farmers role in contributing to climate change mitigation · 2020. 7. 7. · the « 4 per 1000 »...

Agriculture is the Solution! For Climate Change – Biwako Hotel Shiga – May 2019

Farmers role in contributing to Climate Change mitigation

The « 4 per 1000 » InitiativeGeneral presentation

Paul LUU, Executive Secretary

May 2019


Indicative plan

• The context• Why farmers are so important…• The « 4 per 1000 » Initiative• What’s happened since 2016?


The context


A growing world population &a growing impact on forest


A (too) slowly decreasingpopulation of undernourished


Evolution of the planet temperature(1850 to 2015)

(Deviation from the average 1951-1980 in °C from CRU then NASA)


Increase of atmospheric CO² from 1850 (ppm) Cumulated discharges since 1850 (Gt)

Human emissions of CO² &concentration of CO² in the atmosphere since 1850 (NOA)


Agriculture-related activities = 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 eq.)

Source: IPCC WGIII - 2010

AFOLU: Agriculture,

FOrestryand

Land Use


Importance of Land-Use Change (1)


Importance of Land-Use Change (2)


“Business as usual” (BAU) agriculture emissions would comprise ~50% of allowable emissions to achieve a 2°C

worldGt CO2 eq. per year

9 11

40

74

2010 2050(Business as usual)

2050(2°C target)

Non-agricultural emissions

Agricultural and agriculture-driven land-use change emissions

~50%

49

85

22


Maize

T-Max

T-MaxYield Yield

Rice

Climate drives yield variation: our food

systems are sensitiveto climate,

not resilient to it

http://www.ccafs.cgiar.org/


SOC level is overlaping withagroclimatic zonage and land use

Cimate Land Use SOC (30 cm)


As an introduction: some facts

• A growing population with a (too) slowlydecreasing number of undernourished

• An agriculture in the hot sea due to actions in the other economic sectors to reduce GHG emissions

• A need to adapt agriculture and forestry to ongoing climate change


From these facts, 3 guidelines for action ….• Act on GHG emissions (mitigation) at all level

including agriculture and forestry• Adapt agriculture and forestry to climate change• Ensure food security that will otherwise be strongly

impacted by climate change

… Through one support: Soils and one action: carbon sequestration


Why farmers are soimportant…


Global Soil Organic Carbon Map(GSOC map V1.2.0 – FAO-GSP 2018)


• To Contribute to food security & restore degraded soilso Major role of soil organic matter in soil fertilityo Yields stabilityo Restoring degraded soils

Why storing C in soils?• To Mitigate climate change

o Attenuate GHG emissions. OC can be stored in soils for decades to millenia

o Low cost negative emission technology

• To Adapt to climate changeo Soil organic matter increases water retention capacity

by soils, o decreases sensitivity to erosion


4/1000 : where does it come from?

An annual increase of 4 ‰ of the world soil surface C stocks (860*0.004) would nearly compensate the annual CO2 increase of the atmosphere


CO2

Plant and animal residues

Fresh organicmatter

Humus (stable OM/OC)

CO2, CH4, …

mineralization

mineralization

Primary

Secondary

Humification (k1)

Carbon sequestration mecanisms in soils


3 possible scenariiIdeal scenario: increase of the carbonstock (first order cinetique)

Very difficult scenario to realize

Normal « balanced » scenario: Loss of SOC by mineralization = Production of stable SOC by humification (dC/dt=0)

Possible scenario if rational practices

Scenario of « Losses » : Loss of SOC by mineralization > Production of stable SOC by humification

Recurent scenario in soils in dry areas

Possible evolution of C in soils


Research Priorities: Estimating the Potentialof Soil Carbon and Associated Benefits

Accelerated erosion

Innovative Technology II

Innovative Technology I

Subsistence farming, none or low off-farm input soil degradation

New equilibrium

Adoption of better management practices

Time (Yrs)

adapted from Lal, 2004

80

100

40 60 80 100 120 140

40

60

20

Rel

ativ

e So

il C

Poo

l

Maximum Potential

RateΔY

ΔX

Attainable Potential

20

Storage vs sequestration ?

Soil saturation?

Breakthroughs ?Climate change ?

Benefits, trade-offs ?


Limits and feasability: practices

Rangeland management

Conservation agriculture

Agroforestry

Water management

Integrated soil fertilitymanagement

Organicfertilization

Cover crops

Soil organic carbon

CO 2

Great variability of C storage rates (climate, soil..)Limits : biomass availability, nutrients, water, soil…


Activity Practice Specific management change Increase C inputs

Decrease C losses

Reduce disturbance

Cropland management Agronomy Increased productivity XRotations XCatch crops XLess fallow XMore legumes XDeintensification XImproved cultivars X

Nutrient management Fertilizer placement XFertilizer timing X

Tillage / residue management Reduced tillage XZero tillage XReduced residue removal X XReduced residue burning X X

Upland water management Irrigation XDrainage X

Set-aside and land use change Set aside X XWetlands X X

Agroforestry Tree crops inc. Shelterbelts etc. X XGrazing land management Livestock grazing intensity Livestock grazing intensity X

Fertilization Fertilization XFire management Fire management XSpecies introduction Species introduction XMore legumes More legumes XIncreased productivity Increased productivity X

Organic soils Restoration Rewetting / abandonment X XDegraded lands Restoration Restoration X X X

Mechanisms for Soil C Sequestration in Agriculture

Smith et al. (2008)


Country Practice Impact on soil C (‰ year-1) References

Benin Crop residuesincorporation 6 to 8 Kenne et al. 2016

Ivory Coast Compost 10 t ha-1 yr-1

21 to 23 (after 23 years) Kenne et al. 2016

Cameroon Acacia senegal improvedfallow

15(after 15 years)

D’Andouss Kissi et al. 2013

D. R. Congo Acacia auriculiformisimproved fallow

5.6(after 22 years)

Bisiaux et al. 2009 Gond et al. 2016

France, Mediterraneanzone

Wheat / walnutagroforestry associations

7(after 18 years)

Cardinael et al. 2015a, b; 2017

E. Torquebiau et al., CIRAD

Some results according to pratices


A need for an integrated researchand implementation platform

(Paustian et al., 2016, Nature)


ConventionalAgriculture

OrganicAgriculture

ConservationAgriculture

RegenerativeAgriculture

Agroforestry

Natural forestryEcosystem

BiodynamicAgriculture

Use of mineralfertilizers and

phytosanitary products Biodiversity and SOC

Future trend towards agro-ecology

Holostic grazingsystem


Options that farmers are using for soil organic carbon management

28

27

33

49

56

91

99

139

170

224

221

249

250

270

358

384

423

474

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Preventing erosion (e.g., contour farming, terracing, windbreaks)Rewetting of organic soils

BiocharAgro-forestry in grazing lands

Agro-forestry in mixed crop-livestock systemsAgro-forestry in cropland

Buffer strips and set-aside areasPermanent grassland management (optimised grazing)

Use of forage legumesGrass in rotation

Use of grain legumesCrop-livestock systems

Zero tillageReduced/minimum tillage

Use of cover cropsManure and composting (applying livestock manure and/or…

Residue management (crop residue left in the field)

(International survey for farmers: 7 languages, 975 respondents) – Circasa 2019

Crops

Livestock

Agroforestry


Farmers’ views on solutions to increase adoption of soil carbon sequestration

29

(International survey for farmers: 7 languages, 975 respondents) – Circasa 2019

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Improve infrastructures to access inputs and technologiesCompulsory standards set by food companies

Development of carbon credit schemesInclude SOC in emission trading schemes

Set mandatory targets and regulatory requirements for SOC…Carbon certification schemes (product labels)

Other financial support to transition to SOC practices (e.g.…Payments for ecosystem services (usually public subsidies)

Indicators and tools for farmers and policy makers to measure…Information to policy makers on where and how to target SOC…

Improved awareness among the publicStrengthen farm advisory services and knowledge exchange…

Tailored guidance and advice for farmers on how to increase…

Global

A

B


Database of good practices according

to agro-pedo-climatic areas and

production systems

InformationData

Wishes, Demands, change of practices

(org, biody, reg, cons Ag, agrof, etc…)

Farmers

Laws, regulations, environment, norms,

incentives, etc.

Wishes, Demands, combat CC & Food Insecurity, etc…

Advises, monitoring & verification

Better quality foods, carbonstorage, biodiversity, water,

etc.

Information, awareness, orientation of policies,

NDC, etc.

Civil Society NGOs Consumers

Supply chainpolicy

Access to financialsupport, C market,

etc.

International Organizations

Gvts - Policy makers

Agro-Food Business -

MarketAccess

Scientists(research & Education)

A1A2

A3

A4

A5 B1

B2


Agroforestry systems:the closest to the natural ecosystem


The « 4 per 1000 » InitiativeSoils for Food Security and Climate


Results of COP21 in Paris Historical agreement: a solid foundation for international climate

action recognizing in its preamble the inclusive concept of “food

security”. Composed of 3 pillars, all including “agriculture and food

security”: The legal instrument of the agreement; Lima Paris Agenda for Action (LPAA); National contributions (iNDCs).

LPAA supports and promotes 70 major international multi-stakeholder initiatives for climate (on 12 topics) including 6 on agriculture among which the “4 per 1000” Initiative.


The 4°/oo Initiative

4 working axis organized in 2 parts

Action Plan• A multi-stakeholder platform to facilitate

partnerships• A tool to expertise and evaluate

projects based on a set of references and indicators

Scientific Program• An international research and scientific

cooperation program• A digital resources center on carbon in

soils

On December 1st 2015, more than 160 signatories of the declaration

of intent (31 countries)


Goals of the 4°/oo Initiative

Increase carbon sequestration in soils as organicmatter, for: increasing food security adapting agriculture to climatic changes mitigating climate change

Pursuing the objectives of sustainable developmentadopted by the United Nations.


Direct TARGETS

ASSOCIATED TARGETS

Safeguard TARGETS: help Ex-ante assessment to avoid harmful impacts

Land Tenure

Hum

anRi

ght (

right

to fo

od, .

.)

Welfare, W

ellBeingTargets of 4°/oo and SDGs

2016- JL Chotte - Ird


Declaration of intent 2 (signed mainly in Marrakech)

to build an effective and inclusive governance through a light structure without a legal personality with 4 bodies

Consultative & collaborative Body ⇒ Forum of the Partners

Decision making Body ⇒ Consortium of Members

Scientific Body ⇒Scientific and Technical

Committee

Executive Body ⇒ Executive Secretariat


Governance of the initiative


How to become a partner or a member ?Paris - 2015

Declaration of Intention to support« 4 per 1000 » Initiative

Marrakesh - 2016Declaration of Intention for the formation

of « 4 per 1000 » Initiative Consortium

Signing to become a

PARTNERand participate to the FORUM

Signing to become a

MEMBERand participate to the CONSORTIUM

(not open to commercial or for-profit organizations)


FORUM partners359 signatories of the Paris Declaration Including 42 countries & provinces,12 international organizations, 14 foundations & development banks,

110 NGos, 80 research & education bodies & Universities, 40 Farmers organizations and 61 enterprises

CONSORTIUM Members Already 183 signatories of the Declaration of

Intention n°2Chair : Dr. Ibrahim MAYAKI (ES NEPAD)

Vice-Chair : Mr. Stephane LE FOLL (ex - Min. Agriculture – France)

Partners & Members (Dec. 2018)


Some Partners & Members in 2018

MembersPartners

Etc.


What’s happened since 2016?


Main deliverables• Installation of the Executive Secretariat• Adoption by the Consortium upon the STC proposal of:

• a set of reference criteria for the evaluation of projects and actions

• orientations of the international scientific researchand cooperation program

• Opening of the website « 4 per 1000 »• Opening of the collaborative platform• Adoption of a communication plan • Development of cooperation on SCS (GSP, ITPS,

UNCCD, Circasa, WOCAT, etc.)


Set of reference criteria for evaluation of projects & actionsCriteria, indicators, methods and units

Soil carbon and land conservation or restoration Food security

Mitigation

AdaptationSafeguards


1st Pillar: Estimating the potential of soil carbon sequestration and associated benefits

2nd Pillar: Developing practices adapted to specific soil and climate conditions

3rd Pillar: Define and strengthen the enabling environment

4th Pillar: Monitoring, reporting and verification of soil carbon

The Four pillars of the International Research and Scientific Cooperation Program


www.4p1000.org


The Collaborative Platform


Meetings Dates Place Country

STC n°2 24th & 25th March Rome Italy

STC n°3 28th June Montpellier France

Consortium n°2 29th & 30th June Montpellier France

STC n°4 14th & 15th November Bonn Germany

Forum n°2 16th November Bonn Germany

Consortium n°3 16th November Bonn Germany

Meetings of the Initiative in 2017

Meetings Dates Place CountryCOP 13 UNCCD 4th to 15th September Ordos Inner Mongolia - China

Event under « 4 per 1000 » auspices 13th to 15th October Montréal Canada

COP 23 UNFCCC 16th November Bonn Allemagne


Future Policy Vision Award 2017

Ordos (Inner Mongolia – China) 12th September 2017

During COP 13 UNCCD - High Level Segment Reception


Meetings Dates Place CountryContinental Sequestration of

Carbon 1st and 2nd February Montpellier France

Soils & Climate: from hiddendepths to center stage ? 8th February London UK

World Sustainable DevelopmentSummit 2018 14th to 17th March New Delhi India

STC Meeting n°5 5 to 7th June Madrid Spain

Soil Health Event 19th June Washington DC USA

G20 Agriculture 28th July Buenos Aires Argentina

World Congress of Soil Science 12th to 17th August Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Global Climate Action Summit 12th to 14th September San Francisco USA

5th International Rice Congres 15th to 17th October Singapore Singapore

“4 per 1000” Africa Symposium 24th to 26th October Johannesburg South Africa

La Recherche Française autour de l’Initiative « 4 pour 1000 » 7th & 8th November Sète France

STC Meeting n°6 & 2nd « 4 per 1000 » Initiative Day

11th -12th and 13th December Katowice Poland

International meetings identified as priorityfor the Initiative in 2018


Meetings Dates Place CountryConference

« 4 per 1000 » Initiative 10th May Colombo Sri Lanka« Agriculture is the solution ! »

Symposium 13th to 15th May Shiga Japan

STC n°7 22th to 24th May Montpellier FranceSymposium

« 4 pour 1000 » 18th to 20th June Poitiers France

STC n°8 9th & 10th December (TBC) TBC Chile

Forum n°4 11th December(TBC) TBC Chile

Consortium n°5 11th December(TBC) TBC Chile

New England Agriculture and Climate Symposium

February 2020 (TBC) Boston USA

« 4 per 1000 » MediterraneanRegional Meeting 2020 (TBC) TBC Tunisia or other

Mediterranean Country

International meetings identified as priorityfor the Initiative in 2019


Thank you for your attention….

farmers role in contributing to climate change mitigation · 2020. 7. 7. · the « 4 per 1000 »...

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