family diversity. american families have changed agrarian society industrial societies: mobility,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Family Diversity
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American Families have changed
Agrarian Society Industrial Societies: mobility, promotions, living
away from extended family, more formal relationships more workplace related, diverse culture
Postindustrial Society or Information Economies: global economy, flexibility in work, education for life rather than one field, decision-making skills, decentralization (schools), networking as employment concept
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21st Century American Families
Racial, Ethnic and Cultural DiversitySocio-Economic DiversityFamilies in Particular Circumstances
DivorceSingle-parentBlended
Religious/Moral BeliefsGeographic Region
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Diversity
Red Share a way that you were different from other children in your K-3 classrooms
Purple Share an experience from childhood where a child’s differences were made fun of or where he was treated poorly by other children
Green Share an experience where a teacher was not understanding or supportive of a child’s difference
Yellow Share an element of diversity in your life today: ethnicity, religion, marital status, area of country you are from, parenthood, hobby, anything!
Orange Share a favorite ethnic food and a country you would like to visit someday and why!
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What is your cultural background?
What are traditions in your family that are similar to other families in your religion, geographic area, ethnic origin?
What do you have in your home that reflects your cultural or ethnic background?
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Definitions
Culture: Unique experiences and history of various groups. The language, artifacts, understandings, values, traditions,
ways of living of a group. Provides a set of rules for behaviors Cultures borrow and share rules Individuals are embedded to different degrees within a culture
Race: Physical Characteristics that define a group: Negroid Mongoloid Caucasoid Defined by skin tone, facial structure, and geographic origin Bi-racial and other combinations of heredity
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Definitions
Ethnicity: defining characteristics of physical characteristics, beliefs or geographic location over time Combination of race, religion, cultural history,
commonalities, geography. Fulfills deep need for identity and historical continuity. Family ethnicity kept through
Family customs Family stories Traditions Celebrations Food Religious ceremonies
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Projections of the U.S. Population
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 - 8
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Subcultures
Groups of individuals with certain patterns of behaviors or characteristics that set them apart from the major culture Based on race, ethnicity, religion, national origin,
age, geographical area, occupation, socioeconomic status, or many others
What subcultures are you part of? Parenting differences in subcultures? Are all subcultures the same?
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Culture Quiz Derman-Sparks, Chud. Fahlman
Do you remember the first time you met someone from another culture or ethnic group?
Do you remember how you first learned about your own ethnic identity?
What is important to you about your culture? What makes you proud, what gives you pain?
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Culture Quiz cont’
Have you experienced prejudice or discrimination for any reason? How did it make you feel? What did you do? Thinking about it now, would you change your response?
Do you and your parents agree about ethnic, cultural and religious issues? If not, how did your beliefs evolve? What will you teach your children?
If you’re traveled to another country, how did you feel in those strange surroundings?
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Cultural Presentation Planning
TopicsContext (group or individual priority?)CommunicationParenting
GroupsAsian AmericanHispanicAfrican AmericanEuropean-American
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Economic Diversity Ruby Payne
Economic class is a continuous line, not a clear-cut distinction.
Poverty is relativeGenerational povertySituational poverty
Poverty occurs in all races and in all countries
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Percentage of Children Under 18 Living in Poverty
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 - 14
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Texas Statistics
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Child Poverty and Birth Circumstances
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 - 16
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Ruby Payne & Generational Poverty
Relationships and entertainment are more important than achievement
Hidden rules of generational poverty cause students to react in inappropriate ways
Schools = middle-class values Can you survive outside your “class”?
Video Clip Hidden rules of economic class
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 - 17
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Hidden Rules: Driving Forces
PovertySurvivalRelationshipsEntertainment
Middle ClassWork, achievement
WealthConnections – financial, political, social
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Hidden Rules: Time
PovertyPresent most importantDecisions made for the moment/surviving
Middle ClassFuture most importantDecisions made against future remifications
WealthTraditions and history most importantDecisions partially on tradition/decorum
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Hidden Rules: Power Poverty
Linked to personal respect, ability to fightCan’t stop bad things from happening
Middle ClassPower/respect separatedPower in information and institutions
WealthPower in expertise, connections Influences policy and direction
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America and Divorce
Discussion What are some reasons you personally
might consider a divorce? Is falling out of love an appropriate reason
for wanting a divorce? What were you taught growing up about the
acceptability of divorce?
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Marriage and Divorce (2003)
60 million married couples in US 40-50% of all marriages end in divorce
Annually 2,187,000 marriages 7.5 marriages per 1000 total population
1.25 million divorces annually 3.8 divorces per 1000 total
population
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Shift from agricultural to industrial societySocial integrationIndividualistic American culture Demographic factors:
Employment status IncomeEducational levelEthnicityReligion.
Factors Affecting Divorce
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(Bohannan) As people divorce, they undergo these “divorces” simultaneously. EmotionalLegalEconomicCo-parentalCommunityPsychic
Stations of Divorce
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Life Course Factors: Intergenerational transmission (Amato,
1996)Parental divorce increases chance of child’s
marriage ending within first five years by as much as 70%.
Increased risk of divorce is especially great if both spouses experienced parental divorce.
Effects are strongest when parents divorce early in child’s life (age 12 or younger)
Factors Affecting Divorce
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Economic consequences Impoverishment of womenChanged female employment patternsFewer financial resources for family – often
leading to moves to cramped apartments and less desirable neighborhoods
Consequences of Divorce
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Non-economic consequences include:More psychological distress, lower levels of
happiness, more social isolation, more health problems.
Divorced people are three times as likely to commit suicide.
Some divorced people experience higher levels of personal growth and greater autonomy.
Consequences of Divorce
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Children in happy two-parent families are the best adjusted
Children in conflict-ridden two-parent families are the worst adjusted.
Children from single-parent families are in the middle.
Children and Divorce
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Children of divorce suffer: Reduction of incomeWeakening ties with fathersDeterioration in family lifeLoss of “residential stability”Problems in schoolLower self-esteem Increased likelihood of drug abuseGreater likelihood of becoming teen parents
Children and Divorce
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Three-Stage Process of divorce for children: Initial stage—Turmoil is greatest.Transition stage—Adjusting to new family.Restabilization stage—Integration of
changes.
Children and Divorce
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Developmental tasks of divorce:Acknowledging parental separationDisengaging from parental conflictsResolving lossResolving anger and self-blameAccepting the finality of divorceAchieving realistic expectations for later
relationship success
Children and Divorce
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Adjustment to divorce:Open discussion prior to divorce Involvement with noncustodial parentLack of hostility between divorced parentsGood psychological adjustment to divorce by
custodial parentStable living situation and good parenting skills.Continued involvement with the children by
both parents
Children and Divorce
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Adjustment to divorce: Not all children suffer negative
consequences.90% of children with divorced parents
achieve same level well-being as children of continuously married parents (Amato, 2003).
Children and Divorce
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Generally based on one of 2 standards:The best interests of the childThe least detrimental of the available
alternatives.The major types of custody are sole,
joint, and split.
Child Custody
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Children and Divorce
26% of children under the age of 18 live with a divorced parent.
39% of divorced women with children live in poverty
Civility among parents and assurance that both still love the children is helpful
Some need brief individual play therapy, others need family counseling
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Behavior problems
Children in single-parent or remarried families do not do as well as those in non-divorced households25-30% of single-parent and divorced
households reported behavior problems, while only 10% of non-divorced households reported behavior problems with children.
20% of children in stepfamilies have behavior problems compared to 10% of children in non-divorced families.
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Sole custodyAccounts for 85% of all
U.S. divorce casesWomen traditionally
have been responsible for child rearing
Many men do not feel competent
Child Custody
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Joint custodyAccounts for 10% of cases.Joint legal custody
Children live primarily with one parentBoth parents share in decisions regarding the
children.Joint physical custody
Requires parents to work out practical logistics…as well as feelings about each other.
Child Custody
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Split custodySplits the children between the parentsUsually girls live with mother, boys with
father
Child Custody
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The effects of remarriage on children
Income is raised.Another adult is there to help.Behavior problemsBlending two families presents a new set
of challenges
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Blended family issues
Loyalty is a problemMay feel guilty for bonding with a step
parentChildren often act out, won’t even try to
like a step parent.Family must incorporate new parent’s
style and rules.
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The stabilization period The stepparent moves toward the role of
“intimate outsider”, which is somewhere between parent and trusted friend.
Stepparent role includesWarmth toward and support of the stepchildren.Little disciplining of the stepchildren.Support for the biological parent.Stepfathers in general tend to be less involved
than biological fathers.
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Stepmother and stepfather differences
Being a stepmother can be harder than being a stepfather. In typical remarriage chains today, children live with
mother and stepfather. Typical stepmother must establish relationship during
visits.
Stepfathers compete with non-custodial fathers who may not see children very often. Often fill a vacuum left by departed biological father. May hold to a lower standard than stepmothers. Easier for children to accept two father figures than two
mother figures.
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Religious Diversity Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life 2007
Christian 78.4%Protestant 51.3%Catholic 23.9%
Jewish 1.7%Buddhist .7%Muslim .6%Hindu .4%Unaffiliated 16.1%
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“Knowledge about religions is not only characteristic of an educated person, but is also absolutely necessary for understanding and living in a world of diversity.”
National Council for the Social Studies
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How do people of varying faith traditions respond to “poverty”?
Christian What you do to the least of these, you do to me
Jewish What does the Lord require of you, but to do justice, to
love mercy, to walk humbly with God. Muslim
Alms Giving (Al-Zakat) 2.5% wealth given to needy Hindi
Giving to the poor builds Karma, giving rewards in later lives
Buddhist Distributive justice/Greatest wealth is contentment
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Family Involvement
ParentingCommunicatingVolunteeringLearning at homeDecision makingCollaborating with the Community
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ResearchPositive correlations between positive
parenting practices and school successMandates
Government required parental involvement in order to access funding
Community concern and effortsProfessional Organization
Recommendations
Home and School Together
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Research Support
Head Start Perry Preschool ProjectAbecedarian Project
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Mandates
Head StartTitle 1 (LIFT) Literacy Involves Families
Together Act of 2000IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities
Educational Improvement Act of 2004Child Care and Development Block GrantsGoals 2000No Child Left Behind
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Professional Organization and Community Support
NAEYCNASBEPTAState Funded ProgramsIndividual Community Efforts
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Culturally Competent Teachers
Acknowledge cultural differencesUnderstand their own cultureEngage in Self-assessmentAcquire cultural knowledge and
skillsView behavior within a cultural
context
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Culturally Welcoming Programs Inclusive materials Written translations Interpreters Welcomes posted in
languages represented Multi-cultural pictures
in environment Bring family members
who speak English to meetings
Family culture sharing Collective meaningful
social action Family social events Items and artifacts
familiar to all families Encourage parents to
use primary language at home
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Cultural DilemmasAnalyze situations from child’s experiences
at homeDo not blameGet informationDon’t place child between two cultural
expectationsRespond to child and parents as individualsFind common ground
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Holidays
Activities in classroom should relate to children’s lives
Encourage children and families to talk about family traditions of celebrating
Holidays of every group represented should be honored
Respect family beliefs that do not permit children to participate
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Working with families in particular circumstances
Divorce
Parents of Children with Special Needs
Teen Mothers
Families when Abuse Occurs
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Factors Contributing to Children’s Adjustment
Mental health of parentsQuality of parent-child relationshipsDegree of anger vs cooperationAge, temperament, and flexibility of childExtent to which parents are willing to
have the same routines for the children in each home
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Working with Children & Parents in Classrooms
A structured environmentEncourage expression of feelingsReassureKeep requests of parents lightBe aware of legal agreementsKnow available community resources
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Working with Parents of Children with Special Needs
Individualized Educational PlansDevelop relationships based on mutual
respect Try to understand the increased stress in
the lives of parents Be hopefully realisticKnow available community resources
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Working with Families when Abuse Occurs
Indicators of abusePhysicalSexualEmotionalNeglect
Reporting abuseCreate an atmosphere of trust and healingRefer families to support groups
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Working with Adoptive Families
Include adoption in the curriculumTalking to familiesTalking to childrenOffer resources