmed a salary premium of on average 150’000 Euro for a doctoral student at CERN (over an active work life period of 40 years). Consequently, this H2020 project will at least create a cumulative societal benefit through the training of early stage researchers in the order of 14.25 Million Euros, more than three times the value the EC grant volume. Despite an effort to hire more female students, the participation of women in the education program remains at a level of 30% (see image below).

10, 11%

61, 64%

17, 18%

7, 7%

Training and Education in the project at CERN

DOCT FELL TECH TRNE

29, 31%

66, 69%

Gender Distribution

F M

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Major schools on particle accelerators include now EuroCirCol energy frontier related topics in their programs: CERN Accelerator School (CAS), Joint Universities Accelerator School (JUAS) organised by the European Scientific Institute, United States Particle Accelerator School (USPAS) organised by DoE Fermilab as well as CERN’s academic training lecture and summer student programs. The EASITrain MSCA project coordinated by CERN also includes dedicated summer schools on superconductivity, high field magnets and cryogenic refrigeration infrastructures with EASISchool 1 in Vienna and EASISchool 2 in Grenoble while EASISchool 3 is scheduled to take place in Genova in autumn 2020. The FCC trainings on particle accelerator reliability and availability attracted about 20 participants in hands-on sessions, three times a year. They are in the meanwhile also offered to external partners through the ARIES H2020 project.

Strategy and vision

EuroCirCol constitutes the core of an ever-expanding world-wide community, developing one common vision for a future energy frontier physics research infrastructure. This collaboration formed by a multi-lateral Memorandum of Understanding consists today of 140 academic organisations and about twenty companies, stretching far beyond the original 16 EuroCirCol beneficiaries. Now, the collaboration’s organisation is working towards the goal that each individual member of this global effort is becoming an ambassador of this vision. The conceptual design report volumes have served as key input documents for the European strategy for particle physics update, which is coming to an end in May 2020. The full implementation of the FCC provides the broadest physics discovery potential of all presently proposed accelerator based high energy physics research facilities, with an opportunity to attract a worldwide community of more than 10’000 physicists (see arXiv:1707.03711) and with a physics programme until the end of the 21st century.

Partnerships with third parties

The scope of the EuroCirCol work program had to be held compact and self-contained. A large-scale research infrastructure requires, however, significant technological, organisational and administrative advancements in a large set of areas with frequent inter-sectoral information exchange. The development of partnerships with third parties from academia and industry is ongoing, resulting in now a total of 140 academic institutions and about 20 companies that co-operate on various different aspects of the conceptual study, far beyond the initial scope of work. A non-exhaustive list of examples includes:

US DoE JLAB and INFN Legnaro working on radiofrequency cavities that are coated with superconducting thin films to obtain a cost-effective solution for large-scale acceleration systems. Further involvement includes Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, University Siegen, University Stuttgart, and CNR-SPIN. The goal is to cut costs to 50% of current state-of-the art bulk Niobium cavities.

Partnerships with companies to iteratively improve the properties superconducting wires, e.g. Bruker, KAT, Luvata, KISWire, Jastec, TVEL, ASG. Additional university institutes involved in the activity is the Technical University Vienna, the University of Geneva, the University of Genoa and US national laboratories under the framework agreement with the US DOE.

Partnerships with universities, research centres and companies to advance the efficiency and lower the cost of cryogenic refrigeration systems. Examples are Technical University Dresden, University Stuttgart, Wroclaw University, CEA INAC and SBT, Air Liquide, Linde, MAN turbomachinery.

Partnership with universities and companies to transfer knowledge on reliability engineering to the domain of particle accelerators. Examples include University Stuttgart, Tampere University of Technology, Ramentor Oy, Heidelberg Ion Therapy facility and the Austrian Institute of Technology.

Application of fast and economic electromagnetic-hydro-forming with I-CUBE and Bmax companies to produce complex metallic structures.

Investigation of underground structure feasibility in the Geneva area with civil

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engineering consultants ARUP from UK, ILF and Geoconsult, both from Austria.

Studies on the geology in the region, on on-line soil analysis during tunneling, on searching novel use-cases for excavation materials have started with the Monantuniversität Leoben, Austria, with the French Centre for Tunnel Studies (CETU) and the Geneva cantonal geology service (GESDEC). A collaboration with the University of Geneva is currently being defined.

Analysis of the socio-urbanistic aspects and the implementation scenarios in France have been launched with the French CEREMA organisation and with the Ecole des Mines, Paris. Socio-economic impact studies are ongoing with the University of Milano (Italy) and the Centre for Industrial Studies CSIL in Milano (Italy) as well as with the University of Santiage de Compostela (Spain).

Inspire and involve

Building a common strategy and vision also inspired colleagues working on different projects to join the effort. Examples for successful synergies include:

The MSCA EASITrain ITN on superconducting materials, manufacturing techniques and cryogenic refrigeration technologies.

The joint work on research infrastructure socio-economic impact pathway identification with the RI-PATHS consortium.

The submission of the FCCIS H2020 project for parts of the preparatory project phase.

The submission of a H2020 project on innovative excavation materials use, called DEBI.

Work on superconductors and magnets together with the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade team on Nb3Sn superconductors and magnet technologies.

Research on thin-film superconducting cavities together with the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade team, institutes working on linear accelerators such as US JLAB, INFN LNL or ESS.

Research on synchrotron radiation or operation aspects with partners traditionally working in synchrotron light sources such as STFC, ALBA and ANKA/KARA within the consortium and INFN LNF, Melbourne university, MAX IV, DESY.

Numerous common activities take place with the ARIES H2020 project on technologies for future particle accelerators and training of the next generation of engineers. Examples include research on high-temperature superconductors for magnets, highly resistive materials, vacuum technology, reliability and availability system and component information, high-efficiency radio frequency power sources with up to 90% power conversion efficiency.

Co-operation with the now finished FuSuMaTech H2020 CSA consortium for the exploitation of future magnet technology, led by CEA.

International influence

This action of world-wide converging activities is continuing to shape opinion within the field and to create a solid case for a future physics research infrastructure at the energy frontier, comparable to similar endeavors that have significantly longer history and complementary goals (e.g. CLIC, ILC). This project created a credible and lasting counterpole to the Chinese national study on a future circular collider (CepC), giving European scientists and industry a new long-term vision in their region. This project has caused the creation of topical R&D activities in various regions in the world. This is now the foundation to engage further regions considering on the one side the “EU Smart Specialization” approach in Europe and CERN’s international network with non-member states (e.g. Australia, Canada, Russia, India, Pakistan, Canada, South Africa and many more).

Sustainability of research, excellence and

This project has created of a core group of scientists, engineers and students who are forming a “knowledge and competency group” that is the first building block to ensure a long-term sustainable research programme a future particle collider research infrastructure. With EuroCirCol, CERN as an International European Interest

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leadership Organisation federating a world-wide community has taken the leadership. This group is extending its excellence by inspiring and involving individuals and organisations from all over the globe. However, continued vigilance is essential in view of the growing importance of the activities around a comparable Chinese [22,23,24,,25,26] project vision.


This project helped to achieve efficient knowledge exchange via the possibility to organise more frequent, topical meetings at different locations of participants in addition to the Annual Collaboration meetings (Washington, Rome, Berlin, Amsterdam). These additional events sparked more intense cross-sectoral information exchange, which led to quick convergence of baseline parameters, to an adjustment of the magnet operation temperature from 4.2 K to 1.9 K, to the proposal of a novel beam screen geometry, the development of diverse approaches to treat the beam screen surface, an adjustment of the measurement setups and, most notably, the development of a long-term superconducting high-field magnet R&D program that will last significantly beyond the life of the EuroCirCol project duration. Despite these impacts, improvement of result sharing via more intense use of the document management systems (MS Sharepoint, CDS, Indico and EDMS at CERN) are continuously encouraged. However, the use of the Web-based collaboration platforms remains limited. The project revealed, that dedicated training in the use of modern, collaborative software infrastructures would be indicated for the science and technology community. In order to strengthen the open-science approach, a data management plan for the management of research results on superconductors has been drawn up in this period. It has recently been implemented in the EASITRain MSCA project, aiming at establishing a long-term database of superconducting wire, tape and thin-film characteristics in few of decade long research and development periods.

Developing our people

This project continues to create awareness among project members for the need to evolve and develop skills beyond technical and scientific ones. The University of Milano (Italy) documented the primary skills that early stage researchers are able to acquire in such project and confirmed that these are the skills that industrial employers value most when hiring persons that come from international technology research organisations:

Self-organisation and independent working

Remain motivated also in front of complex situations

Acquire knowledge autonomously

Flexibility to adapt quickly to new situations also beyond the initial competencies

Working in international environments and teams

Work across knowledge domains and leverage intersectoral synergies

Managing diverse teams

Be able to communicate across language and culture boundaries

Be aware of cutting-edge technologies becoming mature and find ways to leverage them

Data analysis skills

Capability to handle large amounts of unstructured information

Software development Gender equality requires more attention and efforts at universities and during

22Kaiser der Mathematik by Von Johann Grolle, Spiegel published on 21.12.2016 23Status of CEPC/SPPC, detector simulations and physics studies - Speaker: Manqi Ruan (Chinese Academy of

Sciences, CN) 24From the Great Wall to the Great Collider by Steve Nadies & Shing-Tung Yau (Princeton University Press, 2015 25Effective field theories in future Higgs factories - Speaker: Jiayin Gu (IHEP, CA) 26Higgs exotic decays at future e+e− lepton colliders, by LianTao Wang (University of Chicago)

https://indico.cern.ch/event/550509/contributions/2413240/attachments/1395641/2128022/CEPC_FCC_WS_v2.pdf

https://indico.cern.ch/event/550509/contributions/2413790/attachments/1396637/2129333/ee5.pdf

https://indico.cern.ch/event/550509/contributions/2430916/attachments/1397665/2131381/HiggsExotic_CERNFCC.pdf

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conferences to attract more female students and early stage researchers in the relevant domains have so far not led to a satisfactory contribution to gender equality. The problem is more fundamental, mainly rooting in the problem to offer long-term, attractive and stable working conditions. As a matter of fact, the EuroCirCol spawned EASITrain MSCA project shows that at early stage researcher level, the female participation is still good during the education period even in presence of the obligation to move to another country (40%), but then women tend to leave the research environment due to job insecurity. Scientific publications with referenceable archiving need to be generated more frequently and that closer and more direct cooperation with industrial partners at international scale are crucial for the project. These findings contribute to an ongoing development of the people in this sector.


As presumed, the establishment of EuroCirCol as an EC approved and H2020 partially funded project turned out to be a valuable lever for additional funding of fundamental feasibility investigations and as a motor for further technology R&D. The significant matching resources of the project participants documented in this periodic report and the engagement of the many more organisations in related activities in the frame of the Future Circular Collider study give impressive evidence that EU projects of this kind help achieving financial sustainability of large-scale research. The activities on Cost-Benefit Analysis help further documenting the financial sustainability of large-scale research. The findings so far suggest that training is the single most important generator of socio-economic impact for such endeavours. Industries profit most via co-innovation and co-development in the mid- to hi-tech sector and for cutting-edge technologies that are brought to maturity. An interesting finding is the high value of cultural goods (science tourism, books, films, exhibitions) and the willingness of taxpayers to support such a research infrastructure with comparable high amounts per year (order of 4 Euro/year/person). There is, however, a strong correlation of the willingness to pay with the educational level of the citizens as well as their knowledge about the goals and scope of the planned infrastructure. This will be considered in the financing plan that has to be developed during the preparatory phase.


The EuroCirCol Consortium Agreement and organisation structure contributed to form an effectively working team of people, giving them a tool to advance efficiently with the development of a strategic vision based on sound technological developments. The executive bodies of this project were able to use this lean organisational structure as a lever to engage further parties, both academic and for-profit, in the frame of the Future Circular Collider study, which fully integrates the EuroCirCol project. This organisation structure has once more proven to be adequate for such international research projects, contributing to their successful operation. Organisation structure, Consortium Agreement and the Memorandum of Understanding framework will serve as a basis for the development of a governance structure for a project preparatory phase.

Other scientific communities


Through the fundamental investigations on superconducting wires in WP5, the material science community has gained new insights in the microstructure of the Nb3Sn superconductor. Concerning the design studies on superconducting magnets in this WP, the manufacturing industry starts to explore possibilities to improve the production process of high-field magnets using that brittle material. Those investigations have potentials that eventually can lead to larger and more cost-effective MRI and NMR devices, to high-power wind turbines and applications along the processing technology value chain such as the recovery of precious metals from scrap and waste. The material sciences community also profits from the findings on the micro- and nanostructure engineering of laser-treated surfaces and surface coatings in WP4. Numerous engineering disciplines profit from the investigations that are carried out in the project in the form of matching fund activities. Examples include, but are not limited to the

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following: efficient tunneling, use of excavation materials in a circular economy, efficient turbo compressors for light gases in the machinery industry and the oil & gas industry, efficient refrigeration technologies for the liquid gas market, efficient energy buffering and controlled release, lossless electrical energy transport using superconducting wires, manufacturing industry gaining experience with high-speed forming processes, industries needing light and highly robust materials in harsh environments, bio- and medical appliances that can learn from the improved software to simulate the transition of particles through matter, better particle detectors for imaging, more compact and cheaper particle accelerators for cancer therapy, food processing market that can exploit technologies to develop entirely novel quality control devices, high-power electronics for energy-efficient Radar applications and instant power release devices in manufacturing industry, economics gaining insight in the societal benefits of research infrastructures and how they can be quantified in a more reliable way (this has significant impacts on the policy making and strategy development of the European science landscape as well).

Technology and solutions

Indication that the current transport capacity of Nb3Sn superconductor can be significantly advanced via the introduction of artificial flux pinning centres and internal oxydation. The consensus of academic and industrial partners on a cost target for such a conductor can become an important catalyzer for further material, wire and application developments. Raised awareness that a novel, Thallium-based very high temperature superconductor needs fundamental development of a production process and assessment of the compound as thin-film coating. Created awareness that for a high-energy hadron collider at a later point in time, superseding an intermediary lepton collider, high-temperature superconductors (HTS) are a promising route to pursue. Investment in the advancement of this technology, has the potentials via industrialization to lead to significant cost reductions, thus becoming a disruptive technology. Created an understanding that a novel refrigeration process involving a mixture of light gases (Neon and Helium) for large-scale cost-efficient cryogenics calls for an innovative turbo compressor design using different components and materials than the machinery available today. Gain a better understanding how high-speed forming and manufacturing techniques can be used in very diverse industries ranging from household materials over car parts to aerospace equipment. The reliability engineering community is gaining understanding on the functioning and characteristics of particle accelerators and complexes thereof. This fact triggers them to advance tools and methods in their domain that may also turn out to be beneficial for numerous industrial, societal and healthcare scenarios. The civil engineering community discovered the possibility to advance approaches and tools for early-stage planning of large-scale infrastructures, notably underground structures by integrating diverse set of data sources and performing scenario based risk and cost assessments in shorter iteration loops. As a result, BIM tool development has received significant international echo and was honoured with a prestigious award [27]. Raise the interest of geology scientists and civil engineering universities on cost effective tunneling using novel materials (e.g. for reinforcement of the linings) and to find ways for improving the use of excavation materials (advancement of the legal and regulatory frameworks in Europe, advancement of on-line soil analysis and separation during the tunneling process, finding novel applications for using so far underused soil types in industry).

Education Direct findings from the technology R&D on superconductors and high-field magnets including applications has entered the doctorate education programs at universities throughout Europe. The following, non-exhaustive enumeration gives an impression:

27www.arup.com/news/2015_11_november/06_november_arup_engineer_wins_international_glossop_award

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University Paris Saclay in cooperation with CEA, France

University Grenoble Alpes in cooperation with CEA, France

University of Padova, Italy

University of Genova, Italy

University Milano, Italy

Universita degli Studi di Milano, Italy

Technical University Dresden, Germany

Technical University Vienna, Austria

University Siegen, Germany


University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria

University of Geneva, Switzerland

Ecole Polytechnique Lausanne, Switzerland

Technical University Tampere, Finland

Strategy and vision

The applied superconductivity community is developing a strategy and vision for the needs to advance the performance of certain superconductors for wires (e.g. Nb3Sn, MgB2) and thin films (Nb, NbN, MgB2, Tl) at global level (currently Europe, Japan, US, South Korea and Russia). This community also develops plans for a geographically distributed approach to develop very high-field magnets for particle accelerators and with application domains beyond this field. Concrete examples are the US DoE magnet development program and the Swiss contribution to the EuroCirCol program. Japan and Russia have in the meanwhile also launched national R&D activities. The cryogenics community is forming an initiative to bring light-gas based refrigeration out of the laboratory. The economics science community is building up around the socio-economic impact assessment of a new, large-scale research infrastructures and the key technologies on which it would build (compare the newly launched RI-Paths H2020 project to develop a coherent framework for the assessment of the impacts of research infrastructures in Europe). The geology and underground engineering community picked up the challenge to develop cost-effective tunneling methods and to find ways to improve the use of excavation materials. Government authorities in France and Switzerland start to become interested in developing legal and regulatory frameworks in view of helping to ease the development and realization of large-scale science projects in their countries. Given the significant benefit potentials that have been identified via the CBA studies of the LHC and HL-LHC programme, there exists also an interest to look closer on how research infrastructures can contribute to the fields of tourism and the increase of industrial competitivity through co-development and co-innovation. The power electronics industry started to look into ways on how to produce high-power switching gear, more efficient electricity conversion devices and electrical energy buffering technologies. Although technical developments have not yet been planned, this initial interest to cooperate on these topics is an encouraging first step to involve also these industries with benefit potentials at a global scale. Some science domains, which have so far not been reached, but which could be of interest for the EuroCirCol community are:

Related fundamental physics disciplines (e.g. astrophysics, astronomy)

Logistics for sustainable infrastructure concepts, affordable and efficient transport and installation approaches

Architecture and arts for initial concepts of involving the population in the development of the vision, following the principle of the participative democracy

Media and visual arts for developing approaches to efficiently engage the public and

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communicate with the public about non-trivial concepts

Production and manufacturing to conceive viable concepts for the construction and installation of systems

Technical risk management to conceive an approach for assessing hazards and risks related to a technological mega-project in a scalable fashion

ICT community to understand how Big Data and Industry 4.0 concepts can help to find sustainable solutions as all stages of a project (design, construction, installation, operation)

Environmental sciences to analyse, how to limit impacts.

Energy and engineering to develop approaches for energy efficient components and operation, for identifying novel materials that lead to feasible accelerator components, novel manufacturing to keep costs under control.

Electronic and electrical engineering to develop new types of semiconductors for detectors, affordable computing in presence of ionizing radiation, nano-materials for new conductors or superconducting electronics

Software engineering to develop to develop software quicker and with less probability for errors

Systems engineering to develop adequate structures and processes for the design and construction phases to control project risks associated with cutting-edge technologies and dynamic international participation

Mechatronics to conceive standards and equipment, which requires less maintenance and repair efforts through self-healing or autonomous and remote interventions, which are more reliable through design principles, which are highly scalable and cost effective

Partnerships with third parties

Science domains experiencing impacts from the EuroCirCol research can eventually build working with upstream and downstream partners around the result. At the time of the first periodic reporting mainly applications for superconductor technologies in healthcare and industry are potential candidates as well as mining organisations upstream and manufacturing/processing/integration companies. It is, however, too early to provide details on such impacts.

Inspire and involve

With EuroCirCol being a full subset of the Future Circular Collider study, it became possible to inspire and involve several universities and research institutes world-wide, also from countries that traditionally not have such infrastructures or who are in the process of building up core expertise. The creation of a global strategy and vision for a common physics research infrastructure in a collaborative fashion with opportunities in a vast area of different technology domains and sectors makes this task possible.


Support from science and technologies community outside the particle physics and accelerator sector will help promoting the vision of new large-scale research infrastructure. So far, the IEEE, in particular the Council of Superconductivity (CSC) has picked up the topic is regularly facilitating events and contributing to outreach and communication activities. Springer-Nature teamed up as a partner with the international collaboration and the publication of the conceptual design reports has resulted in the definition of a common initative to speed-up open access publishing in the physics and particle accelerator domain with potential impacts for the entire science community. Contacts have been established with the EU STOA office in order to inform about the vision for a new research infrastructure to be constructed in the coming decade. Working relationships exist now with the French regional government represented by SGAR (Secrétaire général pour les Affaires régionales) and with theSwiss government officials represented by the permanent mission of Switzerland at the international organisations, the ministry of foreign affairs and the state office of the canton of Geneva. Further potentials for international influence stem from the economics community, which is in regular contact with research funding agencies, regional development organisations and policy makers at national and European levels. The socio-economic

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impact assessment of the LHC/HL-LHC has now delivered a solid baseline on which the development of a vision at international level can be built. This led to the establishment of working contacts with the European Space Agency (ESA), in order to understand how common socio-economic impact studies on fundamental science and technology initiatives can be organized in a common and complementary fashion.

Sustainability of research, excellence and leadership

Through geographical distributed and topically complementary engagement of different science and technology communities both, their research and the development of an energy frontier particle collider infrastructure becomes scalable, leads to deep domain specific excellence and leadership of the participants in the individual domains. One example is the concurrent development of superconductors in different regions, and another example is the concurrent exploration of different magnet designs.


This project intensifies the links between the traditional accelerator physics and technology community with other science domains: mechanical and electrical engineering, chemistry and material sciences, machinery, reliability engineering, aerospace and automotive engineering, civil engineering, economics to understand industrial approaches, impact assessments and new markets for the technologies. At this point, downstream technology users remain to be included in the communication activities. Initial investigations took place in a cooperation with the University of Economics in Vienna Austria taking several key technologies of EuroCirCol as example. Potential industrial interest was identified from very diverse areas such as the recovery of precious metals from waste using heat treatment, novel devices to improve the quality of food screening using fast and high-precision NMR and the production of high-premium skis using thin film coating.


The socio-economic impact study activities so far have revealed that other science communities profit from new R&D projects and training. As a result, an in-depth study has been launched to explore in detail the lifetime-salary premium effect in Europe from the activities in large-scale particle accelerator and high-energy physics.


Other science communities can profit from a visionary long-term science mission that is carried out using the methodology of “Open Innovation”. A plethora of technologies that eventually are beneficial for every taxpayer need to be developed in the wake of the core mission. The R&D would otherwise most likely not be launched, since the “long-term challenge” to be solved would not exist otherwise. Such, these other science domains profit from financial resources to start common R&D projects that emerge from the science core mission and which are complemented by academic and industrial matching resources. As a matter of fact, this project has identified the need to define an effective instrument for co-construction with industry that will ensure that industry commits to contribute with resources to get the opportunity to exploit the results. Today, privately owned companies profit entirely from publicly funded R&D without significant return.


The EuroCirCol project builds on a long history of successful large-scale, international science projects in particle accelerator and physics. The LHC experience serves already as an example for the organisation of science projects. The implementation and governance model (M1.9) uses exactly this experience as a blueprint for a suitable preparatory-phase project organisation. This model can also serve as organisation example for the research and science community.

Industrial community


Through the conductor R&D programme that has emerged from this project, industry partners world-wide have reached a consensus agreement on the performance characteristics to be achieved over a time scale of about 10 years and on a cost target for such a type of wire. This kind of regular interaction and alignment towards the creation of a technology roadmap will continue after the project period in the scope of the FCC preparatory R&D phase and in the frame of the now active EASITrain MSCA project. This helps them to assess possible future procurement opportunities and scout for

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markets with end-user applications that build on those technologies. Specifically, the following technology domains to be further exploited in cooperation with industrial partners have been confirmed:

Current increase in Nb3Sn low-temperature superconductors

Reduction of magnetization losses through ultra-thin filament size and engineered microstructure of the Nb3Sn wire

Mass-production of high-capacity Nb3Sn at affordable costs within an agreed cost target from a set of suppliers worldwide

Large-scale production of high-temperature superconducting tapes at constant quality and affordable costs

Increase of reach for MgB2 wires for use in relatively lighter high-field magnets

Cost-reduction of MgB2 superconducting wires

Advancement of high-temperature superconducting wire and tape technology for use in high-field magnets (5 Tesla on a ten years’ time horizon, ultimately with the goal to develop a technology that is mature enough for use in very high field magnets up to 16 Tesla at field qualities needed for particle accelerators)

Significant cost reduction of high-temperature superconducting wires and tapes

Creation of large-scale, high quality low-temperature superconducting thin films

Turbomachinery for light gases

Efficiency increase and cost reduction of large-scale cryogenic plants

Industrialisation and demonstration of the cost-effectiveness of large-scale, temperature-stable infrastructures for the distribution of cryogens using Invar technology

Additive manufacturing involving metal powders with capabilities for structures under high-vacuum, ionising radiation conditions

Fast forming involving normal and superconducting metals

Scalable modelling and simulation of large-scale system reliability and availability

Efficient and resilient DC power distribution via medium voltage systems

High-efficiency power conversion with new klystrons and semiconductor amplifiers

Highly modular power conversion equipment (high-availability infrastructures)

Use of excavation materials to promote a circular economy

Cost-effective tunneling

Waste heat recovery for direct conversion to electricity or to improve the efficiency of the affected process

Novel particle detection technologies

High-capacity energy storage and supply infrastructures

High-power switching and energy release systems Micro- and nanoscale surface treatment technologies


Based on the science and knowledge acquisition, the following key technologies to make a particle accelerator feasible may eventually experience beneficial impacts (many more technologies exist that will be advanced in a new particle accelerator project, but they are not necessarily considered key technologies. Here we only include those technologies, which enable the feasibility of such a machine):

Superconductors for motors (ships, hybrid or fully electric aircraft propulsion) and generators (wind turbines)

High-field magnet technology for innovative (product grade) cancer treatment particle accelerators, food quality control systems, MRI, NMR, semiconductor growth systems

Superconducting thin film coatings for RF cavities, fast telecommunications, ultra-wide band Radar, fast electronics

Modelling and simulation to perform sensitivity analysis of energy efficiency

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measures in transportation (marine, railway, aircraft), process and manufacturing industry, district infrastructure supplies, building efficiency improvements

Efficient hydrogen liquefaction for space launch systems or as fuel for transport systems and LNG production

Reliable turbocompressors involved in gas production, storage and transport as well as for machinery and automotive sectors

Components to build a future power grid based on superconducting elements (electricity transport, high capacity and environment friendly transformers, fault current limiters, fast switches)

Thin film coatings for tools and machines

Special coatings for premium consumer products (e.g. skis, helmets)

Recovery of precious metals from scrap

Cost-effective and fast forming of metallic consumer goods, automotive and aerospace parts

High-power switching, electrical energy conversion and energy release systems for Radar, astrophysics, industrial manufacturing

Low-cost industrialised production of radiofrequency systems for compact particle accelerators to be used in industry (cargo scanning), material sciences (FELs) and healthcare (radiotherapy)

On-line excavation material analysis and sorting systems to ease the use of excavation materials in underground civil engineering projects

Development of novel products from so-far unexploited excavation materials, e.g. as isolation materials for buildings

Development of cost-effective tunnel reinforcement to significantly reduce the cost of tunnels

Advancement of open access e-publishing through the cooperation of a large number of scientists and engineers with leading publishers. European publishers have the opportunity to strengthen their market relevance with respect to publishers elsewhere on decades time spans rather than on years only.


Employees of companies involved in technology R&D projects that emerge from this study can directly profit from training-on-the-project. Concrete examples include in this project the industrial suppliers for the development of the WP4 beam screen model and the industries involved in the prototype and model productions of superconducting magnets in WP5. In addition, companies involved in the superconductor wire and cable development can profit from these training opportunities. Concrete examples include the following companies: Bruker (Germany), ASG (Italy), I-Cube (France), Gero Carbolite (Germany), Kiswire Advanced Technology (KAT); the TVEL Fuel Company working with the Bochvar Institute (JSC VNIINM); Furukawa Electric and Japan Superconductor Technology (JASTEC) in Japan both coordinated by the KEK laboratory. Columbus Superconductor SpA is participating in the programme for other superconducting materials, while two additional companies – Luvata and Western Superconducting Technologies (WST) have also expressed their interest and by the time of writing this report Luvata has signed an MoU. A second opportunity for companies is that they can hire students and early stage researchers, who were directly engaged in this project and by students who are active in the associated activities in the FCC umbrella study. The EASITrain MSCA project is a good example for the validity of this approach.

Strategy and vision

This project serves industry to develop a mid- and long-term strategic vision for the advancement of superconductors and superconducting magnet technology with new potentials in established markets (cancer treatment particle accelerators, MRI, NMR, fault current limiters, semiconductor growth systems, superconducting electricity generators, food quality control system) as well as the possibility to explore entire new markets such as food screening, waste recycling and consumer good production. Today, a relevant

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community of industrial partners is being built and future reports has started to explore this opportunity further in the frame of further R&D activities that will remain active beyond the EuroCirCol project period.


The development and construction of different superconducting magnet models already requires a global product value chain, creating impact potentials for those companies who participate in this next step. The potentials that emerge from this value chain on different types of industrial partners (e.g. metallurgical industry, manufacturing industry, mechatronics and software development, quality management, sensor and measurement technologies, robotics, precision tools, heat treatment, surface treatment, novel insulation materials, automated assembly and testing, transport and logistics) have been analysed in a cooperation with the Vienna University of Economics and Business. Partnerships have been established with companies Gero Carbolite (heat treatment), Babcock Noell (magnet engineering), ASG (superconducting wires and magnets), Bruker (superconducting wires), Cemecon (thin films), RI (thin films), I-Cube (forming), Ramentor (modelling of complex systems), Springer-Nature (dissemination products and publishing), TVEL (superconductors).

Inspire and involve

This project inspires industry partners to search for solutions of the challenges on the way to the feasibility of a future energy frontier collider. The project involves large and small enterprises to pick up those challenges and work together with the science community to find solutions. Concrete examples known today include:

Develop a high-performance Nb3Sn superconducting wire that can be used at 1’500 A/mm2 at 4.2 K and 16 T strong magnetic fields.

Make MgB2 superconductors fit for high-field magnets

Explore ways to produce high-temperature superconductors cost-effectively

Bring high-temperature superconductors like YBCO and BSCCO to a level so that they can be used in high-field magnets

Improve energy and cost efficiency of large-scale cryogenics plants by 20%

Develop a novel turbocompressor for light gases

Develop advanced surface treatment processes at nanometer feature size for very large surfaces

Develop cost-effective superconducting thin films for large surfaces and master the conductor/substrate interface challenges

Advance innovative manufacturing methods (e.g. electro-hydraulic forming, additive manufacturing with metallic and ceramic powders) for use with new materials, for ultra-high vacuum condition use

Develop scalable modelling and simulation tools for industrial plan energy and operation efficiency improvement

Develop efficient power conversion and transmission systems for electrical infrastructures and radiofrequency applications

Develop cost-efficient tunneling methods

Develop technologies to analyse and separate excavation materials on-line during the tunneling process

Develop ways to use excavation materials


Although R&D on superconductivity at the academic sector is highly international, Europe still has a leading role in this field at industrial level. It is now crucial to strengthen and expand this role. A future particle collider project can exactly be the large-scale driver for this. Europe has entered a transition to become an optimizing, circular economy. A future particle collider project requires exactly such an approach to be highly cost efficient and to keep its environmental impacts low. Again, this is an opportunity for Europe to become a leader in subsurface engineering and excavation materials re-use, re-use of metals and other raw materials at large scale, to develop efficient and resilient electricity transmission and

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distribution systems, to develop large-scale software tools, to develop energy efficient cryogenic refrigeration for use in natural gas, hydrogen economy and spaceflight. Further opportunities for international influence includes novel processes for consumer products, border and homeland security applications (e.g. cargo screening), collaborative tools, the science and engineering publishing domain, transnational environmental impact assessment and socio-economic analysis tools.

Sustainability of research, excellence and leadership

Through the R&D activities directly emerging from this project, additional resources are engaged with industrial partners that help them to engage in technological advancements with mid- and long-term goals in a risk-controlled fashion. Without this motivation, small companies may not possess adequate reserves to engage in such activities (“valley of death from prototype to product”) and large-scale companies may not engage to a lack of an initial potential market. Eventually, the R&D results can lead to technological advancements, which increase the competitiveness of the participating industrial partner. A study launched in the frame of the FCC umbrella study has quantified this effect: for each public euro invested in medium- and high technology intensity co-developments with industrial partners, a company earns after interest and taxes (EBITA) at least 3 Euros. This conservative analysis result must, however, now be used to define together with science and economic policy makers at European level to define an efficient instrument that ensures that part of these earnings for private industry can again be made available to the taxpayers that ultimately have funded the scientific research mission.


Engagement of companies with academic organisations requires the development of adequate information exchange channels and negotiation on IP conditions for the exploitation of foreground that go beyond the H2020 defined rules. This topic has in the scope of EuroCirCol/FCC already been identified as a challenge that remains to be addressed. Open licenses are one way to manage IP (e.g. CC), but there exist no law-enforcement instruments today for this type of instruments. The requirement for open data is useful to exchange knowledge, but the financial burden is on the academic institutions and thus ultimately on the taxpayers. The co-operating companies are not motivated in investing the significant sums required to publish openly, to make date openly available and to potentially experience a loss of competitivity. EuroCirCol has identified the need to address this issue when it comes to a future large-scale particle collider project.


UN Agenda 2030 [28] and Flightplan 2050 [29]are two concrete examples of societal challenge catalogues that require industry to develop solutions. The H2020 [30] societal challenges and the Horizon Europe Global Challenges[31] will also need to be considered by a future research infrastructure project. Although at this point in time it is too early to document tangible impacts of EuroCirCol, we can propose initial pathways on how a future particle-collider based research infrastructure science mission can contribute to address the five overarching global challenges: 1. Health: numerous technologies that need to be brought to high maturity levels and

industrial scale production can be used in health improving end-use applications. Some examples include resistant and bio-compatible coatings, more cost-effective and advanced medical imaging, the advancement of ICT infrastructures.

2. Culture, creativity and inclusive society: the future project will open numerous opportunities to engage people of any age and background in an intriguing journey to the Origins of Everything, possibilities for architects and artists to design and build lasting landmarks and to provide education and hands-on training for children, adolescents and adults of any social background

3. Digital, Industry and Space: The development of globally spanning computing and

28https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment 29http://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/modes/air/doc/flightpath2050.pdf 30https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/societal-challenges 31https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en

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data services, novel industrial manufacturing and advanced technologies has the potentials to impact all three topics mentioned. Concrete examples include already today the Zenodo system, which is part of the EOSC, the development of industrial processes to recover raw materials from unused devices and scrap and the development of efficient cryogenic refrigeration for the production of space transportation propellants. Other concrete examples for the development required technologies with societal benefits are the innovative excavation materials use cases, the development of medium-voltage DC electricity transmission, high-efficiency and scalable RF power sources.

4. Climate, Energy, and Mobility: as mentioned above the development of efficient and resilient energy generation and distribution, energy efficient industrial processes and ICT can be a highly relevant contribution of a future particle collider research infrastructure to this pillar goal.

5. Food and Natural Resources: A future particle collider research infrastructure must be designed with responsible natural resource use in mind from the beginning on. Keeping the use of cooling water as low as possible, reducing the energy consumption with respect to past projects, re-using materials from other sources and re-using waste generated during the project will not only make the project more efficient, but will make such a project an example for other endeavours and has the potential to advance the legal frameworks in the host states based on practical showcases.

Ideally, the challenges are incorporated in the project preparatory and construction phases through efficient instruments that help building co-development and co-construction with companies, facilitated with the help of EC agencies that have the possibility to act at European scale.


The engagement of industrial partners with the academic community provides also opportunities for cultural growth to company employees. This quality of large-scale, international scientific projects helps companies to develop their assets and potentially enlarge their market opportunities. Specific cases are for instance the information about new market opportunities (e.g. thin-film coating of consumer products, food screening with NMR technologies, cargo scanning with particle accelerator technologies, scrap metal recycling with heat treatment systems, radioactive waste containment with specifically developed raisins for magnets, making construction materials from excavated soil for far unused) or expanding the business beyond national borders (e.g. small software development companies coming to CERN in the scope of the international project to discover new opportunities in other countries and activity sectors).


The Nb3Sn, MgB2 and HTS R&D contracts, which are currently being prepared help high-risk industries to continue investing in this elusive technology. A future high-energy particle collider would create financial sustainability for the European industry, in particular to expand their competitiveness in this sector. Very similar effects could be achieved with preparatory R&D contracts in the domains of thin films, electricity distribution, magnet assembly and testing, radiofrequency cavity production, preparation of large-scale surface treatments, development of on-line analysis and separation systems for large-scale underground civil engineering works (the latter ones are particularly interesting, since the profit margins in the civil engineering sector are low, but through the use of advanced ICT solutions, efficiency can be significantly increased and therefore profit-margins with respect to low-wage competitors can be increased).


The investigations with a survey to more than 600 companies and subsequent face-to-face interviews have revealed that company internal re-organisation and the improvement of the efficiency of processes are a major impact that emerge from co-development with research for the companies. A report on the effectiveness has been published[32] during the EuroCirCol final event.

32Impact of CERN procurement actions on industry : 28 illustrative success stories,

https://cds.cern.ch/record/2670056, 2019

https://cds.cern.ch/record/2670056

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However, to ease the co-development and co-innovation process with industry, the procurement rules of the academic consortium partners need to be adapted in case a new large-scale research infrastructure project is prepared. Currently, co-development and co-innovation is not yet well regulated everywhere, the preparation is lengthy and also for industrial partners the framework conditions are not always easy to accept (mainly the question of foreground IP in presence of a multi-lateral development). The PCP mechanism that the EC H2020 program has initially promoted is an ideal vehicle to create impacts for industry efficiently. Therefore, the consortium is currently investigating methods to leverage this instrument for a followup co-development project.

EU society and EU competitiveness

Strategy and vision

The results of this project served as direct input to the update process of the European Strategy for Particle Physics [33] in 2019. The strategy update is scheduled to be published in May 2020 and will indicate the direction for Research Infrastructures in this science domain at EU scale. The potential impact of an enlarged particle-accelerator Research Infrastructure in the heart of Europe with involvement of world-wide industry and research communities of different domains constitutes a long-term vision. This project develops the foundation on which a concise strategy can be built to prepare and eventually implement this vision.


This project and the R&D activities that emerge from its research activities advance science and knowledge in society on the following topics: (1) the open questions of fundamental particle physics and ways in which they can be explored, (2) knowledge on if, which and how a particle-accelerator based research infrastructure can be designed to find answers to those questions, (3) advance superconducting magnet and accelerator technologies, (4) additional technologies and efficiency improvements required to close the gaps towards a feasible infrastructure design and (5) knowledge on how to create a world-wide community that is striving to collaborate to make this vision come true. As an effect the competitiveness of the ERA can significantly improve, ensuring its attractiveness as global focal point for large-scale research and technology advancements throughout the 21st century.


This project contributes to the increase of the EU society’s competitiveness by training a substantial number of talented students and Early Stage Researchers (157 until the end of the project) in cutting edge technologies in a highly international framework. Through the cooperation with European industry partners to advance technologies and experience, these industries can re-confirm their leadership or strengthen their presence on the world-market.


The socio-economic impact assessment of the LHC/HL-LHC programme carried out in the scope of an European Investment Bank (EIB) project by the University of Milano (Italy) revealed the added value through training in large-scale particle accelerator infrastructure projects: The average salary premium of students involved in a large-scale particle accelerator research project across sectors and domains is between 5% and 13% in addition to the premium of obtaining a higher-education level academic degree (Master or doctoral degree). A conservative approach to translate this into an absolute monetary value yields a life-time (40 years of professional active period) added premium of 150’000 Euros on average per student or early stage researcher. A dedicated report giving more details has been published [1]. M. Florio et al., Exploring Cost-Benefit Analysis of Research, Development and Innovation Infrastructures: An Evaluation Framework working paper 01/2016 (CSIL Centre for Industrial Studies, Corso Monforte, 15, 20122 Milano MI, Italy, March, 2016), arXiv:1603.03654 [physics.soc-ph]


The EuroCirCol project does not directly provide answers to the global challenges defined by the EU for the Horizon Europe project. However, the EuroCirCol project has revealed that a future large-scale particle collider science mission can indeed contribute to the

33http://europeanstrategygroup.web.cern.ch/EuropeanStrategyGroup/welcome.htm

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development of answers in all of the established societal challenges if the project is well prepared with the involvement of EC agencies from the beginning on.

Inspire and involve

This project aims at giving Europe’s young generation a proud vision for which it is worth studying and performing research. The topic of generation-spanning endeavour has been defined in the communication strategy and plan. Currently plans are under development to define concrete training, education and communication programmes around the technologies covered by the EuroCirCol project. The now active EASITrain MSCA project and the DEBI proposal submitted to call H2020-LOW-CARBON-CIRCULAR-INDUSTRIES-2020 on promoting circular-economy technologies are two concrete examples.

Sustain research excellence and leadership

EuroCirCol has so far led to the creation of technology competency groups in the areas of developing physics opportunities with a new particle collider based research infrastructure, particle accelerator physics, superconductor and superconducting magnet technology, ultra-high vacuum systems, energy-efficiency cryogenic refrigeration, high-speed manufacturing with novel materials, thin film technologies, software analysis and computer simulation frameworks, cost-benefit analysis of research infrastructures and the operation optimization of particle accelerators. It has nurtured the exploration of opportunities for theoretical and experimental physics researchers in numerous institutes in the ERA and beyond. The growing number of institutes that join the umbrella study gives evidence that this strategy works and creates a critical mass under European leadership.


The project increased the exchange between different universities, research institutes and industries on the advancement of numerous technologies in a measurable way beyond this project’s duration. Evidence are the now signed 140 Memoranda of Understanding, which without the EuroCirCol project as an officially endorsed project would have not been possible. In addition, several H2020 projects have been submitted during the project period (e.g. EASITrain, DEBI, RI-PATHS, FuSuMaTech), which can be directly linked to EuroCirCol. This “knowledge network” strengthens the European competitiveness at academic level and reinforces the links with the private sector. Therefore, the effective knowledge exchange across sectors at European level is the most relevant impact in this area. Prominent examples are the integration economics sciences, excavation materials use, tunneling, legal experts, safety engineers, environmental impact experts, communication and marketing experts as well as architects in the study. The regular meetings and workshops have brought together an ever increasing set of researchers and experts beyond the original consortium. Through targeted open access dissemination actions (e.g. special edition of Physics Review Accelerators and Beams [34] in 2016, EPJ C and ST editions in Springer-Nature in 2019, regular publications in the IEEE Transactions of Applied Superconductivity, a report on physics at a 100 TeV collider [35] a growing audience of the Accelerating News newsletter [36] effective sharing of knowledge is being implemented. At the same time, the need for topical information exchange platforms has been identified. Examples include the need for superconducting material databases on Zenodo (implementation has started in the frame of the EASITrain H2020 project, which has emerged from EuroCirCol) equally wanted by research and industry, Europe-wide training on reliability and availability of complex technical installations (now regularly established at CERN and implemented in cooperation with the ARIES H2020 project), the need to explain better to non-scientists the goals of the project and the capabilities of the technologies beyond research through a travelling exhibition created in cooperation with the Natural History Museum Vienna and Edition Lammerhuber and the development of a mission communication strategy with Terra Mater, a subsidiary of the RedBull media group. Finally, it became clear that more motivation for engineers and scientists is needed to make

34https://journals.aps.org/prab/speced/FCC2016 35https://cds.cern.ch/record/2270978?ln=en 36http://www.acceleratingnews.eu

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their research available on sharing platforms with adequate IP policies such that a maximum on students and researchers in Europe can profit from the work results.


This project is continuing to strengthen the links among European research institutes for the project period and has led to more than 140 partnerships with research organisations and companies worldwide. Depending on the recommendation of the European Strategy for Particle Physics Update process in May 2020, these partnerships will be further strengthened and enlarged to provide decade long, peaceful cooperation in academia and industry for citizens in the ERA.

Build international influence

The formation of a strong nucleus to develop a vision that can inspire scientists world-wide has already built in this period international influence: the USA Department of Energy has developed a roadmap for a high-field magnet R&D program, which is very much in line with the needs of EuroCirCol. The record of a working model magnet by partner Fermilab (US) as the first step towards a 15 Tesla strong superconducting magnet demonstrates the feasibility of the adopted approach. The activities around EuroCirCol and FCC continue to form a healthy counterpart to similar activities around the national collider study in China (CepC/CppC).


The study is contributing to the skills and competence evolution of European researchers and engineers at all ages and education levels. In addition to the technical advancements the mix of knowledge domains and cultures has already led to the creation of a fruitful ground on which new technology can grow and on which mutual personal understanding to efficiently advance the knowledge in our society improves. The EuroCirCol triggered EASITrain ITN is a good example on how this study spawns very concrete cross-sectoral training activities at European level.


Investing in fundamental research requires significant resources, beyond the capabilities of a single nation/country/state. This project can, via the involvement of a world-wide community, lead to financial sustainability of research to understand the smallest building blocks of our universe in the centre of Europe while igniting global collaborations for the rest of the 21st century.


The definition of a project within the EC H2020 framework has turned out to be effective for the organisation of focused research at international scale. The progress achieved and the activation of additional matching resources is an impressive evidence for this. Consequently, this project is has developed a model for an organisation and governance structure for a preparatory phase, oriented around the current project organisation, integrating the successful elements from successful large-scale science programmes at CERN and large-scale infrastructure projects in Europe.

Global level impacts

Strategy and vision

This project generated global impact by generating a vision for a world-wide next generation Research Infrastructure. The project has facilitated increasing the international collaboration from just a few academic institutes and companies to now a set of 140 institutes and some twenty companies world-wide. Consequently this project has achieved, what it promised: the creation of a world-wide converging set of actions to federate geographically distributed and topically complementary participants from the ERA and beyond for the development of a long-term science mission. The main outcome of the EuroCirCol was the laying of the foundation for a subsequent preparatory phase project, which has been submitted in the H2020 INFRADEV call under the name FCC Innovation Study (FCCIS) in November 2019. This next phase also includes relevant government agencies in France and Switzerland and CERN will coordinate this activity to attract a large international science and industry community for a long-term project under European leadership.

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1.4 PUBLICATIONS

During the third period, a total of 52 scientific publications (journal articles, conference proceedings) and 89 general communication items (articles on web sites, in general and technology oriented journals) have been newly disseminated by the consortium (for a full compilation of all publications, see Annex 7). The total number of scientific publications of the project is 378.

Table 13: Distribution of publications by work package

Work Packages Publications during PR1

(M18)

Publications during PR2

(M36)

Publications during PR3

(M55)

Total

W1 (Public and general publications) 85 91 94

270

Technical/scientific publications 29 47 32 108

WP2 (Scientifc, technical) 13 12 4 29


WP4 (Scientifc, technical) 3 9 9* 21


*3 published and 6 accepted for publication before the end of this reporting period.

Figure 56: Distribution of publications among work packages at M55.

It is important to note that the current list of publications is strictly limited to publications that can directly be traced to the EuroCirCol DoA scope. It does therefore not include publications (general and scientific ones) that deal with theoretical physics, experimental physics, civil engineering, economics and technologies, which are related to the EuroCirCol work scope. These publications are, however, indirectly related and produced in the wake of the EuroCirCol project and are frequently necessary inputs to the work program in this project.

The imbalance in scientific publications between the work packages 2 (arc design) and 5 (high field magnet design) and work packages 3 (experimental insertion region) and 4 (cryogenic beam vacuum conception)

74%

0%

11%

2%3%10%

EuroCirCol - Distribution of Publications

W1 (Public and general publications)

WP2 (Scientifc, technical)




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during period 1 has disappeared. The assumption that WP3 relies largely on the availability of consolidated overall particle collider baseline parameters and a workable arc design to produce sound, scientific publications has been confirmed. WP3 reports therefore now on more scientific and engineering findings, since experiment concepts and machine detector interfaces are available. Also for WP4 and WP5 more scientific publications emerged from the lessons of these two core activities, which are pre-requisites. Publications of WP 1 include a variety of different kinds, ranging from overall project descriptions over general technology and newspaper articles to media for a world-wide science & technology interested audience with a focus on Web and social media channels. In the case of WP4, the granted six-month extension enabled to get more experimental results that have been submitted for publication but unfortunately haven’t yet been published by the time of this report.

The biggest challenge remains the timely tracking and lossless coverage of scientific publications. WP1 staff at CERN is not sufficient to carry out this task and the pro-active cooperation of each institute is required.

1.5 ACCESS PROVISIONS TO RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES

Not applicable.

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2 UPDATE OF THE PLAN FOR EXPLOITATION AND DISSEMINATION

OF RESULTS As indicated in the DoA (section 2.4.1), the plan for the exploitation is iteratively developed. A version will be published as deliverable D1.4 in January 2020 (“Plan for use and dissemination of foreground, technical gap analysis”) following the completion of the EuroCirCol project. The periodic reports contain the results (see section 1.2.1.4) of the continuously performed technology scouting process that eventually serve as input to the plan for use and dissemination of the results.

3 UPDATE OF THE DATA MANAGEMENT PLAN Not applicable.

4 FOLLOW-UP OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND COMMENTS FROM

PREVIOUS REVIEW(S) The International Advisory Committee (IAC) for the Future Circular Collider (FCC) has published a final statement on the FCC Conceptual Design Report. FCC IAC has followed the activities of the FCC study group during the years 2017-2018, according to its mandate given by the FCC Steering Committee. The committee reviewed the scientific and technical progress for each of the numerous FCC study areas. In their final statement (https://cds.cern.ch/record/2653792/) the IAC considered “the material presented in the CDRs, in terms of level of detail and comprehensiveness, to be at an adequate level for the current project stage and to represent an important basis for the ensuing R&D efforts.”

The work performed in the framework of EuroCirCol has been pivotal to inform the ongoing update of the European Strategy in Particle Physics (EPPSU) that will publish a statement in May 2020. The work in this project helped to assess key design elements of a future energy-frontier hadron circular collider, understand the technological limits and the required R&D for large-scale production that will be required for a 100km collider and lay the foundations for global governance models and implementation plans.

Thanks to the H2020 EuroCirCol project, the FCC study group developed the proposal of the so-called FCC Integrated Programme (FCC-int) a high-intensity lepton collider as a first phase and an energy-frontier hadron collider as a second phase that re-uses the entire infrastructure of the first phase. This approach leverages in an optimum fashion the existing assets that all nations contributing to CERN’s research programme have contributed over the last sixty years and makes the best use of a new infrastructure.WP2: Main objectives of future R&D are:

In the framework of EuroCirCol WP2, in collaboration with WP3, WP4 and WP5, has developed a complete layout, beam optics and conceptual design for a future circular energy frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), aiming at providing proton-proton collisions at 100 TeV in the centre of mass. Considering the long-term physics programme that such a research infrastructure can offer and making best use of the investments, a staged implementation is seriously being considered, in which at first a lepton collider is installed in the same tunnel.

Further, develop and optimise the design of FCC-ee both to maximize the performance for a given layout and investment scenario. Explore options with more than two experiments, study the minimum lengths and optimum placements of the other insertions, develop and validate a collimation and machine-protection scheme. Consolidate and optimize the FCC-ee injector complex by selecting the most suitable one from several different options and alternative configurations. Complete the detailed technical design of the experimental interaction region and its overall integration into the CERN technical infrastructure and into the region, considering the transnational context of the project.

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As a function of the adapted layout and placement, iteratively improve the design of FCC-hh in order reduce the cost and to ease the hardware requirements. The design needs to be compatible with a civil engineering infrastructure that can also host a luminosity frontier lepton collider. The staged implementation permits a review of the civil engineering structures in view of reducing the initially required capital investments (FCC-ee as first phase and FCC-hh as second phase). The layout should accommodate changes required for the lepton collider.

Further develop the superconducting RF technologies including cavities and power sources that are cost effective and which permit reducing the length of the RF insertions by providing increased performance. Develop arc magnets for the lepton collider that are cost effective.

Develop simulation tools and a modelling framework, which allow studying the vertical emittance, dynamic aperture and polarization for exactly the same machine with the identical errors and optics corrections.

Define a common layout and tunnel design that optimally balances the requirements of the hadron and lepton facility, maximizes the performance, and minimize the cost of the lepton collider as a first step.

WP3: Main objectives of future R&D are:

Establish tracking studies that include the most relevant factors for the dynamic aperture at collision. The activities on tracking studies at collision energy have so far been split into effects of non-linear magnet errors studied at the John Adams Institute, University of Oxford (UK) and CERN (international organisation), as well as beam-beam studies conducted by the EPFL (Switzerland). A collaboration of these institutes has already produced a single study combining both effects. This study should be used as a basis for a systematic scan of the phases between the high luminosity interaction points in order to maximise the dynamic aperture.

Arrive at an operational scenario that is optimized for luminosity production under the premise that the optics at the interaction point change dynamically with the evolution of the beam parameters. Thus the optimization comprises 4 tasks:

I. Development a scheme for the reduction of the crossing angles as the transverse emittance and the beam intensity evolve during the run. Ideally should result in a minimum normalized beam to beam separation as a function of the emittance and intensity in order to allow modelling a beta squeeze scenario.

II. Study the possibility and effectiveness of an HL-LHC-like Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing scheme (ATS). Deliver a toolkit to use an ATS scheme in the FCC-hh. It should also give a

minimum 𝛽∗ at which the chromaticity can still be corrected in order to set a technical limit for the beta squeeze.

III. Explore the reduction of 𝛽∗ below the ultimate parameter of 0.3m in the later stages of the run. Deliver a squeezing scenario optimizing the luminosity production rate while adhering to the limits obtained from tasks 1) and 2).

IV. Quantify the change of the radiation load as the crossing angle and 𝛽∗ (and consequently the luminosity) evolve over the run and arrive at a more realistic estimate for the long term exposure per integrated luminosity.

Produce designs for HTS accelerator magnets that could be used for the interaction region design and get estimates for the achievable field strengths. Especially for arc sextupoles and larger aperture triplet quadrupoles.


Develop a viable design for a beam vacuum system of a high luminosity lepton collider (Future Circular e+ e - Collider, FCC-ee). The current baseline aims for a design based on a copper alloy vacuum chamber with a large number (~10,000) of localised, tapered water-cooled photon absorbers,

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surrounded by high-Z shielding (like Pb or W alloys), which could potentially represent a significant source of impedance. Pumping domes are installed close to each photon stop.

An additional important technical requirement is that the vacuum chamber shape should be as close as possible to circular, since an elliptical chamber results in an unacceptable quadrupole wake field. A circular shape with winglet-shaped antechambers in the horizontal plane is proposed. The photon absorbers and pumping connections are integrated into the winglets.

To combat electron cloud formation, while minimising the resistive-wall impedance, a novel ultrathin NEG coating is being considered.


Develop a viable design for a superconducting 16 T, dual-aperture magnet. The design needs to be verified using simulations first and then with short, ca. 1.5 m long models. Eventually, full-scale models need to be built to validate the design. This programme depends on a separate R&D programme for the development of a high-performance, cost-effective Nb3Sn superconducting wire.

The feasibility of a 16 T superconducting accelerator magnet with two apertures of 50 mm each depends on the availability of an affordable conductor that can deliver a current density (Jc) of at least 1500 A/mm2 at 4.2 K and 16 Tesla. The conductor research and development programme launched by the FCC study aims to develop a Nb3Sn conductor that can meet all those needs. This programme is based on a network of academic institutes and industrial partners worldwide tied together by an FCC R&D agreement. Nb3Sn is seen today as the only superconducting material that can be produced at the rate and in the quantity needed for a series production of thousands of magnets by 2030. This material will be used in the magnets of the HL-LHC upgrade project, the first application of Nb3Sn technology in a particle accelerator. Industrial production of such wire is presently contracted to one leading company in the field (Bruker) that masters two processes: the Rod Restack Process (RRP©), a variant of internal tin and powder-in-tube (PIT). A Jc performance of up to 1200 A/mm2 at 4.2 K in a field of 16 T is achievable at the time of writing this report and is therefore considered to be the current state-of-the-art. The push to reach higher critical current density to meet the target requires extensive material science research effort and the development of new manufacturing technologies.

High-temperature superconductor (HTS) materials are the only technology that can lead to accelerator magnets with fields beyond the 16 T limit. In addition, HTS materials come with the benefit of a high temperature margin during operation, making them compatible with scenarios that are subject to high heat load and high radiation levels. If the LHC/HL-LHC research programme is followed by an intensity-frontier lepton collider (FCC-ee) with a physics programme duration of about 15 years, a new time window appears for the development of high-field accelerator magnets based on HTS for an energy-frontier hadron collider at a subsequent stage. Besides research, industry is also considering HTS materials such as ReBCO and BSCCO for diverse applications. The main motivation is the potential of operation at higher temperatures than those that are used today in industrial and medical devices. Although refrigeration based on liquid helium is feasible even for a large research facility such as the FCC-hh, a cryogenic plant for industrial applications imposes cost and maintenance constraints that limit the application of superconducting technology. Higher operating temperature simplifies the system and eases the diffusion into commodity markets. HTS materials are still prohibitively expensive with volumetric costs that are at least an order of magnitude higher than state-of-the-art low temperature superconductors. However, with larger quantities being manufactured, with materials beginning to mature and considering the Total Cost of Operation (TCO), break-even is expected to occur within the horizon of a future hadron collider even at price levels slightly above those of the Nb3Sn target.

The activities on the hadron beam vacuum system performed in the frame EuroCirCol feed well into a future R&D activity for the lepton collider. EuroCirCol expertise developed in the areas of mechanical vacuum-chamber design, temperature stabilisation, impedance minimisation, handling of large amounts of synchrotron radiation while maintaining an ultrahigh vacuum, integration of pumping systems, and electron-

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cloud mitigation will also all be important for designing and optimising the vacuum system of the future lepton collider.

4.1 RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE PERIOD COVERED BY THE REPORT

WP1: The FCC week annual meetings proved to be very successful as they federated experts from all field in one place for discussion and talks over a full week. They allowed to demonstrate progress, identify showstoppers and build new partnerships to tackle open questions or advance the scientific goals of the project with matching resources from all over the world. Need to develop a stakeholder engagement plan and move on with a preparatory phase to review the legal framework, develop an environmental impact plan, start test drilling to better understand the surface and the constraints in the construction of this project, adopt an adequate governance model and carefully review the finance and procurement needs for such a global endeavor

WP2: Developed a complete layout, beam optics and conceptual design for a future circular energy frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), aiming at providing proton-proton collisions at 100 TeV in the centre of mass. The arcs of the collider and their magnets are critical for beam stability in the ring and they are found to be the main cost driver of the machine. Regular reviews guaranteed the advancement of the project while meetings with the WP5 members on field requirements helped conclude on a final layout showing the feasibility of an energy-frontier collider. Considering the long-term physics programme that such a research infrastructure can offer and making best use of the investments, a staged implementation is seriously being considered, in which at first a lepton collider is installed in the tunnel that would later host the hadron collider. Future work would aim to arrive at a layout which optimally fits both particle colliders (proton-proton and electron-positron), which can potentially accommodate more than two lepton collider interaction points, and which could possibly also be more cost effective in the first stage (e.g. by requiring less civil structures for the lepton collider than needed for the subsequent hadron collider).

WP3: The design of the experimental insertions is challenging due to the unprecedented beam energies and powers at highest luminosities. Achieving a small beta-function improve the ratio of luminosity to circulating beam current, the latter leading to machine protection challenges and strong synchrotron radiation. The milestones and deliverables are on time. Future work could explore the potential of using HTS magnets and improve the lattice of the interaction region. Further efforts could also help arrive at an operational scenario that is optimized for luminosity production under the premise that the optics at the interaction point change dynamically with the evolution of the beam parameters. Finally, reaffirm that predictions for the dynamic aperture are realistic and that the results of phase advance scans are applicable to the real machine.

WP4: The functional and performance requirements of the cryogenic beam vacuum system for the arc dipoles are iterative together with the magnet cold bore design. Crucial aspects of this important system are heat loads due to synchrotron radiation, vacuum stability, beam-screen cooling and dynamic effects such as photo-electrons generation. EuroCirCol project has developed a novel geometry for a beam screen and a concept for a cryogenic beam vacuum system for an energy-frontier hadron collider. An innovative scheme using surface laser treatment with ultra short pulses that effectively mitigates electron cloud formation in the particle accelerator has been invented. The next goal is to develop a viable design for a beam vacuum system of a high luminosity lepton collider (Future Circular e+ e - Collider, FCC-ee). The current baseline aims for a design based on a copper alloy vacuum chamber with a large number (~10,000) of localised, tapered water-cooled photon absorbers, surrounded by high-Z shielding (like Pb or W alloys), which could potentially represent a significant source of impedance. Pumping domes are installed close to each photon stop. An additional important technical requirement is that the vacuum chamber shape should be as close as possible to circular, since an elliptical chamber results in an unacceptable quadrupole wake field. A circular shape with winglet-shaped antechambers in the horizontal plane is proposed. The photon absorbers and pumping connections are integrated into the winglets. To combat electron cloud formation, while minimising the resistive-wall impedance, a novel ultrathin NEG coating is being considered.

WP5: The magnets of a future circular collider need to establish field strengths, which are way beyond the field presently used in accelerators like the LHC. The bending magnets will require field in the order of 16 T. The target field strength requires novel concepts for conductor materials, coil configurations and a clamping design that can deal with the much larger forces induced by the strong fields. All milestones and deliverables

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have been delivered. Prototypes of all magnet types need to be built. Discussion with major labs to build short prototypes is ongoing.

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING FUTURE WORK, IF APPLICABLE

Not applicable as this is the final reporting period following the end of the project. However concrete R&D lines have been launched profiting from the network and support offered by EuroCirCol. Lines for future R&D towards a technical feasibility report have also been identified and are documented in the FCC Conceptual Design Report. (Chapter 12, FCC CDR, Vol.3).

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5 DEVIATIONS FROM ANNEX 1 AND ANNEX 2

5.1 TASKS

In this reporting period, there were no deviations from the planned scientific work.

5.2 FINANCIAL STATEMENT (PART C)

As for the previous periods, beneficiary CEA reported both actual and unit cost for the personnel costs while in the estimated budget for the action of the GA CEA shown personnel unit costs only.

This is due to CEA internal accounting practices: permanent Staff is declared in Average Costs and Temporary Contract in Actual Costs in accordance with their usual cost accounting practices in CEA (Article 6.2 of the GA).

5.3 UNFORESEEN SUBCONTRACTING

No subcontracting of any work defined in the DoA has taken place in this period.

5.4 UNFORESEEN USE OF IN KIND CONTRIBUTION FROM THIRD PARTY AGAINST

PAYMENT OR FREE OF CHARGES

This section contains exemplary in-kind contributions of third parties to the EuroCirCol project scope for the purpose of demonstrating the catalysing effect of this H2020 RIA action. The list is incremental and includes the contributions from periods 1 and 2. Full accounting is not performed due to the fact that contributions from academic-institutions take palace on a best-effort basis and the collaboration growth rate is high. Therefore, contributions are performed by joining the international Future Circular Collider study by undersigning the multilateral Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) only with CERN, the host of the study, rather than entering the EuroCirCol Consortium Agreement. Here, only topics that are directly relevant to the EuroCirCol work program are listed. Many more on aspects, which are not explicitly written in the Definition of Action, e.g. radiofrequency systems, exist.

Table 14: Selected additional contributions from third parties. Academic partners are marked in beige and industrial partners are marked in green.

Identity of third party Resources made available Circumstances

Tel Aviv University, Israel Part-time contribution to study project office for Web and IT works via a project associate at CERN, receiving subsistence by CERN

Intern with limited time contract in the frame of the FCC study finished and person became available at the same time with matching profile. Need for continued maintenance and extension of Web platform is needed.

University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Master-level student to investigate the socio-economic benefit potentials of a new particle collider infrastructure with a focus on the impacts for industrial partners.

The planned industry and outreach event in early 2019 requires solid information for potential industrial partners on the impact potentials.

French regional government (region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes)

Accompany to estimate the administrative procedure needs for a new particle collider infrastructure on French territory.

Preparation of the next project phase, in particular the assessment of the time duration needed for the preparatory actions, the in-principle feasibility for the international organization to obtain the surface areas, to be able to comply with the national rules and regulations and the financial impacts on the host state.

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/Organisation.aspx

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Swiss cantonal and federal governments

Accompany to estimate the administrative procedure needs for a new particle collider infrastructure on Swiss territory.

Preparation of the next project phase, in particular the assessment of the time duration needed for the preparatory actions, the in-principle feasibility for the international organization to obtain the surface areas, to be able to comply with the national rules and regulations and the financial impacts on the host state.

KEK with SH Copper Products, Kobe Steel Group and JASTEC, Furukawa Electric Group, Tokai University, Japan

KEK has extending its involvement by federating Tokai university and a set of Japanese industrial partners for the production and characterization of Nb3Sn superconducting wires.

In an effort to build up a world-wide high-quality supplier base for next generation low-temperature Nb3Sn superconductor for a 16 T magnet, national R&D activities are initiated with leading companies. This approach should eventually lead to a high-performance, high-quality conductor at affordable price and should help mitigating production and budget risks.

Broker and OST, Germany (company)

CERN extended its involvement by engaging in the production and characterization of Nb3Sn superconducting wires with third parties.

KAT, South Korea (company)

TVEL JSC, Russia (company)

Technical University Vienna, Austria

CERN launched a study on characterizing Nb3Sn conductors and ways to improve the peak current pursuing the approach of introducing artificial pinning centers. This work is performed by the university in the scope of an agreement with partial financial contribution from CERN.

The university has a history of performing superconducting material characterization and manipulation in a research reactor with neutrons. The triangle constellation university-research centre-company was an ideal opportunity to create a synergy with potential societal impacts.

United States Department of Energy, laboratories NHFML, Fermilab and LBNL

The three Doe laboratories developed a plan for the development of superconducting magnet technology in line with the EuroCirCol work program. Currently a work-force is being created and initial designs are developed together with WP5. Eventually, Doe will pursue one of the design options until model validation.

Four US DOE Office of Science national laboratories have joined the EuroCirCol consortium as partners without EC grant request. The US high-field magnet development plan is a concrete summary of the activities that these partners will contribute.

Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland

PSI joined the magnet design R&D of WP5 as member of the Future Circular Collider study. Eventually, PSI will pursue one of the design options until model validation.

Since several design alternatives for a new 16 Tesla magnet exist and the capabilities of the existing WP5 team would be too small to explore all options in depth, the study office has scouted for relevant skills in the international FCC collaboration. Switzerland is already contributing via the University of Geneva to the conductor research and a good complementarity has been found in the pro-active, motivated engagement of PSI institute to engage in the magnet R&D, thus permitting studies with higher quality.

ILF Consulting Engineers, Austria (company)

CERN contributes with a comparative study of two civil engineering consultancy companies to understand if a 100 km long tunnel for a particle

In order to understand if the significant assets that the international community has built up with CERN as international

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collider is compatible with the geological environment in the Geneva basin. These are CERN matching resources.

organisation can be leveraged, a sound investigation of the boundary conditions became necessary.

Geoconsult, Austria (company) Korea Advances Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and Korea Institute of Advanced Study (KIAS), South Korea

A team is active on studying and documenting the physics opportunities at a 100 TeV hadron collider going beyond pp and Standard Model physics.

The thorough documentation of discovery and precision physics opportunities for potential users of a new particle-collider research infrastructure is an essential, additional work topic. The international community of physicists is growing together as a result of this EU project to sharpen the focus of future research opportunities.

Shahid Behesthi University, Teheran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Exploring a set of physics opportunities at a 100 TeV hadron collider beyond the Standard Model explorations, around electroweak symmetry breaking and beyond Standard Model Higgs boson physics.

Ramentor Oy, Finland (company)

The company is extending their modelling and simulation software suite with open interfaces, open model specifications, scalable Cloud-based simulation to meet the needs of understanding current and future reliability and availability improvement opportunities for particle accelerators. The company is bringing in their decade-long experience from the industrial, aerospace, transport and material processing sectors.

A significantly larger particle collider, extending the current CERN accelerator injection chain requires to include the consideration of reliability and availability studies from the concept phase onwards. Consequently, took the opportunity to develop a model to understand the limitations of today’s accelerator operation and to identify levers quantitatively. For this purpose a cooperation with a company extending industrial tools to large-scale, complex technical systems has been launched.

European Spallation Source, Lund, Sweden

CERN launched an assessment of mitigation approaches to prevent fires, extinguish and reduce spreading.

A new tunnel infrastructure needs to include from the beginning onwards hazard identification and assessment works. ESS is an international, accelerator-based facility currently under construction. Therefore an ideal synergy to build on state-of-the-art understanding of the matter appeared. The benefits resulting from this study are mutual.

US Department of Energy laboratory Fermilab, USA

CERN launched an initiative to collaborate on simplifying methodologies to assess smoke propagation in tunnels and safety on the evacuation of tunnel occupants.

Fermilab’s experience from Tevatron and other accelerator program operation is valuable in this domain, which needs to be considered early on in the design concepts.

Development of a design for a 15 T CCT magnet using NB3Sn LTS wire. A prototype magnet has eventually been built and tested at the laboratory, achieving a field of 14.7 T in June 2019.

This H2020 project has led to the creation of a durable consortium of US partners to define and document a US magnet development programme that follows the requirements and constraints defined by the FCC technology R&D programme.

MAX IV Laboratory, Lund, Sweden

CERN launched an initiative to exchange information on ignition probabilities, which are required to perform probabilistic performance-based fire risk assessments.

The laboratory’s experience comes in the appropriate moment to develop a book of knowledge, serving as the basis of further studies around safety. It completes the efforts of FNAL and ESS in the domain in a complementary

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manner.

University of Lund, Sweden Define a performance-based fire risk assessment for the underground facilities. Define an appropriate model and simulate emergency transportation in the tunnel.

The university works in a topically complementary cluster with MAX IV and ESS on this topic since several years. The work is creating a durable synergy between LHC, HL-LHC, ESS and EuroCirCol.

Northern Illinois University, USA

CERN established a collaboration to simulate the performance limitations of long-range beam-beam forces and to conceive approaches for their mitigation via novel, wire-based compensators.

A proposal to work on long-range beam-beam force compensation in the scope of the LHC and HL-LHC upgrade opened up a window of opportunity to study this approach in depth for a future collider, providing also potential benefits for improving the current hadron collider and to consider it for the upgrade project.

Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

The university contribute to the research and perform more detailed studies on impedance and single-beam collective effects including studies to validate the beam optics design and specifications of key systems (radiofrequency, collimators).

WP2 activities by TU Darmstadt triggered an interest of the university, who has past and presence experience in the domain at lepton accelerators (e.g. Frascati, Legnaro, ESRF, SLAC).

Stanford University, USA Contribution to fast feedback systems to control the particle beams.

Stanford university has experience in the field and the availability of a layout and beam optics developed in EuroCirCol opened an opportunity for the university to contribute with their unique skills.

Technical University Dortmund, Germany

The university has formed a team to assess coupled-bunch instabilities, longitudinal and transverse feedback systems in iterative fashion with WP2, extending the collider design beyond a single arc.

The EuroCirCol work package 2 and 3 scopes are limited to arc and interaction region. A workable lattice and optics design for the collider requires, however, also the investigation of other parts of the machine. Therefore, TU Darmstadt took the initiative to team up with TU Dortmund on such topics.

Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico

To support the research of WP4 on a cryogenic beam vacuum system, the university simulates the synchrotron-radiation flux and the formation of electron clouds in the collider to develop acceptable thresholds and quantify the head load requirements.

The university has experience in developing radiation maps and effects and is fluent in adapting and using the workhorse software SYNRAD3D using at the LHC. This experience comes in at hand to help improving the scientific output of the project and to relieve the WP4 working team from the already significant amount of research to be done.

Centro de Investigacion y des Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Merida (CINVESTAV), Cordemex, Merida, Mexico

University of Colima, Mexico Researchers from this institute cooperate on the design of a generic particle detector.

The university is already involved in the LHC program via the ALICE experiment. They took the opportunity to participate in a future-shaping activity by joining this study.

University of Stuttgart, Germany

CERN has launched a comprehensive training initiative of reliability engineering to equip scientists and engineers with a common language, a common set of methods and tools to

University of Stuttgart has a tradition of working with CERN on reliability related manners, building upon their long experience in the automotive sector. This work is

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approach reliability and availability topics during the conceptual design phase.

beneficial for both, giving EuroCirCol access to industrial best practices and permitting a university and its students to apply their tools and methods in an open scientific environment, free of strong IP constraints.

University of Stuttgart, Germany

The university is making available infrastructures and workforce to build together with CERN a test stand for a novel turbocompressor for light gases.

In the frame of the studies on Nelium refrigeration, a novel turbocompressor needs to be developed for this gas mixture.

Wigner RCP, Budapest, Hungary

Evaluate (simulate, design, construct and test a prototype) a novel concept for a high-field superconducting septum magnet for beam extraction.

Wigner institute scientists have built up expertise on superconducting technologies at and in cooperation with CERN partners. They are currently establishing a working team and this work turned out to be an ideal opportunity to join the EuroCirCol efforts. It complements the activities of WP5, focusing on superconducting arc dipole magnets.

Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland

Study the impact of the design pressure of the cryogenic distribution system and superconducting magnet cryostats on the heat inleaks at different operation temperatures. Study of thermal shielding to reduce cryostat static heat loads.

WP5 focuses exclusively on the superconducting magnet design. A complete design for an accelerator magnet also needs to include ancillary systems, such as the cryostat. Wroclaw university is traditionally working in this field and has extended their activity to the EuroCirCol study.

University of Milano, Italy University of Milano carries out a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) for the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade project and scales it to a future, large-scale energy frontier particle accelerator research infrastructure. The work builds upon the quantitative infrastructure CBA method, which is the EC guideline for investment projects.

The university has carried out an initial CBA on the LHC programme in a common project with the European Investment Bank. The study revealed that the LHC programme is likely to create a total spillover of about 3 billion Euros until 2025. Existing data, a model and simulation infrastructure and an existing team of economists with insight in CERN’s collaborative project structure created the ideal conditions to refine and extend this study until the year 2035 (HL-LHC upgrade) and to devise rules that permit scaling the benefits to a future project.

Centre for Industrial Studies (CSIL), Milano, Italy

The research centre has joined the collaboration to strengthen the socio-economic impact analysis programme that is based on the HL-LHC programme evaluation. The centre has contributed with studies on the public perception of CERN’s research programme and is performing more detailed studies to elucidate the fundamental parameters that permit quantifying the value of training in long-term fundamental science projects. CSIL has co-authored the FCCIS H2020 project proposal in which it will take a

CSIL has joined the FCC collaboration and has concluded an agreement with CERN as the host of the international collaboration. CSIL is a beneficiary in the FCCIS H2020 project proposal, which has been submitted by CERN as coordinator in November 2019. This is a direct result of the EuroCirCol project activities.

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leading role in the socio-economic analysis of the FCC programme.

IFJPAN, Poland Based on the theoretical and experiment physics opportunities finding that the EuroCirCol project triggered, IFJPAN decided to join the international collaboration to help focusing the planning for the theoretical physics computations of the first phase of the FCC programme, the FCC-ee lepton collider. This activity is essential in the process to form a global community of physicists who develop a common vision to exploit the research infrastructure from the beginning onwards. IFJPAN has eventually decided to take a leading role in the FCCIS H2020 project that has been submitted to the EC in November 2019.

IFJPAN has joined the international FCC collaboration in the field of theoretical physics computations.

CNRS, IN2P3, LAPP, France The Annecy-based laboratory for particle physics is a member of the French CNRS. LAPP has joined the international collaboration in the process to draft a new H2020 project proposal on the preparatory phase for a new particular collider research infrastructure. In particular, CNRS LAPP will focus on the regional impact potentials of such a new facility.

CNRS IN2P3 LAPP has joined the international FCC collaboration in the field of impact analysis.

JINR, Dubna, Russia Researchers at the institute study alternatives to using the Large Hadron Collider as injector.

JINR has extensive experience in successfully designing and building hadron accelerators nationally and abroad that comes at hand when an independent investigation for a high-energy injector is needed. Therefore, the institute decided to engage in this domain.

Industry consortium ARUP company (United Kingdom), Geotechnique Appliquee Deras S.A. (Switzerland) and Amberg Engineering AG (Switzerland)

The consortium has developed a Web-based modelling tool to perform what-if analysis of large-scale underground infrastructure projects. The system integrates numerous different data sources, such as geology, seismic, protected areas, administrative boundaries, geothermic installations, groundwater, elevation models, roads and villages and is open to include more data sources. The software, built on top of open source packages, is used to find an optimal placement of the collider ring and surface installations in the Geneva basin with controllable construction risks and sustainable operation parameters.

The three partners acted as consultants in comparable large scale underground projects, namely the 2 x 60 km long Gotthard base tunnel (Switzerland) and London’s Crossrail (United Kingdom). The opportunity to virtually design a 100 km long tunnel created a unique opportunity for the company to propose this approach. As a matter of fact, the development was highly praised by the expert community, received several awards and has already been used in other projects.

ASG, Italy An R&D activity has been launched to make the elusive MgB2 superconductor technology fit for high-field magnets at affordable prize. This material could significantly lower the cost and weight of high field magnets below 10 Tesla. Such magnets are needed in addition to the very high field 16 Tesla bending magnets.

Columbus has pioneered this material for use in open magnet resonance medical imaging devices. In search of further improving the quality, reducing weight and cost of these devices, this project appeared as an ideal opportunity to perform open research in this field. Columbus has merged with ASG in summer 2018.

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Linde (Germany), Air Liquide (France)

A preliminary assessment to develop a cost-effective architecture for a new high-performance cryogenic refrigeration plant has been launched by CERN in cooperation with these two leading companies.

The study shall indicate paths towards new cost and energy efficient ways for large-scale refrigeration plants and shall uncover the technological gaps to achieve the goals.

Linde and Air Liquide are world-leaders in the domain and have a long working experience with many research centres in Europe. The long lead times required to develop such plants and the significant associated investment costs for which relevant clients in private industry need to be identified call for an early start of such investigations.

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6 USE OF RESOURCES The following subsections summarise the use of resources during the third reporting period (June 1st 2018 to December 31st 2019) and also as from the beginning of the project (June 1st 2015 to December 31st 2019). The figures include the resources given in the financial report and the estimated known matching resources as of Friday 28th of February 2020 in time with the official submission deadline of the project. Beneficiaries have been asked to upload the final and official reports on the online EC portal.

No transfer of cost categories took place to the best knowledge of the coordinator.

6.1 OVERALL USE OF HUMAN RESOURCES AT M55

The tables below give an overview of the person months allocated by each beneficiary including known matching resources for the full duration of the project.

Table 15: Staff effort by beneficiary and work package in Person-months (PM) as from the beginning of the project (June 1st 2015 to Dec 31st 2019)

Beneficiary No. Short Name Cumulated PM PM Grant Agreement

Fraction %

1 CERN 525 424 124%

2 TUT 20 40 51%

3 CEA 115 144 80%

4 CNRS 44 64 69%

5 KIT 8 15 53%

6 TUD 51 84 61%

7 INFN 131 160 82%

8 UT 40 38 105%

9 ALBA 67 100 68%

10 CIEMAT 42 102 41%

11 STFC 71 144 50%

12 UNILIV 13 22 59%

13 UOXF 44 88 50%

14 KEK 20 24 84%

15 EPFL 37 36 103%

16 UNIGE 36 24 150%

Total 1265 1509 84%

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Figure 57: Summary of staff effort by beneficiary in Person-Months (PM) as from the beginning of the project (M1 to M55)

The table and figure below give an overview of the person months allocated by each work package including known matching resources.

Table 16: Staff effort by work package in Person-months (PM) as from the beginning of the project (June 1st 2015 to Dec 31st 2019)

WP Cumulated PM PM Grant Agreement Fraction %

1 121 150 81%

2 262 358 73%

3 229 244 94%

4 343 443 77%

5 310 314 99%

Total 1265 1509 84%

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Summary of staff effort by beneficiary in Person-Months (PM) as from the beginning of the project (M1 to M55)

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Figure 58: Staff effort by work package in Person-months (PM) as from the beginning of the project (June 1st 2015 to Dec 31st 2019)

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6.2 OVERALL USE OF BUDGET DURING THE 3ND REPORTING PERIOD

The tables and figures below shows the use of the financial resources during the second period and also from the beginning of the project.

Table 17: Use of financial resources by beneficiary and in Euros during the third reporting period.

Beneficiaries Direct personnel costs

Other direct costs

Other indirect costs

Total Cost

1. CERN 57,364.83 0.00 14,341.21 71,706.04

2. TUT 47,793.74 6,391.64 13,546.35 67,731.73

3. CEA 283,747.30 9,069.00 73,204.08 366,020.38

4. CNRS 20,531.53 13,975.99 8,626.88 43,134.40

5. KIT 13,264.11 0.00 3,316.03 16,580.14

6. TUDA 65,396.06 905.09 16,575.29 82,876.44

7. INFN 92,139.53 4,252.31 24,097.96 120,489.80

8. UT 110,889.06 15,275.60 31,541.17 157,705.83

9. ALBA 86,591.66 0.00 21,647.92 108,239.58

10. CIEMAT 42,399.23 2,134.82 11,133.51 55,667.56

11. STFC 27,672.25 5,538.73 8,302.75 41,513.73

12. UNILIV 7,531.46 63,508.24 17,759.93 88,799.63

13. UOXF 13,629.65 5,141.02 4,692.67 23,463.34

14. KEK 33,200.00 21,283.00 13,620.75 68,103.75

15. EPFL 102,116.00 0.00 25,529.00 127,645.00

16. UNIGE 62,723.86 110.00 15,708.47 78,542.33

Total consortium 1,066,990.27 147,585.44 303,643.93 1,518,219.64

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Figure 59: Cost overview by beneficiary during the third reporting period in fraction.

Figure 60: Cost overview by beneficiary during the third reporting period in EUR.

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Cost overview by beneficiary during the third reporting period in fraction

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Table 18. Use of financial resources by beneficiary and in Euros until the end of the project (from 01 June 2015 to 31 Dec 2019).

Beneficiaries Direct personnel costs

Other direct costs Other indirect costs in

Total Cost

1. CERN 261,031.99 0.00 65,258.00 326,289.99

2. TUT 99,913.70 22,746.64 30,665.09 153,325.43

3. CEA 671,927.37 35,590.10 176,879.37 884,396.84

4. CNRS 168,366.46 28,607.70 49,243.55 246,217.71

5. KIT 50,422.95 0.00 12,605.74 63,028.69

6. TUDA 198,730.86 10,148.24 52,219.78 261,098.88

7. INFN 514,405.32 29,823.42 136,057.19 680,285.93

8. UT 249,674.42 20,731.11 67,601.38 338,006.91

9. ALBA 224,139.56 15,322.60 59,865.54 299,327.70

10. CIEMAT 175,849.17 17,052.54 48,225.43 241,127.14

11. STFC 138,621.14 19,026.74 39,411.97 197,059.85

12. UNILIV 44,208.04 97,573.58 35,445.41 177,227.03

13. UOXF 167,749.26 24,333.85 48,020.78 240,103.89

14. KEK 78,570.80 34,099.00 28,167.45 140,837.25

15. EPFL 311,275.00 2,987.00 78,565.50 392,827.50

16. UNIGE 269,802.86 3,610.00 68,353.22 341,766.08

Figure 61: Cost overview by beneficiary as from the beginning of the project in fraction.

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

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Figure 62: Cost overview by beneficiary as from the beginning of the project in Euros.

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7 ANNEX: PUBLICATIONS EuroCirCol scientific publications, in pre-print or final form, are openly accessible via the project’s publication database, implemented via the CERN Document Server (cds.cern.ch). The documents can be retrieved via the following query:

http://cds.cern.ch/search?f=keyword&p=EuroCirCol&ln=en

The EuroCirCol H2020 project is a true subset of the FCC study project, hosted by CERN. All documents related to the Future Circular Collider study (FCC) can be retrieved at

http://cds.cern.ch/search?f=keyword&p=FCC&ln=en

The tables below summarise the new publications produced during the reporting period in all five work packages. This set includes non-scientific publications, which are also available from other, publicly accessible locations.

Table 19: Work package 1, 270 non-scientific publications during the whole project period.

WP 1 MANAGEMENT, COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

1 F. Zimmerman, Working Together Towards a Future Circular Collider, International Column in the APS

news, Vol.24, No.8., https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201508/international.cfm

2 J. Gutleber, EuroCirCol: A key to new physics. In: CERN Courier, June 2015, Vol. 55, No.5. http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/61855

3 A. Seryi, Inventing our Future Accelerators, CERN Courier, September 2015, Vol.55, No.7,

http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/62506

4 M. Jones, C. Cook and Y. Loo, CERN’s future circular collider study,Civil Engineering Surveyors,

October 2015, http://ces.digitalpc.co.uk/Portal/Default.aspx?Id=1

5 A. Rosso, A new record for the RMC test magnet at CERN, CERN Courier, November 2015, Vol.55,

No.9, http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/63141

6 L. Bottura, J. Carlos Perez, P. Ferracin, G. de Rijk, 16,2 T peak field reached in RMC racetrack test magnet. Accelerating News. November 2015,

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/162-t-peak-field-reached-rmc-racetrack-test-magnet

7 P. Charitos, Strong Coupling: A Workshop at CERN reviews latest advances, CERN Courier,

November 2015, Vol.55, No. 9. http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/63159/2

8 S. Marccoons, Arup Engineer wins International Glossop Award, Published in ARUP’s newsletter, 06 November 2015.

http://www.arup.com/news/2015_11_november/06_november_arup_engineer_wins_international_glos

sop_award

9 P. Charitos and D. Schulte, FCC baseline layout and parameter, Accelerating News, November 2015:

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-baseline-layout-and-parameter-set. The article also

appeared in CERN’s EP department newsletter, December 2015 : http://ep-

news.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-hh-baseline-layout-and-parameter-set

10 P. Charitos, International Conference on Magnet Technology features techniques to be developed

for the FCC, CERN Courier, February 2016, Vol.56, No.2 http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/63987

11 R. Torres, Annual meeting takes the pulse of EuroCirCol, CERN Courier, February 2016, Vol56, No.2 :


12 First Announcement of the FCC Week 2016 - February 2016. Appeared online : European Physics Society e-news: http://www.epsnews.eu/2015/12/fcc-week-2016/ CERN’s main website : http://home.cern/scientists/updates/2016/01/registration-open-fcc-annual-meeting UNILIV: https://www.cockcroft.ac.uk/archives/3472 INFN:http://w3.lnf.infn.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=512%3Afccweek2016-secondo-meeting-annuale&catid=21%3Anovita&Itemid=153&lang=it JINR: http://lt-jds.jinr.ru/record/69275?ln=en IEEE newsletter: http://ieeecsc.org/newsletters/ieee-csc-newsletter-issue-4-2016 Cryogenics Society of US: https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/calendar/

13 S. Calatroni, L. Lapadatescu, P. Charitos, Collaboration to develop HTS-TI based coatings for FCC

beam screens, Accelerating News, March 2016 : http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/hts-tl-based-

coatings-fcc-beam-screens

14 A. Milanese, P. Charitos, First concept design for FCC-ee magnets, Accelerating News, March 2016.

http://cds.cern.ch/search?f=keyword&p=EuroCirCol&ln=en

http://cds.cern.ch/search?f=keyword&p=FCC&ln=en

https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201508/international.cfm



http://ces.digitalpc.co.uk/Portal/Default.aspx?Id=1


http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/162-t-peak-field-reached-rmc-racetrack-test-magnet

http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/63159/2

http://www.arup.com/news/2015_11_november/06_november_arup_engineer_wins_international_glossop_award

http://www.arup.com/news/2015_11_november/06_november_arup_engineer_wins_international_glossop_award

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-baseline-layout-and-parameter-set

http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-hh-baseline-layout-and-parameter-set

http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-hh-baseline-layout-and-parameter-set



http://www.epsnews.eu/2015/12/fcc-week-2016/

http://home.cern/scientists/updates/2016/01/registration-open-fcc-annual-meeting

http://home.cern/scientists/updates/2016/01/registration-open-fcc-annual-meeting

https://www.cockcroft.ac.uk/archives/3472

http://w3.lnf.infn.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=512:fccweek2016-secondo-meeting-annuale&catid=21:novita&Itemid=153&lang=it

http://w3.lnf.infn.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=512:fccweek2016-secondo-meeting-annuale&catid=21:novita&Itemid=153&lang=it

http://lt-jds.jinr.ru/record/69275?ln=en

http://ieeecsc.org/newsletters/ieee-csc-newsletter-issue-4-2016

https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/calendar/

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/hts-tl-based-coatings-fcc-beam-screens

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/hts-tl-based-coatings-fcc-beam-screens

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http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/first-concept-design-fcc-ee-magnets

15 J. Gutleber, Accelerator Reliability and Availability Training, Accelerating News, March 2016. http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/accelerator-reliability-and-availability-training

16 P. Charitos, FCC-ee physics workshop and Physics Behind Precision workshop at CERN, EP Newsletter, March 2016. http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-ee-physics-workshops-cern

17 S. Aull, E. Jensen, A. Macpherson, G. Rosaz, A. Sublet, W. Delsolaro Venturini, W., Superconducting Radio Frequency Activities at CERN. Cold Facts, March 2016. https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/csa_highlights/superconducting_radio_frequency_activities_at_cern/

18 Discovery Machines and Future Collider. First announcement for the public event published in March 2016 : http://home.cern/about/updates/2016/04/webcast-discovery-machines-and-future-colliders

19 Spotlight On series (produced by UNILIV): University of Liverpool Cockcroft Institute: http://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-on-University-of-Liverpool-Cockcroft-Institute.aspx ALBA: http://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-on-ALBA-Synchrotron.aspx CIEMAT: http://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-On-CIEMAT.aspx

20 Articles produced by the FCC study office & published exclusively in the FCC new public website:

In discussion with Amalia Ballarino: Developing Superconducting materials (February 2016): https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Interview-with-Amalia-Balarino.aspx

Focus on: Valentina Venturi (February 2016): Focus on: Valentina Venturi: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Focus-on-Valentina-Venturi.aspx

Unravelling the mystery of superconductivity: An interview with Dr. George Bednorz (February 2016): https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Unravelling-the-mystery-of-superconductivity.aspx

An interview with Timo Lehtinen on RAMS studies (March 2016): https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Reliability-and-Availability-matters-for-FCC.aspx

21 P. Charitos,Preparing for the Future. Published in CERN Bulletin, Issue No.17-18/2016, Monday 25 April 2016: https://cds.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2016/17/News%20Articles/2147851?ln=en

22 E. Dusi, Interview with Fabiola Gianotti, Sveleremo I segreti dell’ universe, La Repubblica, 15-April-2016. http://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2016/04/14/news/intervista_a_fabiola_gianotti-137642585/?refresh_ce

23 European Physics Society Announcement : FCC Week 2016, http://www.eps.org/m/event_details.asp?id=744961

24 D. Bortoletto, The Accelerators of the Future, AMVA4NewPhysics, 19 April 2016 : https://amva4newphysics.wordpress.com/2016/04/19/the-accelerators-of-the-future/

25 Press Release : Macchine per scorprire. Dal bosone di Higgs alla Nuova Fisica, INFN Press Office, 10 April 2016 : http://home.infn.it/it/comunicazione/eventi/1757-macchine-per-scoprire-dal-bosone-di-higgs-alla-nuova-fisica

26 Interview with G. Tonelli : Macchine per scoprire. Dal bosone di Higgs alla Nuova Fisica, Corriere Della Sera,10 April 2016 : https://edms.cern.ch/document/1689459/1.0

27 Article on the FCC Week ’16 Public event, 11 April 2016: http://www.agendadellascienza.it/events/macchine-per-scoprire-dal-bosone-di-higgs-alla-nuova-fisica/

28 P. Greco, Radio Broadcast, Radio 3 (RAI) on 15 April 2016 http://www.radio3.rai.it/dl/portaleRadio/media/ContentItem-d3d0cc4e-1254-4c7f-9724-e688566031f1.html

29 H. Jarlett, FCC study holds annual meeting this week, CERN’s website update 11-April-2016: http://home.cern/scientists/updates/2016/04/fcc-study-holds-annual-meeting-week

30 P. Charitos, Preparing for the future, CERN’s main website, 26 April 2016: http://home.cern/cern-people/updates/2016/04/preparing-future

31 P. Charitos, FCC Week 2016 showcases progress and challenges, CERN Courier, 05 June 2016: https://cds.cern.ch/record/2155287/

32 P. Charitos,Interview with Gian Giudice : Head of CERN’s Theory Department , EP Newsletter, 24 June 2016, Geneva: http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/interview-gian-giudice-head-cerns-theory-department

33 M. Mentink et al.,Design study of a twin solenoid and dipole detector magnet system for the FCC study, EP newsletter: 24 June 2016: http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/design-study-twin-solenoid-and-dipoles-detector-magnet-system-fcc-study

34 A. Blondell, P. Charitos, P. Janot,FCC-ee physics workshops at CERN. EP newsletter, 04 April 2016: http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-ee-physics-workshops-cern . Also published in the CERN website (For Scientists)

35 P. Charitos, Interview with Gian Guidice, Pemptousia.gr on 06 July 2016. https://pemptousia.com/2016/07/interview-with-gian-giudice-head-of-cerns-theory-department/

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/first-concept-design-fcc-ee-magnets

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/accelerator-reliability-and-availability-training

http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-ee-physics-workshops-cern

https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/csa_highlights/superconducting_radio_frequency_activities_at_cern/

http://home.cern/about/updates/2016/04/webcast-discovery-machines-and-future-colliders

http://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-on-University-of-Liverpool-Cockcroft-Institute.aspx

http://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-on-University-of-Liverpool-Cockcroft-Institute.aspx

http://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-on-ALBA-Synchrotron.aspx

http://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-On-CIEMAT.aspx

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Interview-with-Amalia-Balarino.aspx

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Focus-on-Valentina-Venturi.aspx

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Unravelling-the-mystery-of-superconductivity.aspx

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Reliability-and-Availability-matters-for-FCC.aspx

https://cds.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2016/17/News%20Articles/2147851?ln=en

http://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2016/04/14/news/intervista_a_fabiola_gianotti-137642585/?refresh_ce

http://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2016/04/14/news/intervista_a_fabiola_gianotti-137642585/?refresh_ce

http://www.eps.org/m/event_details.asp?id=744961

https://amva4newphysics.wordpress.com/2016/04/19/the-accelerators-of-the-future/

http://home.infn.it/it/comunicazione/eventi/1757-macchine-per-scoprire-dal-bosone-di-higgs-alla-nuova-fisica

http://home.infn.it/it/comunicazione/eventi/1757-macchine-per-scoprire-dal-bosone-di-higgs-alla-nuova-fisica

https://edms.cern.ch/document/1689459/1.0

http://www.agendadellascienza.it/events/macchine-per-scoprire-dal-bosone-di-higgs-alla-nuova-fisica/

http://www.radio3.rai.it/dl/portaleRadio/media/ContentItem-d3d0cc4e-1254-4c7f-9724-e688566031f1.html

http://www.radio3.rai.it/dl/portaleRadio/media/ContentItem-d3d0cc4e-1254-4c7f-9724-e688566031f1.html

http://home.cern/scientists/updates/2016/04/fcc-study-holds-annual-meeting-week

http://home.cern/cern-people/updates/2016/04/preparing-future

http://home.cern/cern-people/updates/2016/04/preparing-future

https://cds.cern.ch/record/2155287/

http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/interview-gian-giudice-head-cerns-theory-department

http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/interview-gian-giudice-head-cerns-theory-department

http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/design-study-twin-solenoid-and-dipoles-detector-magnet-system-fcc-study

http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/design-study-twin-solenoid-and-dipoles-detector-magnet-system-fcc-study

http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-ee-physics-workshops-cern

https://pemptousia.com/2016/07/interview-with-gian-giudice-head-of-cerns-theory-department/

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36 J. Wade (Wise Network UK), Diversity Matters for FCC, FCC website and shared to members of the Wise Network UK. 23, June 2016 : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Diversity-matters-for-the-FCC-study.aspx

37 P. Charitos, L Tavian, Cryogenics systems from LHC to FCC, Cold Facts, 17 June 2016. https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/csa_highlights/cryogenic_systems_from_lhc_to_fcc/

38 P. Charitos, FCC Week 2016 published inCold Facts, 17 June 2016: https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/cold_facts/

39 B. Bernadette, CERN Calls: The scientists at CERN need even larger tunnels, Tunnel & Tunellins, 20 June 2016. http://www.tunnelsonline.info/

40 S. Chekanov (ANL) and A. Kotwal (Fermilab / Duke University), Complex Detector Simulations, FCC Website, 15 June 2016: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Complex-detector-simulations-of-proton-collisions-for-FCC-.aspx

41 A. Welsch (UNILIV),Spotlight on : Tampere University of Technology, FCC Website, 05 June 2016 : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-on-Tampere-University-of-Technology0525-9982.aspx

42 P. Charitos, FCC Week 2016: Designing a future large-scale research infrastructure, Accelerating News, 15 June 2016: http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-week-2016-preparing-future

43 P. Charitos, First Hardware for FCC: Designing a novel beam screen system, Accelerating News, 15 June 2016: http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/first-hardware-fcc-designing-novel-beam-screen-system

44 P. Charitos&F. Lackner, New furnace for the heat treatment of superconducting coils for HL-LHC and future circular colliders, Accelerating News, 15 June 2016: http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/new-furnace-heat-treatment-superconducting-coils

45 E. Getova, Academia Meets Industry in the European Cryogenics Days at CERN, Accelerating News, 15 June 2016.

46 P. Charitos, An interview with Tomasso Valletti - EC's Chief Economist, Accelerating News, 15 June 2016: http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/interview-tommaso-valletti-ecs-chief-economist-competition

47 L. Thones, EuroCirCol : Success story on Euresearch, Euresearch.ch, 16 May 2016: https://www.euresearch.ch/de/about-euresearch/media/success-stories/

48 N. Lockyer, Future Intertwined, CERN Courier, 8 July 2016: http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/65510

49 L. Salvi, Il mago dei numeri al servizio del CERN, Interview with Prof. Massimo Florio published in Il Giorno Milano: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Il-mago-dei-numeri-.aspx

50 P. Charitos, Focus on : Helder Filipe Pais Da Silva, FCC Website, 20 June 2016: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Focus-on-.aspx

51 Foundation BBVA newsletter:Interview with Frédérick Bordry, head of accelerators at CERN, FBBVA foundation website, 20 April 2016: http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/tlfu/ing/noticias/fichanoticia/index.jsp?codigo=1677

52 P. Charitos, Discussing reliability for FCC, 20 April 2016: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Discussing-reliability-studies-.aspx

53 Articles Covering/Published during the FCC Week 2016 on Storify : All articles can be found here : https://storify.com/FCC_study (total of 24 stories/articles)

Selected topics :

EuroCirCol : A key to new physics : https://storify.com/FCC_study/eurocircol by R. Torres

Roadmaps in high-energy physics : https://storify.com/FCC_study/roadmaps-in-high-energy-physics by P. Charitos

Steps towards a future lepton-lepton collider: https://storify.com/FCC_study/fcc-ee by P. Charitos and A. Blondell

The Socio-economic impact of large-scale research infrastructure: https://storify.com/FCC_study/the-socio-economic-impact-of-large-scale-research- by Prof. M. Florio

Civil Engineering for a future circular collider: https://storify.com/FCC_study/civil-engineering-for-the-future-circular-collider by P. Charitos & J. Osborne

Discussing a 16T magnet programme for FCC: https://storify.com/FCC_study/towards-a-16t-magnet by P. Charitos & D. Tommasini.

Superconductivity and the FCC : https://storify.com/FCC_study/superconductivity-and-the-fcc by P. Charitos & A. Ballarino

Safety Matters : https://storify.com/FCC_study/safety-matters by P. Charitos & R. Trant

54 SRF cavity fabrication based on electro-hydraulic forming by E. Cantergiani. Published in FCC

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Diversity-matters-for-the-FCC-study.aspx

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Diversity-matters-for-the-FCC-study.aspx

https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/csa_highlights/cryogenic_systems_from_lhc_to_fcc/

https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/cold_facts/

http://www.tunnelsonline.info/

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Complex-detector-simulations-of-proton-collisions-for-FCC-.aspx

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Complex-detector-simulations-of-proton-collisions-for-FCC-.aspx

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-on-Tampere-University-of-Technology0525-9982.aspx

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/fcc-week-2016-preparing-future

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/first-hardware-fcc-designing-novel-beam-screen-system

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/first-hardware-fcc-designing-novel-beam-screen-system

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/new-furnace-heat-treatment-superconducting-coils

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/interview-tommaso-valletti-ecs-chief-economist-competition

http://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/content/interview-tommaso-valletti-ecs-chief-economist-competition

https://www.euresearch.ch/de/about-euresearch/media/success-stories/


https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Il-mago-dei-numeri-.aspx

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Focus-on-.aspx

http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/tlfu/ing/noticias/fichanoticia/index.jsp?codigo=1677

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Discussing-reliability-studies-.aspx

https://storify.com/FCC_study

https://storify.com/FCC_study/eurocircol

https://storify.com/FCC_study/roadmaps-in-high-energy-physics

https://storify.com/FCC_study/roadmaps-in-high-energy-physics

https://storify.com/FCC_study/fcc-ee

https://storify.com/FCC_study/the-socio-economic-impact-of-large-scale-research-

https://storify.com/FCC_study/civil-engineering-for-the-future-circular-collider

https://storify.com/FCC_study/civil-engineering-for-the-future-circular-collider

https://storify.com/FCC_study/towards-a-16t-magnet

https://storify.com/FCC_study/towards-a-16t-magnet

https://storify.com/FCC_study/superconductivity-and-the-fcc

https://storify.com/FCC_study/safety-matters

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website & video produced by BMAX company.

55 Top quark physics at 100 TeV – FCC physics opportunities presented in ICHEP 2016 : https://indico.cern.ch/event/432527/contributions/1072401/

56 H. Jarlett & P. Charitos,New furnace a step towards future collider development: https://home.cern/about/updates/2016/07/new-furnace-step-towards-future-collider-development

57 P. Charitos, Reliability studies : Key to FCC, FCC Website, 20 July 2016, https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Discussing-reliability-studies-.aspx

58 S. Charley, Q&A: The Future of CERN, Symmetry Magazine, 03 August 2016: http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/qa-the-future-of-cern

59 FCC-hh overview of the detector design : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DajpD51Hy6s, Published on 05 August 2016

60 P. Charitos,Keep Investing in long-term science, Article published on the FCC Webpage following ESOF16: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Investing-in-Long-Term-.aspx

61 S. Pantofli, Production of new niobium-tin cables is in full swing, CERN Bulletin, Issue No.30, August 2016: http://cds.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2016/32/News%20Articles/2200339?ln=no

62 P. Charitos, FCC Study presented in Applied Superconductivity Conference 2016, article published on FCC website, 20 August 2016: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/FCC-in-Applied-Superconductivity-Conference-2016.aspx Video from Michal Benedikt’s presentation became available and shared with the 3000 participants of the conference. (also in FCC study YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShEswFsiUjs)

63 R. Hradil, M. and Majer, A snapshot of the FCC study, FCC Website, 29 August 2016: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/A-snapshot-of-the-Future-Circular-Collider-study.aspx - A Photo-gallery also available on ProStudio22.ch website: http://www.roberthradil.com/index/G00009RyQnQiTj7I/I0000XbNEwVIhYEI

64 P. Charitos, Charting the Unknwon : Interpreting LHC data from the energy frontier, EP newsletter, 20 September 2016: https://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/charting-unknown-interpreting-lhc-data-energy-frontier

65 A. Bozoni, Inside CERN: Europe’s largest laboratory, The TOC (10 September 2016): http://www.thetoc.gr/diethni/article/to-the-toc-sunanta-tous-ellines-epistimones-sto-cern

66 A. Bozoni, A Photo-Essay of CERN, The TOC magazine (15 September 2016): http://www.thetoc.gr/magazine/mesa-sto-cern-episkepsi-sto-megalutero-ereunitiko-kentro-ston-kosmo

67 G. Tonelli, An interview with Guido Tonelli on physics challenges of the 21st century published in EP newsletter, 16 September 2016: https://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/interview-guido-tonelli

68 G. Tonelli, Video Recorded interview for FCC. Published on CERN’s Document server.

Part 1 : What have we learned from the Higgs discovery ? https://cds.cern.ch/record/2209037

Part 2 : What are the open questions in modern physics ? https://cds.cern.ch/record/2209035?ln=en

Part 3 : The next steps in particle physics ? https://cds.cern.ch/record/2209036?ln=en

Part 4 : Is it timely to design a future circular collider ? https://cds.cern.ch/record/2209038

Part 5 : Why should we push the energy frontier ? https://cds.cern.ch/record/2209039?ln=en Part 6 : What is the present landscape in particle physics ? https://cds.cern.ch/record/2209040?ln=en

69 S. Banks-Louie, Oracle Voice : CERN Tests Data Exploration Using Big Data, Analytics and the Cloud, Forber Magazine,12 September 2016: https://goo.gl/dLnlOI

70 N. Dominguez, Este homber planea el acelerador de particulas mas grande de la Tierra, El Pais, 21 September 2016: http://elpais.com/elpais/2016/09/19/ciencia/1474304663_502682.html

71 F. Zimmerman, What is the future of particle accelerators?, Event in the Royal Institute in London (20 September 2016) & Video posted on RI Channel (6 October 2016): http://richannel.org/what-is-the-future-of-particle-accelerators

72 M. Corral, La puerta a la física del futuro, El Mundo, 9 October 2016: http://www.elmundo.es/ciencia/2016/10/09/57f7f353e2704e65408b4611.html

73 P. Charitos, Designing an elevator system for FCC, FCC Website, 11 October 2016: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Designing-an-elevator-system-for-FCC.aspx

74 M. Bajko, First international superconducting magnet test facilities workshop, Accelerating News, 20 October 2016: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/rst-international-superconducting-magnet-test-facilities-workshop.aspx

75 R. Appleby, &P. Charitos, FCC Collaboration welcomes the University of Manchester, FCC Website, 31 October 2016: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/FCC-Collaboration-.aspx

76 P. Catapano, Secrets of Discovery, CERN Courier, 14 October 2016: http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/66569

77 “First FCC Physics Workshop”, Faces and Places in CERN Courier, 14 October 2016

78 P. Charitos&C. Senatore, Milestone for HTS coil at UNIGE, Accelerating News, 20 October 2016:

https://indico.cern.ch/event/432527/contributions/1072401/

https://home.cern/about/updates/2016/07/new-furnace-step-towards-future-collider-development

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Discussing-reliability-studies-.aspx

http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/qa-the-future-of-cern

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DajpD51Hy6s

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Investing-in-Long-Term-.aspx

http://cds.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2016/32/News%20Articles/2200339?ln=no

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/FCC-in-Applied-Superconductivity-Conference-2016.aspx

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/FCC-in-Applied-Superconductivity-Conference-2016.aspx

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShEswFsiUjs

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/A-snapshot-of-the-Future-Circular-Collider-study.aspx

http://www.roberthradil.com/index/G00009RyQnQiTj7I/I0000XbNEwVIhYEI

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79 P. Charitos&A. Ballarino, Developments in Superconductivity for FCC, Colf Fact, Cryogenics Society of America, Volume 32 Number 5, https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/cold_facts/read_six_for_free/

80 LBNL to lead national magnet development program, published at Accelerator Technology & Applied Physics Division & FCC Website: http://atap.lbl.gov/atap-news-august-2016/#MDP and FCC Website: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/US-launches-national-magnet-development-program.aspx

81 Advertise CERN’s science and technology at IEEE, CERN Website, A. Rassat, 27, October 2016 https://home.cern/scientists/updates/2016/10/help-advertise-cerns-science-and-technology-ieee

82 O. Dessibourg, Interview with Fabiola Gianotti, «J'espère que le CERN ouvrira un chapitre totalement nouveau de la physique», LeTemps, 20 February 2016, https://www.letemps.ch/sciences/2016/02/20/fabiola-gianotti-j-espere-cern-ouvrira-un-chapitre-totalement-nouveau-physique

83 Interview with Fabiola Gianotti « Tout pour la physique », Le Dauphiné Libéré, Portrait, 9 November, 2016 : https://edms.cern.ch/document/1734874/1

84 Interview with Michael Benedikt « El estudio de las partículas ha permitido un tratamiento específico contra el cáncer” », EFE : FUTURO (15/09/2016) : http://www.efefuturo.com/noticia/benedikt-estudio-particulas-cancer/

85 Gonzalo Lopez, Sanchez , ABC Ciencia : Michael Benedikt, del CERN: «Necesitamos un colisionador mayor para entender la materia oscura» (20/09/2016) : http://www.abc.es/ciencia/abci-michael-benedikt-cern-necesitamos-colisionador-mayor-para-entender-materia-oscura-201609200143_noticia.html

86 Interview Michael Benedikt, El Pais, « Este hombre planea el acelerador de partículas más grande de la Tierra » (21/09/2016), https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/09/19/ciencia/1474304663_502682.html

87 Corral, Miguel, C. , Article about the FCC study, El Mundo « La puerta a la física del futuro », (09/10/2016), http://www.elmundo.es/ciencia/2016/10/09/57f7f353e2704e65408b4611.html

88 Charitos, P. Charting the Unknown: interpreting LHC data from the energy frontier., (28/09/2016), EP newsletter, https://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/charting-unknown-interpreting-lhc-data-energy-frontier

89 LBNL Accelerator Technology & Applied Physics division blog, US launches national magnet development program. http://www2.lbl.gov/LBL-Programs/atap/MagnetDevelopmentProgramPlan.pdf

90 Charitos, P. Designing an elevator system for the LHC, Accelerating News, Issue 19, (December 2016). http://cds.cern.ch/record/2265803/files/CERN-ACC-NOTE-2017-0041.pdf?subformat=pdfa&version=1

91 Charitos, P. Discussing FCC status in the Applied Superconductivity Conference 2016. (02 November 2016), FCC website : https://youtu.be/ShEswFsiUjs?t=1m30s

92 Torres, R. ”Spotlight on Series” : Irfy/CEA (04 November 2016), FCC website: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-On-.aspx

93 Argyropoulos, S. and Charitos, P., «The discovery of the Higgs is only the beginning », FCC website (07 November 2016), https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/The-Higgs-was-only-the-beginning--.aspx

94 Beauté Par B., « Le boson de Higgs a déjà révolutionné nos vies », Tribune de Geneve, (13 November 2016), https://www.tdg.ch/geneve/actu-genevoise/boson-higgs-deja-revolutionne-vies/story/11467220

95 Colson Par Sebastien, « Fabiola Gianotti, tout pour la physique», (09 November 2016), https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8ZWDpU4JChiT0tsVFdKUlE4VzQ/view

96 Charitos, P., Argyropoulos S., « Echoes of the Higgs » (18 November 2016) https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Echoes-of-the-Higgs.aspx

97 Rassat, A. « How the LHC could help us peak inside the human brain » (12 December 2016), home.cern/cern-people/updates/2016/11/how-lhc-could-help-us-peek-inside-human-brain

98 Hills, S. « LESS can do more for LHC and future circular colliders » (05 December 2016), STFC matters https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/LESS-can-do-more-for-a-future-circular-collider.aspx

99 Larbalestier, D., « A better superconductor for Large Hadron Collider » (24 August 2016), https://nationalmaglab.org/magnet-development/applied-superconductivity-center/publications-asc/highlights-asc/better-superconductor-for-lhc

100 Torres, R. ”Spotlight on Series” : INFN (15 December 2016), FCC website: https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-On-INFN.aspx

101 Charitos, P. « Where is Supersymmetry » : (14 December 2016), EP newsletter : http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/where-supersymmetry

102 Charitos, P. « 2016 : A year in review », (20 December 2016), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/FCC-study-A-year-in-review.aspx

103 Jarlett H., Kahle K. What is the future for experimental physics ?, CERN website, (22 December 2016) https://home.cern/about/updates/2016/12/practice-what-future-experimental-physics

104 Assmann R., Ratoff P. and Zimmermann F. « eeFACT2016 held in Daresbury UK «, ( 22 December 2016), Accelerating News : http://accelerating-news-arc.web.cern.ch/content/eefact2016-held-daresbury-uk

105 Argyropoulos S., Charitos P. « What a colourful world » (19 January 2017), FCC website :

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106 Charitos, P. « Diversity matters for the FCC collaboration » (24 January 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/FCC-Diversity-Award-.aspx

107 Charitos, P. « FCC study accelerates Diversity » (02 February 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/FCC-Diversity-Award.aspx

108 Lincoln, D. « Future Circular Colliders » (06 February 2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QK11F7q5kk

109 Charitos, P. , Gutleber, J. « Why do we need all these dots ? » (10 February 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Why-do-we-need-all-these-dots-on-the-map-.aspx

110 https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Can-a-future-circular-collider-may-make-you-feel-cosy-at-home.aspx « Can a future circular collider make you feel cosy at home ? » (17 February 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Can-a-future-circular-collider-may-make-you-feel-cosy-at-home.aspx

111 Charitos, P. « A new tool to evaluate complex tech system’s efficiency » (27 February 2017), CERN home website : https://home.cern/cern-people/updates/2017/02/new-tool-evaluate-complex-tech-systems-efficiency

112 Charitos, P. « Diversity matters for FCC » (23 February 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Diversity-matters-for-the-FCC-collaboration.aspx

113 Torres, R. Spotligh On series « École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) », (27 February 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-On-EPFL.aspx

114 Charitos, P. « FCC study : Connecting Science to Architecture » (01 March 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Connecting-Science-to-Architecture-at-CERN.aspx

115 Zhang, Xingyi, « An architect’s perspective on CERN », (07 March 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/An-architect%27s-perspective-on-CERN.aspx

116 Charitos, P. « An interview with John Womersley » (21 March 2017), Accelerating News : http://accelerating-news-arc.web.cern.ch/content/interview-professor-john-womersley

117 Roderick, C. « Accelerator Fault Tracking at CERN » (22 March 2017), Accelerating News : http://accelerating-news-arc.web.cern.ch/content/accelerator-fault-tracking-cern

118 Charitos, P. « FCC study accelerates diversity award » (03 April 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/-FCC-study-accelerates-diversity.aspx

119 Charitos, P., Blondell A. and Jacobsson R., «Hunting for right-handed neutrinos : the new game in town », (05 April 2017), EP newsletter : http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/hunting-right-handed-neutrinos-new-game-town

120 Charitos, P. « Women in cryogenics and superconductivity, » (07 April 2017), Cold Facts.

121 Curtin, D. and Sundrum R. « The Lifetime Frontier » (17 March 2017), EP newsletter : http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/lifetime-frontier

122 Ellis, J, « Where is particle physics going » (10 April 2017), arXiv : 1704.02821 : https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.02821

123 « Small particles – large machines » (27 April 2017), Urania exhibition centre (announcement of public exhibition) : https://www.urania.de/kleine-teilchen-grosse-maschinen

124 Mangano M, Azzi P., D’Onofrio M., Mccullough, M. « Physics at its limits », (CERN Courier, 13 April 2017), http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/68433

125 Charitos, P. « Superconductors face the future », (16 March 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Superconductors-face-the-future.aspx

126 Charitos, P. « Welcome to the FCC study 2017 » (30 May 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/FCC-week-2017.aspx

127 Charitos, P. « FCC Innovation Awards » (06 June 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/FCC-Innovation-Awards.aspx

128 Stories from the FCC week 2017 originally appeared in Storify (currently on Wakelet) - Towards 16T Magnets for FCC : https://wakelet.com/wake/44e4f29a-6155-4a03-bdd8-

4e4896fd7fe3 - How will SuShi protect the FCC : https://wakelet.com/wake/f44123f6-fe2a-4835-93df-

ca9a1780796e - Cryogenics for a Future Circular Collider : https://wakelet.com/wake/92bf8180-0ed5-4fa0-8f39-

cbce26f33848 - Designing an FCC-hh experiment : https://wakelet.com/wake/d0f9d538-b89d-4dd8-9c9e-

deccaee18a16 - Gauging CERN’s economic impace : https://wakelet.com/wake/a4e330d6-7c3d-4273-a831-

ed73ef7358a6 Searches for new physics beyond the S.M : https://wakelet.com/wake/493cc602-4703-44fd-b51f-09a08431409b

129 Dodgshun, J. « Physicists accelerate plans for a new Large Hadron Collider three times as big », (31 May 2017) H2020 magazine. https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/physicists-accelerate-plans-new-large-

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130 Nield, D. « CERN Just Fast-Tracked Plans to Build a Particle Collider Three Times as Big as The LHC » (02 June 2017), https://www.sciencealert.com/work-is-already-beginning-on-the-large-hadron-collider-s-replacement

131 Macdonald, C. « Scientists planning particle accelerator THREE times bigger than the Large Hadron Collider in bid to unravel the mysteries of the universe », (31 May 2017), The Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4560362/Scientists-reveal-plans-massive-particle-accelerator.html

132 « The next particle collider could be seven time more powerful than the LHC », ILFscience, http://www.iflscience.com/physics/the-next-particle-collider-could-be-seven-time-more-powerful-than-the-lhc/

133 Welsch, C. Discussing FCC plans in BBC Radio 5 « Naked Scientist » show : https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05518qd

134 Whighman, N. « Scientists are planning to build a new particle accelerator 3 times longer than the LHC », (04 July 2017), NewCom.Au. https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/scientists-are-planning-to-build-a-new-particle-accelerator-three-times-longer-than-the-large-hadron-collider/news-story/37937df290e3bfdf9bfa2625741b4a48

135 Jannot, P. « A refreshing idea for FCC-ee » (13 June 2017), FCC website and EP newsletter : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/A-refreshing-IDEA-for-FCC-ee.aspx

136 Torres, R. « Spotlight on : KEK » (15 June 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-On-KEK.aspx

137 Charitos, P. « FCC week 2017 : Diversity Fuels progress », (03 July 2017), CERN home website & CERN Bulletin : https://home.cern/cern-people/updates/2017/07/fcc-week-2017-diversity-fuels-progress

138 Charitos, P. « Highlights from the FCC week 2017 » (21 June 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Highlights-from-FCC-Week-2017.aspx

139 Kaspar M. and Jarlett, H. « How can cubes made of paper help teach particle physics » (29 June 2017), CERN website : https://home.cern/students-educators/updates/2017/06/how-can-cubes-made-paper-help-teach-particle-physics

140 Charitos, P. « FCC superconductor development paves the way for future high field magnets (30 June 2017), FCC website : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Superconductors-for-high-field-magnets.aspx

141 Ellis, J, Charitos, P. « 007 Reasons for new physics beyond the Standard Model » (27 June 2017) http://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/007-reasons-physics-beyond-standard-model

142 Charitos, P. « Berlin meeting weighs up post-LHC machine » (01 July 2017), https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Berlin-meeting-weighs-up-post-LHC-machine.aspx

143 Torres, C. « Spotlight On : University of Manchester – Cockcroft Institute » (02 July 2017), https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Spotlight-On-Manchester.aspx

144 Chu, J. « Particle hunter » (21 June 2017). MIT News : http://news.mit.edu/2017/faculty-profile-markus-klute-0721

145 McCullough, M. « The Higgs Adventury is on » (10 July 2017) : http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/69337

146 Rossi, L. « Celebrating a super partnership » (01 September 2017), CERN Courier, Viewpoint : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/Celebrating-a-super-partnership.aspx

146 Greis, Y. « So Wie damals…beim Urknall », Interview with Michael Benedikt, Tageblatt. (12 May 2017) : https://www.pressreader.com/luxembourg/tageblatt-luxembourg/20170512/281530815942594

147 Charitos, P. « EASITrain Kick-off meeting : Powering the Future, FCC website (11 September 2017) : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/EASITRAIN-kick-off-meeting.aspx

148 Gourlay, S. « Powering the field forward » , CERN Courier, (September 2017) : http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/69629

149 Taylor, T. « Unique magnets », CERN Courier, (September 2017) : http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/69630

150 Charitos, P. « Get on board with EASITrain » , CERN Courier, (September 2017) : http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/69632

151 Strauss, B. « Superconductors and particle physics entwined » , CERN Courier, (September 2017) : http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/69634

152 Pralavorio, C. « Superconductors tak ecentre stage » , CERN website, (15 September 2017) : https://home.cern/cern-people/updates/2017/09/superconductors-take-centre-stage

153 Charitos P. « The magics of superconductors », FCC website , (21 September 2017) : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/The-magic-of-superconductors-in-the-spotlight.aspx

154 Torres, R. « Spotlight On : CNRS-IN2P3 » , FCC website (10 October 2017) :

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https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20180906_OTS0087/der-code-des-universums-eroeffnung-der-fotoausstellung-am-sa-den-08-september-2018-um-1100-uhr-bild

https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20180906_OTS0087/der-code-des-universums-eroeffnung-der-fotoausstellung-am-sa-den-08-september-2018-um-1100-uhr-bild

https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20180912_OTS0010/wilde-welt-im-wohnzimmer-bild

https://sandrasundries.wordpress.com/2018/10/31/der-code-des-universums-sonderausstellung/

https://www.w24.at/Meldungen/2018/9/Ausstellung-Der-Code-des-Universums

http://www.hotelmama.at/lifestyle/events/der-code-des-universums-eroeffnung-der-fotoausstellung-am-sa-den-08-september-2018-um-1100-uhr/

http://www.hotelmama.at/lifestyle/events/der-code-des-universums-eroeffnung-der-fotoausstellung-am-sa-den-08-september-2018-um-1100-uhr/

http://www.sempre-vita.com/2018/09/der-code-des-universums-fotografische-entdeckungsreise-vor-dem-nhm-wien/

http://www.sempre-vita.com/2018/09/der-code-des-universums-fotografische-entdeckungsreise-vor-dem-nhm-wien/

https://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2934709/

https://www.meinbezirk.at/event/innere-stadt/c-sonstiges/forschung-was-geht-mich-das-an_e121074

https://futurezone.at/science/stromleitungen-und-schwebebahnen-supraleiter-erobern-die-welt/400118537

https://futurezone.at/science/stromleitungen-und-schwebebahnen-supraleiter-erobern-die-welt/400118537

https://diepresse.com/home/science/5489177/Ein-Festival-fuer-die-Grundlagenforschung

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpbXPlrJ3uU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hab_2r3JteI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7A1zHkVXHI

https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/quasar/news/stories/title,1082079,en.php?fbclid=IwAR0TOWpGjYskNnWQ08sY3OtLqQ5N5SR85T-n6VCHcdaESLhKVVw6JnBq_pI

https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/quasar/news/stories/title,1082079,en.php?fbclid=IwAR0TOWpGjYskNnWQ08sY3OtLqQ5N5SR85T-n6VCHcdaESLhKVVw6JnBq_pI

https://nationalmaglab.org/fieldsmagazine/archives/the-long-winding-road

https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/russia-starts-production-of-superconductors-f-475988.html

http://ec.europa.eu/research/infocentre/article_en.cfm?artid=49811

https://www.livescience.com/64392-large-hadron-collider-discoveries.html

http://beyazgazete.com/video/webtv/ekonomi-2/kalip-tezgahindan-cern-e-uzanan-yolculuk-manisa-641974.html

http://beyazgazete.com/video/webtv/ekonomi-2/kalip-tezgahindan-cern-e-uzanan-yolculuk-manisa-641974.html

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collider at CERN. » (15 January 2019) : https://home.cern/news/press-release/accelerators/international-collaboration-publishes-concept-design-post-lhc

A full list of the articles published worlwide (>1700 articles) is available : https://edms.cern.ch/file/2144659/1/Monitoring_-_FCC_CDR_-_publication_list.xlsx

232 Dorrigo, T. « Why we need a new collider », Science 2.0 (31 December 2019).

https://www.science20.com/tommaso_dorigo/why_we_need_a_new_collider-23594

233 Banks, M. « Europe unveils successor to the Large Hadron Collider », Physics World (15 January 2019) : https://physicsworld.com/a/europe-unveils-successor-to-the-large-hadron-collider/

234 Benedikt, M. & Zimmermann F. « A giant leap for physics », CERN Courier (24 January 2019) : https://cerncourier.com/a-giant-leap-for-physics/

235 Cliff, H. « CERN : Large Hadron Collider replacement plans unveiled – here’s what it could discover » (18 January 2019) : https://theconversation.com/cern-large-hadron-collider-replacement-plans-unveiled-heres-what-it-could-discover-109983

236 Moskvitch, K. « Inside the high-stakes race to make quantum computers work » (08 March 2019) : https://www.wired.com/story/inside-the-high-stakes-race-to-make-quantum-computers-work/

237 Guidice, G. « On Future High-Energy Colliders » (25 February 2019) : https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.07964

238 Dorigo, T. « False Claims in Particle Physics » (20 January 2019) : https://www.science20.com/tommaso_dorigo/false_claims_in_particle_physics-236226

239 Dorigo, T. « One More Thing About the Myth of the Desert » (21 January 2019) : https://www.science20.com/tommaso_dorigo/one_more_thing_about_the_myth_of_the_desert-236235

240 Massimi, M. « Planned Particle Colliders : More than Prediction » (31 January 2019) : https://www.faz.net/aktuell/planned-particle-accelerator-fcc-more-than-prediction-16015627.html

241 Siegel, E. « The simple case for why physics needs a particle collider beyond the LHC » (29 January 2019) : https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/01/29/the-simple-case-for-why-physics-needs-a-particle-collider-beyond-the-lhc/#2d7acdb87b43

242 Siegel, E. « We must not give up on answering the biggest scientific questions of all » (05 February 2019) : https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/02/05/we-must-not-give-up-on-answering-the-biggest-scientific-questions-of-all/#43eafb943676

243 Chalmers, M. « Interview : In it for the long haul », CERN Courier, (08 March 2019) : https://cerncourier.com/in-it-for-the-long-haul/

244 Chalmers, M. « The day the world switched on to particle physics, CERN Courier (31 August 2018) : https://cerncourier.com/the-day-the-world-switched-on-to-particle-physics/

245 Chalmer, M. « China and Europe bid for post-LHC collider », CERN Courier (24 January 2019) :

https://cerncourier.com/china-and-europe-bid-for-post-lhc-collider/

246 Charitos, P. « Particle Colliders : Accelerating Innovation », CERN Courier (02 May 2019) :

https://cerncourier.com/field-notes-3/ 237 Tampere University Press Office « A study on FCC availability led to developments in operation and

reliability modelling » (17 April 2019) : https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/dissertation-study-future-circular-collider-availability-led-developments-operation-and

238 Georgescu, I. « No final frontier », Editorial for Nature Review Physics (4 April 2019) : https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-019-0052-4

239 Benedikt, M. & Zimmermann F. « The physics and technology of the Future Circular Collider », Nature Review Physics (04 April 2019) : https://www.nature.com/natrevphys/volumes/1/issues/4

240 Charitos, P. « Academia-industry collaboration drives innovation », Accelerating News (27 March 2019) : https://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/article/academia-industry-collaboration-drives-innovation

241 Elsen, E. & Bordry, F. « The case for future colliders », CERN Bulletin (10 April 2019) : https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/The-case-for-future-colliders.aspx

242 Torres, R. « How fundamental science is changing our world », Accelerating News (27 March 2019) : https://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/article/how-fundamental-science-changing-our-world

243 Charitos, P. « FCC collaboration publishes its Conceptual Design Report (28 March 2019) : https://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/article/fcc-collaboration-publishes-its-conceptual-design-report

244 Sample, I. « There is nothing more rewarding than discovering a new particle », Interview with Fabiola Gianotti published in The Guardian (23 February 2019) : https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/feb/23/fabiola-gianotti-interview-director-general-cern-particle-physicist-large-hadron-collider?fbclid=IwAR1XoGov0lytQwtIYF3ehEpMY9rwGfdDiTXiEzbAoXN0Iu26B6nncIbyDr0

245 Blaustein, R. « Preparing for a post-LHC future », Physics World (22 February 2019), https://physicsworld.com/a/preparing-for-a-post-lhc-future/?fbclid=IwAR1CWG7g--



https://edms.cern.ch/file/2144659/1/Monitoring_-_FCC_CDR_-_publication_list.xlsx

https://www.science20.com/tommaso_dorigo/why_we_need_a_new_collider-23594

https://physicsworld.com/a/europe-unveils-successor-to-the-large-hadron-collider/

https://cerncourier.com/a-giant-leap-for-physics/

https://theconversation.com/cern-large-hadron-collider-replacement-plans-unveiled-heres-what-it-could-discover-109983

https://theconversation.com/cern-large-hadron-collider-replacement-plans-unveiled-heres-what-it-could-discover-109983

https://www.wired.com/story/inside-the-high-stakes-race-to-make-quantum-computers-work/


https://www.science20.com/tommaso_dorigo/false_claims_in_particle_physics-236226

https://www.science20.com/tommaso_dorigo/one_more_thing_about_the_myth_of_the_desert-236235

https://www.faz.net/aktuell/planned-particle-accelerator-fcc-more-than-prediction-16015627.html

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/01/29/the-simple-case-for-why-physics-needs-a-particle-collider-beyond-the-lhc/#2d7acdb87b43

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/01/29/the-simple-case-for-why-physics-needs-a-particle-collider-beyond-the-lhc/#2d7acdb87b43

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/02/05/we-must-not-give-up-on-answering-the-biggest-scientific-questions-of-all/#43eafb943676

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/02/05/we-must-not-give-up-on-answering-the-biggest-scientific-questions-of-all/#43eafb943676

https://cerncourier.com/in-it-for-the-long-haul/

https://cerncourier.com/the-day-the-world-switched-on-to-particle-physics/

https://cerncourier.com/china-and-europe-bid-for-post-lhc-collider/

https://cerncourier.com/field-notes-3/

https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/dissertation-study-future-circular-collider-availability-led-developments-operation-and

https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/dissertation-study-future-circular-collider-availability-led-developments-operation-and

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-019-0052-4

https://www.nature.com/natrevphys/volumes/1/issues/4

https://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/article/academia-industry-collaboration-drives-innovation

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/news/The-case-for-future-colliders.aspx

https://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/article/how-fundamental-science-changing-our-world

https://acceleratingnews.web.cern.ch/article/fcc-collaboration-publishes-its-conceptual-design-report

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/feb/23/fabiola-gianotti-interview-director-general-cern-particle-physicist-large-hadron-collider?fbclid=IwAR1XoGov0lytQwtIYF3ehEpMY9rwGfdDiTXiEzbAoXN0Iu26B6nncIbyDr0



https://physicsworld.com/a/preparing-for-a-post-lhc-future/?fbclid=IwAR1CWG7g--GpG2eunbutrzj8i3LV39QEb-wvapVUhSxTxQYblRJlVTbWlzQ

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GpG2eunbutrzj8i3LV39QEb-wvapVUhSxTxQYblRJlVTbWlzQ

246 «Das Universum verstandlich erklart », Kleine Zeitung (01 March 2019) : https://www.kleinezeitung.at/steiermark/5588322/Ausstellung_Das-Universum-verstaendlich-erklaert

247 Hilbrand R. « Woraus besteht die Welt ? Ausstellung an der Universitt Graz macht das Universum verstandlich », Ausseer Regionalfernsehen (27 February 2019) : https://www.arf.at/2019/02/27/woraus-besteht-die-welt-ausstellung-an-der-universitaet-graz-macht-das-universum-verstaendlich/

248 Blondel A. et al. « FCC-ee : Your Questions Answered » (06 June 2019) : https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02693

249 Charitos, P. “FCC week brings a fresh breeze of ideas from Brussels”, CERN Bulletin, (09 July 2019): https://home.cern/news/news/accelerators/fcc-week-brings-fresh-breeze-ideas-brussels

250 Springer Nature Group “Springer Nature Publishes study for CERN’s next generation circular collider” (25 July 2019): https://group.springernature.com/de/group/media/press-releases/springer-nature-publishes-study-for-cern-next-generation-collide/16986586

251 Charitos, P. “Study comes full EuroCirCol” , CERN Courier, (11 September 2019): https://cerncourier.com/a/study-comes-full-eurocircol/

252 Chalmers M. “Addressing the outstanding questions”, CERN Courier (14 May 2019): https://cerncourier.com/a/addressing-the-outstanding-questions/

253 Osborne, J, Tudora, A. and Swatton, B. “Tunnelling for physics”, CERN Courier (11 September 2019): https://cerncourier.com/a/tunnelling-for-physics/

254 Rao, A. “Broadening tunnel vision for future accelerators”, CERN Website (23 October 2019): https://home.cern/news/news/engineering/broadening-tunnel-vision-future-accelerators

255 Chalmers, M. “European Strategy Enters Next Phase”, CERN Courier (2 October 2019): https://cerncourier.com/a/european-strategy-enters-next-phase/

256 Sperl, R. “Das Erdgeschoess unter Genf”, Terra Mater magazine, Austria (06 November 2019): https://www.terramatermagazin.com/

257 Capocci, A. « L’erede di LHC », Le Scienze magazine, Italy (October 2019) : https://www.lescienze.it/news/2019/10/01/news/il_futuro_delle_particelle_elementari-4562311/

258 Ryaner, M. “US proposal teases FCC-ee energy boost”, CERN Courier (15 November 2019): https://cerncourier.com/a/us-proposal-teases-fcc-ee-energy-boost/

259 Bottura, L. “Accelerating magnet technology”, CERN Courier (07 October 2019): https://cerncourier.com/a/accelerating-magnet-technology/

260 Yiu, Y. “Does the world need a more powerful collider”, InsideScience (11 October 2019): https://www.insidescience.org/news/does-world-need-more-powerful-supercollider

261 Siegel, E. “Does particle physics have a future on Earth?”, Forbes Science (11 June 2019): https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/does-particle-physics-have-a-future-on-earth-a1a05cc45b63

262 O’ Callaghan J. “Would new physics colliders make big discoveries or wander a particle desert?”, Scientific American, March 2019: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/would-new-physics-colliders-make-big-discoveries-or-wander-a-particle-desert/

263 Siegel, E. “The LHC and the Future of Physics”, Starts with a Bang (12 October 2019): https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/starts-with-a-bang-podcast-49-the-lhc-and-the-future-of-physics-d0fd95ca817e

264 Mandelbaum, F. “The future of particle physics is bright, bleak and magical”, Gizmodo, (23 October 2019): https://gizmodo.com/the-future-of-particle-physics-is-bright-bleak-and-ma-1838888188

265 Johnston H. “A decade of Physics World breakthroughs: 2012 – discovery of the Higgs boson”, Physics World, (05 December 2019): https://physicsworld.com/a/a-decade-of-physics-world-breakthroughs-2012-discovery-of-the-higgs-boson-at-cern/

266 Smith, R. “Our place in the universe will change dramatically in the next 50 years – here’s how”, The Conversation (28 November 2019): https://theconversation.com/our-place-in-the-universe-will-change-dramatically-in-the-next-50-years-heres-how-127782 Article reproduced : Physics.Org (29/11/2019) : https://phys.org/news/2019-11-universe-years.html Singularity Hub (01/12/2019) : https://singularityhub.com/2019/12/01/our-place-in-the-universe-will-change-dramatically-in-the-next-50-years-heres-how/ QRIUS (29/11/2019) : https://qrius.com/is-our-place-within-the-universe-about-to-change/ Tech Ballad (04/12/2019) : https://techballad.com/these-new-technologies-will-soon-answer-our-biggest-questions-about-the-universe/ METRO (04/12/2019): https://www.metro.news/our-place-in-the-universe-will-change-dramatically-in-the-next-50-years-heres-how/1821176/

267 King A., “Dark mysteries probed in CERN’s largest-ever machine”, The Irish Times (14 November 2019): https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/dark-mysteries-probed-in-cern-s-largest-ever-machine-

https://physicsworld.com/a/preparing-for-a-post-lhc-future/?fbclid=IwAR1CWG7g--GpG2eunbutrzj8i3LV39QEb-wvapVUhSxTxQYblRJlVTbWlzQ

https://www.kleinezeitung.at/steiermark/5588322/Ausstellung_Das-Universum-verstaendlich-erklaert

https://www.arf.at/2019/02/27/woraus-besteht-die-welt-ausstellung-an-der-universitaet-graz-macht-das-universum-verstaendlich/

https://www.arf.at/2019/02/27/woraus-besteht-die-welt-ausstellung-an-der-universitaet-graz-macht-das-universum-verstaendlich/


https://home.cern/news/news/accelerators/fcc-week-brings-fresh-breeze-ideas-brussels

https://group.springernature.com/de/group/media/press-releases/springer-nature-publishes-study-for-cern-next-generation-collide/16986586

https://group.springernature.com/de/group/media/press-releases/springer-nature-publishes-study-for-cern-next-generation-collide/16986586

https://cerncourier.com/a/study-comes-full-eurocircol/

https://cerncourier.com/a/addressing-the-outstanding-questions/

https://cerncourier.com/a/tunnelling-for-physics/

https://home.cern/news/news/engineering/broadening-tunnel-vision-future-accelerators

https://cerncourier.com/a/european-strategy-enters-next-phase/

https://www.terramatermagazin.com/

https://www.lescienze.it/news/2019/10/01/news/il_futuro_delle_particelle_elementari-4562311/

https://cerncourier.com/a/us-proposal-teases-fcc-ee-energy-boost/

https://cerncourier.com/a/accelerating-magnet-technology/

https://www.insidescience.org/news/does-world-need-more-powerful-supercollider

https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/does-particle-physics-have-a-future-on-earth-a1a05cc45b63

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/would-new-physics-colliders-make-big-discoveries-or-wander-a-particle-desert/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/would-new-physics-colliders-make-big-discoveries-or-wander-a-particle-desert/

https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/starts-with-a-bang-podcast-49-the-lhc-and-the-future-of-physics-d0fd95ca817e

https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/starts-with-a-bang-podcast-49-the-lhc-and-the-future-of-physics-d0fd95ca817e

https://gizmodo.com/the-future-of-particle-physics-is-bright-bleak-and-ma-1838888188

https://physicsworld.com/a/a-decade-of-physics-world-breakthroughs-2012-discovery-of-the-higgs-boson-at-cern/

https://physicsworld.com/a/a-decade-of-physics-world-breakthroughs-2012-discovery-of-the-higgs-boson-at-cern/

https://theconversation.com/our-place-in-the-universe-will-change-dramatically-in-the-next-50-years-heres-how-127782

https://theconversation.com/our-place-in-the-universe-will-change-dramatically-in-the-next-50-years-heres-how-127782

https://phys.org/news/2019-11-universe-years.html

https://singularityhub.com/2019/12/01/our-place-in-the-universe-will-change-dramatically-in-the-next-50-years-heres-how/

https://singularityhub.com/2019/12/01/our-place-in-the-universe-will-change-dramatically-in-the-next-50-years-heres-how/

https://qrius.com/is-our-place-within-the-universe-about-to-change/

https://techballad.com/these-new-technologies-will-soon-answer-our-biggest-questions-about-the-universe/

https://techballad.com/these-new-technologies-will-soon-answer-our-biggest-questions-about-the-universe/

https://www.metro.news/our-place-in-the-universe-will-change-dramatically-in-the-next-50-years-heres-how/1821176/

https://www.metro.news/our-place-in-the-universe-will-change-dramatically-in-the-next-50-years-heres-how/1821176/

https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/dark-mysteries-probed-in-cern-s-largest-ever-machine-1.4079100

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1.4079100

268 Panoutsopoulos, G. & Zimmermann, F. “Which Should Come First in Physics: Theory or Experiment?”, Scientific American, (17 June 2019): https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/which-should-come-first-in-physics-theory-or-experiment/ Article was also republished in Spanish: https://www.techallstars.eu/es/sin-categorizar/que-deberia-venir-primero-en-la-fisica-teoria-o-experimento-me-alegra-que-hayas-preguntado/

269 Massimi, M. “Model Independence”, Physics World (Feature article). (17 September 2019): https://physicsworld.com/a/model-independence/

270 Panoutsopoulos, G, “The Culture of Exploratory Experimentation at CERN”, (02 August 2019), published on arXiV: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1907/1907.12946.pdf

Table 20: Work package 2 produced 4 publications during the third period

WP 2 ARC DESIGN

1 R. Bruce et al., "Collimation system studies for the FCC-hh", to be presented at the 10th International Particle Accelerator Conf. (IPAC’19), Melbourne, Australia, May. 2019

2 B. Dalena et al., “Field Quality at Injection for the Hadron Option of Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh)” in IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia, May. 2019

3 D. Boutin et al., “Optic Corrections for FCC-hh'” in IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia, May. 2019

4 A. Chancé et al., “Consolidated Lattice of the Collider FCC-hh” in IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia, May. 2019

Table 21: Work package 3 produced2 publications during the third period

WP 3 EXPERIMENTAL INSERTION REGION DESIGN

1 J. Abelleira et al., FCC-hh experimental interaction region design, to be submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

2 R. Martin, R. Tomás, Length optimization of the detector region dipoles in LHeC and FCC-eh, CERN-ACC-2018-0042, November 2018, http://cds.cern.ch/record/2644892

Table 22: Work package 4 had 9 publications during the third period

WP 4 CRYOGENIC BEAM VACUUM SYSTEM

1 “The 6th electron-cloud workshop, ECLOUD'18”, R. Cimino. in: Beam Dynamics Newsletter No. 74 August 2018.

2 “Low-Energy Secondary Electron Yield of conductive surfaces”, R. Cimino, M. Angelucci, L. A. Gonzalez, R. Larciprete. J. Electron Spectros. Relat. Phenomena. To be published.

3 “Photons Interaction with technical surfaces”, M. Angelucci and R. Cimino. e-Cloud'18 conference proceeding. To be published.

4 “SEY and other material properties studies at cryogenic temperatures”, L. Spallino, M. Angelucci and R. Cimino e-Cloud'18 conference proceeding. To be published.

5 “Photo reflectivity and photo electron yield from technical surfaces”, A. Liedl E. La Francesca, M. Angelucci, I. Bellafont, L. A. Gonzalez, L. Spallino, F. Siewert, M.G. Sertsu, A. Sokolov, F. Schäfers, R. Cimino. e-Cloud'18 conference proceeding To be published.

6 “Commissioning of a beam screen test bench experiment (BESTEX) with a FCC-hh type synchrotron radiation beam”, L.A.Gonzalez, M.Gil Costa, P.Chiggiato, C.Garion, R.Kersevan, S.Casalbuoni, E.Huttel, I.Bellafont, F.Perez., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22, 083201

7 “Design of the FCC-hh beam vacuum chamber”, I.Bellafont, M.Morrone, L.Mether, J.Fernandez, R.Kersevan, C.Garion, V.Baglin, P.Chiggiato, F.Perez. Submitted to Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, under revision

8 “Study of the beam induced vacuum effects in the FCC-hh vacuum chamber”, I.Bellafont, L.Mether, R.Kerseevan, O.B.Malyshev, V.Baglin, P.Chiggiato, F.Perez. Submitted to Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, under second revision

9 “Photodesorption Studies on FCC-hh Beam Screen Prototypes under irradiation with a 6.2 KeV Critical Energy Synchrotron Radiation Beam”. L. A. Gonzalez et al. Proceedings IPAC 2019.

https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/dark-mysteries-probed-in-cern-s-largest-ever-machine-1.4079100

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/which-should-come-first-in-physics-theory-or-experiment/

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/which-should-come-first-in-physics-theory-or-experiment/

https://www.techallstars.eu/es/sin-categorizar/que-deberia-venir-primero-en-la-fisica-teoria-o-experimento-me-alegra-que-hayas-preguntado/

https://www.techallstars.eu/es/sin-categorizar/que-deberia-venir-primero-en-la-fisica-teoria-o-experimento-me-alegra-que-hayas-preguntado/

https://physicsworld.com/a/model-independence/

https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1907/1907.12946.pdf

http://cds.cern.ch/record/2644892

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Table 23: Work package 5, 17 publications during the third period

WP 5 HIGH-FIELD ACCELERATOR MAGNET DESIGN

1 Riccardo Valente; Giovanni Bellomo ; Barbara Caiffi ; Pasquale Fabbricatore ; Stefania Farinon ;Samuele Mariotto ; Alessandra Pampaloni ; Alessandro Maria Ricci ; Massimo Sorbi ; Marco Statera, “Baseline Design of a 16 T cosθ Bending Dipole for the Future Circular Collider”, Published in: IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2901604

2 T. Salmi and D. Schoerling, “Energy density-method: An approach for a quick estimation of quench temperatures in high-field accelerator magnets”, IEEE TAS 29(4), 2018, 4900116

3 J. Zhao, M. Prioli, A. Stenvall, T. Salmi, Y. Gao, B. Caiffi, C. Lorin, V. Marinozzi, S. Farinon, and M.Sorbi, “Mechanical stress analysis during a quench in CLIQ protected 16 T dipole magnets designed for the future circular collider”, Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 550, p. 27-34, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.physc.2018.04.003.

4 T Salmi, M Prioli, A Stenvall and A P Verweij “Quench Protection of the 16 T Nb3Sn Dipole Magnets Designed for the Future Circular Collider”, IEEE TAS 29 (5) 2019, 4700905

5 M. Segreti, M. Durante, C. Lorin, C. Pes, E. Rochepault, “2D and 3D design of the Block-Coil Dipole Option for the Future Circular Collider”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 4000404, vol 29, no 5, august 2019

6 C. Lorin, D. Simon, H. Felice, J-M. Rifflet, T. Salmi, D. Schoerling, « Design of a Nb3Sn 400 T/m Qaudrupole for the Future Circular Collider », IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 4004905, vol 28, no 3, april 2018

7 C. Lorin, J. Fleiter, T. Salmi, D. Schoerling, “Exploration of Two Layer Nb3Sn Designs of the Future Circular Collider Main Quadrupoles” IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 4001005, vol 29, no 5, august 2019

8 D. Schoerling and A. V. Zlobin, Eds. Nb3Sn Accelerator Magnets - Designs, Technologies and Performance. Springer Nature, June 2019, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16118-7

9 A. Ballarino et al., “The CERN FCC conductor development program: a world-wide effort for the future generation of high-field magnets”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, .https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2896469

10 F. Buta et al., “Properties and microstructure of binary and ternary Nb3Sn superconductors with internally oxidized ZrO2 nanoparticles”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019.

11 G. Montenero et al., “Coil Manufacturing Process of the First 1-m-Long Canted–Cosine–Theta (CCT) Model Magnet at PSI”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2897326

12 P. Gao et al., “Transverse pressure dependence of critical current in RRP and PIT type Nb3Sn Rutherford cables for use in future accelerator magnets”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018

13 F. Wolf et al., “Effect of epoxy volume fraction on the stiffness of Nb3Sn Ruther-ford cable stacks”, in IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2899497 .

14 J.L.R. Fernandez et al., “Characterization of the mechanical properties of impregnated Nb3Sn coils”, in IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2897959 .

15 F. Wolf et al., “Effect of applied compressive stress and impregnation material on internal strain and stress state in Nb3Sn Rutherford cable stacks”, in IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2893495 .

https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2896469





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16 H. Felice et al. “F2D2: a block-coil short-model dipole toward FCC”, submitted to IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Volume: 29 , Issue: 5 , Aug. 2019.”.

17 A. Louzguiti, Optimization of the Electromagnetic Design of the FCC Sextupoles and Octupoles, IEEE Trans.Appl.Supercond. 29 (2019) no.5, 4000805 (2019-01-14), DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2892839

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8 ANNEX: THE VALUE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING The “LHC salary premium” of students and former students having participated in the LHC program at CERN ranges from 5% to 12% [37]. Considering the expected average salary over the entire career of employees with a university degree in a field relevant for the program and working in four different sectors of employment, the combined “LHC salary premium” is estimated to be 11.8%. In the time period from 1993 to 2025 a total of about 36’800 students [ 38 ] will have been involved in this research infrastructure program. The cohort is made up of about 19’400 mater and doctoral students and 17’400 post doctoral researchers. The present value effect for those students was estimated to be EUR 5.5 billion (2013 price levels with a 3% social discount rate applied). The present value for each student would then be about EUR 150’000 for an active working period of 40 years or a yearly added value of EUR 3’725.

These estimates have been confirmed by a study that the University of Milan (Italy) carried out during the second reporting period as matching resources (CERN key contract KE3044/ATS). The confirmation included an extended survey to the newly created CERN Alumni network, a survey with senior institute team leaders as well as a comparison with national and international salary databases.

The amount should be considered as minimum added values for society, since employees are paid less than the value of their contributions to economic development and the quality improvement of society.

A dedicated report on this societal impact is currently under preparation. It will be included in the final project report.

37T. Camporesi et al., Experiential Learning in High Energy Physics: a Survey of Students at the LHC, European

Journal of Physics, 38(2), 2017 38M. Florio, S. Forte and E. Sirtori, Forecasting the Socio-Economic Impact of the Large Hadron Collider: a

Cost-Benefit Analysis to 2025 and Beyond, arXiv:1603.00886

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9 ANNEX: FCC CDR PRESS RELEASE

An official press release announcing the submission for publication of the FCC CDR was issued by CERN’s Press Office on the 15th of January 2019. This resulted in worldwide coverage with more than 1800 articles appearing within the first 3 days from the publication of the CDR and reaching big media outlets (Reuters, BBC, German Press Agency, Guardian, Le Monde, Spiegel, Nature, Scientific American, a.o) as shown in Figure. A selected list of articles can be found following this link: https://cernbox.cern.ch/index.php/s/hXiWAVdUUrq0gJM . A full list of press clips is available here: https://cernbox.cern.ch/index.php/s/lovN8l07u4Yq2br

A second wave came on the 21st of January when Elon Musk tweeted that the Boring Co. could help building the tunnel to host the colliders considered under the FCC study.

Figure 63: Twitter mentions of the FCC CDR publicaiton

https://cernbox.cern.ch/index.php/s/hXiWAVdUUrq0gJM

https://cernbox.cern.ch/index.php/s/lovN8l07u4Yq2br

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The following image shows the top article (as of today) and the potential total reach of readers (Figure).

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Figure 64: Top articles appearing after the publication of the FCC CDR.

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Figure below shows the geographical distributions of the articles about the FCC CDR with the majority coming from the US while Germany and UK follow in the 2nd and 3rd place.

Figure 65: Geographical distribution of press clips about the FCC CDR.

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Moreover, it is interesting to compare the bigger impact of the FCC CDR compared to the press release published in November 2018 about CEPC that attracted far less media attention (Figure).

Figure 66: Comparison of press clips for CEPC Press Release and FCC Press Release

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Finally, there has been a satisfactory coverage from the local media (France and Switzerland) presenting the project in an accurate way and perceiving a prospect of a post-LHC collider in a rather positive tone/language as shown in Figure:

Figure 67: News about the FCC CDR made it to the front page of some of the most important local newspapers along with headlines in major international networks.

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General Comments from CERN’s Press Office

The press release had a very high media impact – the biggest in one/two years triggered by our communications. Last times we saw such figures was probably for the restart of the LHC after LS1 (for which we had much more than a press release: live + footage to TVs + press conferences etc.)

The tone is generally speaking considered as neutral or positive by our automatic system - to be taken with precaution, but at least “negative” is quite significantly below the 10-12% average (red part)

A large part of the coverage is due to the press agencies we’ve been working with in the 24 hours before and after the press release

not only a much higher number of press cuttings than usual, but also in high-browse media outlets.

Was one of top 3 stories for the German press agency on the day – all topics included.

We can also see that the impact is high in the fact this triggered some interest from international TVs without dedicated proactive action on our side except the BBC (despite Brexit!): Swiss TV, Euronews, Sky, TV5 Monde.

Elon Musk offered an unexpected second wave of publicity.

This was the beginning and there has been also some criticism mainly raised by a German theoretical physicist Dr. Sabine Hossenfelder in a number of blog posts (Backreaction.com) and in an opinion piece that appeared in the New York Times. The FCC study office in collaboration with CERN’s ECO group followed up the debate both on social media and mainstream publications. Responding where necessary and creating new content replying to the issues raised from this discussion.

The overall tone of coverage is positive & neutral with only 1% expressing negative sentiments (data from 30/01/2019).

Figure 68: Tone distribution from the coverage of the FCC CDR publication.

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10 ANNEX: GENDER EQUALITY

It remains challenging to improve the gender balance on a short time scale, given the limited availability of skilled scientific workforce in this domain of research. The EuroCirCol project management made a continuous effort, during university lectures, public lectures and site visits, to encourage more female students to opt for a career in STEM, but the effects are difficult to measure as they expand over longer time horizons. Numbers are better when looking at the engineering and accelerator technology sectors as well as other FCC-related domains including civil engineering, socio-economic impact assessment, general project management, administrative procedures in host states and environmental studies. The FCC study engaged six female project contributors at MSc. level or equivalent positions during periods 2 and 3 of the project (though not formally count in the EuroCirCol gender statistics).

Project management continues to receive the information through informal conversations with female project members that one reason for gender imbalance is that the field of research is not able to credibly offer stable long-term career development opportunities. This concern is also clearly stated in the recent contribution by a body of 180 Early Career Researches (ECR) who contributed to the updated of the European Particle Physics Strategy.

Table 24: Gender of participants involved in the project (including administrative personnel) by beneficiary.

Beneficiary Female Male Total

1. CERN 9 32 41

2. TUT 3 2 5

3. CEA 8 7 15

4. CNRS 3 2 5

5. KIT 2 2 4

6. TUD 3 6 9

7. INFN 4 13 17

8. UT 2 4 6

9. ALBA 3 6 9

10. CIEMAT 2 4 6

11. STFC 3 8 11

12. UNILIV 1 3 4

13. UOXF 2 4 6

14. KEK 2 2 4

15. EPFL 3 3 6

16. UNIGE 3 3 6

Grand Total 53 100 154

11 ANNEX: DELIVERABLES AND MILESTONES TABLES

11.1 DELIVERABLES

During this reporting period seven deliverables have been submitted.

Table 25: Summary of the deliverable reports due for the third period

No. Title Due date (dd/mm/yy) Status

D5.3 Cost model for dipole magnet 01/09/18 Completed

Abstract Description of the model, reference data used as basis, any assumptions, constants and parameters that can be used to tune the benefit versus cost ratio. Major cost drivers and potentials to control costs will be indicated.

Figure 69: Gender sharing of participants involved in the project (including administrative personnel)

34%

66%

Female Male

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The model includes three baselines: optimistic, likely and conservative.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP5/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D5.3/EuroCirCol-P3-WP5-D5-3_V0100.pdf

D1.4 Plan for use and dissemination of foreground, technical gap analysis

01/11/18 Completed

Abstract This deliverable describes the generated foreground, how it is intended to be used within and beyond this project, including a plan for disseminating the information. The report includes a summary of the technical gaps that remain to be addressed in a follow-up implementation project.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D1.4/EuroCirCol-P3-WP1-D1-4_PlanForUseAndDissemination_V0100.pdf

D2.5 Preliminary arc design including optimized and integrated lattice deck

01/02/19 Completed

Abstract Annotated beam optics and lattice files with specifications of the required magnet parameters (strengths and apertures) including consolidated position and element characteristics. Specification of the required magnet types and quantities including magnet field quality specifications.

Link http://cds.cern.ch/record/2655268

D3.3 Preliminary EIR design including optimized lattice deck

01/02/19 Completed

Abstract Annotated beam optics and lattice files with specifications of the required magnet parameters (strengths and apertures) including consolidated position and element characteristics. Specification of the required magnet types and quantities including magnet field quality specifications.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP3/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D3.3/EuroCirCol-P3-WP3-D3.3_PreliminaryEIRdesignIncludingOptimizedLatticeDeck_V0200.pdf

D2.6 Preliminary collimation system design concept and performance estimate

01/03/19 Completed

Abstract Description of the collimation system baseline design including a list of beam-line elements (type, description, quantity, physical element characteristics). Description of the assumptions, requirements and constraints on the infrastructure and services. Summary of the expected performance.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP2/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D2.6/EuroCirCol-P3-WP2-D2.6_PreliminaryCollimationSystemDesign_V0100.pdf

D5.3 Manufacturing folder for reference design dipole short model

01/04/19 Completed

Abstract Collection of all drawings, material and element specifications, assembly procedures. Calculation files indicating relevant design and analysis notes. Quantity and cost indications for materials and components required for production. Production quality requirements with tolerances.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP5/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D5.4/EuroCirCol-P3-WP5-D5.4_ManufacturingFolderForRefDesignDipoleSM_V0100.pdf

D1.5 Preliminary Conceptual Design Report 01/05/19 Completed

Abstract The preliminary CDR serves the CB to recommend to the CERN Council subsequent technical R&D activities for a pre-project phase. This version of the CDR is part of a set of documents being prepared for the next European Strategy for Particle Physics Update.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D1.5/EuroCirCol-P3-WP1-D1-5_PreliminaryCDR_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP5/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D5.3/EuroCirCol-P3-WP5-D5-3_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP5/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D5.3/EuroCirCol-P3-WP5-D5-3_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D1.4/EuroCirCol-P3-WP1-D1-4_PlanForUseAndDissemination_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D1.4/EuroCirCol-P3-WP1-D1-4_PlanForUseAndDissemination_V0100.pdf


https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP3/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D3.3/EuroCirCol-P3-WP3-D3.3_PreliminaryEIRdesignIncludingOptimizedLatticeDeck_V0200.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP3/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D3.3/EuroCirCol-P3-WP3-D3.3_PreliminaryEIRdesignIncludingOptimizedLatticeDeck_V0200.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP2/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D2.6/EuroCirCol-P3-WP2-D2.6_PreliminaryCollimationSystemDesign_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP2/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D2.6/EuroCirCol-P3-WP2-D2.6_PreliminaryCollimationSystemDesign_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP5/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D5.4/EuroCirCol-P3-WP5-D5.4_ManufacturingFolderForRefDesignDipoleSM_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP5/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D5.4/EuroCirCol-P3-WP5-D5.4_ManufacturingFolderForRefDesignDipoleSM_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D1.5/EuroCirCol-P3-WP1-D1-5_PreliminaryCDR_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/D1.5/EuroCirCol-P3-WP1-D1-5_PreliminaryCDR_V0100.pdf

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11.2 MILESTONES

During this reporting period, sixteen milestones have been completed.

Table 26: Summary of the milestone reports due at M55 for the third period

No. Title Due date (dd/mm/yy)

Status

M1.9 Implementation and governance model 01/07/18 Completed

Abstract Description of management and governance structures, which would be suitable for a construction phase of a large-scale, collider-complex based research infrastructure for high-energy particle physics.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/M1.9

M3.4 EIR key component functional design specifications for preliminary baseline

01/08/18 Completed

Abstract Report on the list of key accelerator elements for the collider experimental insertion region and its functional design properties, based on the existing preliminary EIR design baseline. The report indicates also the foreseen quantities and constraints on the infrastructure (e.g. experiment cavern and machine-detector-interface elements) so to permit coming to a overall cost estimate of the collider.

Link https://cds.cern.ch/collection/Future%20Circular%20Collider%20Documents?ln=en

M1.10 3rd Annual EuroCirCol Collaboration Meeting 01/09/18 Completed

Abstract In the scope of the annual meeting report on progress, showstoppers and findings in the form of selective workshop presentations. Management and governance bodies of the project review the progress. The approved minutes of the bodies will be made available to the Consortium members and appropriate news coverage will be performed via the channels identified in the communication plan.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Lists/Deliverables/DispForm.aspx?ID=42&ContentTypeId=0x01009061FF4F552AE74886E075D29B8F7777

M2.4 Analysis of electron cloud effects and mitigation options 01/10/18 Completed

Abstract Report on the results of the electron cloud effects studies using computer simulations, considering different geometric designs of beam pipe, different surface treatments and different beam configurations. Assessment of coming to a workable system for a preferred set of working points and resulting requirements and constraints on the overall collider design.

Link http://cds.cern.ch/record/2645623/files/CERN-ACC-2018-0041.pdf

M3.5 Report on design option for machine detector interface 01/10/18 Completed

Abstract Report on the machine-detector-interface requirements and constraints considering all studies carried out so far. Report on the impact of synchrotron radiation on detector and machine components in the interaction region and on the effects of debris onto magnets close to the detector. Report on radiation shielding and space constraints for experiments.

Link http://cds.cern.ch/record/2645622/files/CERN-ACC-2018-0040.pdf

M2.5 Consolidated arc design baseline 01/11/18 Completed

Abstract Report on the collider arc design and its key elements considering the cumulative findings of all studies carried out so far, usable as input for the preparation of the Conceptual Design Report.


https://cds.cern.ch/collection/Future%20Circular%20Collider%20Documents?ln=en

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Lists/Deliverables/DispForm.aspx?ID=42&ContentTypeId=0x01009061FF4F552AE74886E075D29B8F7777


http://cds.cern.ch/record/2645623/files/CERN-ACC-2018-0041.pdf

http://cds.cern.ch/record/2645622/files/CERN-ACC-2018-0040.pdf


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M3.6 Consolidated EIR design baseline 01/11/18 Completed

Abstract Report on the collider Experimental Insertion Region design and its key elements considering the cumulative findings of all studies carried out so far, usable as input for the preparation of the Conceptual Design Report.


M4.5 Preliminary cryogenic-beam-vacuum system design 01/03/19 Completed

Abstract Integrated report on the cryogenic-beam-vacuum system design, considering all studies and findings so far as input to the preparation of the Conceptual Design Report. Description of the key elements, quantities and data permitting to come to an overall cost estimate of the collider.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Lists/Deliverables/DispForm.aspx?ID=50&ContentTypeId=0x01009061FF4F552AE74886E075D29B8F7777

M1.11 Cost Baseline 01/04/19 Completed

Abstract Overall Product Breakdown Structure of the collider indicating quantities and costs with an indication of how to parameterize the cost overview in presence of evolving material, production and commodity resource costs and the constitution of a potential consortium for the realization of such a large-scale research infrastructure for high-energy particle physics.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/M1.11/EuroCirCol-P3-W1.11-COST%20MODEL-FINAL-pc-FZ.pdf

M1.12 Industry and outreach event 01/04/19 Completed

Abstract Report on a dedicated event bringing together potential partners from industry and informing different identified target audiences about the advancement of the design for a next generation, collider complex based large-scale research infrastructure for high-energy particle physics.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/M1.12/EuroCirCol-P3-WP1-M1.12_IndustryAndOutreachEvent_V0100.pdf

M5.4 High-field accelerator dipole conceptual design report 01/04/19 Completed

Abstract Consolidated design work consisting of drawings, functional and performance specifications for a dipole model sufficiently long (~1.5 m) to make relevant qualification measurements on performance, field quality and protection in a follow-up project.

Link http://cds.cern.ch/record/2669315?ln=en

M2.6 Report on recommended follow-up R&D 01/05/19 Completed

Abstract Gap analysis between findings of the study, towards a realization project: Portfolio of suggested R&D topics related to accelerator technologies and design elements remaining to be elaborated in greater detail or to be further optimised to come to a sustainable machine design.


M3.7 Report on recommended follow up R&D 01/05/19 Completed

Abstract Gap analysis between findings of the study, towards a realization project: Portfolio of suggested R&D topics related specifically to the interaction point, experimental area and machine detector interface design elements remaining to be elaborated in greater detail or to be further optimised to come to a sustainable machine design..



Abstract Gap analysis between findings of the study, towards a realization project: Portfolio of suggested R&D topics related to elements of the cryogenic beam vacuum system. In particular, identification of design elements remaining to be elaborated in greater detail or to be further optimised to come to a sustainable machine design.

Link https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP4/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/M4.6/EuroCirCol-P3-WP4-M4.6_ReportOnWP4Followup_V0100.pdf


Abstract This milestone documents the gap analysis between findings of the study, towards a realization project: Portfolio of suggested R&D; topics related to the domain of superconducting accelerator magnets and associated technologies.


M1.13 EuroCirCol closing event 01/06/19 Completed

Abstract Present the summarized achievements of the study and the planned dissemination actions in form of a scientific workshop with plenary and parallel track presentations. Give students the opportunity to show their work to the scientific audience. Present and discuss planned actions, which can follow this project as preparatory phase action towards a construction phase with targeted technical R&D activities.

Link http://fccweek2019.web.cern.ch/




https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/M1.12/EuroCirCol-P3-WP1-M1.12_IndustryAndOutreachEvent_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP1/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/M1.12/EuroCirCol-P3-WP1-M1.12_IndustryAndOutreachEvent_V0100.pdf

http://cds.cern.ch/record/2669315?ln=en



https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP4/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/M4.6/EuroCirCol-P3-WP4-M4.6_ReportOnWP4Followup_V0100.pdf

https://fcc.web.cern.ch/eurocircol/Documents/WP4/Milestone%20and%20Deliverables/M4.6/EuroCirCol-P3-WP4-M4.6_ReportOnWP4Followup_V0100.pdf


http://fccweek2019.web.cern.ch/

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12 ANNEX: INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION The EuroCirCol H2020 project is a full subset of the international Future Circular Collider (FCC) study. Significant additional research and R&D activities with academic and industrial partners, emerging from EuroCirCol are organised in the FCC study. They represent a large amount of unforeseen additional matching resources, which are not separately reported. Here, we include information about this ever-growing collaboration of as of today more than 150 institutes from 34 countries.

Figure 2: Red dots indicate the locations of academic organisations which have joined the FCC study so far. All EuroCirCol consortium beneficiaries and partners are also members of the FCC collaboration.

In addition to the study of an energy frontier hadron collider, the FCC study also includes the development of a concept for an intensity-frontier lepton-lepton collider in the infrastructure conceived around the hadron collider. It also investigates the feasibility and technical aspects around a lepton-hadron interaction point and studies the possibility to use the high-field magnet technologies developed for the hadron collider to increase the energy of the Large Hadron Collider (High-Energy LHC).