UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Facets, Search, and Discovery in Next Generation Catalogs

Kathryn La BarreISKO 2010, Rome

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Support for this project

OCLC/ALISE LISRGPProject report: Folktales and Facets: Final report to

OCLC/ALISE IDEALS: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/14887

Graduate School of Library and Information ScienceCIRSSCenter for Children’s Books

Earlier version of this paper given at NASKO 2009

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Heritage

There are two types of ‘width of knowledge.’ One is knowing as much as possible of what is going on now. The other is knowing how we got to where we are – what is the heritage of ideas and practice on which we may draw.

Vickery, B. C. (2004). A long search for information (Occasional Papers, No. 213). Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.

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Three groups:

Library Research Circle (India) 1951Classification Research Group (UK) 1952Classification Research Study Group (North America) 1959

As far as general libraries are concerned, classificatory research in the USA has taken a less spectacular form (than in Great Britain).

Yet it is interesting to note that a [USA] Classification Research Group was set up … in 1959; possibly there will be a slow recognition of the value and techniques of facet and phase analysis.”

Sayers, W.C.B. (1967). A manual of classification for librarians. 4th ed. London: Deutsch. p. 375.

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Ranganathan’s tours in North America

1950: SLA / ALA Golden Jubilee / GLS Conference Bibliographic Organization

1958: American Documentation, Guest lecturer Chicago, ICSI, Western Reserve - Center for Documentation and Communication Research

1963-1964: Visit University of Pittsburgh. / RutgersSeminar on the Colon Classification

1970 Margaret Mann Citation in Cataloging and Classification

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Heritage facet work (North America)

1961- 1963 American Institute of Physics: Documentation Research Project AUDACIOUS (UDC for IR) -- Atherton Cochrane/ Freeman

1965 Western Reserve University (CDCR) Semantic code: factoring procedure for IR (influenced by CC)

-- Melton/ Kent/ Perry1965 American Meteorological Society.

Mechanization of UDC for retrieval -- Freeman/ Rigby1966 American Petroleum Institute (API) faceted controlled vocabulary1967 American Institute of Physics (AIP) faceted classification1969 Library and Information Science Abstracts faceted indexing

scheme for domain (created by CRG in 1963)

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Facet exemplars

AIP (1961-1965) LISA (1969) API (1966)PropertyObject

MethodMaterialOperationSystem

Property

MaterialOperation

Process Equipment

Emphasis

PlaceTime

Place

Type of work Common Subdivision Living organism

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Citations 1970-1980s

Scattered but steady:

James D. Anderson, Pauline Atherton Cochrane, Timothy Craven, Eugene Garfield, Jean Perrault, Phyllis Richmond.

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Contemporary applications?

Rosenfeld and Morville’s (2002) Information Architecture for the World Wide Web.

Facet analysis in section 5.3.4 of the ANSI/NISO Z39.19-(2005) Guide to the Construction Management and Format of Controlled Vocabularies.

NCSU Endeca / faceted browsing and navigation

Flamenco - Marti Hearst

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“Low-hanging fruit”?

Hearst (2008) “facets refer to categories used to characterize information

items in a collection.”Reamy (2009) “facets are often derived by analysis of the text of an item using

entity extraction techniques or from pre-existing fields in the database such as author, descriptor, language, and format. This approach permits existing web-pages, product descriptions or articles to have this extra metadata extracted and presented as a navigation facet”

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Strengths of facet analysis

Theory drawn from practice

Foregrounding domain interests information seeking strategies tasksdomain vocabulary

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General site “facets” in use (2008 La Barre)

Library [10] Reference [9] Museum [8]

Business [3]Shopping [3]Society [3]

Topic/ subjectLocationAuthorDate/yearCountry/regionContentWhenCategoryBrandPriceTitleGenreKeywordWhoFormatLanguageType

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Michèle Hudon, Université de Montréal

Virtual library of education resources

FACETS: Agent (who?), Activity or process (what?), Method or tool (how?), Space or context (where?), Time (when?), and foundations (general documents)

Literature review (information seeking needs)

Classification of resources DDC/ Educator’s Reference Desk

Assign descriptors ÉDUthès : Thésaurus de l’éducation.

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‘Facets” in OPACs? 12-2009

200 (stratified random sample)

Aquabrowser (1523) PUBLICKoha (844) PUBLICSirsiDynix Enterprise (97)

PUBLICPrimo (62) ACADEMICVuFind (22) ACADEMICEndeca (17) ACADEMIC

Facets in use:

[6] Subject/topic [5] Date of pub., author [4] Format, location, genre[3] Language, Availability, Series[2] Call number,Time(S), Place (S)

Lib-web-cats (Breeding)

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La Barre and Tilley Folktales and FacetsTask analysis

Interviews: 4 scholars(Follow on with students, storytellers, teachers)

Facet analysis

Sample of booksBibliographic recordsExtant access toolsFolklore literature

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/ FACET ANALYSISAgent (by origin) (by mode) (by role) (by occupation)

(by function)Relation (language) (award) (review) (by origin) (by form) (by

function) (by level) (by aggregation)Place (by origin) (of setting) (of publication) (of item) Time (by origin) (of setting) (of publication) Elements (type) (motif) (character) (theme) (illustration) Documentation (bibliography)(index) (note) (acknowledgment) (table

of contents)Performance (aspects) (strategies) (values) (interpretation) (role)

(function) Transmission (aspects) (strategies) (reception) (values) (function)

(role) Viewpoint (?)

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AFS ETHNOGRAPHIC THESAURUSAFS ETHNOGRAPHIC THESAURUSA General ethnographic concepts.B Belief and worldview C Ritual-belief manifest D Health E Migration and Settlement F Human Dynamics G Law and Governance H Education I Entertainment J Art K Language L Verbal Arts and Literature

M MusicN DanceP Material CultureQ FoodwaysR WorkS PerformanceT TransmissionU BeingsV Space and PlaceW TimeX Disciplines- Fields of study.Y Research, Theory, and MethodologyZ Documentation

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Prototype RecordPrototype Record

Agent MARC 245/700Relation MARC 510, 586, 76X-78X, [RDA linking] Place MARC 260, 751 [of setting] Time MARC 260 [of setting] Elements MARC 6XX (type) (motif) Documentation (MARC 5XX) (note) (acknowledgment)Performance (aspects) (strategies) (values)

(interpretation) (role) (function) Transmission (aspects) (strategies) (reception)

(values) (function) (role) (restrictions)

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Next steps

Koha instantiation (1500 records)Integration of AFS ThesaurusTopic Map of LCSH/Ethnographic thesaurus

(>Berman headings)Librarything for Libraries / TagsFRBR in KohaIdeal record structure > reflecting tasks

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Thank you!

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High level categories

Ranganathan Shera/Egan Prieto-Diaz Aitchison Aristotle

>Personality>Matter>Energy>Space>Time

>Product>Agent>Tools>Act>Object of action>Space>Time

>Function>Objects>Medium>System-type>Functional area>Setting

>Entities, things, objects>Kinds or types/ systems and assemblies>Actions and activities>Applications and purposes>Space, place, location and environment>Time

>Substance >Quality >Quantity >Relation >Place >Time >Position >State >Action >Affection

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Facet analytical approach:

Proper and rigorous practice of facet analysis by observing the rules of logical division. (Broughton, 2001, p. 67; Mills, 2004, p. 268).

(1)one characteristic of division is applied at a time [conceptual analysis] (2) division steps should be logical and proximate (3)division should be exhaustive (Mills, 2004, pp. 551).

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Planes of work

Idea: The work of FA takes place in the Idea plane, where an entity is analyzed into component parts

Verbal: FA continues here as further sorting and transformation of the selected categories/facets or terms occur.

Notational: work of FC -- translating selected terms into notation.

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Facet Analysis (FA)Faceted classification (FC)FA - (analytical technique)

• Listing of characteristics of the entities in a universe (exhaustive, mutually exclusive)

FC - (synthetic structure)• Division of entities in a universe (by one characteristic at a time) FC – (structure of

synthesis) • Synthesis – combine relevant facets:

Schedule of terms for description Assignment of notation

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Background FA/FC

Universal Decimal Classification• Otlet, La Fontaine -Documentalists• 1904-1907 – scheme published

Bliss Bibiliographic Classification • Henry Evelyn Bliss • 1908 (practice) 1923-1933 (theory)

Colon Classification • S. R. Ranganathan,• 1933 (practice) 1937-1967 (theory)

(La Barre, 2000, 2003)

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More FA / steps

Identify domain / entitiesMapping the scope• (Context) Examine the domain• (Content) Survey the literature• (Users) Who? Information needs?

Label/ sort • Begin analysis with a list of “standard categories” (provisional guide) PMEST/

Who/ Where/ How/ What/ When• Result: set of homogeneous mutually exclusive groups (facets) • Formulate every distinctive logical category and possible relation

Cluster /order• In-depth analysis of categories• Cluster terms/ objects into arrays or groups which share a common

characteristic

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Average number of facets Search Browse

Reference (5) (1) 9 (5) 1.6Business (18) (12) 3.5 (7) 4.4Shopping (20) (13) 3.5 (10) 3.4Society (7) (5) 3 (2) 3Library (6) (6) 10 (6) 5.8

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Facets in usetopic/subject 28category 21form(at) 19location 17brand 13language 11author 10price 10type 9

country/region 7

title 7class number 6date/year 6genre 6library 6content 5keyword 4what 4who 4

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