false prophets and preachers · also the knowledge of gresbeck’s eyewitness account. it was only...

False Prophets and Preachers

FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 1 6/10/16 10:02 AM

Habent sua fata libelli

Early Modern Studies SeriesGeneral Editor

Michael WolfeQueens College, CUNY

Editorial Board of Early Modern StudiesElaine Beilin

Framingham State College

Christopher CelenzaJohns Hopkins University

Barbara B. DiefendorfBoston University

Paula FindlenStanford University

Scott H. HendrixPrinceton Theological Seminary

Jane Campbell HutchisonUniversity of Wisconsin– Madison

Mary B. McKinleyUniversity of Virginia

Raymond A. MentzerUniversity of Iowa

Robert V. SchnuckerTruman State University, Emeritus

Nicholas TerpstraUniversity of Toronto

Margo ToddUniversity of Pennsylvania

James TracyUniversity of Minnesota

Merry Wiesner- HanksUniversity of Wisconsin–

Milwaukee


Early Modern Studies 18Truman State University Press

Kirksville, Missouri

FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 3 6/10/16 2:15 PM

Copyright © 2016 Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri, 63501All rights reserved

tsup.truman.edu

Cover art: Johann Karl Ulrich Bähr, Jan van Leiden tauft ein Mädchen. Oil on canvas, 1840. Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History.Cover design: Teresa Wheeler

Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data

Names: Gresbeck, Heinrich, active 1540. | Mackay, Christopher S., 1962–Title: False prophets and preachers : Henry Gresbeck’s account of the Anabaptist kingdom of Münster / [translated and annotated by] Christopher Mackay.Other titles: Berichte der Augenzeugen über das münsterische Wiedertäuferreich. EnglishDescription: Kirksville, Missouri : Truman State University Press, 2016. | Series: Early modern studies ; 18 | Includes bibliographical references.Identifiers: LCCN 2015042883 (print) | LCCN 2016006745 (ebook) | ISBN 9781612481418 (library binding : alkaline paper) | ISBN 9781612481425 ()Subjects: LCSH: Gresbeck, Heinrich, active 1540. | Anabaptists—Germany—Münster in Westfalen—History—16th century. | Münster in Westfalen (Germany)—Church history—16th century. | Münster in Westfalen (Germany)—History—16th century. | Germany—History—1517-1648.Classification: LCC BX4933.G3 G7413 2016 (print) | LCC BX4933.G3 (ebook) | DDC 943/.5614031—dc23LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015042883

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No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means with-out written permission from the publisher.The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48– 1992.


v

Kelliae carissimae ac de me optime merenti,cuius ocelli, siquid desit meis, supplent!


vii

Contents

Introduction: The Radical Reformation in Münster ................................................1

Origin and Narrative of the Rebaptism at Münster in Westphalia That Took Place in the Year 1535 ......................................49

Appendix .................................................285

Bibliography.............................................297

Index ........................................................301

Index of Scripture References ................. 314

About the Author .................................... 317


ix

IllustrationsPlate 1: Christoffel von Sichem (1546– 1624), John Matthias,

copper engraving, ca. 1605/6 (© Stadtmuseum Münster).

Plate 2: Heinrich Aldegrever (ca. 1502– 55/61), John of Leiden, copper engraving, 1536 (© Stadtmuseum Münster).

Plate 3: Anonmyous, after a portrait by Heinrich Aldegrever (ca. 1502– 55/61), John of Leiden, woodcut printed in Nuremberg (© Landschaftsverband Westfalen- Lippe).

Plate 4: Anonymous, after a portrait by Heinrich Aldegrever (ca. 1502– 55/61), Diewer of Haarlem, woodcut (© Landschafts-verband Westfalen- Lippe).

Plate 5: Heinrich Aldegrever (ca. 1502– 55/61) Bernd Knipper-dolling, copper engraving, 1536 (© Stadtmuseum Mün-ster).

Plate 6: Daniel Hopfer (ca. 1470– 1536), A landsknecht with his wife, etching (© Stadtmuseum Münster).

Plate 7: Hans Burkmair the elder (1473– 1531), Group of landsknechts, woodcut (© Stadtmuseum Münster).

Plate 8: Erhard Schön (after 1491– 1542), Siege of Münster, woodcut (© Stadtmuseum Münster).

Plate 9: Max Geisberg (1875– 1943), The Cross Gate as it would have appeared in 1535, drawing, ca. 1900 (© Stadtmuseum Münster).

Plate 10: One- thaler coin, obverse (author’s collection).

Plate 11: One- thaler coin, reverse (author’s collection).


x Illustrations

Plate 12: Opening page of the Gresbeck manuscript (© Stadtarchiv Köln).

Plate 13: Pages from the end of the Gresbeck manuscript (© Stadtarchiv Köln).

Plate 14: Everhard Alerdinck (1598– 1658), Bird’s eye view of Münster, 1636 (© Stadtarchiv Münster).


1

Introduction

The Radical Reformation in Münster

Late one night in late May 1535, five men warily snuck out of the besieged city of Münster. One man became separated from the group. He wandered in the dark, trying to avoid the enemy troops in the trenches, but eventually decided to give himself up and hope for the best. This man, Henry Gres-beck, was to play a major part in the recapture of the city from the Anabap-tists. He would also write the only eyewitness account of what had gone on in the city for the preceding fifteen months. Gresbeck addressed his account to the prince- bishop, possibly to explain his role in the Anabaptist rebellion and his importance to the eventual capture of the city. Gresbeck’s original manuscript seems to have disappeared into the prince- bishop’s ar-chive (eventually turning up in the archives in Cologne). His account had no effect on the sixteenth- century treatments of the events in Münster; it was only rediscovered in the mid- nineteenth century. That account is here translated into English for the first time.

The best- known surviving source for the events in Münster was written a generation later by the schoolmaster Herman von Kerssenbrock, who was a boy at the time of the Anabaptist regime and fled the city. He wrote his history in Latin a generation later (in the 1560s), partly using archival in-formation but mostly by borrowing from earlier historians. Kerssenbrock’s magisterial work eclipsed not only the influence of earlier historians, but also the knowledge of Gresbeck’s eyewitness account.

It was only with the 1853 publication of Gresbeck’s account in a col-lection of documents edited by C. A. Cornelius that his involvement in the


2 Introduction

fall of the city came to be generally known. Cornelius based his edition of the Low German on two derivative manuscripts. One was a heavily edited copy of Gresbeck’s account from the ducal library in Darmstadt and the other a copy that was edited and converted into High German from a li-brary in Meiningen. Cornelius was unable to consult another manuscript of Gresbeck that was located in Cologne. I have used a copy of the orig-inal manuscript that Gresbeck submitted to the prince- bishop to prepare a much better edition of the original text, and that text is the basis of the following translation. The Cologne manuscript appears to be the original manuscript Gresbeck had submitted to the prince- bishop. The translation presented in this volume is based on that early copy.

The narrative presented in Gresbeck’s retrospective account is not with-out its own difficulties, but not only does it give us the perspective of a common man on very unusual events, it is also the only account written by a man who actually witnessed these events with his own eyes. To judge by his account, Gresbeck was a keen observer of events around him, and he presents his story with verve and humor.

1. The Münster Rebellion

The Anabaptist regime in Münster was brief— from February 1534 to June 1535— and the fact that the city was under siege resulted from one of the most remarkable events of the early Reformation in Germany.1 In the years before 1533, the city of Münster was gripped with reforming fervor, which was adopted in part by the dignitaries of the local city council. The city was under the control, however, of the prince- bishop of Münster, who held both religious and secular powers. The city council had extorted wide- ranging privileges that amounted to autonomy from the newly appointed Bishop Francis of Waldeck in 1533, but these would prove to be short- lived. The Reformers were intent on going much further in their religious innovations

1. For a short (generally narrative) introduction to the events in Münster, see Klötzer, “Melchi-orites and Münster.” For the general history of the city in the late medieval and early modern period, see Lutterbach, Der Weg in das Täuferreich. Arthur, Tailor- King, is an unreliable popularizing treatment. Due to disputes with the city council of Münster at the time, Kerssenbrock was unable to get his work published, and it remained in manuscript form until the Latin text was finally published in 1899, edited by Detmer on the basis of one particularly good manuscript. (I’ve been informed by Berndt Thier of the Stadtmuseum Münster that other good early witnesses [i.e., other versions] to the Kerssenbrock text have come to light, but the new textual information provided by them has not been published.) The only modern translation of Kerssenbrock’s work is my own: Kerssenbrock, Narrative of the Anabaptist Madness, ed. Mackay.


3The Radical Reformation in Münster

than the Lutheran- inspired members of the city council were willing to go. One particularly noteworthy element in the Reformers’ beliefs was the re-jection of infant baptism. They believed that baptism had to be voluntarily undertaken by responsible adults. Since at that time pretty much every-body would have received baptism as an infant, anyone who underwent a new baptism as an adult was a rebaptizer, or Anabaptist (Wiedertäufer in modern High German, the literal translation of the Latinate anabaptista).

At this time, there were throughout the areas to the west and north of Münster (the Low Countries and Frisia) many followers of Melchior Hofman, who held religious views of a distinctly radical nature, including a belief that the apocalypse was close at hand. Hofman himself was under arrest in Strasburg, but the radical adherents of his views took control of the Münster council during the regular elections in February 1534, and soon moved to expel from the city all those who did not actively support their agenda. The result of this was that many men fled the city, leaving their wives behind to guard the family property. The radical Anabaptists were now in firm control of the city.

The radicals’ leader was a huge, charismatic man from Holland named John Mathias. Under his leadership, the inhabitants organized a military force to defend themselves and undertook raids against neighboring towns. After Mathias died in one such raid around Easter, control of the city was assumed by a biblically inspired council of twelve elders. During this early period of Anabaptist rule, a sort of communal form of ownership was dic-tated for the city. On the grounds that it was wrong for one Christian to have more than another or to take advantage of a fellow Christian through shady dealing, coins and precious metals (gold and silver) were confiscated; food and clothing were added to the list of items to be held in common and doled out to the populace on an as- needed basis by public officials.

The prince- bishop responded to what he took to be disobedience on the part of his subjects by gathering an army. He stationed his troops outside the city, hoping for an opportunity to retake the city. A major assault in May failed because some of the troops attacked prematurely. Another assault in late August came to grief in the face of stiff resistance from the defense. The prince- bishop’s finances were now exhausted, and he sought the assistance of neighboring princes. They agreed to fund the military campaign against the city, but took over command of the opera-tion, which they placed in the hands of Count Wirich of Falkenstein. In the fall, the expensive steps were finally taken to fully surround the city


4 Introduction

with a complete circuit of manned trenches, eventually cutting it off from the outside world.

Meanwhile, their seemingly miraculous success in driving back the assault on the city in August led to exaltation among the Anabaptists in Münster. In the aftermath of John Mathias’s death, John of Leiden, a one-time tailor, had assumed leadership of the radicals. He was seen as the in-strument of God’s expected victory over his foes, and he soon instituted a full regal court. A prominent figure in the court was Bernard Knipperdoll-ing, a member of the traditional ruling class of Münster who had taken the radicals’ side in the religious disputes of previous years. Both John of Leiden and Knipperdolling used state violence to suppress opposition to the Anabaptist regime.

The radicals did not face resistance only from outside. The radicals caused widespread discontent in July 1534 when they abolished traditional monogamous marriage and replaced it with a polygamous scheme based on Old Testament precedents. A more practical reason for the innovation may have been the large excess of adult females compared to males. This surprising move was bitterly opposed by many and produced a revolt in the city, which the Anabaptists managed to put down only with difficulty.

In the fall, before the city was put under a tight siege, embassies were sent out to neighboring communities to stir up revolt. These embassies were uniformly unsuccessful, and the envoys put to death. By the winter of 1535, things were looking bad for the Anabaptists. Their king hoped to stir up revolution among sympathizers in the Low Countries, but these expec-tations proved to be as illusory as the efforts to convert the towns around Münster. By the springtime, while the king’s court was still living rather comfortably on the confiscated provisions of the community, the regular populace was beginning to suffer from starvation and there was widespread discontent. The king resorted to appointing “dukes” who were supposed to rule the earth in the king’s name after the final victory of the Anabaptists. In practice, their purpose was apparently to keep the growing dissatisfac-tion with the king’s rule under control. It was under these circumstances of desperation and suppression that the five men mentioned above were driven to flee the city.

Two of these men had plans to capture the city: Henry Gresbeck, a local cabinetmaker, and Little Hans of Longstreet (Henseken van der Lan-genstraten), a renegade soldier from the prince- bishop’s army who had fled to the city but later regretted his decision. After the men became separated,


5The Radical Reformation in Münster

Gresbeck revealed his plan to the officers in the pay of the neighboring princes, while Little Hans was eventually put in touch with the prince- bishop by his former commander. Both Gresbeck and Little Hans collab-orated in preparations for the attempt to seize the city through a secret nighttime assault on the city’s massive defenses, but only Little Hans took an active role in implementing the plan, leading the troops into the city. At first, the closing of a gate locked the first wave of troops in the city, and a battle raged throughout the final hours of the night. Eventually, however, additional troops from outside gained entry, and the Anabaptists surren-dered. Many were slaughtered at the time of the town’s capture, and after three days of plunder by the victorious troops, the Anabaptists’ proper-ty was confiscated. John of Leiden, Knipperdolling, and one other of the king’s main supporters were put to death in February 1536.

Little Hans was hailed by the prince- bishop for his role in the city’s capture, and he figures prominently in the surviving accounts written by the Anabaptists’ enemies. Gresbeck, on the other hand, is entirely ig-nored in these accounts. In order (it would seem) to vindicate his role in the city’s capture (and presumably to gain restitution for his confiscated property), Gresbeck wrote his long account of the Anabaptist episode in Münster.

2. Religious Background

Though there were certainly some challenges to its claims, the Latin- speaking Roman Catholic Church of the later Middle Ages was dominant throughout Western Europe until the Augustinian monk and theology professor Mar-tin Luther began in 1517 a series of attacks on practices and doctrines that quickly developed into the widespread rejection of the traditional church and the establishment in many places in northern Europe of new forms of ecclesiastic organization.2 Although the Anabaptists shared many ideas with the earlier Reformers, their distinctive interpretations set the radical reform-ers of Münster at odds with the more conservative Lutherans.3

2. For a good general introduction to the state of the medieval church on the eve of the Refor-mation, see MacCulloch, Reformation, 3– 52. For the medieval church in general, see Logan, History of the Church. See Duffy, Siege Warfare, for an extensive (if biased) discussion of the sorts of popular piety that the Reformers objected to (the treatment is, of course, of English practices and beliefs, but these wouldn’t have been greatly different from those in Germany).

3. For the classic treatment of the “radical” reformation, see Williams, Radical Reformation. For a


49

[1r]

Origin and Narrative of the Rebaptism at Münster in Westphalia That Took

Place in the Year 1535

Overview of the work1

This is the beginning of the rebaptizing at Münster in Westphalia: how the burghers opposed one another, how those burghers who accept-ed rebaptism ruled together with a priest called Bernard Rothman2

1. Though the original manuscript is clearly divided into distinct sections with one exception (fol. 38v), no headings are given. To make the overall flow of the account clearer, headings have been added by the editor. These appear in bold to indicate their status as an addition to the original text.

2. For Rothman’s early history, see Kerssenbrock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 160– 64; for the extensive corpus of his writings, see Stupperich, Die Schriften B. Rothmanns; for a general treatment of his role in the early stages of religious strife in Münster, see Lutterbach, Der Weg in das Täuferreich, 67– 89. Of comparatively humble origin (his father was a blacksmith), Rothman enjoyed the support of a relative who was a vicar of the college of St. Maurice’s. After serving as a schoolmaster in Warendorf (a small town east of Münster), he got a university education at Mainz, and in 1524 was appointed as priest at St. Maurice’s outside the city. He was sent off to Cologne to strengthen his already dubious orthodoxy (the university there was a model of conservative rectitude), but instead he went to various centers of reform thought such as Wittenberg and Strasburg. In July 1531, he returned to St. Maurice’s and in January 1532, was installed in St. Lambert’s in the city (Kerssenbrock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 192). From then on, his radical preaching became a constant source of friction between the prince- bishop, who wished to curb his incitements to reject orthodoxy, and the city council, which wished to protect him (or at least was compelled by Rothman’s popularity to adopt this position). He increasingly fell under the influence of the Anabaptist ferment, and in January 1534 had himself rebaptized by emissaries of John Mathias. He then became a major leader in the Anabaptist regime in Münster. Although Rothman was supported by a number of other radical preachers, he clearly made the strongest impression on Gresbeck, being the only preacher to appear throughout in his account. His


50

(Stutenberent3), and Knipperdolling,4 and some other burghers and all his [Knipperdolling’s] adherents, how the other burghers and the clergy were opposed to this and had to depart from them, abandoning everything that they had, and how they [the rebaptizers] eventually chased the other burghers from them on a Friday, and how their own lord, the bishop of Münster, Osnabrück, etc., Count Francis of Waldeck,5 besieged the city with cavalry and landsknechts6 in order to take the city of Münster and to punish the rebaptizers, and how there were Hollanders and Frisians in Münster, who made themselves out to be prophets (John of Leiden7 was a tailor and made himself out to be a prophet, and he was eventually chosen as king by the rebaptizers; John Mathias8 was another Hollander who made

fate at the time of the capture of the city is unclear (the literary sources uniformly claim that he changed into military gear at the time of the final assault on the city and died in combat, but his body was never found and efforts were made in the years after the city’s fall to track him down; see ibid., 842n1). See also Kirchhoff, Die Täufer in Münster, 585.

3. For the derivation of the nickname, see Kerssenbrock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 422. The first half of the name comes from a Low German word (stuten) for “white bread.” As part of the rejection of traditional practice, he would give out pieces of this bread in place of the normal commu-nion wafers, and he was happy to take pieces of it to people who had been unable to attend the informal Anabaptist ceremony that replaced the traditional mass. The second half is simply the Low German form of the name “Bernard.” Hence, the name means something like “White Bread Bernie.” Given the derivation, the name must have been meant to be disparaging, and it obviously struck Gresbeck’s fancy, as he normally uses it when referring to Rothman.

4. Bernard Knipperdolling was a prominent member of the patrician class that dominated the city council of Münster, and had long had radical religious inclinations (Kerssenbrock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 323). He was an elector in the selection of the city council in 1533 (ibid., 392), and was made burgher master of the Anabaptist city council chosen on February 23, 1534. He was a prominent supporter of the Anabaptists in general and of John of Leiden’s regime in particular. He is a particular focus of Gresbeck’s animosity, as he views Knipperdolling as the leader of the local supporters of the Anabaptist government and a major impediment to the supposed efforts of the locals to overthrow the Anabaptist control of the city. See also Kirchhoff, Die Täufer in Münster, 335.

5. Francis of Waldeck (1491– 1553), a younger son of the count of Waldeck, was intended from youth to pursue an ecclesiastical career. Already bishop of Minden, he was elected bishop of Münster by the cathedral chapter in 1532, but (as noted below) had a hard time asserting his authority in the bishopric. He was a vague supporter of reform, but certainly was not going to allow it to threaten his traditional prerogatives as the secular and ecclesiastical head of his bishopric.

6. For the sense of “Landsknecht,” see introduction, section 3.2. In this case, the landsknechts were hired for the service of prince- bishop Francis in his siege of Münster.

7. John of Leiden is one of the central figures in Gresbeck’s tale. The illegitimate son of a judge, he pursued a number of careers early in life, including teaching oratory and acting as a tailor (for his early life, see Kerssenbrock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 640– 46). He became a trusted lieutenant of John Mathias, and visited Münster in the fall of 1533. He returned on January 13, 1534, and continued to serve Mathias. Upon Mathias’s death, John of Leiden took over his leadership (as well as his wife), and in the late summer became the king of the besieged town.

8. John Mathias (Matthias, Matthijs) was a baker of Haarlem in Holland who became a major figure in the Melchiorite ferment in the Low Countries. There, Mathias gradually usurped the author-ity of the absent Hofman (in 1533, Hofman was arrested in Strasburg, remaining in prison until his death) among his followers, and asserted that the overthrow of the godless and the establishment of the millenarian regime on earth was at hand (see Deppermann, Melchior Hoffman, 333– 39). In Jan-


51

himself out to be a prophet; and some of the other Hollanders and Frisians who made themselves out to be preachers), and how these men in Münster ruled and how they eventually dealt with the common people, and what they intended with the baptism, and how they betrayed the common peo-ple, doing away with their lives and property and everything that they had, and that they destroyed the churches and monasteries.

Opponents of Anabaptism flee the city

At first, when the baptizing first started at Münster, some of the burghers and women straightway got ready to get [1v] out of the city and take along what they could drive and carry away. Eventually, no one could have anything driven or carried out. The rebaptizers sat every day at the city gates and examined what people were leaving the city at the gates and what they were taking with them. If they had with them more than just what was on them, they took away what the people had from them.9 They cut off the golden hooks from the women’s collars and the buttons from their sleeves, and they couldn’t take with them more than just what they had on.

Burial of an Anabapist

They buried a dead man outside the city gate in the countryside. This dead man didn’t deserve to lie in the churchyard among godless people since he was a rebaptizer.10 When it happened that they buried the dead man in the countryside, the burghers and the women withdrew from the city, and things began to be ready for the rebaptizers to hold the city by themselves.11

uary 1534, emissaries of Mathias baptized Rothman, and from then on the Anabaptists had become increasingly assertive in Münster. In early February 1534, Mathias himself arrived in the city and then led the Anabaptists until his death in April (see 25v– 27r). Note that chronologically Mathias should appear before John of Leiden, but here Gresbeck introduces the latter first as the more prominent figure in his account.

9. See Kerssenbrock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 503– 4, for a description of similar treat-ment of those who left the city starting on February 12, 1534, in the aftermath of the temporary settlement between the Anabaptists and their opponents (9r– v). Presumably, Gresbeck has the same period in mind. He apparently just launches in medias res with the Anabaptists dominant in the city in early February 1534.

10. This sentence reflects the thinking of the Anabaptists.11. This seemingly insignificant incident appears to serve the purpose of conveying Anabaptist

attitudes in the period prior to their takeover of the city government in late February 1534.


52

Anabaptists’ mania and their seizure of the city council

When it began to get dark in the evenings, the rebaptizers would run through the streets and shout, “Confess and repent! God is going to punish you!” and “Improve yourselves!” They shouted, “Father, Father, grant, stamp out, stamp out the godless! God will punish them!” As it was, God punished and stamped out them. Some people in the city would say [2r] that the rebaptizers had hired the criers to cry this way through the streets in the evenings and nights so that they would terrify the people and lead them astray. They would also preach at night in houses. They would gather together at night, and wouldn’t preach during the day. For they didn’t yet have possession of the city, but they did have sufficient possession of it.12 They had the keys to all the city gates, and every night they closed off all the streets and lanes with iron chains.13 They kept on with this closing until they chased away their opposi-tion, which they eventually did. As soon as they’d chased away the burghers and clergy, both young and old, they no longer closed off any streets at night. Then they were a single people and were lords of the city of Münster. Who-ever didn’t wish to remain had to depart from the city or they would have killed them. They would certainly have driven out their opposition before the Friday, but they didn’t wish to do this before they’d chosen a new council. In Münster, the new council was chosen on the first Monday in Lent, and they wanted to wait until then. When this Monday in Lent arrived, they dissolved the old council and chose a new one. These men were on the side of the other rebaptizers. Knipperdolling and Kibbenbrock14 as burgher masters and the other councilors belonging to the rebaptizing were chosen in the same way as a council is chosen in the cities.15

12. In this not terribly clearly expressed thought, Gresbeck seems to distinguish the period start-ing on February 23, when they took over the city council, from the immediately preceding period when they were strong enough to throw their weight around but hadn’t yet taken official control of the city.

13. This is also mentioned in Kerssenbrock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 477.14. Gerard Kibbenbrock was another patrician of radical religious inclinations and was consid-

ered one of the leading Anabaptists (Kerssenbrock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 323). He was an elector for the selection of the city council in 1532 (ibid., 271), a member of the council in 1533 (ibid., 392), and became burgher master in the Anabaptist council elected on February 23, 1534 (ibid., 519). He served as building superintendent (Baumeister) under the regime of the twelve elders (ibid., 585), but his stock seems to have fallen once John of Leiden became king, as he was merely the king’s food taster (ibid., 648). He was killed at the time of the city’s capture (ibid., 850). He had two wives (ibid., 626n3). See also Kirchhoff, Die Täufer in Münster, 330.

15. For the election, see Kerssenbrock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 519– 20. The new coun-


53

Stutenberent is the cause of the strife

[2v] One time, the burghers of Münster made a raid from the city. This marching out took place three years or so earlier, before the baptizing took place in the city.16 They captured a councilor of My Gracious Lord of Mün-ster’s, some canons, and some noblemen who resided in Münster and were burghers in the city.17 They hauled them at night from a town called Telgte, which lies one mile from Münster.18 I can’t say anything more about what the situation was with this.19 But at that time the priest Stutenberent was outside the city, and would preach in a village called St. Maurice’s, which was a benefice of the cathedral chapter and lay two shots’ distance from Münster.20 When this priest would preach, the people in Münster would come out from the city and hear him preach. Eventually, the priest came into the city and preached, as you’ll eventually hear. This business was in-troduced over time in this way, and it happened so quickly that things couldn’t be set back again. That such a very great disagreement arose in the city of Münster among the council and among the burghers and clergy was caused by this priest with his preaching. So this priest is the real reason why such a disagreement arose in Münster.

Foreign Anabaptists come to Münster, and their prominent local supporters

The Hollanders and Frisians then arrived. These criminals from other lands who couldn’t remain anywhere else moved to Münster and gathered there, so that a sinister faction came together from all lands. The leaders of the

cil was chosen on February 23, 1534, and the offices were assigned the next day.16. For this raid, which took place during the early hours of December 26, 1532, see Kerssen-

brock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 339– 43. As a result of the capture of highborn hostages by the city council of Münster in this treacherous act, the prince- bishop (the newly installed Francis of Waldeck) came to an agreement on February 14, 1533, with the Lutheran- dominated city council that granted the city virtual autonomy (for the terms, see ibid., 374– 78). This agreement was abrogated with the Anabaptist takeover and the prince- bishop’s subsequent capture of the city by force. As for Gresbeck’s statement that this took place “about three years” before the baptism, this is perhaps just a mistake of copying, the text’s Latin numeral iij being an error for ij.

17. For the list of men captured, see Kerssenbrock, Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 342.18. A “common German mile” was much larger than the corresponding English unit, equaling

4.6 of the latter (and 7.42 kilometers).19. Seemingly, this raid is mentioned only to illustrate the strife that Rothman is held to be

responsible for.20. According to Kerssenbrock (Anabaptistici furoris, ed. Detmer, 73), the exact distance was 93

paces!


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301

Index“n” following a page number indicates a note on that page; plates (pl.) are located between

pages 150 and 151.

Aalphabet, described/explained, 211–

12n545Anabaptists of Münster. See rebaptizersanticlericalism/anti- monasticism, 57– 58apocalypticism, 9– 12, 16– 18, 156– 58arson, against St. Maurice’s, 68– 69artillery, 27, 102– 5, 107– 9, 127, 132– 33,

183, 288, 295Averall, daughter of Diewer, 214n555

BBaesscher, Kurt, 228, 228n647Baesser/Balsser/Boesser, Claus, 228n647,

229, 229n656baptism

abuse of, by rebaptizers, 112n208adult believers’ (rebaptizers), 3, 6– 7ban lifted on All Saints’ Day, 12forced, and recorded, 69– 70halted (Stillstand) by Hofman, 11and the Holy Spirit, 15infant (traditional), 3, 6, 212in Münster, 32and repentance, 8n5and Schleswig disputation (1529), 9

barter system of trade, 99Bible. See index of scripture references

Old Testament emulation, 17open at meetings of twelve elders, 86read at meals, 85, 156used to justify: King John of Leiden,

144– 45; military exercises, 105– 6;

polygamy, 110; starvation, 186, 188– 89

Bockelson, John, 12– 14Boekbinder, Bartholomew, 11, 12, 61n50Boetmester, Big John, 229Boetmester, Kurt, 229Bonttorpt, Bernard, 230Bonttorpt, John, 230Borcken/Borchardes, Jaspar, 228, 228n644burghers (Bürger) exiled from Münster, 24,

242, 255Bussenschutte, Til, 103n178, 226Butermaens, Everet, 230

CCalenburg, Jodocus, 229n658calendar usage, 292n35, 293n27, 293n39Capito, Wolfgang, 10Carl (fool at parody of mass), 204Caterberg, John, 230n661cathedral chapter, Domherren in Münster,

22– 23cathedrals. See under churchesCatholics, view of rebaptizers, 58n42Charles V, 19, 22Charles the Bold, killed in battle, 19child/children

allowed to leave the city, 255flee during starvation, 237– 38forced marriage/rape of girls, 113, 118–

19, 123– 24indoctrination of, 98– 99


302 Index

child/children, continuedKing John’s stepchild named Newborn,

215of Mathias, stepchild of King John, 214,

214n554mute, as demon possessed, 152– 55naming alphabet for, 211– 15, 211–

12n545, 214n558Christology, 172– 74, 173n428Christopher of Schoonhoven, 257– 58,

258n780, 258n786Christopher of Waldeck, 144n328,

145n332churches, controlled/renamed/destroyed

by rebaptizers, 67– 68, 97, 215– 20, 215n561, 216n565, 216n569, 223– 25, 228n649, 252. See also iconoclasm

church- state relations, 7Clevorn family, Gresbeck’s in- laws, 287,

287n7clothing. See also community of goods

of former burghers, 190for march to Promised Land, 159for military exercises, 176– 77ostentation prohibited, 152n355sumptuous for king’s court, 139worn by women, 152– 53

Coesfeld, as missionary destination, 165common people. See also entertainment;

Münsterites; starvationallowed to flee, 236– 38arrested for complaining, 257– 58defection/execution of, 265emaciated from starvation, 278– 79enticed by Stutenberent, 60, 62, 66, 72exchange of houses, 151flight from city, 256– 57, 259– 60and hypocrisy of leaders, 97, 141– 44,

148– 49, 163– 65, 171– 74, 184intimidated by executions, 81, 87– 88,

93, 109, 120, 135, 199– 200permitted to buy back property, 294– 95and polygamy, 113– 14, 131property confiscated, 17, 81– 84, 92, 99,

220n585, 222– 23, 233– 34, 236– 37receive mercy from landsknechts, 294surrender to besiegers, 257– 58

suspicious of prophecy, 151, 154, 158, 170, 178– 79, 191, 203– 4

community of goods. See also clothing; matrimony; polygamy

bedding, prescribed by prophet, 149clothing, 149, 150n345communal meals, 84– 85, 92confiscation of: cattle/animals, 233– 34;

foodstuffs, 83– 85, 92, 159, 194– 95; horses, 136; money/property, 17, 81– 84, 92, 99, 220n585, 222– 23, 236– 37

failure of, 3– 4, 120– 21and forced rebaptism, 83Gresbeck’s view of, 31, 82n113houses to be left unlocked, 98John of Leiden’s sermon on, 83as lure for burghers, 122not universally accepted, 82– 83rioting against, 124– 25and vegetable gardens, 240

convents. See monasteries/conventsCornelius, C. A., 1– 2, 33, 41– 43, 83n116Cuiper, Gerard de, 13Cuiper, William de, 12, 61n50

DDaemme, Ernest van den, 227dancing

as diversion from starvation, 185n467, 189– 93

and spirit possession, 92, 155, 201sword dances, 192n483as worship, 74, 92

Darmstadt ducal library, 41deacons. See also community of goods;

food supplyconfiscate foodstuffs, 83– 85, 92, 159,

194– 95number of, 84n119search/inventory of households, 120– 21,

149– 50, 194– 95, 239serve bread/beer to starving people, 187

deathsand burial, 235gruesome, of Mathias, 89– 91of Hofman, 11– 12of John of Leiden, 5, 34, 90n138


303Index

of Knipperdolling, 5, 34from starvation, 121suicide by drowning, suspected, 116

Denckher/Dencker, John (Johann Norde-mann), 229, 229n650

Deventer, seen in a vision, 72Diewer (queen), pl. 4

appoints her own councilors/attendants, 136

etymology of her name, 214n555husbands of, 12, 89, 214, 214n555mother of Averall, 214as queen for King John, 89regalia/subordinates/reign of, 136,

136n290, 142– 46, 161– 67, 185– 92, 205– 7, 215n560, 226n623

disputations, in Schleswig (1529), on baptism, 9

divorce. See under matrimonydoctrines of rebaptizers

of God, 14priesthood of believers, 8– 9summarized by Gresbeck, 220– 23the Trinity, 14

dukes, 240, 244– 46, 246n732, 247– 48duress (“dwang,” force, intimidation), 39,

63, 76, 84, 89Dusentschuer, John (limping preacher)

announces special meal, 156n371Gresbeck’s reference to, 35, 54n24and leaders’ confrontation, 197n503as new prophet/swindler, 148– 49, 151,

156– 59promotes polygamy, 151prophesies about King John, 134n281sends missionaries to four towns, 164–

66

EEaster, as expected relief date, 174– 77ecclesiology of rebaptizers, 7, 14– 16,

91n142Eding, Engelbert, 226education, 31, 98– 99entertainment, 181, 185– 93, 231– 32, 248Erasmus, on Apocalypse (Revelation),

16n19

Eric of Brunswick- Grubenhagen, 35n51, 56n34

Eric of Saxony, bishop, 35n51, 56, 58Ernest, John, 227eschatology, 9– 13, 12n12, 15– 16, 133Eucharist, 6– 7, 9– 11, 14. See also Lord’s

Supperexecutioners appointed

John of Leiden (King John), 77– 79, 123, 136, 142, 167, 175, 227n642, 234– 35

Knipperdolling, 123, 129n263, 136, 142

Wechhacke, 227n642execution methods

beheading: of ensign, 123, 259; of common man, 200; of first wives, 116– 17; of knechts, 143, 167, 175; as least unpleasant for heretics, 93n243; of rebels, 129; of Remensny-der, 229n657

being thrown into pits, 129– 30with daggers, 129by gunfire, 80– 81, 88, 93, 109, 129– 30,

143by hanging, 232

executions/murders/tortureof actor, 232of Borchardes and mother, 228n644botched by John of Leiden, 77– 79of Elizabeth Wantscherer, 227n642of fleeing people, 265gruesomeness of, 129– 30, 265n816of John of Jülich, 259of Kerkering, 225n615of Knipperdolling, 34of Krechting, 34, 76n97, 265n815of landsknechts, 87– 88, 109, 143, 167,

175, 259, 280of menfolk, by landsknechts, 275of missionaries, 4, 118, 118n225, 166–

68, 197n503of possessors of money, 99n165, 259of rebaptizers, by booty masters, 280– 81of rebaptizers, by landsknechts,

241n715, 277– 79of rebel rioters, 129– 30, 198n506of recalcitrant people, 120n231


304 Index

executions/murders/torture, continuedof Remensnyder, 228n644, 229n657of Schmoester, 88of Tall Albert, 234threatened against complainers, 234and torture: of landsknecht, 280; of

Northorn, 235– 36of unbelievers, 94of wives/women, 96– 97, 116– 17, 120

FFabricius, Derek, 63– 64Faget, Hermanus, 228Feicken, Hille, 95n152Fochke, John, 227Foecke, Herman, 228n648food supply. See also community of goods;

deaconsand communal meal, 92– 93confiscated by deacons, 83– 85, 91, 159,

194– 95found after surrender of the city, 278–

79hidden from the deacons, 194– 95items hidden by King John, 278old shoes, 255n765preservation methods, 85n121vegetable growing, 240

foreigners/refugees, 3, 24, 38, 121– 22, 150, 224, 224n606

Francis (a Hollander fool), 216Francis of Waldeck (prince- bishop)

attempt to seize the city, 64– 67, 72n87, 131– 33

becomes bishop of Münster, 23, 50n5, 58– 59

and city council, 2effigy of, and dirty pranks, 100– 101Gresbeck’s letter to, 286– 88life of, 50and Little Hans, 289n13, 292and plans to capture the city, 267– 69rebaptizers’ plot to kill, 95– 97relationship with Münster, 53n16and surrender of King John, 277, 281takes possession of city, 281, 294

Frederick of Wied, 55– 56, 56n34, 58Frisians. See Hollanders and Frisians

Ggames. See entertainmentGeistehovel, Albert, 227Gelgoter, Master Jaspar, 226geography, of German languages, 18– 20Gerard the smoker, 88n132, 229n657Glasemaker, Goswin, 227n634Glasemaker, William, 227God (the Father) in rebaptizer thought, 14,

17, 32, 37, 75, 133, 185gossip, about

buried money, 291drowned woman, 116king’s despondency/fear, 243– 44Knipperdolling replacing King John,

290n22, 291n26paternity of Newborn, 214– 15plundering landsknechts, 276n862, 289,

289n19, 290governance

city council/aldermen (See Münster city council)

and guilds, 25, 55, 242by intimidation, 39, 63, 76, 84, 89under King John, 111n205, 133– 36of Münster, 22– 23, 24– 25of territories, by prelates, 22– 23

Graes, Henricus/Henrycommissioned by the king to Deventer,

169derided by Gresbeck, 32escapes execution, 166, 168– 69,

205n527as false prophet, 171feigns crazed revelations, 169n409letter to Münsterites (1535), 285and the prince- bishop, 36, 168n407,

169, 169n423, 205n527as prophet, 54n24, 147– 48, 166n400

grammarfronted subject, 47n64preposition for inside/outside, 84n120

Gresbeck, Henrya/k/a: Hans of Brilen, 288; Henry car-

penter/cabinetmaker, 288, 292assists besiegers, 28, 259– 64, 272– 73autobiographical description, 29– 32as burgher, 24


305Index

as cabinetmaker, 29, 261n797dislikes Hollanders, 21does not trust Little Hans, 268– 69education of, 31as eyewitness, 1, 2family/in- laws of, 286, 286n2final plea as principal planner, 282– 83ignored in reports of city’s capture, 5linguistic influences on, 20marriage of, 32and plan to capture Münster, 5, 264– 65,

269– 71and plan to take the city, 268– 73and preparation of attack, 271– 72reconnaissance of city, 266– 67reliability of, 39– 41remains outside as attack proceeds,

273– 75report of: Overstein’s about Gresbeck’s

role, 264n809, 268n826; to vindicate his actions, 286– 88

report of bravery of, 288– 91report of siege, 33– 36returned to prison, 267spelling/misspelling by, 31, 31n46surrenders and life is spared, 261– 62warnings against rebaptizers, 193– 94wife and in- laws of, 287in Wirich’s report, 291– 92

Gresbeck manuscript, pl. 12– 13archived/rediscovered, 1; in Cologne

(original ms), 1– 2authenticity of, 43– 44chronological confusion, 60n47Cologne manuscript, 43– 44damaged in 2009 building collapse,

42– 43digital copy (2007), 43edited versions, 44– 46; at Darmstadt, 2;

at Meiningen, 2microfilm copy, 43orthography of, 44– 45structure and themes of, 36– 39translation methods, 46– 47

Gresbeck, Margaret, 286n2Grotevart, Tony, 227guilds, 25, 60, 60n48, 86, 242, 274n858

gunpowder production, 98guns/firearms, 26– 27, 80– 81, 88, 90, 127–

28, 176– 77

HHamm (town), 33Hangesbecke, Mathias, father of Knipper-

dolling’s stepdaughter, 214n554Hans of Brilen, alias for Gresbeck, 288Heege, Everet ter, 228Henricus the prophet. See Graes, Henricus/

HenryHenry the cabinetmaker. See Gresbeck,

HenryHerman in den Slotel, 225Herzogische Bibliothkek in Meiningen,

and Cornelius’s source ms, 41Hessen, Marx, 290Heyden, John tor, 230n661Hofman, Melchior

apocalyptic beliefs of, 3, 9– 13, 133n278arrested in Strasburg, 14banishment from East Frisia, 9banishment from Emden, 10banishment from Schleswig, 9banishment from Strasburg, 10on baptism, 10death of (1543), 12halts baptisms, 11imprisoned in Strasburg, 11– 12and Karlstadt, 10life/career of, 8– 12as Monophysite, 173n428as a prophet, 10replaced by Mathias, 12repudiated by Luther, 9and Sacramentarianism, 10– 11and Strasburg prophets, 10view of divinity of Christ, 14

Hohenstaufen dynasty destroyed, 21– 22holidays, 221nn587– 88Holland, as relief supply, 175Hollanders and Frisians

apocalypticism of, 157– 58arrive at Münster, 52– 53, 61artillery contraption of, 108– 9as blameworthy for events, 37– 38,

50– 51


306 Index

Hollanders and Frisians, continuedas childlike, 191, 192n484Gresbeck’s opinion of, 109n197, 178–

79in kingly court, 135– 36as preachers, 131rape of prepubescent girls, 123– 24as rebaptizers, 10, 60revere Mathias, 91and rioting, 125– 28and Stutenberent, 61and warfare, 132– 33

Holy Place, of rebaptizers’ thought, 144, 144n329, 145, 192– 93

Holy Roman Empire, 21– 23Holy Spirit, and baptism, 15. See also spirit

possessionHotmaker, Luke, 226houses/household goods, stripped/ran-

sacked, 98, 149– 50, 194– 95, 236– 37, 279– 80

Hübmaier, Balthasar, 8hymns

after defense of city, 133after Henricus’s prophecy, 148after John of Leiden becomes king, 135after King John’s sermon, 146discant style, 186n471, 189in face of starvation, 186– 87, 189“A Mighty Fortress is Our Lord God”

sung in preparation to receive relief, 183

sung after communal meal, 85sung after Knipperdolling antics, 155,

203sung after selecting dukes, 246– 47sung at end of festivities, 193sung before selecting dukes, 245taught to children, 98– 99

Iiconoclasm

book burning in town square, 97against the cathedral, 67– 68desecration of artworks, 68n72,

217n575destruction of churches, 97

Gresbeck’s characterization of, 32by radicals, 9, 15and rioting, 15

images/artworkand false visions, 75prayers to a weathercock, 75

intimidation (duress), as governance meth-od, 39, 63, 73, 76– 77, 79, 84, 88– 89

Investiture Conflict, 22Israelites of the Bible, 15– 18, 86n123

JJohn of Deventer, 225John of Jülich, imprisonment and escape

of, 257– 58John of Leiden (King John), pl. 2– 3

administers Lord’s Supper, 95appoints: dukes, 244– 48, 250– 51; new

officials, 137– 38botched execution of a man, 77– 79capture of, 277, 277n870, 294and community of goods, 81n112, 83controls city watch, 71– 73cowardice of, during siege, 242– 44,

276– 77death of (1536), 5, 34, 265n814,

265n816as executioner, 129n263, 136, 142, 167and expected relief from starvation,

174– 76, 175n436, 177– 84as father and stepfather, 214– 15,

214n554, 215n558as fiend and murderer, 123fornication of, 214n554Gresbeck’s view of, 37hypocrisy of, 140n306, 141, 188, 195,

237, 239– 40, 278imprisonment of, 124– 26, 128, 277,

282imprisons Knipperdolling, 204intimidates Münsterites, 73– 74, 77kingship of, 134– 36, 134n281life of, 50n7mania/trance of, 167, 195as Melchiorite leader, 12oversees preachers, 196– 99on polygamy, 117– 19prophecies of revised, 164– 65


307Index

regalia and court of, 135– 36, 138– 46, 187– 88, 243– 44

replaces Mathias, 90– 91servants of, by name, 225– 31special horse of, 76spirit possession of, 154– 56, 199– 200surrender/torture of, 277, 280as unmerciful, 176well fed during starvation period, 188,

195, 237, 239– 40, 278wives of, 111nn206– 7, 136n290,

146, 162– 64, 187– 89, 213, 215nn559– 60; Anna, 214n554; Diewer, 12, 89, 214n554, 214n558 (See also Diewer (queen))

John of Schwerte/Schweren, 205, 205n527, 229

Judefeld, Caspar, 65n62Julius of Franken, 111n205justice, symbolized by linden tree, 88n130Justinian of Holtzhusen, 265n814,

273n851, 274n854, 275n860, 288– 91

KKalle, Jost, 229Karlstadt, Andreas, 10, 15Kemner, Timen, 55, 55n27Kerkering, Christian, 225Kerkering, John, 225Kerssenbrock, Herman von, 1, 2n1, 39– 40Kibbenbrock, Gerard

arrested and pardoned, 79– 80as burgher master, 68, 225on city council, 38, 52n14life of, 52n14and night watch, 71– 72as rebaptizer patrician, 24as wine taster, 156n366wives of, 213n553

Klopriss, John, 76, 95n152Knipperdolling, Bernard, pl. 5

arrest of, 55– 56beheads rebels, 129n263as burgher master, 68, 225capture of, 277nn870– 71, 290– 91, 294causes strife, 242characterization of, 13, 37– 38, 196– 99

on city council, 52execution/death of (1536), 5, 34,

265n816as executioner/murderer, 123, 129n263,

136, 142expels citizens, 69fails of inspire apostles, 201– 3and Frederick of Wied, 59, 203imprisonment of, 65, 124, 126, 128,

204, 277, 282and King John, 135, 178– 79, 179n451,

196– 99, 197n502, 199n508life of, 50n4and Mollenhecke, 126n253and Münsterites, 61– 62, 127n253and night watch, 71– 72and parody of mass, 206and prince- bishop, 66, 95n152as prophet/preacher, 71– 72, 164, 196–

99as rebaptizer patrician, 23– 24self- abasement of, 80as spirit possessed, 155wives of, 213, 213n553

Koerde village, 270– 71Kohkus/Kohuss, Magnus, 213n553, 226Koning, John, 227Kramp, Herman, 127n256Krechting, Bernard/Gerard, 34, 76, 76n97,

135, 245, 265, 265n815Krechting, Henry, 76n97, 86– 87, 86n124,

104– 5, 135, 188, 213n553Kirbbe, Everett, 216n566Kruse, Curt/Conrad, 228

Llandsknechts. See mercenaries

(landsknechts)Langenstraten, Henseken van der. See Little

Hans of Longstreetlanguage/linguistics, 20– 21, 20n23, 21n24,

193n490, 198n506, 208n539Lensse, Henry, 229Lenz of Horst, 266letters, with reports of capture of Müntzer,

285– 95Lichtherte, Tony, 269


308 Index

limping preacher. See Dusentschuer, John (limping preacher)

linden tree, as symbol of justice, 88n130Little Hans of Longstreet

cupidity of, 192– 93, 283, 283n898and Francis of Waldek, 289n13helps besiegers, 5, 28, 34, 259– 61, 263,

264n809, 267– 74, 277n872as a mercenary, 31names of, 260n791Wirich’s report of, 291– 92

Little Hans of Nijmwegen, 263, 267livery. See clothingLord’s Supper, 6, 94– 95, 164. See also

EucharistLow Countries, and Anabaptism, 9, 12– 13Luther, Martin, 6, 9, 16n18, 20, 60n49Lutheranism, 3, 5– 6, 22, 35

MMaler/Mater, Laurence, 230, 230n666Margaret of Austria, 10Marian worship, 172, 222n592marriage. See matrimonymartyrs, beheaded in The Hague (1531),

11Mary of Hungary, 10, 19mass, parodies of, 30n45, 37, 57n38,

58nn39– 40, 204– 8, 206n528, 207– 8Mathias, John, pl. 1

a/k/a Matthys, Matthias, Matthijs, 50n8apocalypticism of, 12– 13on baptism, 12– 13botched execution of a man, 78– 79characterization of, 13dies in battle (1534), 3, 12, 214as Enoch of Apocalypse 11, 12on execution of nonbelievers, 69gruesome death of, 90– 91intimidates common man, 73– 74life of, 50n8prophesies his own death, 89– 90replaced by John of Leiden, 90– 91replaces Hofman as leader, 12as Sacramentarian, 12wives of, 12, 214

matrimony. See also polygamyamong patricians, 23n28, 287n7

and divorce, 118, 118n224, 130– 31as euphemism for abuse, 129forced, on threat of death, 123John of Leiden’s view of, 222n591officiants of, 131of prepubescent girls, 113, 118– 19,

123– 24and rape of girls, 123– 24required: for foreigners, 121– 22; remar-

riage of married couples, 122rioting against, 124– 25varieties of, 130– 31women required to marry, 122– 23

Maximilian I, 19Meinard of Hamm, 267– 68Melchiorites, 11– 18, 21– 23, 61n50men/males. See also military organization

clothing restrictions for, 149forced into polygamy, 123as guardians of old women, 119– 21killed: in siege, 36; when fleeing the city,

236– 37manic behavior of, 92

Menneken, Bernard, 226mercenaries (landsknechts), pl. 6– 7

and booty of war, 271, 271n845, 272n847, 275, 279– 81

dirty jokes against, 100– 101and distrust of Little Hans, 274,

274n856drunkenness of, at first attack, 272n847,

293, 293n40practice exercises of, 106n189sappers fill the moat, 106– 7and warfare, 25– 26

Mesmacker, Willebrant, 230military fortifications, 177– 78, 184–

85, 247n738, 262n799, 276, 276nn863– 64, 288n11

military organizationadopted by rebaptizers, 105– 6banner/pennant of, 169, 258, 258n784,

276, 276n865cavalry established, 136– 37commanders replaced, 135, 137defensive tactics of, 217– 19pipes, drums, banners, etc., 105– 6practice exercises, 176– 77, 180– 81


309Index

preparation for warfare, 161– 62, 161n383

prepares to receive relief, 180– 81of prince- bishop, 25– 27reorganized by dukes, 247– 48and selection of dukes, 244n725

missionary activities, failure of, 4, 118, 118nn225– 26, 166– 68, 197n502

Modersonne, Margaret, 214n554Mollenhecke, Henry, 79– 80, 79n106, 126,

126n252– 53, 127n255, 129m261monasteries/convents

Beguines, 57, 57n37, 224Brothers of the Fountain, 224, 224n609Convent Across- the- Water, 63n55, 223destroyed, 91, 219, 223– 25, 228n649Grey Monks (Franciscans), 91, 224Nitzing, 228n649prophecy against, 62– 63Rosendale, used as a prison, 94stormed by rebaptizers, 183– 84

money/precious metals. See also communi-ty of goods

coined by rebaptizers, 99, 99n164, 174n428, 249, 249nn742– 45, pl. 10– 11

as lure for landsknechts, 99used in dukes’ regalia, 140, 140n310,

249, 249n742Monophysitism, 14, 173n428Moors, mentioned by Gresbeck, 72Mose, Herman, 243Mt. Zion (cathedral square), 156– 59Münster, pl. 8– 9, pl. 14

capture of, 127– 28, 275– 77chaos after Stutenberent’s preaching, 55city gates/streets renamed, 208– 10,

210n542controlled by rebaptizers, 52, 66– 67,

71– 73, 241– 42failed storming of, 103– 4hierarchal structure of, 24– 25immigrants in, 224n606and imperial circles (Reichskreisen), 22landsknechts’ plunder/execution of,

278– 79Landtag duties, 22and law enforcement, 22, 85

as New Israel, 145, 150as New Jerusalem, 13and night watchmen, 71– 73parishes of, 25survivors at fall of city, 240– 41

Münster city counciland Clevorn family, 287n7overtaken by radicals, 2– 3, 52, 68– 69and Reformation fervor, 2– 3religious strife, 242replaced with twelve elders, 85– 86,

86n122and Rothman, 60n47structure/functions of, 25and truce with prince- bishop, 64– 65

Münsterites. See also common peoplecaptured during rioting, 125forced rebaptism of, 69, 74gather for march to Promised Land,

159– 64hierarchical structure of, 23– 24intimidated by King John, 76, 251terrified by town criers, 52treatment of by rebaptizers, 39, 51,

69– 71, 191tricked and derided, 101– 2

Müntzer, Thomas, and Peasants’ War, 60n49

musicians, 18, 105– 6, 156, 189, 191– 92, 205, 231

My Gracious Lord. See Francis of Waldeck

NNaderman, John, 229, 229n650, 241n714,

246, 246n732Nate, Herman ter, 227Neinatel, Hermanus, 230New Jerusalem (Strasburg), 10Neyge, Hermanus, 230Northorn, Claus, executed for treason,

235– 36, 268n828Nykede (squire), 266

OOsnabrück, as missionary destination, 165Overstein, 3, 34, 264, 264n806, 268n826,

273, 273n852, 291– 95


310 Index

Ppapacy, and Investiture Conflict, 22patriarchy, of guardians of old women,

120– 21patricians, in Münster, 23– 24Peasants’ War, and Luther, 60n49Philip I of Hesse, 63n57, 172n422Philip II of Spain, 19physicians/surgeons, status of, 124n240Picker, Bernard, 227pietism, of Sacramentarians, 21plunder. See under warfare/warPolderman, Cornelius, as Enoch, 12polygamy, 4, 18, 31– 32, 110– 19, 151,

214n554. See also matrimonypoverty, 70, 120– 21, 123, 234. See also

starvationprayer, and forced rebaptism, 74– 75preachers, as anybody who could read, 131preaching/prophesying

daily, in community house, 84– 85and divine inspiration, 14– 15ecstatic experience, 75to Graes, 147– 48Gresbeck’s account of, 38– 39, 121– 22,

172n420of healing, for march from the city, 160and Knipperdolling’s mania, 196– 99as lies and seduction, 172n420of limping preacher, 166– 68against monasteries, 62– 63night and day, 52oratory of, 121– 22and visions, 66, 71– 72

priests, as renegade rebaptizers, 9, 192, 192n485

prince- bishop. See Francis of Waldeckprophets, 10, 73– 75, 102, 147– 48, 285

Qqueen of rebaptizers. See Diewer (queen)

Rrebaptizers

burial of, 51census of, 160– 61counterattack landsknechts, 275– 76,

275n862

debauchery of leaders, 112Gresbeck’s view of, 28, 30, 31– 32, 37–

38, 38n55hidden during siege, 291killed by landsknechts, 276mania of, 52, 91– 92origins of, in Münster, 8plot to kill the prince- bishop, 96– 97regime of, in Münster (1534– 35), 2– 3,

61– 62as renegade priests/monks, 9, 131, 192secret greetings among, 62as siege survivors, 5, 36n54, 277n870as spirit possessed, 154– 55summary of doctrines, by Gresbeck,

220– 23(Wiedertäufer/wedderdopper), 3, 8

Redeker, Henry, 79– 80, 80nn105– 6, 80n110, 127n254, 135n283, 213n553, 225

Redeker, John, 213n553Redewech/Redeweg, Henry, 228, 228n645Redeweg, Anna, 228n645Redeweg, John and Else, 228n645Reformation, 2, 9, 19refugees, 3, 24, 121– 22, 150, 224,

224n606Reining, Gerard, 213n553Reining, Herman, 213n553relief/rescue from starvation, 174– 79, 183–

85, 196, 250– 52Remensnyder, Everett, 87, 205– 6,

205n527, 213n553, 228n644, 229Reneke (gunsmith), 256– 57repentance, and baptism, 8n5Reynning, Gerard, 225Reynning, Herman, 226Rickwyn, Laurentius, 230rioting/uprisings, 2– 5, 124– 28, 128n4,

129– 30, 235Robert of Manderscheid (count), 264n808,

269Rode, Master Henry, 226Roll, Henricus, 54n21Roman Catholic Church, and Lutheran

reformation, 5– 6Rothman, Bernard (Stutenberent)

announces King John’s court, 138


311Index

and arson against St. Maurice’s, 69banned by Frederick of Wied, 56baptized in Leeuwarden, 13books: Concealment, 179n454; Restitu-

tion book, 37, 172n423, 174n430; On Vengeance propaganda pamphlet, 179– 80

career of, 49n2, 54– 55causes strife, 58, 60– 61, 242Christology of, 172– 73, 174n430on community of goods, 82cowardice of, during siege, 291eloquence of (yammering deftly), 104encourages starving people, 187fires up rebaptizers for the raid, 104– 5Gresbeck’s view of, 36as king’s orator, 146and military organization, 181– 82nicknamed Stutenberent, 50n3and parody of the mass, 204– 5on polygamy, 117– 19and review of dukes, 250– 51sermons: after parody of the mass, 207;

to dukes and companies, 251– 52; in face of starvation, 184, 187, 190; against Henricus, 170– 71; against Marian worship, 172; to starving people, 190– 91; at St. Maurice village, 53

and Spanish cape, 273n853wives of, 213n553

Ruellenar, Bernard, 229Ruesscher, Hupert/Hubert, 58n38,

77n103, 80n106rumors. See gossip

SSacramentarianism, 10– 11, 10– 11n9, 21sanctification, and Knipperdolling’s mania,

198– 99Schauerinne, John, 230Schemme, John, 216n566Schenk, Jorgen, 183– 84Schlachtschap, Henry, 54n22, 75– 76, 81,

124, 130Schmoester, Gerard, executed by gunfire,

88Schuren, John, 230n664

Simons, Menno, 8simony, 55n28Slosseken, Derek, 228Smit, Hubert, 77– 79Smoker, Gerard, 88n, 229n657Snyder, Claus, 226Sobbe, Conrad, 267n824sobriety, 101– 2, 255, 293social standing, and flight from the city,

70n79Soest, as missionary destination, 165spirit possession, 154– 56, 199– 201Staprade, Herman, 54n24starvation. See also relief/rescue from

starvationand cannibalism rumor, 236, 278,

278nn876– 77of common people, 133, 177– 78,

254– 55deaths from, 121, 234and despondent leadership, 242– 44dismissal of elderly, sick, and children,

237– 38eating of: fat and salt, 239– 40; livestock/

pets/vermin/grass, 76, 85, 98n162, 150, 206– 7, 233– 34, 238– 39, 254– 55

entertainment used as distraction, 185– 93, 232

and gardening, 240King John assailed, 256– 57as motivation for escape, 33, 236– 37people forbidden to bake/brew, 194– 95and physical ailments, 188portrayal of, by King John, 187and rebaptizers, 184– 85and relief efforts, 174– 76survival methods, 194– 95

St. Lambert’s Church, 34– 35, 54, 74, 217, 265n816, 276n863

St. Maurice’s village/church, burned by rebaptizers, 68

St. Michael’s Church, as defensive position, 275– 76

Stralen, Godfren, 54n24Strasburg, 10– 11, 72Strasburg prophets, and Hofman, 10


312 Index

Stutenberent. See Rothman, Bernard (Stutenberent)

Stype, Claus the younger, 226sutlers, and drunken soldiers, 272,

272n847Swerten, John (John of Schwerte), 205,

205n527Swertfeger, John, 230

TTelgte town, 53Thüringisches Staatsarchiv Meiningen,

41– 42Tilbeck, Herman

fear of rebaptizer leaders, 80– 81intervenes on Ruesscher’s behalf, 79–

80n106on John of Leiden as king, 135as master of the court, 135and parody of the mass, 204, 206as rebaptizer leader, 64n60, 65n62,

125– 26and rioting, 125, 127n254wives of, 213n553

tithes, and parody of the mass, 206, 206n531

tokens for rebaptizers, 62, 77torture. See executions/murders/torturetown criers (rebaptizer), terrify residents,

52Trutling, Derek, 216n566twelve elders, 3, 85– 88, 86n122, 110,

122n235, 135– 37

VVient/Vlienthoff/Voienhoff, John, 230,

230n667Vinne, Dionysius, 54n24, 95n152,

124n243, 174n428, 214n557visions, 66, 71– 75, 75n95Voelkerts, John, 11

WWantscherer, Elizabeth, 227n642Warendorf, as missionary destination, 165warfare/war. See also artillery; military forti-

fications; military organizationabortive attempt to seize the city, 64– 67,

131– 33

booty of war, 106n189, 271, 271n845, 275, 279– 83, 291n29, 294

bravery of Gresbeck, 288– 91casualties of, 107casualties on both sides, 109– 10early modern, 25– 28inside the city, 275– 79and mercenaries’ drunkenness, 102– 3,

272n847, 293n40methods of, 161n384Münster fortifications, 28prince- bishop’s military, 25– 26prisoners of, 101– 3reports of: Gresbeck, 286– 88; Justinian

of Holzhausen, 288– 91; Wirich, 291– 95

Schenk’s assault on rebaptizers, 183– 84siege of Münster, 3– 4, 27– 28, 101– 3,

106– 8, 232– 33, 273nn850– 51, 293– 95

Wassenberg preachers, 54nn21– 24Weghake, Ludger, 227Weiss, George, 290Wemhof/Wedemhove, John, 230n667Wemhof widow, 230n667Werner of Pallant, 54n21Wiemhave, Albert, 226Wilcken (squire), 266– 67, 269– 70, 294Willighege village, 270Winold (king’s barber), 175, 175n432,

178n449, 228n647Wirich of Dhaun, Count of Falkenstein,

Lord Overstein, 3, 34, 264, 264n806, 268n826, 273n851, 291– 95

women/femalesabuse of, 93, 119, 123– 24, 256arrested/imprisoned/threatened, 117artillery usage of, 183as assassin, 96– 97barrenness of King John’s wives, 213–

14, 215n560and children, flee the city, 237– 38clothing of, 149, 152– 53elderly obliged to take a guardian,

119– 20executed, 96– 97, 116– 17, 119– 20, 282and expected relief from starvation,

182– 83


313Index

expelled from battle, 290female doctor, 124forced rebaptisms of, 76– 77held by prominent rebels, 213n553as hostages, 236– 37left behind by husbands, 3, 114, 182,

287n7as manager of mute/possessed girls, 154manic behavior of, 92as nurses, 180and plan to assassinate the prince-

bishop, 95– 97pregnancy and marital relations of,

112– 13rape of girls, 123– 24required to marry, 122– 23retaliation against Schlachstrap, 124– 25shrieking at king’s spirit possession, 200and siege of Münster, 236– 37taunt besieging landsknechts, 274unmarried, seek husbands, 122– 23wimple as secret token, 62

Wynschenck, Caspar, 144n325

XXanthus, Henry, 213n553

ZZwinglianism, in East Frisia, 9


314

Index of Scripture References

“n” following a page number indicates a note on that page.

Genesis1:28 ................110n2014:17 ................110n20212:1, 7 ............157n37515:18– 21 ........157n37516:4 ................110n20218:3 ................157n37521:1– 3 ............110n20232:25– 29 ........213n551

Exodus20:3– 4 ......................15

Deuteronomy1:8 ..................157n3755:8 ............................1528 ............................15

Judgesbook of .....18, 251n7492:22 ................249n746

1 Samuel1:19– 20 ..........110n20218:27 ..............110n202

2 Samuel22:18 ..............186n470

1 Chronicles21 ..................186n470

Jeremiah51:39 ..............157n376

Ezekiel9 .............................17

Daniel7 .............................17

2 Esdras4 .............................17

Matthew1:25 ................222n5926:17– 30 ......................610:1– 4 ............202n51410:5– 23 ..........202n51412:38 ..............134n28012:39– 45 ........134n28012:46– 47 ........222n59213:55 ..............222n59219:23– 24 ..................1619:30 ..............193n48922:21 ..............242n72224:11 ..............170n41427:56 ..............222n592

Mark1:4 ..............................83:13– 19 ..........202n5143:31 ................222n5926:3 ..................222n5928:11– 12 ..........134n2808:23 ................160n38110:23– 25 ..................1610:31 ........................16

13:22 ..............170n41414:12– 26 ....................615:40 ..............222n59216:1 ................222n59216:16 ..............7– 8n4, 8

Luke6:13– 16 ..........202n5149:1– 6 ..............202n51411:29– 32 ........134n28013:30 ........................1616:19– 31 ........231n67118:24– 25 ..................1622:7– 38 ......................6

Johnbook of ...............16n171:14 ..77n100, 173n4282:12 ................222n5927:3, 5 ..............222n5929:32 ................134n2809:33 ................134n28010:31– 33 ........134n28013– 17 .........................7

Acts1:14 ................222n5922:1– 21 ......................15 2:38 ..........................154:32– 5:10 .........92n1424:32– 37 ....................175:17– 8:4 ...........92n142


Index of Scripture Reference 315

Romans1:5 ..................202n51411:13 ..............202n514

Galatians1:19 ................222n5922:7– 8 ..............202n514

Philippians3:19 ................240n713

Hebrews9:10– 11 ..........144n3299:23– 24 ..........145n32910:19 ..............144n32911:9 ................157n375

Apocalypse (Revelation)book of .....................107:3 ............................127:4 ............................137:4– 8 ........................178– 9 .................157n3749:4 ............................1211 ............................1214:1 ....................13, 1821:2 ..........................17


317

About the AuthorChristopher S. Mackay has a doctorate in classical philology from Harvard University (1994). Full professor in the Department of History and Clas-sics at the University of Alberta, he has published books on a wide range of topics: Ancient Rome: A Military And Political History (2005, 2007), Malle-us Maleficarum: Latin Text and English Translation (2006, 2012), Narrative of the Anabaptist Madness (2007), Breakdown of the Roman Republic (2009, 2012), and Hammer of Witches (2009). He also translated and adapted Mi-chel Launey, An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl (2011).


false prophets and preachers · also the knowledge of gresbeck’s eyewitness account. it was only...

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