fate of landfill in context of saving our

8/7/2019 Fate of landfill in context of saving our

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Aman Khandelwal

2008UCE108

C-1

Aman Khandelwal

2008UCE108

C-1


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Background

With increasing urbanization, the prob. is mountingahead.

Case study:

10 million people live in Dhaka city(BANGLADESH)

Daily waste about 3000-3500 tons.

At present 110 hectares land is required to disposewaste. By 2015 it will require up to 292 hectares ofland

And Bangladesh, a land-scarce country, does not havesuch physical space.


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The indiscriminate disposal causes seriousenvironmental hazards and health risks.

Wastes in landfills also clog the urban drainage system,cause frequent floods and contaminate drinking watersources.

Thus, the growing problem of solid waste dumping in

landfills is posing increasing threats to the health andwell being of the residents.


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Problems associated with landfills

1. Drinking water contamination Leachate is water that gets badly contaminated by

contacting waste.

Municipal landfill sites produce leachates when rain,

surface or ground water enters into the landfill site. Leaking landfills pollutes drinking water wells.

Leachates are rich in chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents(CHS), which are very toxic and carcinogenic.

Sources of leachates

Municipal waste dumping sites

Industrial leachates


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Recent investigations have found remarkable quality

deterioration under landfill leachates and identified a

number of CHS in groundwater from the industrialareas.

In a recent study of 163 municipal waste landfills in the

U.S.A, there was evidence of contamination rate for

ground water quality at 146 of them.


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2. Global Warming

Biodegradable garbage rotting in a landfill producesmethane gasa greenhouse gas that contributes to

global warming.

Methane is 21 times more potent in its greenhouse

effect than carbon dioxide (from car exhaust), andlandfills are the largest man-made source of

methane (37% globally).


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Excavation


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1. BOTTOM

LINER

One or more layers of

clay or a synthetic

flexible membrane (or a

combination of these). The liner effectively

creates a bathtub in the

ground.

There are three types of

liners:

clay, plastic, and

composite


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Natural clay is often fractured and cracked.

A mechanism called diffusion will move organic

chemicalsLike, benzene through a three-foot thick clay

landfill liner in approximately five years.

WHAT IS WRONG WITH A CLAY LINER?


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Best landfill liners are

made of a tough plastic

film called high density

polyethylene (HDPE).Household chemicals

degrade HDPE,

permeating it, lose its

strength, softening it, ormaking it become brittle

and crack.

WHAT IS WRONG WITH A PLASTIC

LINER?


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It is a single liner made of two parts, a

plastic liner and compacted soil

Materials: slightly permeable to

liquids or gasesAdditional leakage results from

defects such as cracks, holes, and

faulty seams.

Studies show that a 10-acre landfill

will have a leak rate somewhere

between 0.2 and 10 gallons per day.

WHAT IS WRONG WITH COMPOSITE

LINERS?


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Umbrella over the landfill to keep water outConsist of several sloped layers:

clay or membrane liner

overlain by a very permeable layer of sandy orgravelly soil

overlain by topsoil in which vegetation can root

If the cover is not maintained

rain water landfill leachate

WHAT IS A COVER?

leakage or

bathtub

overflows


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Sources which attack covers are:

Erosion by natural weathering

Vegetation sending down roots penetrate

the cover Burrowing of soil dwelling mammals,

reptiles, insects, and worms threats to cover.

Sunlight will dry out clay or destroy membrane

liners through the action of ultraviolet radiationHuman activities of many kinds.

WHATARE THE PROBLEMS WITH

COVERS?


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Methods to reduce waste

To avoid creating waste we should:

Buy only what we need and can use

Avoid extra packaging

Separate wastes such as paper, tins and bottles for recycling orre-use.

Industries should be encouraged to:

Check that machinery is working properly

Use less raw materials Recover and recycle waste wherever possible

Reduce toxicity of the waste

Use only necessary packaging

Train staff to avoid mistakes that cause waste, such as spillingof oil or chemicals.

1.CLEANERTECHNOLOGY


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2. REUSEWe should:

Consider reusable products Maintain and repair durable products

Reuse bags, containers, and other items

Borrow, rent, or share items used infrequently

Sell or donate goods instead of throwing them out.


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3.RECOVERAND RECYCLEWe can take useful items out of our waste and use

them again, for example: old engine oil and car batteries can be taken back to the

garage for recycling

tins, bottles and paper can be taken to recycling bins

vegetable peels can be made into compost

And also we should:

Choose recyclable products and containers and recyclethem

Select products made from recycled materials.


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ConclusionThere is no debate that all landfills eventually

contaminate our environment. It is expected that infuture, municipal solid waste management practices

will greatly emphasize in resource recovery, and

solid waste reduction. Modern techniques with

energy recovery will play an important role in wastereduction and energy conservation. So alternatives

to land filling would have environmental effects

which include: resources for the future, jobs from

discards, more open space and natural habitat, lesscontamination of drinking water and soil

improvement to assist agriculture in fertile soil.


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References:1. Bernard B, Charles H. P., DeBell and Richardson (1973),

Solid waste Disposal, vol-1, incineration and landfill, 1st

edition, Michigan, USA2. GETSTUFF (2010), How Landfills Work, [On Line]

http://science.howstuffworks.com/landfill6.htm [07th March,11]

3. Maksimovic C., Jose A.T.G. (2001), Frontiers in urban Water

Management, Deadlock or Hope 2nd edition, IWA publishing,London, UK

4. Ljiljana R., (2000), Reliability of Landfill Technology, 1stedition, Uitgeverij Eburon, Delft, The Nethelands

5. Sinha and Enayetullah, 1997, Waste as resource. Article inT

he Bangladesh Observer, Dhaka, November 21, 2001.6. ZERO WASTE AMERICA (2010), The basics of landfills:How they are constructed and why they fail, [On Line]http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/BasicsOfLandfills.htm [7thMarch, 11]


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