fatigue risk management...ripple in the pond: people did think & act differently how to provide...
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© Cranfield University1
www.cranfield.ac.uk
Fatigue Risk Management: Identification and Mitigation ATCO’s Fatigue by Empirical Research
Wen-Chin Li PhD CIHFE
Safety and Accident Investigation Centre,
Cranfield University, U.K.
ATC Fatigue Research in SAM Region 16th-18th September 2019
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Overview
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➢ Understanding the Impacts of Fatigue
➢ Empirical Research of ATCO’s Fatigue Management
✓ Roster Matrix Impacted to Fatigue
✓ Quick Coherence Training to Fatigue Resilience
✓ Innovative Technology Impact to Fatigue Perception
➢ Complexity of HCI/HSI and Fatigue
➢ Future Research and International Cooperation
➢ Q&A
Overview
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➢56% of pilots sleep in the cockpit, 29% admitted when they
woke up they found the other pilot asleep as well (BALPA, 2015)
➢Fatigue is a state of reduced capability of mental and physical
performance resulting from workload/stress
➢Operators’ fatigue cost employers $136 billions per year by
reduced work performance
➢ICAO new regulations required ANSP have to establish FRMS
in 2020
Understanding the Impacts of Fatigue
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Air Traffic Control Service Provider shall:
• develop a policy for the management of ATCOs’ fatigue;
• establish procedures to identify ATCOs’ fatigue, together with
mitigation strategies;
• provide ATCOs training programmes on prevention of fatigue;
ICAO’s New Regulation of Fatigue Management
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Defined by the State
Approved by the State
Both prescriptive and performance-based approaches share
two important features
1. based on scientific principles, knowledge and operational experience
2. has to be a shared responsibility between the State, Service Providers
and individuals
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Ripple in the Pond:People did think & act differently
➢ how to provide education and training to deal with fatigue?
➢ how to mitigate negative effect of ATCO’s fatigue?
➢ how to develop fatigue risk management system?
Emotional response is the critical factor to
innovative systems and Safety
There is always a consequence after action
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A Further Thought for CRM & ADMA Further Thought of developing CRM, SMS & FRMS
Emotional Response
We didn’t appreciate what we got while compared with others if they got more
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Fatigue Resilience Training for Solar
Impulse Pilot: to mitigate fatigue and
improve decision-making under extreme
stress/fatigue situations by coherence
training ➢ 1 pilot only➢ Altitude 8,000 to 12,000 ft➢ Cruise speed 43 mph➢ No automation systems➢ No pressurization system➢ Temperature from -40 to +35➢ 117, 71 & 62 hours non-sleep
What is the Biggest Challenge for
117 hours without proper sleep?
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Roster Matrix Impact to ATCO’s Fatigue Levels
Study-1: Subjective measurement
➢Shift work and long daily work hours increase the
risk of accidents related to poor sleep quality
➢Individual ATCO has limited understanding to the
effects and consequences of fatigue
➢Managing fatigue risk has continually as one of the
“most wanted” safety improvement of NTSB.
➢It is important to investigate both sleep quality and
circadian rhythm for FRMS
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© Cranfield University10
Method
➢ Participants: 36 ATCOs
➢ Ethic approval: CURES/2470/2017
➢ Procedures: Briefing of how to self-record fatigue level by
using SSS, ATCOs self-recording for 2-weeks, then conducting
focus group
➢ Materials: Stanford Sleepiness Scale
➢ Statistics analysis: ATCOs’ preceding sleeping hours with
different ages (4-levels), experiences (4-levels) and gender (2-
levels) were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA. The homogeneity
of variances will be verified by using Levene’s test.
Method
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fat
igue
level
Hour
Workday 1
Workday 2
Workday 3
Workday 4
Workday 5
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ATCO’s Alertness Rating Scale
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Fatigue level NWorkday 1 Workday 2 Workday 3 Workday 4 Workday 5 Hourly average
M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD
Working hour 1 36 1.55 0.70 1.42 0.64 1.69 0.80 1.86 1.06 1.77 0.79 1.66 0.07
Working hour 2 36 1.55 0.70 1.37 0.53 1.67 0.89 1.69 0.98 1.92 1.02 1.64 0.07
Working hour 3 36 1.36 0.56 1.53 0.66 1.70 0.82 1.78 0.92 2.33 1.24 1.74 0.08
Working hour 4 36 1.41 0.58 1.48 0.68 1.44 0.70 1.76 0.91 2.41 1.22 1.70 0.08
Working hour 5 36 1.45 0.62 1.52 0.75 1.48 0.73 1.66 0.83 2.33 1.48 1.69 0.09
Working hour 6 36 1.73 0.68 1.65 0.85 1.65 0.89 1.67 0.87 2.48 1.42 1.84 0.10
Working hour 7 36 2.31 1.04 1.78 0.86 1.70 0.92 2.00 0.95 2.62 1.34 2.08 0.10
Working hour 8 36 2.00 0.91 1.94 0.91 1.69 0.80 2.43 0.94 3.16 1.31 2.29 0.10
Daily average 36 1.67 0.53 1.59 0.56 1.65 0.67 1.86 0.75 2.38 1.03 1.66 0.07
Sleeping time 36 7.21 1.21 7.53 0.83 5.07 0.96 7.74 0.79 4.88 0.78 6.48 1.55
Result: Participants’ fatigue levels among eight working hours on five
consecutive workdays
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ATCO’s average fatigue level among roster of five workdays
7.21 7.53
5.07
7.74
4.88
1.67 1.59
1.65
1.86
2.38
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
1 2 3 4 5
SS
S r
atin
g
Sle
epin
gti
me
(ho
ur)
Workday
Sleeping time
SSS rating
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Discussion
• Fatigue risk management has to consider individualdifferences (such as age, experiences and gender)
• Fatigue related to disruption of circadian rhythm(both day-3 and day-5starting at early morning and late night, inducing sleeploss, resulted in both acute fatigue and cumulative fatigue)
• Scientific principles for developing roster to reflect FRM(collecting objective and subject data, analyzing its risk and developing fatigue
intervention to mitigate these risks)
• Changing the fifth shift to the first shift (further investigation needed to validate the strength and consequences)
• Developing Fatigue management training and education for both ATCOs and management(poor understanding of the effects and impacts of fatigue and the consequences)
Discussion
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Conclusion
➢ ATCOs like extra rest-day by compressed roster but complain the
fatigue
➢ Different individuals have different preferences
➢ High levels of fatigue were noted during the last hours of the
final duty period
➢ The research of FRM also an education processes to the
participated ATCOs
➢ FRMS must consider scientific principles, knowledge,
operational experience and industrial relations…individual needs
Summary
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ATCO’s Alertness Rating Scale
Q & A
Thanks for your Comments
Before move to next session,
one volunteer needed
(with some experience of yoga or mindfulness..)
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Study-2: Quick Coherence Training to Mitigate Fatigue
HRV: Heart rhythms and emotions
Human mind is a wandering mind, wandering mind is an unhappy
mind, pay attention to Here and Now (killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010)
Stimulus independent thought allows human to think, learn and
plan, but it may have an emotional cost
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Coherence: Understanding Autonomic
Nervous System (ANS)
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➢ Auto rhythm not
required signal
from brain.
➢ Beats 100,000 times
a day, 35m per year,
3b per lifetime.
➢ Listen to your heart,
not your mind.
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Quick Coherence training
increasing monitoring performance
M=5.8, SD= 7.4 vs M=3.2, SD=5.9
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Method
➢ Participants: 36 ATCOs
➢ Ethic approval: CURES/2470/2017
➢ Materials: EmWave Inner Balance
➢ Quick Coherence Training scheduled by individual coaching
➢ Procedures: ATCOs’ three sessions of HRV data collection were
scheduled by station managers, each session for 30 minutes.
Briefing of HRV device, collecting HRV by 3 sessions, rest, at
work position, after quick coherence training
Method
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1. Heart Breathing: While breathing, feel your breath is flowing in and out through the
heart (slower & deeper than usual)
2. Freeze Frame: Activating the feeling of appreciation to someone in your life, and
freeze this image/feeling in your heart.
By generating the feelings of Appreciation,
Care & Love to achieve Quick Coherence
: Quick Coherence Training
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Result of HRV Parameters
Source SS MS F p η2p
MeanRRms 501874.762 250937.381 32.382 0.000 0.481
MeanSDNNms 19027.102 9513.551 3.597 0.033 0.093
MeanHRbpm 3570.901 1785.451 35.595 0.000 0.504
SDHRbpm 104.246 52.123 1.662 0.197 0.045
MinHRbpm 1598.903 799.451 10.484 0.000 0.230
MaxHRbpm 1418.048 709.024 2.931 0.060 0.077
RMSSDms 20529.118 10264.559 2.687 0.075 0.071
NNxxbeats 18922.296 9461.148 1.158 0.320 0.032
pNNxx 4706.265 2353.132 4.054 0.022 0.104
HRVtriangulari
ndex
280.249 140.124 2.221 0.116 0.060
TINNms 380441.185 190220.593 2.659 0.077 0.071
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77.37
75.42
65.85 26.90 25.47
70.56
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
60.00
62.00
64.00
66.00
68.00
70.00
72.00
74.00
76.00
78.00
80.00
Before QCT at rest Before QCT at working After QCT at rest
Mean HR high_coherence
Mean Heart rate and High coherence ratio before QCT at rest ,
before QCT at work and after QCT at rest
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© Cranfield University25
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Summary of Quick Coherence Training
➢ Improve vagal activity (reduce stress & improve mood)
➢ Improve physical and mental performance
➢ Increase employees’ feeling of well-being
➢ Increase safety & cost-efficiency
➢ Reduce high blood pressure
➢ Reduce inflammation
➢ Reduce absence
➢ Reduce cost
➢ ICAO’s Regulations
Cranfield are keen to provide assistances to mitigate fatigue, and develop FRM
training program to comply ICAO’s new regulations
The benefits of Quick coherence training
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Professional Certifications
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ATCO’s Alertness Rating Scale Q & A
Thanks for your Comments
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Innovative Technology of RTO Impacted to ATCO’s Fatigue
Study-3 Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2020+
Implementation
R&D
Available
Implementation
R&D
Available
Implementation
R&D
Available
Single Aerodrome
ATC/AFIS
Contingency TWR
Multiple Aerodrome
ATC/AFIS
SE
SA
R A
TM
Op
era
tio
na
l S
tep
s
12
3
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➢ Sweden had certified a Saab-built remote tower and RTC
➢ Germany worked with Frequentis under a program with DFS
➢ Australia install RTC control Alice Springs Airport from Adelaide (1500 km)
➢ FAA conducted experiments for safety and efficiency of RTC
➢ Singapore Changi airport initiated digital tower
➢ Budapest airport’s remote tower is ready for take-off in HungaroControl
➢ Jersey Airport becomes the first British airport using digital tower in 2019
➢ Irish Aviation Authority operated Multiple remote tower operations
➢ Cranfield University has installed Remote tower for applied research
Application of RTO
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OverviewWhy developing Remote Tower Technology?
The Comparison of Operational Costs between Local Tower and Remote TowerBuild Equipment Manpower
Existing
Tower
Roughly cost £12M to Build.
To assume 10% annual running
cost for the building is
reasonable e.g. £1.2M a year.
Usual Communications,
Navigation, Surveillance and
Flight Data Processing
Systems.
Typical manning is 8 to 10
staff per H24 position.
Remote
Tower
Build costs will reduce
significantly as only a Mast
needed to house the cameras.
They could be put on the roof of
terminal or other building
potentially. Estimated cost of
mast £2M saving £10M.
To assume 10% annual running
cost for the Mast is reasonable
e.g. £200K a year saving £1M a
year.
There should be potential to
save on Communications,
Navigation, Surveillance and
Flight Data Processing
Systems Costs via
centralisation which will offset
some of the increase in
network costs.
Remote Towers will
facilitate staffing
efficiencies.
For the IAA example of
Cork and Shannon
controlled from Dublin we
anticipated a saving of 4
ATCO’s or €400K a year.
Capacity, Cost-efficiency, Human Performance and Safety
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Certification Processes by Demonstration for MRTO
DublinAirport
ShannonAirport
CorkAirport
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Overview
➢ What is the impact of single pilot operation to ATCO?
➢ Augmented visualization integrated real and virtual
environments increasing SA
➢ AR highlighting the borders and dynamic targets
➢ Fixation durations and scan patterns reflect to SA
➢ Pupil dilation related to perceived workload & Fatigue
➢ Eye-tracking technology can identify HCI issues
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Overview
• Participants: 22 qualified ATCOs, ages between 31 and 53
years old (M=42.07, SD=7.76)
• Apparatus:
➢ Eye Tracker
➢ Remote Tower Module
➢ SART-10D
➢ NASA-TLX
Method
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Overview
• Briefing research objectives
• Calibration eye tracker on RTM
• Shadowing operation wearing eye tracker for data collection
including the percentage of attention on AOIs
• Evaluating SA on interacting with RTM comparing with
physical tower operations by SART-10D, and NASA-TLX
• Debriefing
• Comments to HCI issues on system design of RTM
Procedures
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ResultThe comparison of ATCO’s Perceived workload between
physical tower and RTO
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OverviewResult
Variables Design Mean SD N
T-Test
t df p Cohen’s d
SART-10D
Remote Tower 33.53 3.04
15 -1.18 14 0.258 -0.30
Physical Tower 34.67 4.17
Supply
Remote Tower 23.80 1.37
15 2.69 14 0.018 0.69
Physical Tower 21.80 2.34
Understanding
Remote Tower 17.47 0.99
15 -3.45 14 0.004 -0.89
Physical Tower 18.80 1.42
The comparison of ATCO’s SA between physical tower and RTO
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OverviewResultThe comparison of ATCO’s subjective and objective visual
attention distributions
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OverviewDiscussion➢ Same task of providing air traffic services by RTO and Physical Tower
➢ No significance on ATCOs’ SA between RTO and Physical Tower
➢ Significant differences on Demand, Supply and Understanding
SA = Understanding - (Demand - Supply)
➢ System design can shape human operator’s perceived workload,cognitive processes and performance
5.93
21.80 18.80
34.67
7.73
23.80
17.47
33.53
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Demand Supply Understanding Situation Awareness
Physical Tower
Remote Tower
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© Cranfield University40
OverviewDiscussionThe integration of OTW and PTZ to RTM can facilitate ATCO‘s SA
and Task Performance, but increasing head down time
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OverviewDiscussionThe HCI issues related to remote tower operations
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© Cranfield University42
OverviewHCI in ATM Design
➢ Understanding types of visible perception for HCI design
➢ Visual presentation on the interface design is the key factor for HCI
➢ Fixation duration reflect to the challenging on the understanding theinformation present
➢ Implemented augmented visualization of RTM can increase cost-efficiency with no safety concerns
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© Cranfield University43
id start_timestampduration start_frame end_frame norm_pos_x norm_pos_y dispersion avg_pupil_size
573 3014.941939 0.503868936 10002 10017 0.278804852 0.852836201 0.729429076 68.01141677
574 3015.561777 0.100026093 10021 10024 0.325941324 0.84755132 0.694512836 70.27764675
575 3015.67776 0.204162303 10024 10030 0.343714776 0.833663896 0.728412777 70.71376448
576 3015.981802 0.755963498 10033 10056 0.330946664 0.848127428 0.675597781 69.81811789
577 3016.821868 0.236007037 10058 10065 0.480940256 0.437300234 0.840945383 70.65122223
578 3017.073772 0.116070778 10066 10069 0.486784966 0.372566526 0.318097916 70.24827003
579 3017.35783 0.304141703 10072 10081 0.310579764 0.860638079 0.974568611 68.03125803
580 3017.845752 0.204119755 10087 10093 0.488767716 0.431226557 0.22682772 70.99253845
581 3018.181758 0.23599643 10097 10103 0.300781718 0.864303747 0.985861822 67.90190531
582 3018.433802 0.639923911 10103 10122 0.298320942 0.857623573 0.964772757 68.67274319
583 3019.273849 0.167996906 10128 10133 0.620288222 0.44606725 0.225319309 73.83171844
584 3019.457749 0.188092421 10134 10139 0.607438413 0.452046891 0.13482616 74.20645523
585 3019.729736 0.888026571 10142 10168 0.339685342 0.845358523 0.993711896 71.57090364
586 3020.633913 0.235876166 10169 10176 0.348861263 0.831064678 0.469168505 70.89900258
587 3021.105797 0.991989838 10183 10213 0.511361609 0.326177476 0.753531936 71.77721974
588 3022.213739 0.120002863 10216 10220 0.326912348 0.843385698 0.282958277 71.49476242
589 3022.349765 0.215967862 10220 10227 0.310454811 0.843413722 0.793050221 70.04965155
590 3022.669734 1.376019281 10230 10271 0.509813299 0.339278866 0.969203005 71.73194959
591 3024.130123 0.219631139 10273 10280 0.312612861 0.837820428 0.949995642 69.90789032
592 3024.365736 6.515982085 10280 10475 0.310961194 0.846723473 0.953165473 70.51739049
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© Cranfield University44
Increasing Fatigue Resilience for Digital Aviation
➢ Human-System Integration (HIS) is the core concept related
to Safety in Digital Aviation
➢ Benefits of increasing fatigue resilience
✓ Improve physical and mental performance
✓ Increase safety & cost-efficiency
✓ Reduce stress & high blood pressure
✓ Reduce costs of operations
➢ Applied new technologies can increase human performance,
but… we have to know how to use it properly
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© Cranfield University45
Overview
➢ ATCO’s attention, SA, performance, workload and fatigue levels
can be affected by innovative technology
➢ No critical SA and HCI issues on RTO though there are some
approaches can be adapted to increase HP
➢ Be aware of the new AR technology may induce new HF issues
by increasing ATCO’s workload and induced fatigue
➢ The findings are valuable for both ATCO’s training and system
design on RTM in the future
➢ ATCO’s perception and fatigue levels while interacted with new
technologies needed further research, such as roster, break time…
Conclusion
Cranfield is looking forward to future cooperation
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© Cranfield University46
Q & A
Happiness only Real
When Shared
Wen-Chin Li PhD. CErgS.
Safety and Accident Investigation Centre
Transport Theme
Cranfield University, U.K.
E-mail: [email protected];
Tel:+44 1234 758527