f okbpxg okctz fzcin n[ - kabbalah mediafiles.kabbalahmedia.info/files/heb_o_bs-dor-acharon.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
FYEPF
P[NNICZFZTCKOGXPBKOF\GTKOCPECZ,GFRFBIEPFOPXB
PYGOK[GCCMNJGC,F\IKNRHMZCBIKGFBGPNNKO,BPROMCZRT\Y
PFOFZCFTE[NBKETPYGOFPXBO.PFT[FF\IKNNXTGYCYGN
DEGNGN\YGTC[GVZ,BGNKK[PTGICKZKGFZTCKOGFBGPNNKOB\YGNG
GK\YZCGBNKGGKCGBGD"MNK[GCFFGBFPNBPMNJGC.
MQFECZ[NVRKRG,FRF\TKRGCPECZFRGZBKIETOMNFBRG[G\
GT\FPXBRGBGXZDEGNFPNBPMNJGCEFKKRGFSVZKYCNF[CBGXZ,
[P[CKTKORV[KRGF[GYYG\GPPNBBG\RGE[QGRI\G[CTRGGFG\ZRG,
BNBHMZGQFICKZKO[NRG[R[BZGCPECZFRGZBBGCEKTXG\,BPRO
FPZIYZCCKRKRGGBKQFECZKOR[PTKOCKRG\KRG,GNVKMLTZMRGB\
F[GVZFHFN\YGTCYGNG\BGNKK[PTGBIKRGGK\YZCGBNKRGGKFKG
PBG[ZKOMPG\KRG.
ETGBIKRGC[ZKRG,MKIMP\FYCNFMNTYZFFGBFKEKTG\BKL
R[\N[NFTGNOPPZGODCFFF[PKPKTECKB\FN[VNG\KRG.GFPXKBG\
FHFFKFPGMZIP[GO["SGUPT[FCPI[CF\IKNF"GPI[C\G
K\’VGTN\\KMUMKBKRGXZKLNMNKPT[FMPG\KRG,GNVKMLKXBRG
P\IKNFCB"SC"F1
TOMNF[NPG\GP[OTENTGNOFHF{GNVKML
YNPBENPXGBMNF\KYGRKOFT\KEKONCBP\GLFTGNPG\F[NPKO
[YEPGNRG.
GP\GLHFBRGKGETKOFBKLN\YQEZMKRGPMBQGNFCBMPGPTN\
FBEOTNFCFPF,["ZGIFCFPFKGZENPJF",MNGPZ[BKRGZGBK\
BNBPPRFGFNBFGBKQNF[MNGCKRFNZBG\PFTCZTNKGMEKN\YQ
FT\KE,RGSUTNKFFBEO["ZGIFBEOTGNFNPTNF",MNGPZNFTCZ,
297
1B"SC"F:BKQ=SGUCZGLFGB.
GPS\MNCFTCZMPGBEOFPS\MNCPZBFGZGBFN\YQB\VDPKG,MQ
F[MNZGBFCFTCZTNKGGP\YQB\EZMKGTNPMBQGNFCB.
GNVKMLBKQF\V\IG\NPKQFCFPFGTEKKQTGPEKOTNBG\GFPYGO
[RCZBG,P[GO[BKQNFOFPZBFNFCKQP\GMFBKLN\YQFEZMKO
GNF\V\INBJNBJMPGFBEO.GFBEOFGNLGP\V\IKGOKGOTE
[PTN\GPGCJI\GPGZD[\[TGETNFVNBRTJTQ2
FTNKGRKOKZMC.
GMNHFBPGZCEZMKFJCTKO[PIGWPPRGEFKKRGFJCT[CFPXKBG\
[CSCKC\KRG,EFKKRGPHGRG\KRGGTKRKRKFIKXGRKO,[TNHFPGTKN
CFS\VYG\DPGZF[MNFJCTK.
P[B"MCVRKPKG\KRGGTXPKRG,FDO[BRGP\V\IKONPYX\BCNBRG
P\V\IKOGP[\CIKOPIP\EIKVG\PBIGZKRG)GKH=B=JTZDB(T"K
KSGZKQG[VKMG\EPKO.GFGBPJTO[BKQNRG[GO\ICGNFNF[KDPZBF
NZBG\CVRKPKG\FBEO[FKGCFEGZG\[TCZG,GBX"NCVRKPKG\FRV[G\
GFTGNPG\BKL[R[\N[NGGCBGNIGZCQRGZBMFKGO[NBKFKGNRG
CJGIG\CIKKRG,GRFKFPGMRKOGTGPEKONJCIGPK\G\P[GRG\C[RKO
FYZGCG\,TE[FMNPGEKO[BKQNFO[GOTXFNPRGTHF.
G\EPGNTXPMONP[N,BOFKG’3
\PXBGBKHFSVZFSJGZK[FKF
PXKKZNMOB\FEGZG\FBIZGRKO[KFKFBIZT[Z\BNVKO[RF,MK
MPG[BRGGB\OPZDK[KOCJIKSVKYFNYI[NFKSGZKOGF[IKJG\
[KIHKZBG\ONPGJCCSEZKOJGCKO.
GBR[KOBNG,FZKNVRKFOSEZKOJGCKOFP[P[KONFONFSVKYFCJIF
GF[BRRG\NMNFVIG\NFCJKIB\IKKFOFKGPKGPK\CF[YJG[NGF.
GCNKSVY,BOFKFBKHFIMO[FPXKBNRGB\FSVZFHFPIMP\
FPEKRG\GPEZMKFKIKE,BHFKGFPRFKDKO[NRGKPXBGMNF\ZGVFBKL
NSEZB\FIKKOMPG\OG"BKQKGXB\GBKQXGIFCZIGCG\KRG",4
GP\CJNKO
FKGF[IKJG\GFKSGZKQFRGZBKOGFMNTNPYGPGKCGBC[NGO.
T\FZCG\K,FZKNVRKMOTZGLGPGJNCBZGQHFFSVZ[CGM\GC
GPVGZ[MNIMP\FPEKRG\GMNSEZKFKIKEGFXCGZB[ZKFKGCSGU
FKPKOEFKKRGFSVZKYCNF,5
[CGPSGEZKOFTGNPG\FP\GYRKO[KXBG
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 298
2FVNRJG\.
3FKGO.
4\FNKOYPE,KE.
5CM\CFKE,CXEFJYSJFP\IKNMBQ,FGVKTFMK\GC:"FOF[NKPG\YGEO
NCN\K[NKPG\".
TOF[NKPG\,MR"N[PF[K"\KGXBF[NKPG\CZB[GRFBI"MBRG
P\YRKOBG\OGCBKON[NKPG\FPGRIGYKKOCTGNOFTNKGQFKGXB
PB"SC"FCEZL"SGUPT[F{CPI[CF\IKNF".GPJTO[PF[NO
NBRP[L\KMUCN\K[NOBNBCEZLFEZDFGBKQFTEZCZGIRK,GT"M
R[BZKOMGNOYKKPKOGPXGKKZKOCMNEPGKKOGXNPOCMNNG\GVZJG\
CIMP\FYCNF.
V\IGFSVZKOFNNGG\PXBGMNSEZKOFJGCKO[K\DNGCBIZK\
FKPKO,GP\GMO\YCNGFNYIFJGCBKLNSEZFECZKODOFKGOMEZMKMO
CTKRKRKFTGF"H,[BV[ZNNPGEB\FSJGZKFFTGCZ\GPPRFBRGP\YRKO
B\FSJGZKFFCBF.
YZKBFNCRKSDGNFNNPGEYCNF
GBRMKFMG\CPMKZPTJB\TXPKGPYGPK[BKRRKPFPXGKKRKOCKG\Z
[CPKQFBEO,GBOBEOMPGRKFKGOKDTGPXBMNHFCFSVZKOFDRGHKO
CBZGRG\[NRGFZKY"G6
CQCRG[NY"G[BOKIKEKSDGNF[CEGZK\DKTG
CFSVZKOFBNF,MPFPFBG[ZGFJGCPGMQNFOGNMNFTGNOMGNG.
YGNK[C[GVZNPFCB?
GMNHF[P\KBNNCKTE[BKRRKKMGNNF\BVYTGE,GFGSMOBXNKNDNG\
PFFS\MNG\KGPPF[PXB\KM\GCCSVZKOFFOMEKEZMKF\KYGQ
FT\KEFPGINJNRG,GBXBGBYZBNCRKFTGNOC[GVZFHFB[ZNVK
ET\KGFTZM\KKSVKYNYCWB\MNCRKSDGNF[K\IKNGNNPGEGNFDG\
CFSVZKO,GKMZKTGB\TXPOGB\MNFTGNOMGNONMUHMG\.
FYEPF299
6Y"G:YNGIGPZ.
CTNFSGNO,"M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ"
INYB
FCSKSNMNCKBGZK,FGBFZXGQNYCNFPGJCTCMNRCZB,GFGB[KRGK
XGZFPFCGZB,GT"MRVZEFPPRGFR[PFMBCZFRVZEPDGU,MK[KRGK
XGZFCZGIRK\FGBMPGDZHQPVZKECD[PKG\.
GPMBQCZGZPFF’ZGXFPB\RG,FGBF[GB\FXGZF,[BHBRGIGHZKO
GRECYKOCGMPJZO[RCZB.
GH"["FECYCPEG\KG,PFFGBZIGO"GMG’,EFKKRG[R[RFFPEG\
[NRG[FGBFZXGQNYCN,GNYI\FPEG\[NFCGZB[FGBZYNF[VKT.
CB‘VQ[MNPT[RGKFKFZYNF[VKTNHGN\RGGNFGTKNNFOCMNKMGN\RG,
GCHFBRIRGCBKONFPJZFNFECYCG[FGBF[GB\FXGZF.
GPF[BEOTG[FNXZMKTXPGCFMZI,EFKKRGC[KTGZPKRKPGO
FPGMZINYKGPGGNYKGOP[VI\G,HFBKRGRI[CN[KRGKXGZF,MK
FFMZINBKDGRFGNBK[GCI.
GHFGFDKNGKFDEGN[NBK\DNFCMN[NPG\GBNBCKPG\FP[KI,
GMB[ZKYCNGFNPGEFHFBHRHMFNDBGNFF[NPF.
GMCZECZ\KPHF,[K[C’EZMKONDKNGKF[NPG\,BGEZL\GZFBGEZL
KSGZKQ,GNVKMLSKCCFYC"FGR\QB\FJTMRKYBNCRKBEOTE[PXBG
FVXXF[NBJOG[NPKPGQ,7
[BOTGENBCZGZNTGNOFIGZCQFMNNK
[FOT\KEKONFCKBNTGNO,KIMGTENPNIPG\TGNO[NK[K\BG
ZCKTK\I"G,GBHKT[GFVXXG\B\[NFO,GF[BZK\[K[BZGBIZ
FIGZCQ,NBKFKFNFOTXFBIZ\BNBNYI\TNTXPOTCGEFFHG{[FQ
KIKEGFQBGPFNBKTCGEGC[CKNTXPOKG\ZPPF[XZKMKONYKGPO
FFMZIKG[BZMNPT[KFOKFKGNJGC\HGN\O.GBOMNBGPG\FTGNO
301
7PKPQ.
KSMKPGNHF,BHK\CJNGFPNIPG\PQFTGNO,[FZKMNBK[NBKEBD
MNNNJGC\TXPOBNBNJGC\HGN\O,GBKQPYGONHGN\O.
G\GZFHG[NF[GB\FXGZFFKB\GZ\G[NP[KI.GTNHFRBPZ:8
"GFKFCBIZK\FKPKOGDG’GFNMGDGKOZCKOGBPZGNMGGRTNFGDG’MK
PXKGQ\XB\GZFGDG’G[VJCKQTPKOZCKO",EFKKRG[FP[KIKNPE
BG\OTCGE\F’CF[GB\FXGZF,[FGB\GZFGP[VJ[NFP[KI
"GFGMIFNDGKOTXGPKO",EFKKRG[KGMKINFO[BONBKYCNGTNKFO
TCGE\F’,KK[PEGMNFDGKOT"KFPNIPG\GBOKYCNG\GZ\G,RBPZBH
"GM\\GIZCG\KFONB\KO"GDG’.
GBO\NMGCEZL\GZFG\YCNGF\CNKQPGJC,GBONBG\NMGCEZL
KSGZKO,EFKKRG[K\DNGFPNIPG\[NVXXG\BJGOGPKPQCTGNOGBH
KIV[GMNBGPG\FTGNOTXFBKLNFPNJPPNIPG\,GKCGBGBNFP[KI
NKZG[NKOGFGBKNPEBG\OB\F\GZFFHB\.
*JZORDTKCTRKQBYEKOFYEPFYXZFCPEG\CRKBEO.GBGPZMKCRK
FBEOP\INYKOTNC’SGDKO:BDBKSJKOGBNJZGBKSJKO.BDBKSJKO
VKZG[G,[MNPF[FOTG[KOFGBN\GTN\TXPO.GBOTG[KOVTO
N\GTN\HGN\OFOXZKMKO[KDKTNFO\PGZFP[\NP\KVFTNTCGE\O,
BOMSUBGMCGEGMEGPF.BNJZGBKSJKOVKZG[G,[PYZKCKOMNKPKFO
N\GTN\HGN\OCNK[GO\PGZF,BNB[PHRKIKO\PKEXZMKFOTXPOMEK
NTHGZNHGN\O.GNBTGE,BNB[K[PFO,[PGSZKORV[OGPBGEO
N\GTN\HGN\O,MPG[PXKRGCP\RECKONXB\NPNIPFN\GTN\CRK
BGP\O.GDOPXKRGBNJZGBKSJKOKG\ZMGNNKO,EFKKRGFPGSZKORV[O
GPBGEOMEKNTHGZNRI[NKO[NMNBGPG\FTGNO,MPGFYBPGRKSJKO,
FNGIPKON\GTN\PEGMBKMNBGPG\FTGNO,GPGMRKON[NOCTEHF
CIKKFOGCPBGEO.
GFRFFBDBKHOPGRICJCTMNBEO,MPGCMNCTNKIKKO.BCN
FBNJZGBKHOFGBMRDEFJCT[NCRKBEO.GTOMNHFPIGRRKOKIKEK
SDGNFCJCTFHF,[BRKPMRFBG\OBKEKBNKSJKO.BCNMNPEKRFBG
ICZFFKBZGCFMMGNFPCRKC[ZGEOV[GJKO,EFKKRGBDBKSJKO.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 302
8PKMFE,B=E.
GPGTJKOFOKGXBKOPQFMNNNFKG\BNJZGBKSJKO,NMNFKG\Z,KFKG
T[ZFBIGHKOPQFICZF.
GT\FBECZNTRKQ.MKPJTOFBPGZ,[FBNJZGBKSJKOPGTJKOFO
CMNICZF,NVKMLFYBPGRKSJKOFZB[GRKO[FKGNVRKHPRG[NYBZN
PZYS,NBFXNKIGCPT[KFO,[\\V[JFYBPGRKHOCTGNO,MV\DO
FTGNO,[XVGZBI\NBTG[FYKW.GNBTGEBNB[FKGPFO[KKSEG
BVKNGPG[CKO[K\GVKKO,TNEZLFYKCGXKO[CBZXRG,GNBFXNKIG
CFO,MKNBKMNGNF\YKKOGNFIHKYPTPE.GFKFHF,PJTO,MKDOCRK
FICZFF[K\GVK\XZKMKOMGNONFKG\BKEKBNKSJKOBNJZGBKSJKO,
MPGFPKSEKOTXPO.GMKGQ[\[TKOBIGHKOPMNICZF,BVKNGPICZF
FPVG\I\CKG\Z,FOBDBKSJKO,TNMQNBKMNGNTPGECSEZKFICZF
F[K\GVK\,[FKBCJCTFZYBNJZGBKSJK\.
GRP[LHFTEHPQYZNPZYS,[FPXKBG\MRK\PGXNI\PBE
NF\V[JG\FYBPGRKHO,EFKKRGN[\GUFPEGMBKOTXPOCPNIP\
FYGPGRKHO,[KNIPGTPFOCKIETOP[JZFYBVTJTNKSJKFCGZDRK,
GP\GL[FPEGMBKOPTGRKRKOCPNIPFHGZYNJGC\TXPO,EFKKRGZY
PJTPKOBDBKSJKKO,YCNGPKEB\F\MRK\PFO,GFYBPGRKHOR\V[J
P[GOHFCMN[MCG\FRI[NKOGFPEGMBKO.GP\GL[FRI[NKOFOZGC
FICZFBKQVNB[FYBPGRKHOFXNKIMFKGONFYKU[NK[FTGNO.
BCNHGGDHF[NFY’FBNJZGBKSJKOTOFVZGNJZKGQ9
FBDBKSJKO
BT"V[FKFPGXNIPBENFVKNP[JZFZMG[RKF[RGBTN[RKFO,TO
MNHF,BKQFHGGDTGNFKVFMNNNYKKOP[JZ[\GVKTOINGYFXGEY\,
GFGBPJTOV[GJPBE,MKBKQBEOTG[FBKHF\RGTF,BNBBOMQ,
[K[NGBKHFPJZF[FKB,FPIKKC\GNT[G\\RGTFFFKB,B[ZBG\F
FPJZFP[P[\NGNMIEGIUNT[KK\F\RGTF,MPGENYFP[P[MI
EGIUNPMGRF.
NP[N,BKQBEOPRKTKEGPPYGONPYGOBNBPJTO[IG[C[CPYGO
F[RKKFKFKG\ZRGINGNFRKI[OB\KEG,GFPJZFFHB\,[PCY[PYGO
RGIKG\ZC[CKNKEG,FKBFIPZENY,FEGIUB\KEGPPYGOHFNPYGO
FFGB.GBKQXZKLNGPZFVGTNFTGCEMNFKGO,[FGBPIGKCNIPZENY
N\RGTG\KGFY[G\[FGBTG[FGFKBF\PGZF[PYCNCTETCGE\G,
INYB303
9NFNQMPFFDEZG\NPGRI"VZGNKJZKGQ":PTPEFVGTNKO,XKCGZF[MKZKO,
BR[KFTPN,PTPEFTGCEKO.
[F\PGZF[PYCN,FGBFIPZENYFEGIUBG\GNTCGE\GFY[F.CB‘VQ
[BONBK\RGNG\PGZFCTETCGE\G,BG[BKQNGXGZLNBG\GF\PGZF,
NBKGMNNTCGE,MKKFKFMPGPMGRF[NBR\RGCFIPZENY,[BKQV\K
CTGNO,[KI[GC[FPMGRF\HGHPPYGPF.
NVKMLCP[JZYGPGRKSJKPGCFY,[FVGTNKGET[NBKGSKVGNGBO
KTCGEKG\Z,GNBKDZTGPPRGBOKTCEVIG\,GPMN[MQNVKFSKSPB
FPG[NP\,"[MNBIEKTCGEMVKMIGGKYCNMVKXZMKG",RPXB[BKQ
NGNVGTN[GO\PGZFCTEIZKXG\GFK\ZFGBKQNGVIEMNNPVRK
F\Z[NG\[NG,BHBKQNGIPZENY[KEIGUBG\GNTCGEF,GBHKZE
VZKGQTCGE\O[NFVGTNKOTENBVS,GTE[KIZKCGB\FP[JZMGNG.
G[GOIKRGL[CTGNONBKGTKNNFVGLJCTFBEO,[KGMNNTCGECNK
IPZENY,EFKKRGCNK\PGZF.FKGXBPMNNFHFFGBFBKEKBNKSJ
FBNJZGBKSJPNKEF,[C[CKNGF\PGZFFKG\ZKVFFKB,JGC\HGN\G,
[IPZENYFBNJZGBKSJKFHFPSVKYNGNDPZKNMITCGEF,MPG
F\PGZFFBDBKSJK\NMNCRKFBEO.BMQBKEKBNKSJKOFOPGTJKO,
GPSVZOBKRGPSVKY[FICZF\\CSSTNKFO.GFRLZGBF[YGPGRKHO
GBNJZGBKHOFKKRGFL.
GKGETBRMK,[K[TXG\NFMZKIB\FTGCEKO[K[NKPGINYTCGE\O,
[KJKNGTNKFOFPVYIKO.EFKKRGT"KBG\OFPRFDKOFRGFDKOCP[JZ
FZMG[RK,[MNBIEKYCN[MZGNVKVZKGQTCGE\G.GTGERGSUTNHF,
NFJKNTGR[KOY[KOGPZKOTNFP\Z[NKO,MRGFDCBZXG\FSGCKTJKO.
BPROBKQHFYGPGRKHOMNN,GBKQXZKLNGPZ,[BKQHFFDQTEQFPYGF
PP[JZFYGPGRKSJK,[KFKFMEBKNPSGZB\FRV[C[CKNG.GBEZCB
[P[JZMHF,FGBDZGTNBKQTZLKG\ZGKG\ZPP[JZFZMG[RK,
PJTPKOPGCFYKOMPG[BZBFNFNQ.
GBOTNMNVRKOFKFP[JZFMVKFFHFCCIKR\[NCBNY’
FPG[NP\,TGEFKFBV[ZNYCNGGNSCGNBG\G,BCNBKRGMQ,MK[GO
IKRGL[CTGNONB\FVGLB\JCTFBEOPQBDBKHONBNJZGBKHO,
GNVKMLP[JZFMVKFFRGFDCSGCKTJKOFGBP[JZRXIK[BKQN[RG\G
NTGNO.GP\K[KZXGN[RG\GNP[JZ[K\GVKBPK\K,KBHNFIPZENYPQ
FTGCEKO,GNBKMNGNTCGE,GKIZKCGB\FP[JZ.FZK[BDBKSJKOGBRJK
YGPGRKSJKOFKKRGFL.GFOHFG\.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 304
GNBTGE,BNB[P[JZYGPGRKSJKCEZLMVKF,BKRGCQYKKPBNDPZK,
MKBKQHMG\YKGONP[JZFRSPLTNMEGRKOCNCE,GSGUSGUKYGPGFZGC
XCGZTNKGGKCJNGFG.GNBNTGNOKMNGT[ZFFBIGHKOFBKEKBNKSJKO,
N[NGJTN\[TKOFBIGHKOFBDBKSJKOGBRJKYGPGRKSJKO,TNEZL
[BRGPGXBKOCSGCKTJKOGPEKRG\FPHZI.
GTGEKG\ZPHF,[BVKNGBG\GFYGPWFBKEKBNKSJKOFYGPGRKSJKO
FTGPEKOFKGOCPEKRG\FBNGCZB[FFRFNF,BKROPGCJIKO[K[BZG
MQNEGZG\,MKBKEKBNKOBKROPGZK[KONCRKFO,GBT"V[FBCG\FO
BKEKBNKSJKOBKQ[GOCJIGQ[FCRKOKP[KMGBIZKFO.GB"MPBKQNRG
FCJIGQ,[FRFNG\[NEGZF[RKBGF[NK[K\FKKRFCKEYGPGRKSJKO
BKEKBNKSJKOMPGFKGO.GBGNK\BPZ[ZGCFXCGZKCIZBG\O\PKE
PCKQFXCGZ,HFJTG\DEGN,MKBKQZGCFXCGZFBDBKSJKCGIZBNBB\
FYZGCKONZGIOGNBB\FP\RDEKOBNKFO.GFMNKGETKO[DOFRFNG\
[NFKGO,BKRORCIZKFXCGZMNN.GB"MPKK[PGZ,[RCIZKFXCGZKFKG
\PKEFBKEKBNKSJKO[CXCGZ?GC[TF[FBDBKSJKOKDKTGN[NJGQ,
CNKSVY[KCJNG\KMUFP[JZFHF,BGTNMNVRKOKFVMGFGNPKQ
RXKBRBNYGPGRKSJKO,GFTZTQVTNYTZ10
.
GFRFMNHF[BPZ\KFGBNVKF[YV\KTXPK,EFKKRGMPG[FGMI\K
[YGPGRKHOGBNJZGBKHOFKKRGFLGMQBDBKHOGBRJKYBPGRKHOFKKRGFL.
BCNBO\[BNNYBPGRKSJKOTXPO,KMIK[GNLHB\CMN\GYU,MKKBPZG,
NFKVL"BRGZIGYKOPMNPGSZFCGZDRK,GBKQNRGMNSTRJKPRJBNKG\
BNBZYFXEYBRGPCY[KO,[NBKRXNGBK[B\ZTFG".EFKKRGTNEZL
FPEF"[NK[NKG[NL[NL".[FGBCBP\PE\FBDBKSJKO.GNVKML
K[NKNFS\MNTNVRKFECZKONVK\VK[\OFO,GRCYZB\FXEYFHF
[FPFPCY[KO,GPGSZKORV[OTNKG.
ZB[K\,NVKF\V\IG\FP[JZKOFYGPGRKSJKO,BRKPGXB,[BG\O
FDEZKO"CGZDRKO"G"VZGNKJZKGQ",MCZBKROPSVKYKONCBZFFSJGZKB
FMNMNK\GBRGXZKMKONDEZKOKG\ZMGNNKO.GKG\ZRMGQNINYB\
FICZFNPTPE[NIZGXKOGNPTPE[NRI[NKO,B[ZCP[JZK
FCGZDRKO:F"IZGXKO"FOFYBVTJTNKSJKOGFCKRGRKO,GF"RI[NKO"
FOFTGCEKOFTPNKOC[CKNO.GCP[JZKFYGPGRKSJKO:F"IZGXKO"
FOFPRFNKOGFPVYIKO,GFBKRJNKDTRXKB,GF"RI[NKO"FOFTGCEKO
INYB305
10TPKO[NBEGRKO.
FTPNKOC[CKNO.GZGCMNICZF\PKEFOFRI[NKO,GFIZGXKONB
KDKTGN[N[KOBIGHKOPFICZF.GIGYJCTKFGB,[PTPEFIZGXKO
KRXNGCMNPE\KMN\OB\PTPEFRI[NKO,MPGEDKO[CKO,[FIHY
CGNTB\FIN[.
GBKQFVZ[CHFBOFIZGXKOFOFYBVTJTNKSJKOGFSGIZKO,
MPGCP[JZFCGZDRK,BGBOFIZGXKOFOFPRFNKOGFPVYIKO
GFBKRJNKDTRXKBGFPINYKO,MPGCP[JZFYGPGRKSJK.MKSGUSGU
FIZGXKOKRXNGB\FRI[NKOFTPNKO,MVKPE\KMGN\O,GNBKIGSG
TNKFOMNN,FIZGXKOK[BCG\PKEB\F[PR\GIPBF,GPKFINC
FMIG[KOK[BKZGNFTGCEKOFTPNKO.ZYF[BNFFKB,PFR[BZ
NFTPNKOBIZFRKXGNFBMHZK[FIZGXKOPRXNKOBG\O,GMPF[KTGZ
F[TCGE[FIZGXKOPJKNKOTNKFO.GMPFIGV[GIKZG\BRG[KFIZGXKO
PZ[KONFO.GZYNVK[KTGZF[KZKOFNNG[FIZGXKOPRKIKO
NFRI[NKO,K[NRGNCBZMNP[JZ,GNFCEKNCKQP[JZNP[JZ,GNCIGZ
BKHFP[JZTEKU.
GRHMKZ[GCPF[BPZRG[FBEOBKRGKMGNNTCGECNKBKHF\PGZF,
[FGBBNKGMPGIPZENYNPMGRF.GCP[JZYBPGRKSJKCN\K
BNJZGBKSJK,PGMZIKON\\NVGTNKO[MZCTETCGE\OGTGR[KO
IPGZKOCTEF\Z[NG\O.BPROXZKMKONPVYIKOPZGCKO[K[PZG
TNKFO,MKCBKQF[DIFMZBGKNBKSVKYG,MPGCQ,F[MZGFTGR[KO
MNGO,BCN,NTPGETNBR[KOGNKSZOGNKDTO,BKQNLTCGEFY[F
MHB\,MKBKQ[GOBEOZGXFNFKG\\NKKQ.GNVKMLBVKNGBOPTPKEKO
PVYIKO,GPPGRKOTNFPVYIKO,GTGEPPGRKODCGFKO[GPZKOTNKFO,
MGNOKIEKHRKIGB\F[DI\O,GNBKKSZGGNBKTCKEGB\FVGTNKO
MZBGKNVKFXGZL.
GBKQTXFNHFBNBNFZCG\FIPZENYBNFVYKEKOC[KTGZMHF
[KSVKYCTETCGEFY[FMHF,EFKKRGTCGE\\NKKQ.MNGPZ,N\\NFO
[MZVKMPFTNVGTNFV[GJ.GNVKMLBN\\PFBOP[NPKOCZGSKB
NVYKEKOPVKT[ZFTEVKIP[KOKG\ZP[MZVGTNV[GJ.MKKDKT\O
DEGNFKG\ZPVGTNFV[GJPVKT[ZFTEVKIP[KO,GBONBK\RGNFO
\PGZFPSVY\FOPGMZIKONFHRKIF[DI\O,GFPEKRF\IZC.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 306
GT\FXBG\I[GCCPJCT[NBZXRG.GRBPZNP[N,[[MZVGTN
V[GJFGBPBFN"KNIGE[.RPXB[FVYKEKOFRPGMKOCKG\ZKYCNG
BNUN"KNIE[EFKKRGVKT[ZF,GRPXB[CP[L[RFKXCGZK"CBNU
N"KGCP[LT[ZF[RKOPBFGT[ZKOBNUN"K.GBORDZTT[ZFBIGHKO
PHFNMNMN\G,K[BZNGPBFG[PGRFBNUN"K.GMRZBF[K[NI[CG
NYBVTJTNKSJPMGCE.GPMN[MQFVYKEKOFDCGFKO.CB‘VQ[CBKHF
T[ZG\[RKOK\FVMGFVYKEKONFKG\NPKNKGRTZKO,CNK[GOSKMGQ,BNB
K[ZPRKXGNFTPNKO.GHFG[BPZ\K,[NVKFRSKGQ[NFKGO,BKQNINY
FICZFTGENCGZDRKOGNVZGNJZKGQ,BNBNIZGXKOGRI[NKO.
GBGNK\BPZ[MNHFFGBZY[NCBNFYGPGRKHOFPGCFY,EFKKRG
[T"KIKRGLGET\FXCGZKIRMGB\FFPGRKOTE["MNBK[KTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG"GNBKFKGXZKMKOPVYIKOGP[DKIKO.HFFGB
JTG\DEGN.MKFSKSPBFHB\[MNBIEKTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG,
FGBSKSPBBNJZGBKSJK\PGCFY\.GCMNFECZKO,[MNBIEKGMN
NTCGENJGC\FICZFCNKIPZENY,BKRFEZLJCTK\MNN,BNBBOMQ
FBNJZGBKHO\FKFFSCFGFIPZENYNTCGE\G,MPG[FGMI\K.
GNVK"HBKQNYGG\N[GO[KRGKNJGCF,BNBBEZCF,[K[NI[G[
[BG\GYGPWFYBPGRKSJKOFBKEKBNKSJKOFTGPEKOFKGOCZB[
FFRFDF,NBKGZK[GFRFN\ONBKEKBNKSJKOBIZKO,MKNBJNBJK\DCZ
MIFTOFBDBKSJK,GKCIZGFRFNFTNKGRFNVKZGIOFBDBKSJK.GBH
KIHKZG[KJ\FYBVTJNKHO.GNMNFVIG\,KFVMGFYGPGRKHONPKQ
RBXKGRBNYGPGRKHO,GFTZTQVBNY,11
MPG[T[FFKJNZKP"[.MKNB
\FKFNFOSKCF[\PRTBG\OPNRXNTPKOBIZKONFRB\O,BOKFKF
NFOMI.
GBGNK\BPZ[T"KIKRGLGET\FXCGZBV[ZNFVLJCTFFPGQ
GNT[G\OBNJZGBKSJKO.HFDOJTG\DEGN,MKFIKRGLBKRGPSGDNNT[G\
KG\ZPET\FXCGZ,EFKKRG[ET\FXCGZ\MCEB\FBNJZGBKSJKOG\CHF
B\FBDBKSJKO,GMNHPQ[ET\FXCGZ\TPGEG\[PGZTNFBNJZGBKHO
CBPXTKFMCGEGFCHKGQ,KGTKNFIKRGL.BCNBOKCBHPQ,GBKHFRGBO
PRGSFGPGXNIKRBGOKGOKGONFKVLPET\FXCGZ,CNKSVY[KGMNN[RG\
ET\FXCGZMVKZXGRG.
INYB307
11TOBEGRKO.
GMCZK[NRGRSKGQPZMHFCFKSJGZKB,BKLBG\GZ[TKP"[,FVLTO
PIGRLFKJCMPGFDZPRKO,GT[FBG\ONIKG\JZU,T"KEZ[G\KGKGO
KGO.B[ZBHVYTGRTNOMPG[NVGIK\CGZK\,MNIKRGMOPMPFPBG\
[RKO.GFKFHF,PVRK[R[\RFET\FXCGZ,GBKQTGENIKRGLTNPF
NSPGL.MKBKQFIKRGLKMGNNF\YKKOCNK\PKMF[NET\FXCGZ.
FZKNTKRKLCTNKN[BKQ[GOSKMGKN[RG\P[JZFMVKFFHF,GBKQ
[GO\YGGF[FFPGQKDKTVTO,NYGPGRKHOFBPK\KNVKFSKSPB,MN
BIEKTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG,BNBFTPNKOPGMZIKONF[BZ
NRXI\I\[CJFRGZB[NFPRFNKOGFPVYIKO,GFPRFNKOGFPVYIKO
KPGXXG\PKEB\EOFTPNKOTNEZLFYBVKJNKSJKOFCGZDRKOBONB
DZGTFZCFKG\ZPFO.[FZKCP[JZFMVKF[NFYGPGRKSJKO,BKQNFO
NTPNKOBVKNGHMG\[CK\F,GFIZCGFZTC\NGKKOTNZB[O\PKE
MRGETPQFRSKGQFSGCKTJK.GBOKCJNGVTOP[JZFMVKFBKQSVY
[\KMU\FZSFICZF,MKBHKBHNIPZFENYPQFTGCEKO.
GFRF...BGPZKO,[CP[JZYBPGRKSJK,MEBKNVZGNJZKGQNSCGN,PVRK
[SGCNKOC[CKNTXPO,MKFOFCTNKO[NMNFTGEVKOGFZMG[GBPXTK
FKXGZ,G[GOBK[NBKRXNBG\O.P[B"MCP[JZCGZDRK,BKQNFOBNB
NIOIGYONCEGMNFTGEVKOKYCNGNFOFYBVTJBNKSJKO.GPFRBG\
PNG\FNNGNVK[JIKG\O.BMQ,BOK[CECZKOBNGYGZJGC[NBP\,
KFKGFECZKOBPGZKOMNVKFIZGXKO,[FOFVYKEKOGFPRFNKO,[CNBG
FMKMNFRBF[CP[JZFMVKF,[NFOFGB,BCNFOPNG\RCGCG\NDPZK
MNVKFVZGNJZKGQ,MNGPZMNVKFRI[NKOFTPNKO.
RYINP[NFPSNG\CZHN[NRG,[FGBZMG[FPEKRF,EFKKRG
[FCTNG\TNPSN\FCZHNFGB[NMNBHZIKFPEKRF.BRK[GBN,FBO
PZDK[BKHFBHZIPB\RGB\HMG\FCTNG\[NGTNPSN\FCZHN?GBO
K[NGP[FGJGC\FRBFKG\ZM[RGSTCPSN\CZHNPGNBP\,PNRSGT
TNPSN\FCZHNYBVTJBNKSJKVZJK.BGRYINP[NCTNG\VZGNKJZKGQ
JFGZ,MPGF"SGNNCGRF"GMG’[FGB\I\CTNG\[NFVGTNKOCNCE.
FBOK[NVGTNKOFTGCEKOCZMG[[NFOJGC\FRBFK\ZFPM[FO
TGCEKOCZMG[YVKJNKSJKHZ.GBRKIG[[[FTGCEBXNYCNQHZ,FZCF
KG\ZPZDK[TXPGMCCK\,PPK[TGCECSGNNCGRF,BT"V[K[NG
MCKMGNCTNG\TNKF.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 308
GZYNYGPWFPRFNKO,NFOMNFCTNG\,GFOTG[KOTOZMG[FNBGPK
FHFMJGCCTKRKFO,GBKQZ[G\BVKNGN[GOBHZIVZJKN[BGNBG\O
"PF\T[GGPF\VTNG",MLBKQFVZGNKJBZKGQPZDK[KO[GOFRBFMN
[FGBPMNZMG[FPEKRFGBPXTKFKXGZ[FGB\I\KEKFPRFNKO
GFVYKEKOFRGD[KOBG\O\PKE,GP[VKNKOBG\OMTVZFBZW.GB"MPFG
FTGEU[K[NFOCP[JZFMVKFFYGPGRKSJK,KG\ZPNIOIGYO?
BKRKPYRBMNNB\FVZGNKJBZKGQFRPXBKOG[KPXBGCP[JZFMVKF
FYBPGRKSJK\I\TGNOFY[F[NFVYKEKOGFPVYIKO,MKKGMNG
NTRG\OCSCNKFOCMNPKRKBMHZKG\CNK[GOCG[FPET\FXCGZ
GFTGNO,[FZKMNBPXTKFVZSGOFGBCKEKFO[NFVYKEKO.GNBKFKF
[GOBV[ZG\NPK,[KDNFPT[KFOFZTKOCZCKO.GRGSUTNHF,MN
BIEGBIEKFKFMCGN\I\KEKFO,[NBKGMNNXB\PPEKRFNPEKRF
GNBKGMNNFPNJPFO,PP[TNEZL[FKGBCG\KRGMNGBKOCPXZKO,
[[GOTCENBFKFKMGNNXB\P[ONIKZG\,P[GO[MNVGTNPRKI
B\MNTGEVKFKXGZ[NGC[CKNFPEKRF,GBKLK\RGBG\GNXB\NPYGO
BIZ,CT\[FPEKRF\VSKEB\FTGEVKO[NG.
CPNFBI\,CP[JZYGPGRKSJKCN\KBNJZGBKSJKPGMZINFKG\\PKE
C’PTPEG\,PTPEFIZGXKO,[FOFPRFNKOGFVYKEKOGFBKRJNKDRXKB,
GPTPEFRI[NKO,[FOFTPNKOFKGXZKO,[FOZGCF[NFICZF.
GPTPEFIZGXKOPGMZIKO,BOPET\OGBOCTNMZIO,EFKKRGPVRK\YGQ
FPEKRF,NFTCKEGNKKSZGNF[VKNB\PTPEFTPNKOCNKZIOGCNK
CG[F.GKRXNGBG\O[CT\KOP[PRXNKOBG\OFCGZDRKO,PVRK[KFKG
PIGSZKPDQNDPZK,MKNBKFKFNFOHMG\[CK\F.GNBKFKFNFO
BV[ZG\NDNG\PT[KFOFZTKO[NFPTCKEKOCZCKO.GNDPZKNB
K[PIGCCTNG\[NBPXTKFKXGZ[ZM[GNFOFVYKEKO.
C:TGEECZ,GFGBFTKYZ.MKTNFYBPGRKHOPGJNNBNCEN\YQB\
FTGNOCSEZFMNMNKBNBDON[PGZTNYKGOIKKCRKFTGNOFPKRKPBNKO,
EFKKRGNPRGTFPNIPG\[NB\IZKCBGPFB\ZTG\F.
GMCZXGGI\KMMZGMKBTNHFTGEC[R\\ZX"D12
CSVZK"YGRJZS
F[NGO",GFHFZ\K[FPNIPG\YCNGPPEKOCKPKRGFPSMRKOIKKFTGNO
MGNG.GBKQTXFNPRGTHF,MKBNBT"K[KYCNGMNFBGPG\B\P[JZ
FYBPGRKSJKFPG[NOEFKKRGFBNJZGBKSJK.GBKQXZKLNGPZMFKGO,
INYB309
12\ZX"D:.1933
BIZFDKNGKGF[KPG[CVXXG\FBJGPKG\GDKNGKVXXG\FPKPRKG\,
MRZBF,[BKQFECZPGJNTGECSVY[BIZKPNIPFBI\BG[\KO
G[N[\IZCMNFXKCKNKHBXKBGFBRG[KG\,CNKNF[BKZ[ZKE.
GFYGPGRKHOFPGEZRKFBDBKSJKBKQCMIGNFCJKI[NGOCTGNO.MK
BVKNGBOKYCNGMNBGPG\FTGNOB\FP[JZFYGPGRKSJKFHF,TGE
NB\FKF[GOSCFPIKKC\,[FBGPG\FT[KZG\CBPXTKKXGZGCIPZ
DNOGCXKCKNKHBXKBK\INYGTOBGPG\FTRKG\CIPZDNOGCBPXTK
KXGZ,[GFC[GF,GNP[NTPKBPZKYFNBKZXGNF[GG\ZP\FIKKO
[NFONTPKBHKBGBVZKYB,BGBVKNGNTPKBKZGVB.
GBOCBGPFBI\,K[MINF[GG\ZP\FIKKO[NT[KZKOGCKRGRKO
CTNKBPXTKFKXGZ,C[GFTOFVZGNJBZKGQ,EFKKRGT"KFS\\FFPGRKO
FTRKKO,[FOZGCFICZF,[K[PKEGFT[KZKOGFCKRGRKOGKYIGNFOB\
ZMG[O,FRFTXFHGNB\GTKNMNN,NFMZKIBGPFFT[KZF[\INYB\
FZMG[GBPXTKFKXGZ[NFTOBGPFFTRKF,MKBGPFFT[KZFMCZ
FMKRFNFMNKHKQGVXXG\N[PGZB\TXPFPVRK[MRG\KFFTRKG\.
GBOMQPFFGTKNGIMPKOC\YR\P[JZFYGPGRHKOCTGNO,PBIZ
[\[BKZPXCFYRBFCKQFBGPG\,PP[MPG[FGBCP[JZFZMG[RK,CNK
FYNFMN[FGB.MKINGYFFXGEY\[CMNBGPFVZJK\CVRKTXPF,NB
\SKKTBUP[FGNINGYFXGEY\CKQBGPFNBGPF.NVKML,CT\[FIKKO
FPKRKPBNKORPXBKOCSMRFYZGCFMNML,ICNTNFHPQ[NBG\O
FTGSYKONF[CKIB\P[JZFMNMNK,GPGJCNFO[KJMSGBKHFTXF
G\ICGNF,CBG\GFHPQ,BKLNFXKNB\IKKFBRG[KG\FPKRKPBNK.
GFRFFZBK\NET\,[MNFXZFCP[JZKFY’[NFKGO,FGBPVRK
ISZGQF\PGZFFPG\BP\,[FGBFIPZENYNMIVZKGQFTCGEF[N
FTGCEKO.GP[GOMLBKBV[ZNFTCKEOCFXNIF,BNBCIPZENY[N
[MZGTGR[,B[ZP[GOHFXZKMKOBPRONPVYIKOGP[DKIKOGPRFNKO,
[KYCNGTNTXPOTCGEFY[FFHF,NTPGETNFVGTNKO,GNPXGW
CBMHZKG\FEOGFKHT[NFVGTNKO,GNPZZNFOIKKFO\PKECYG[K
F[TCGE.B[ZC[MZFTCGEFFY[FFHG,PGMZIKON\\DONFO\PGZF
P[\NP\,[FGBNBVIG\,PNT[G\BG\ONPKNKGRTZKO,MKNBKZXG
NFKG\\NKKRKO[NCRKBEOPZXGROFIV[KCVIG\PHF,MPG[BRG
ZGBKOCBZWFSGCKTJKO.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 310
GDOBKQNYGG\[P[JZFBKPKOFHFK[\RFVTO,MPG[FBGVJKPKSJKO
PCJKIKO,MKNBMKEGRKO,GNBIKRGLGET\FXKCGZ,KGMNGN[RG\B\JCT
FBEO,[KTCGEPZXGRGFIV[KCNKIPZENYP\BKO.GNVKMLFGBYNNF
NEGZG\,MKP\K[KTCKZGGKCJNGP[JZFMVKF,KIENGFTGCEKON\\
VZKGQTCGE\O,[KSVKYNYKGOFPEKRF.GBKQTXFNHFBNBNFCKBCNC
FTGCEBPGR\[MZGTGR[ZGIRKPQF[PKOFKGET\TNGPG\,B[ZT"K
IKRGLG\TPGNFPG\BP\,BG\G[MZGTGR[FZGIRKKFKFIPZENYPSVKY
NVZKGQTCGE\O.GNBKXJZMGTGENPRFNKOGP[DKIKO[KTPEGTNKFO.
BNBMNBIEGBIEKTCGEC[CKNFICZFCRV[IVXFKG\ZGKG\Z,MEK
NHMG\C[MZGPQF[PKO13
.
IKGC
B.)1/(FY’FGBBKEKBF,MNGPZPGSZK.)14/1(T"HPTKEFSGU"NTCGE
MVKFKMGN\GNYCNMVKFXGZL".
C.NMNPGSZXZKL)1/2(CSKSFPIKKCG)14/2(.GFIKRGLGET\FXCGZ,FGB
CSKSIN[PBE,GFFGMIFPFKJNZ.
D.MKGQ[MNRXIGQ)1/3(CETF,PGCJI)14/3(NFZGCXCGZ,GBX"N
FFGXBFNVGTN[NFY’FP\GYQFGBT"KZGCFXCGZ.B"MPIGKCKO
NFTPKEZPFFPGSZK\[NZGCFXCGZTNCSKS[KIKKCGKCJKIB\FY’
FP\GYQ[NBK\YNYNNTGNO.GBKRFPSVKYFFBKEKBFFPGYNJ\CBEO
PNKEF,NFKG\OPKTGJYJQGRJGNTZLCZGCFXCGZ.
E.FE\,FGBCSKS)4/1(FKIKE,[KFKFDGZOCJGINFTNG\ZPF
FPGSZK\[NFXCGZ,NFDKTNFMNN"NTCGENVKFKMGN\GNYCNNVK
FXGZL".
F.K[NYI\FY’PQ)4/4(FVSKO[N"[NK)14/4([NKG[NL[NL",[FGB
PE\SEGO,GNFTCKZGBNFVSKO[N"[NK[NLG[NL[NL",EFKKRG
NBNJZGBKHOBCSGNGJK.GM[ZGCFXCGZKYCN\GZFHGCVGTN,BHFHPQ
NFDKTNMNNNN"FGNN"X14
.GSKPRFFGB,BOMBG"BKTCGEMVGTN
CYCNRG\.
INYB311
13CY[ZNRBPZMBQPGPNWNTKKQC\GSVG\FPGCBG\CSGUINYHF,YJTC,
TP’.328
14NN"FGNN"X:NTCGENVKFKMGN\GNYCNNVKFXGZL.
G.PJZO[FXCGZKDKTNZPF)2/10(PGSZK\FHG,)14/5(BSGZNFNBKO
FZMG[.MKMNTGE[BKRRGYKKODGZOPGSZKCJGICZGCFXCGZ,NBKFKF
NFOIPZENYNTCGEF.
H.MNFTGNOP[VIFBI\)3/1(FKB,)2/1(GPSDZ\FY’XZKLNCSGU
NFYKUMNFTGNOCZP\IKKO[GFNMGNO.BPRO\FNKLFPT[KFGBNBJ
NBJ,EFKKRGMNBGPF[ZGCXCGZ[CF\YCNTNKFOFCSKSKOCB‘VQ
PT[K,GKFKFNFODGZOCJGINIPZENY,KMRSG\KMUCPSDZ\FY’.
I.FXGZFFMNMNK\,GFE\K\)2/2(CPEF[PCJI\FY’,FKBBI\NMN
FBGPG\15
.IGWPXGZG\FE\K\[BKRQRGDTG\NMNMNF,G[BZPRFDKO,
KFKFNMNBIEXGZFCV"T,[BKQN[RG\FCEKGY.
J.BKQN\YQFTGNOCTRKRKFE\)4/2(PJZO[PCJKIKONFTGNO\KYGQ
FMNMNK.
K.NT[G\\MRK\PVGZJPMNFIGYKO)2/3(FR"NG[BZIGYKOFRIGXKO
NTRKQHF,GMNFRMRSNPSDZ\FY’XZKLNF[CTBPGRKO.
KB.\IKNFK[NT[G\PGSEYJQ[ZGCXCGZG)2/4(KFKGBNJZGBKSJKO
C[KTGZFR"NEFKKRG[KTCEGCIZKXG\MPGCYCNRG\,DOPT[ZFTE
K"C[TG\CKGOGKG\Z,GMB"BKN"MGKN"X16
.GKFKFCGMNFXGZG\[N
FRFD\PEKRF,TE[BVKNGBOPSDZ\FPGSEFHF\MKNCYZCFMN
FTGNOMGNG,B[ZBHK\CJNMNKNP[JZFBDZGU,NBKFKFXGZLN[RG\
ECZCKQCTCGEFGCKQCFRFDF.GFPGSEFHFKFKFMTKQRYGEFPZMHK\
TGNPK\[TNKFKNMGGKYKVGTPKOGPEKRG\TESGUFTGNO.GMNFRMRS
CPSDZ\FY’KFKGNFO\MRK\BI\GFRFDFBI\TOFPZMH,GKFKGMPG
TOBIEPP[NZGIKOGNFVSEKOGN\GXBG\.
KC.BSGZCBKSGZIPGZ)2/5(NCRKFPGSE,[K[\P[CBKHFPGSEP[VJK
GMEGPF,PMNXGZG\FRPXBG\CP[JZFMI.BNBMNFS\KZG\KMZKTG
CKRONCKQTXPO,MNGPZCKQFXEEKOFRGDTKOCECZ.GET\FXCGZFPDRF
B\FBDBKHOKDRFB\FCTNECZ[KRXNXEY\ICKZGN\GTN\G.
KD.TGCEBFKB[KFGEKO[RGBKOTNZGC)7/1(FBGPG\.GFOFGNMKO
GPPTJKOBG\OFQFMRSKF[NFOGFQFIKNGRKG\[NFOGFQFY’[NFO
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 312
15TN"FXGZFFE\K\[NMNFBGPG\"GTN"IGYKFE\F[GGKONMNFTGNO"ZBF
NFNQC\GSVG\NINYHF,YJTKB,TP’.338
16MB"BKN"MGKN"X:MNBIEGBIEKTCGENVKMGIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG.
GBKQTXFNFNIOMRDEHFBNBNFCKBPGSZBPK\KBNJZGBKHPKCNC
FBGPG\TENYGSPGVKJNKHO.
KE.BOKIKEBSGZNRXNICZKG,NPFBGPF)3/2(PG\Z\NFNRXN
ICZG\KF.GBKHFIHYFRG\QXEYFNBGPF[\FRFPFBZWKG\ZPICZG\KF.
GNVK"HK[NKSEY’CKQNBGPK.
MKMPG[K[KIKEKO[HMGBO)3/3(CIZKXG\BOCPYZF,BOCKZG[F
PBCG\KGNINYK\ZTNI[CGQFPZG[NKOMQPP[CBGPG\,GB"MNPF
\DENFPNIPFTNFKIKEKOKG\ZPTNFBGPG\.
JG.BOFKK\CBKVZBKO[NB\GMN)4/3(NSEZOCEZLFIGYMKBOCEZL
E\,FFKK\PVYVYCHFGTGHCBG\O[K[PKEGHFB\HF?MQPCIKR\
BNJZGBKHOMGNOVZBKO,GBKQ[GO\ICGNF[KYGCNTNKFOBONBCEZL
E\.PKKFSSNTHCONRV[OTE[K[PKEGHB"HCVXXG\PKKPQ.
JH.D’KSGEG\FONF\V[JG\)5/1(FBPGRF{SKVGY\[GYG\,FGMIG\,
G\TPGNF:17
\[GYG\,FQMPGF[BZ\FRV[,[MZ.GMQ[MZNBGPK[KFKF\VBZ\
FBGPF.
FGMIG\,FQ[BKQYKGONTGNOHGN\G,PM"[CKPKFBJGOF...
\TPGNF,KMGNFN[P[CPYGOFGMIFD"MBOFKBCIZKXG\.
KH.PIP\\BG\FZMG[,RPXBB[ZFY’FBNJZGBKSJKBKBV[Z
[KCRF)4/4(HGN\CFYEP\)4(FY’FBDBKSJK.MPG[FGMKIGMNFICZG\
[ZXGNKSEYB’BNJZGBKSJKPJZOFPBZYSKHO.BNBT\FBIZ[[NK[
FTGNOMCZFRKIGKSGEG\KFOTNP[JZY’BDBKSJK,BV[ZNF\IKN
NKSEY’BNJZGBKSJKCZYKKPBTNCSKSE\K.
KI.FY’FBNJ’SGVGNCJNNDPZK)2/6(PP[N\FMI,BNB"BK[MN
FK[ZCTKRKGKT[F".GBKQN\PGFGNVYVYTNHF,MKMQNBFBPKRG
[BV[ZNIRLKNEKOCFSCZFBNBCPYNIGCNKOTE[MFKGOZGCFTGNO
YCNGHFNPTJPP[N\FMITNKNEKO.GHFBPGZCKNEKO[BKQNFOMI
FSCNRG\GBKQNFOET\GPM"[CYKCGWBR[KOCTNKET\GSCNRG\
GPIGRMKOCBGNJZGBKHO,GNBKFKFXGZLNFOP[JZ[NMI.
GCBP\BKQECZP[VKNGPCHFB\FBEOKG\ZPFKG\GMVGUNPP[N\
FMIFTZJNBK.
INYB313
17CY[ZNRBPZMBQPGPNWNTKKQC\GSVG\FPGCBG\CSGUINYHF,YJTKC,
TP’.340
GBVKNGNC\KP[VJNBKFKGXZKMKO,BNBBOKBZTBKHFPYZFKGXB
PFMNN[F[MRKONBKVTNGTNBEOKGXBEGVQ,BHKHEYYGNGPIRMKO
PGPIKONFJG\GCGKMGIKOGCFSCZ\JGC\O[NFICZFTE[KIHKZG
BG\GBNF[GZF.
GBOKBZTBKHFBEOTY[Q[MNHFNBKGTKNNGBHKVZ[GPPRG
FXCGZMPGPQPRGEFTE[KFKFPGMZINF\ICZNIGYKFICZF.
FKGXBPHF[BIZ[\GSEYKCGWBIEPY’BNJ’,GKPXBCGZGC
[YCNGTNKFOBG\OFIGYKOCVGTN\KMUKYCNGTNKFO[NBNFCKB
BK[B\ICKZGN[GOCK\FP[VJBGNSGMRKFPP[NF,BGNMIBKHF
[FGBBNBFMNCFSCZFZMFMR"N.
GPIP\HFBKQPYCNKOBK[NICZFPJZOKCEYBOBKRGBK[DS
CKG\Z,GBKRGPSGDNNIKRGLFBGNJZGBKHO.
KJ.JGCN\YQ,[NBKFKF[GOBEO)2/7(\GCTXZMKGPFICZF,BNB
KFKGRCIZKONML,[KIYZGPISGZMNBIEGKINYGBG\QNMNBIEGBIE.
GET\FXCGZKGYKTB\F\GCTNTXPGBKHFXGZLNBK[DSGPRGGNMPG
DRCGDHNQ[NFKGO.GNVKML\FKKRFPI[CG\KG[NMBG"BR\GRG\BL
NF[VKTNHGN\G.MJCTMNIKRGLFPI[CB\HF,PJZOKZDK[ISZGRG\
NTXPG.
BOZGXKONYVGWTN)1/5([NIQXZKMKONFMKQTXPONYVGWFZCF
NPTNFPQF[NIQGBHSGVGNYVGWTNF[NIQ.BCNBOKZXFNYVGW
ZYTNZP\F[NIQBHKVGNNPJF.
M.K[NFGEG\[Y’BDB’FGB[NCNXEY,TNEZL"P[NBN[PF
CBKON[PF".BNBBRK)5/2(BGPZ,[MCZFDKTT\N[NCFC’[FGBY’
BGNJZGBKSJK,BMQXZKMKONFRFKDGCBZWBI\NEGDPB,MKBHGEBK
KYCNGFGCTNK[NCFB’.
GFIVHGQI[GCPBE,MKFISZGRG\GF[PG[CMI[CY’FBDB’
PZIKYKOZGCFTGNOCTNKF\ZCG\P[KJFHGCMNNF.GNVKMLXZKMKO
NFZBG\NTGNOB\FY’FPG[NP\,[BHCNKSVYKYCNGFGZGCCTNK
F\ZCG\[CTGNO.
GK[NI[G[PBE[NBKYEKPGFBKPVZ’NCJNB\FY’PQFTGNO.
BMQBO\\VZSO[KJ\RGFPG[NP\CVGTN,CGGEBKK[BZGFBKPVZ’
MPNLCNKIKN.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 314
MB.CZGZ[NBK\MQIKKICZF\YKRF)4/6(GKXKCFHGN\[FS\KZG\
[CCRKFICZF\FKKRFRMZTG\T"KFZGC,GHFPCZZNRG[BKBV[Z
[KFKFP[JZJGCCICZFHGN\BOFZGCFGBJGC.CB‘VQ[ICZFJGCF
VKZG[F[K[CFZGC[FOJGCKO,GICZFZTFVKZG[F[FZGC[CFFO
ZTKO.GHF[BPZ\KNTKNBG\D’,[BKQNKKSEY’,PJZO[ZGCBR[K
FICZFFOCZXGQNF[VKT.
MC.BKQ[GO\TPGNFKMGNF)10/5(NFCJKIP[JZCMITNEGZG\
FT\KEKO.GNBKGTKNMBQIKRGLGNBET\FXCGZ,[PJCTONNM\
GNF\IN[,IGWPE\[PJCTGNNM\GNF\IHY,GBRGZGBKOCRSKGQ,[BG\O
FTPKO[YCNG\IKNFFE\,T"KBGRSGMVKF,GCEGZG\BIZKFOPYKKPKO
BG\OP\GLCIKZFGZXGQ.GNBTGEBNB[PGSZKORV[OTNKG.
GK[NFCKQ,[BT"V[FBCG\)10/6(YCNGTNKFO)4/7(FY’FBNJZGBKSJK
PIP\[FOBKEBNKSJKOBKQTGE[GOCJIGQ[CRKFOBIZKFOKP[KMG
CP[JZFHF.GBKQXGZLNGPZBODOFBCG\YCNGFCMVKFGBGRSMRFGD
CY’BDBKSJK,[NBK\YKKOHFNEGZG\BNBSGUSGUK\DCZGTNKG
GKCJNGFG.
GBKQNMVG\P[JZ[NMVKFNEGZG\,MKBOCEZLPXGG\FE\.
MD.PF[BRKBGPZ[BKQNFRFKD)4/8(P[JZY’PJZO[KFKFZGC
BGNJZGBKSJK,BKQFVKZG[[KFKGMQPCIKR\BKEKBFCIVWNC,BNB
FVKZG[FGB[KYKKPGHFPIP\FE\CXKZGUET\FXCGZGMVKFHGSGVF
NF\YKKONEGZG\PIP\[FE\FGBFMGVFFTKYZK.
ME.K[NHMGZ)5/2(MNFKSGZKOGICNKFTGRKGF[IKJG\GFPNIPG\
GFBNPRG\GFK\GPKOF[GZZKOCTGNOGPCY[KODBGNFPY’
FBGNJZGBKSJK,GBHNBKY[FNBEON\\GNPSGZMNIKKGMEKNFXKN
BG\OPMNKGQGFMBCKOFRGZBKO.GPM"[BEOXTKZ[TGENBJPJONCG
PISZGRG\KGTXPG,GEBK[KTHGZNHFCMNRV[GGPBGEG.
[NKNF
B.BOTG[KOFNBPF)8/1(PJZO)1([FXCGZPGMQNML,EFKKRGPJZO
[KFKFNMNBIECSKSCJGIGDGZOCJGINIPZENYNTCGEF,EGPF
NSG\ZCK\GFYJQPJZO[K[NGFBPXTKONCRG\CK\BIZ.
INYB315
C.F[GB\FXCGZ:BKQ)8/2(FVKZG[,NF[GG\FPGM[ZKOGFPGXNIKO
NZP\FPZG[NKOGFREMBKOMKHFGIGZCQFXCGZPP[.BNBFVKZG[
FGBN\\NMNB’PFXCGZZP\FIKKO[NFCKRGRKO.[DOFPZG[NKO,
KYCNGIEG\FIKKOMPGFCKRGRKO.
D.FIGV[[NFVZJXZKLNFKG\)2/8(R[PZ,BOBKRGPHKYNZGC
FXCGZ.GTNFPHKYKOBKQNZIOMNN.GNT[G\GCN\KPHKY.
E.FY’FTM[GKP\YKKOCHMG\FBKEKBNKSJKO)8/3([CZB[F,[FKG
BKEKBNKSJKOPJZO[RT[GY’,BCNEGZF[RK[KCIZGPRFKDKOT"V
ETG\ZGCXCGZ,KNLFNGLGP\CJN,GKYCNXGZ\RXKHKO,BG[KIHGZ
NZMG[RG\,MKNBKFKFNFODGZO,[KPRTBG\OPNRXNBGPG\BIZG\
FPZG[NG\.
F.FY’FB’BKQCG[GODGZO)9/1(NPRGTPNIPG\,MKCSKSMN
FPNIPG\FGB[JIFPIKF[MNBI\ZGXK\NFCRG\TNIGZCQICZ\F,
BOCXEYGBOCYRBFTNPF[FBIZ\K[NGKG\Z.GFY’FPCGSSTN
"[NK[NK"CPSDZ\INGYF[GF,BKRGPSKZMNNYRB\FBGPG\HGCHG,
GPM"[FPISGZ[NFBGPFC[JIPIKF.DOBKQ\YGF[BGPG\FT[KZG\
K\RGPINYQNF[\GG\TOFTRKG\.MK"[NK[NKG[NL[NL"BKRGPIKKC
B\HF,GMNHFNBKV\GZZYFY’[N"[NK[NLG[NL[NL".
G.DOFKGOZBKRG[K[MITGNPK)9/2([R\DCZGMC[MNFBZXG\FY’
GTG[FCFOMC\GL[NG.EFKKRGPP[MEZLFFSJGZKBCBGPG\YEPGRKO,
jK@GGQGZGPKGMG’.GCNKSVY[MIFHFK\VXNNINYKO,CCBKO.GMCZBRG
PGXBKOB\JKJG.GM[K\VXNGGEBKKNIPGHC"H.MKCPFPG[NZGS’TN
J[GM’18
BONBCMIFIZCGFIRK\.BGTNBIZG\.
H.CY’FPTCKEKOZGXKONPTJ)8/4(FXZKMF[NFTGCEGNFDEKNVZKGQ
TCGE\G.GCBP’FPTCKEKOZGXKOGVGTNKONFZCG\FXZKMF[NFVGTN,
GVZKGQTCGE\GNF[GG\NXZKMF.
I.FPTPEF[NKJKOGFPVYIKO)13/1(SGVONKXGZMPKQDNG\PXZKO
TNPTPEFTGCEKO,P[GO[MNTGCEPRKIFTGEVKO[NGNKEPTPE
F[NKJKO,GFOFNGYIKOPPRGINYCZB[.T"MNBK\RGN[GOTGCE
NFPNJP\I\KEKFONPEKRFBIZ\,GKFKGFTGCEKOMNGBKOGR[PZKO
MPGK[ZBNBXNVZTFCPXZKO.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 316
18ZGS’TNJ[GM’:ZGSKFTNX’MGSNGCYKF.
J.FPTPEF[NKJKO,SGVONFPK\)13/2(MNFRMKOGFHYRKOPPTPE
FTGCEKO,CJTRF[BGMNKOKG\ZPPF[PKKXZKO,GFOVBZHKJKOTN
FPEKRF.G[GOBEONBKPG\PK\\TXPG.
K.GBOFYGPGRKHOK\V[JCTGNOMGNG,KPK\GMNBGPF[BGMN\
KG\ZPMVK[FKBPKXZ\.
KB.BOFSVSZKOGFSGIZKOK\FVMGNPINYKO,K\FVMGFYGRKO
NPYCNKISEGXEYFPQFPINYKO,GFPINYKOK\RFDGTPFONVKXEY\O,
BGC[KTGZFKZBFPVRKFPVYIKO.
=P[JZBKRGP\YKKONRXITNZPIKO=
KC.BKQY’P\YKKO)10/1(TNICZFBRJKY’,P[GO[BKQHMG\YKGO
NP[JZFRSPLTNMEGRKOGZPIKO,MKSGUSGU\\DCZZGCFICZF
G\VKNFP[JZFFGB.
NVKMLXZKMKOPYGEONKXGZZGCY’BNJZGBKSJKO.GFP[JZKS\PL
TNFZXGQ.
=FFZDN[NDNK[RBFGYRBFK\FVLBIZMLTNFRI[NKO=
KD.FY’FRCRFTNDNKF[RBF)10/2(GFYRBFNBKXNKIKG\ZPNFVKN
FCGZD’BCNNBNFKJKCTOFRI[NKOGNFKVL,MKBG\O[FGZDNGNYRB
GN[RGBFRFCHPQ[NBKFK’NFOCGZDRKOKFVMGIKXKF[RBFTN
FRI[NKO.
=FY’FBD’PGCJINPNIPFRXIK\TOFXCGZ=
KE.FP[JZFY’PJCTG)10/3(KGXZLMNKPKGNFNIOTOBRJKY’.MKMN
BEOPJCTGRGJFBIZZMG[.GRGJFNYCNF[PR\GNFRKINICKZG
FSTZGGKEYT19
.GBKQFJCTP[\RFPIP\FIKRGLBGET\FXCGZ.GNB
KXGKKZNTGNO[BEOKSMKOPZXGRGNINGYFXGEY\.GMKEGRKFXCBBKRO
PSGDNKONFVLFJCTGPM"[FIKRGLGET\FXCGZ.GBKEKBNKSJKO
PNKEFPGTJKOFO.
GBO\BPZFZKDRKCFGDHKNFCP[JZFZMG[RKR[PZKOFKJC.BGPZNL
[FGBPJTO[FIGYPRKINFBEOPYGONF\IZG\CEZLFPG\Z.
GBV[ZNEPG\HFNPK[PYCWICZF[ZGCOZGXIKOG[GEEKOGZGXF
NPNGLTNKFOGNMGVO[K[PZGIGY,GMNVKCKJGNZMG[MNBIE[GEE
GIPSQ.
INYB317
19PKFINCFMIG[KO.
=K[ZBNPGM[ZNFZBG\EGDPFNMNFTPKO=
JG.FY’FBGNJ’FGB)12/1(ECZREKZNZGIFBEO,GNVKMLFTOFKG\Z
BXKNXZKLNYCNTNTXPGNFZBG\EGDPBNMNFTGNO.
=FPEKRFFKBCSMRF.Y’BGNJ’KSKKTNYKCGWDNGKG\=
JH.FBGPFFKB)11/1(CSMRF,MKPJZO[\\KKXCFMNMNFKVZIGMN
BIENPYGOBIZ.MKNBMNBEOKGMNNTPGECRSKGQNSCGNCT\[K[
NGTXFNIKG\CFZICF.
GCEZLFY’FBGNJZGBKSJK,KBKZFBKEKBNNMNBIEGK\QNGSKVGY
[KZXFC[CKNHFNSCGN.GNBTGE,BNBKP[KLYKCGWDNGKG\PMN
FPEKRG\,MKFEBDFGPNIPG\FYKGO[K[NMNBIECBZXG\IGWK\Q
NFOEIKVFN[GCNBZXOGNIKG\CPRGIF,GCXEY.
=VKNGSGVKFMCZPGMR\,EFKKRGYCNFFPKGSE\TNFE\=
KH.MN[KJFPT[K\XZKMFDO)4/5(PHGQBKEKBNKFP\IE[,[BV[Z
NFDG\CG,MNGPZVKNGSGVKF.GNDCKEKEQK[MCZVKNGSGVKB[NPF
PGMR\,BNB[PKGTE\ZYNPRFKDKO.EFKKRGYCNF.
=NPFBRGTOFRCIZNHF=
KI.TNKRGPGJNNFKG\EGDPB)12/2(JGCFNTGNO,P[GO[BRGPGM[ZKO
KG\ZPMNFBGPG\,GNBP[GO[BRGBKEKBNKSJKOKG\ZPFO,BNBP[GO
[BRGSCNRGPQFTZKXG\KG\ZPMNFBGPG\.GT"MBRGPGMRKOKG\ZPFO
NCY[\ICGNF[\MNFFTZKXG\PQFBZW20
.
KJ.MKGQ[FCTNG\GF[NKJF)13/4(BKROHFG\.NP[NTNICZ\PSKN\
FCZHN[FCTNG\FKB[NCTNKPRKG\,GF[NKJFNPRFNKO,BTV"K[BKQ
NFOBNBPRKFBI\BGNBMNGO.GMQNICZ\BRKG\,[BKQNCTNKFPRKG\
[GOHMG\N[NGJBGNKTWCFO.GNP[NBRKG\PNIPF,[FCTNG\FKB
[NFPEKRF,GTOMNHFBKQN[GOBHZIEZKS\ZDNTNKF.MPGMQBO
\FKFFPEKRFCKEFVZGNJZKGQCCIKRG\CTNG\SGUSGUFFRFNF\FKF
MBG\OFPRFNKO[NT\FBGFEGPKONFOCPHDOGNBKFKFNVZGNKJZKGQ
[GOEZKS\ZDNGJGC\FRBFKG\ZPFKGO,BNBBOMQF[NKJKOKFKG
BKEKBNKSJKOEGBDKONJGC\MNVZJCB[ZFGBVZJ.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 318
20NFZICFCTRKKQK[ZBNGFKFEG\PGPNWNTKKQC\GSVG\NINYHF,YJTJ
)TP’334(GMQSGUYJTKC)TP’341(.
CPNFBI\,[PCIKR\F[NKJFBKQ[GOR"P21
BOFCTNG\CKEK
YBVKJNKSJKOBGCKEKFPEKRF,MKSGUSGUKRFDGCFOFPRFNKOGNB
FCTNKO,GNVKMLTKYZ\KYGQFICZFXZKLNFKG\CPRFNKO."BKNGU
F[NJGQ",22
.214
GMKGXBCHFBPZBCRKBNCMRS\)IKZG\,KGO...(23
[CK[ZBNFFVZ[
CKQVYKEFYJQNDEGNCKG\ZMPGP=1TE1.7,GCBRDNKBP=1TE10,GMQ
C[BZFPEKRG\VIG\PTJBGK\ZPTJ,BCNCZGSKBP=1TE.50FZK
[CPEKRF[NFVZGNJZKGQKCHCHGFVYKEKOGFPRFNKOB\KDKT\O,FZCF
KG\ZPCPEKRG\FYBVKJNKSJKQ.GHFDZOP[GO[FKBPP[NFBGNKDZMK\
GNBEPGBYZBJK\,BGCN[GQV[GJPVRK[FY’[GNJKOTNBRJK
YBP’.PGMZINFKG\BGNKDZMKB24
.GHFNBK[\RFNTGNOMKY’VKZG[G
BKEKBNKSJ,[HFBKRGRIN\FZGC.
INYB319
21RVYBPKRF,FCEN.
22"BKNGUF[NJGQ"FGBVZYCSVZ"[NJGQ"[NFVKNGSGUFCZKJKCZJZRE
ZBSN)1872{1970(.CTNFSGNOP\MGGQNPFEGZFFTCZK\,FGXB\TOTGCE,
\N=BCKC\[K"D)1953(,TP’213=214:
"YGEOMN,’CTNG\’G’[NKJF’BKRQFKKRGFL.BOPSKN\=CZHN,NP[N,[KKM\
NPEKRF,GFPEKRFFKBMNNFBHZIKO,BKQECZHFPXETXPGCBNFCJKI[K[
NBHZIFZDKN[NJGQMN[FGTNPSKN\=FCZHN.~...|
BKQFPXC[GRFCKSGEGM[FPEKRFCBFCPYGOF\BDKE;BMQ,PBIZ[DENG[N
F\BDKEFGBFGBFDGZONIGSZFK[T[NCTNFPRKG\FCKRGRK,FZKFBHZI
FCKRGRKNTGP\FPEKRFISZ=K[TFGB[CT\KO.BRK\=PNIPFFKBZMG[FXKCGZ,
BCNBO\RSFTNSPLHFNFVTKNHMG\=CTNG\[NL,KIHKZGLPKENPYGPL.
BPROK[CKEL\YRF:CCIKZG\FMNNKG\FCBG\\GMNNFXCKTCTEPGTPE
FJGTQNFYJR\\YXKCFXK,BO\GMNNPXGBPGTPEMHF;BG[KMGNB\FNM\GC
CT\GRKOGNEZG[PB\FKPBKO,MKK\RFDGCK\ZRKPGSTOFPJKKNKO.BLKG\Z
PHFBKQCMGILNT[G\.
BCN,KJTQFJGTQ,BRK\FPNIPF[KKM\NPEKRFYVKJNKSJK\,GMB[Z\FB
[KKM\NPEKR\VGTNKO,KFKFFMN[GRF.EGPFBRK,[F[YVFHGPZBFTEPF
BKQ\GVSKOB\FTGCEF,[F[NJGQFMNMNKFGBMKGOKG\ZTRKQ[NPP[N
PB[ZTRKQ[NCTNG\.BO\BDKEFVNEFFBPZKYBK,NP[N,KTCGZNKEK
PP[N\BZXG\=FCZK\,TEKKQKFKGXZKMKONBR[KO[KRFNGBG\G;FNNGKFKG
BG\OFBR[KOFPRFNKOBG\GTM[KGBGBR[KOBIZKOCTNKSPMGKG\GF[YVG\
EGPG\.BG\FTPEF[FORGYJKOTM[KGMNVKCTNKFPRKG\,KFKGRGYJKOBIZ
MLMNVKFBHZIKO.BP\,FOKFKGMVGVKONPP[NF,BCNBOFKBNB\FKF
EPGYZJK\GRTRK\NET\FYFN,\FBF[YV\FMF[YV\VYKEKF".
23CRKPKQBCRKBN)1906{1993(FKFICZMRS\FINPQFMRS\F[RKKFGBKNL
GF[\KKLN\RGT\FIZG\.CMRS\F[RKKF[KP[BCRKBNMICZCGGTE\FTCGEF
GFZGGIF.K[NXKKQMKFMRS\F[RKKFMKFRFPKGNK1951TEKGNK.1955
24BGNKDZMKF:XGZ\PP[N[CFZGCFMGIFVGNKJKPXGKCKEKINYYJQ
PFBGMNGSKKF,[FGBNZGCFIHYCKG\ZDOPCIKRG\BIZG\,MNMNK\BG
M.PEKRFMHG,[Y’[GNJKO)13/5(TNBRJKY’,PGMZI\NFKG\CKEK
YCGXF[NPRFNKOBJGYZJKO,CEKYJBJGZBPGINJ\GMNBR[KFPEKRF
KFKGCKEKFOMPGBVS,GPIGKKCKONFIHKY\PKECKEKFONFJFIZC
NPK\G\GNPBSZKOGNTGR[KODNGKOGRS\ZKOGNMZK\\PHGQGMNPKRK
TGR[KOM[ZKZG\NCO[NMNPRFNGPRFN,MEKNFIHKYB\BRJKY’
CPGZBGCVIEDEGN[KTCEGC[CKNFPEKRF.GNBKFZSGFC[DDFBG
CHEGQ.
MB.CPEKRFMHGXZKMKO)13/6(GPGMZIKOFPRFNKONEBGD[NB\FKF
BV[ZG\NCRKFPEKRFNCIGZFRFNFEPGYZBJK\.PJTO[ZGCFPEKRF
FOBRJKYBPGRKSJKO.
MC.CPEKRFMHG,[FY’K[NJGTN)8/8(BRJKY’,PGMZIKOFPRFNKO
NZBG\[NB\FKFNCRKFPEKRF[GOBV[ZG\[N\TPGNF,BGNDNG\
FTGNFRGZBFRT[FNCRKFPEKRF,BGNCRKFPKTGJKO[CPEKRF.EFKKRG
[FPEVKSKONBKEVKSGGPRFNKC\KFTOK[DKIGTNFRGBPKO[NBKDNG
[GOCYGZ\TNPT[KFO.GNFTRK[Y[FMNPK[IG[CBGTNFTNET\G
NCYZPT[KFO.CBGVQ[FPP[NF\FKFMNKMGN\NRFGDM[ZKZG\NCO,
GNBKFKFPK[KTMCCKEKFO.)"[NJGQ",21...(25
.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 320
XCBK\,NP[N.FPKNF"BGNKDZMKF"PYGZFCPKNKOFKGGRKG\N"[NKJF"
G"PTJ".
25NFNQECZKZBSN[BNKFOP\MGGQMBQCTNFSGNO:
"GTM[KGCECZ\RBKF\TPGNFNBKNGVG[NF[NJGQ.GEBK,[XZKLNBV[Z
VZSGPO[NYKVGIKOGTGGNG\;FMZIFGB[F\TPGNF\FKFIV[K\GCNCE
[BKQFKBPSK\FNFVZ\FIGY;FMZI[\FKFBV[ZG\NFB[KOVYKEKO
FIGZDKOP\IGOSPMGKG\KFOBGFPGTNKOCFQ.BSGZNFRKICKEKFPP[NFB\
FKMGN\NFCJKIB\[NJGRFTNKEKFVIEF,HKGUVRYSKFCGIZKOBGMN[KJF
BIZ\MKGXBG\CBNF.BSGZ[KGJN[GOTGR[,Z[PKBGNB=Z[PK,TNCKYGZ\
PCGSS\FRP\I\TNBK[KOI[GCKO.~...|
BKQMNKSGENFRKICGEBG\[BK=F[GGKGQFHFKKVSYTOFRFD\FSGXKBNKHO.BCN
BPXTKF\TPGNFCTRKQHFKKVSYG,BONBKKR\RGFGZBG\PVGZ[G\NYKKPO.
FT\GRKOGC\KFEVGSKFKGMGNOYRKQFPP[NFGNBKEVKSGBNBECZKO
[FPP[NF\XGGFNFEVKSO.MNGOBV[ZNFRKICGEBG\,[FPP[NF\EVKS
ECZKF\YVFTNPEKRKG\F?BONB,FZKNB\FKF[GOBV[ZG\[N\TPGNF
VGNKJK\CBPXTG\FEVGS.NBVIG\PHFKFKFY[FNMRSBSKVG\VGPCKG\,
CB[ZMNFBGNPG\KFKG[KKMKONPP[NF.SGUECZ,BONBK\YKRG\YRG\
YVERKG\N\MNK\PVGZ[\HG[N[PKZ\FIKZG\FVGNKJK\,NB\FKF[GOEZL
NVZSO\ZTGPG\,GFPP[NF,P[RCIZFVTO,\FKFMN=KMGNF,MPGFKJNZ,G\GMN
CYNG\NFCJKI[\KCIZG\[GCG\KCIZTEYWFKPKO.FEPGYZJKFBGNK\[PGZ
TNXGZ\F,BLNB\FBCFPP[G\KG\ZPB[ZCBG\QFXGZG\[N[NJGQTPPK
[FBZKMGKPKO\I\MRVKFYKSZG\FZGPK\")CZJZREZBSN,"[NJGQ",VZY
"BKNGUF[NJGQ",FGXB\TOTGCE,\NBCKC,\[K"D~1953|,TP’217=218(.
MD.FPGSZ)14/7(BKRGKMGNNFS\PLTNFIKRGLGTNET\FXCGZCNCE,
P[GO[ET\FXCGZBKRGPIKKCZYPF[FGBN\GTN\FXCGZ,NVKML
BOKCBPKGKGMKI[FPGSZPHKYNFXCGZGFGGNDBZKPGTKNKG\Z\KMU
KPBSGCPGSZGKCIZGCGGNDBZKG\GFKJNZKGMKI.
ME.FY’FBDBKSJKFPKGSE)7/3(TNDNKYRBF[RBF,NBKVJZGPFO
NTGNO,BNBC[TF[NBKFK’NFOCGZDRKOKVKNG[RB\OTNK[ZBN.
GBKQNJTG\MNNB[ZFY’FBDBKSJKKZVB[RB\K[ZBNPQFBGPG\.
GZYFY’FBGNJZGBKSJKBV[ZNXVG\PPRGZVGBFHG.
GKMGI
B.HFCZGZ[FSKSPBMBKN"XGKNV"M,26
FKB)1/6(BGNJZGBKHOPGINJ.
GM[KYGKOHFBHCFMZIMCZKFKGZGCXCGZBGMGNGP[GZKKQCPE\"[NK
[NL",B"MKBPZGRBBKHFFOFDGZPKOKCKBGB\FXCGZNZXGQFHF.MK
FDGZPKO[NFKGO,EFKKRG[RB\FZMG[RKOGMNPKRK[RBG\BNFRP[MG\
PHF,NBKCKBGNFBEOZYBNFFKVL,EFKKRG[KRJTGCBEOPE\"[NK
[NKG[NL[NL".[FGBPE\SEGOFFVGLNBFC\HGN\G.
C.BKQNKPFNECZTOFRP[LBIZFHZO,BNBZYTOPK[K[NG
ETFP[NGGMICYGZ\.
D.RGETZTKGQFKSGE[NBRDNS)8/5(C[OPZYS"[BKQFPTPEFPRGXN
GFPEGMBKMGNNF[\IZZPQFPTPEFPRXNGGPEMBG,CNK[K[IZZCF
C[TFB\FICZFMGNFBI\GN\PKE,PRKXGN,EKMGK,GPNIPG\
PTPEG\"27
.HFS\KZFNRGFDFY’FPBEZRKKO,N[IGJGNRGGQB\MNINYK
FICZFFCGZDRKO,[[RBFTHFHGNBKPIFPCRKFONTGNO.GMQFGB
CS\KZFNPF[PYKPKOPTPEZCGRKG[NKJGPVYITNPTPEFVGTNKO,
[BKQNLPNIPG\PTPEG\MGBCGPKXZKG\ZPFO,GFO[GBCKOB\
F[GPQPN[EFVGTNKOGPRKIKONFOF[KZKOPNGGFCVIEPG\\PKEKBG
VIE[NBK[NIGBG\ONSKCKZ.GBKHFDBGNFMBQ,MKFINKVGPTPE
FCGZDRK[CMNNBKRGMNMLRGZB,GNBPK\G[NECZSZXKNOPTNKFO,MK
K[CKEKFVGTNKOMI[CK\FTNKFO,FINKVGFGCPTPEZCGRK,[NKJ
INYB321
26MBKN"XGKNV"M:MNBIEKYCNNVKXZMKGGKTCGENVKMGIG.
27FPRKVSJFYGPGRKSJKTOPCGBG\GFTZG\,FGXB\FYKCGWFPBGIE,\[K"C
)1952(,TP’.44
GPVYI,CPTPETCEKOPRGXNKOT"K[VIETGR[KOPGJNTNKFO\PKE
NBKQTZLKG\ZPPF[FKFNFOCPNIPFTOFCGZDRKO.
E.FPEKRFRINY\NC’PTPEG\:FIZGXKO,GFRI[NKO.FIZGXKO,
FOFPTCKEKOGFPRFKDKO.GFRI[NKO,FOFTGCEKOGFPGRFDKO.GHFGIGY
JCTK,[FIZGXKOKRXNGB\FRI[NKO,BNBF[BNFFKBMPFIKZG\
G[GKGQGZP\FIKKOFOPRKIKONRI[NKO.GMQMPG\FTCGEF[FIZGXKO
KEZ[GPFO.FRI[NKOFO\PKEFZGCZGCG[NFICZF,GFIZGXKOZY
T[ZFBIGHKOPFICZF,[FKB[KTGZPEGKYNVKFXGZLNFVTN\
FICZF.GBOK\ZCFBGK\PTJP[KTGZFBIGHKOFRXZMKORT[FP[CZ,
GBNGFOFP[CZKO[CICZFFC’,GMQKFKGFP[CZKOCICZFFY’BO
CXGZFBIZ\,BPROCBG\FPE\FKSGZKQ.F[O"IZGXKO",MGNND"MB\
KGZ[KFOGB\CTNKFVZGJYXKFBNFIZGXKO.GC[O"RI[NKO"RMNNKO
D"MBG\OFIZGXKOFRVNJKOP[GOBKHFSCFNPTPEFRI[NKO.
F.CTRKQFE\.{"PXCFYCTFPGSZKBKRGRGCTPQFE\,MKBOPQ
FPET"28
."BPVKZKGYZKJKXKHO",.324
G.PGSZFPCGSSTN\GTN\FICZFPXBRG)14/6(DOCIKG\FICZ\KG\
BPROBKQHFPSVKY,PBIZ[P[\RFNGGNDZKG\CPYGO[PHKYNFICZF,
MDGQFZGXIFDEGNFVJZKGJ,FRK[BTNMVG\FNBGPKKO.
GPMBQ[ZYPGSZFPKGSETNCSKSFE\FGB[ZKZGYKKOGBKQNG\INKU.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 322
28HGFKBPKZF[NNRKQCSVZG"PJZKBNKHOGBPVKZKG=YZKJKXKHO",FGXB\FYKCGW
FBZXKF[GPZFXTKZ,PZICKF,1950,TP’.324NFNQFPGCBFCPNGBF:
"FPGSZRDHZPQFPG[DTN=BGEG\’PXCK=FYCTFPGSZKKO’.’PXC=FYCT,TN=VK
TXOP[PTG\G,BKRRGMGNNC[GOINY=PZMKC[C\GMG\RBK=[KRGKMN[FO.PMBQ
RGCT,NNBMN[KYGNRGSU,MKPXCHFBKRRGPRKITGE[GOBV[ZG\NPNIPF.’
)202(.’F[GKGQFMNMNKGFICZ\KRDHZKOPQFPG[DCECZPXC=FYCTFSGVK’
)endgultig,TP’213(.’PXC=YCT’HFBKRRGRGCTPQFE\,MK=BOPQ’FPET’.NB
’FZGC’KD[KPG,MVK[SCGZKOFSGXKBNKSJKO,NB[NJGQFSGXKBNKSJKO’KCKB
K[GTFNBRG[G\,’)207(,NBGNB,’FF\FGe\FIGV[K\’\D[KOB\FBKEKBN.
GMKBKQB\FPGXB,[FZKGIPQFYBVKJBNVGI\GFGNL,[[MZ=FTCGEFDEN
GFGNLCYCKTG\?)223(.[YZ=GMHCMNFJTRG\CECZ’TCEG\F[MZ’.)229(.
FTCEKO{BV[ZFKFNYXWB\ZDNKFONNBTGR[,GBNGTM[KG?NB,’FVZGDZS
FPGSZK’FGBNPTNFPMNSVY:\RGET\MONKK[GCKOFBGRKCZSKJBKKOB[Z
CBRDNKF,NIKN=FK[T,)230(,N’BDGEG\FXEYF’[CDZPRKF.C[O’PXC=FYCT
FBS\JK’VGSNKOB\’FZGPBRJKYF’.GBNGTNFZGPBRJKYFP\KKISKODOMN
XGZG\FF\V[JG\NNB=SKKD[NFBRK,DOFBKEKBNKHO,DOFPJBVKHKYF,DO
FBfYeNJKHO,DOFSGNKVSKHO,DOFBDGBKHO,DO’MVKK\FBNKPG\[NFZGCTN
FPKTGJKO’,DO’FBKEKBNFSGXKBNEPGYZBJK[NBKZDGQMNFTCGEFCKEK
FPEKRF.’)241=240(."
GMQBRGPGXBKOBXNTPKOFVZBKO[PE\FPGSZ[NFOTGNFTE
BKQYWTNFTPKOF\ZCG\KKO.
H.BKBV[Z[\FKFICZFJGCFBB"MFZGC)8/3([CFFGBJGC.
BPROK[PEFKPKOBGPV\KOB\FZGCFZTCMNPKRK\ICGNG\TE
[PGMZINCIGZCFRFDFJGCF.GHFPRFDMNFEPBGYZBJKG\,BCNSGU
SGUK\IMPGCRKFZGC,BG[BIZKOKIMKPGBG\O,GKCIZGFRFDFZTF
PP[MZXGROFZT.
I.K[NFCKQNPFHFFINKJGPZYSGBRDNS)10/4([[NPG\FY’FGB
"NTCGENVKMIGGNYCNNVKXZMKG".PKFMZKIONHF,GNPFNBPSVKYBO
PYCNMVKVZKGQTCGE\GGNBNF[GG\GTOZ[NQBGPIGSZCRKO.GFTRKQ
FGB,MKFYGPGRKHONBK\YKKOCEZLBDBKHOBNBCEZLBNJZGBKHO,
PJTPKOFR"N.
IE[G\
)15/1(PP[CBG\FFEZL[F[PKEGB\FYBVKJBNKSJKO,FGMZIG
NF[PKEB\FBMZKO,GCPGCQIEGG\FIKKO,KFKGPGMZIKONF[PKE
NTGNOB\FVZGNJBZKQ.
)15/2(PZYSGBRDNS,BT"V[FKGFZB[GRKON[KO\YGQFTGNOTN
FVZGNJBZKGQ,TM"HNBTNFTNET\ONT[G\HFCEZLMVKFBNBCEZL
ETPBYZBJK.GT"MFKFXZKL[FVGTNKOKFKGZGC,GBHKT[GP[JZ
VGTNK,B[ZCTNKFP[JZK\\YRGNBJNBJTEKCGBGNBGNJZGBKHO
FPGV[JBK[NVKPT[KGGBK[NVKXZMG.
FGSKUTNKGN+TR]KQ,29
NFRFKDFP[JZFYGPGRKSJKCEZLFMVKF[NET\
PKTGJTNZCKOC\YGF[NBIZHFKRFKDCKRKFODOFBGNJZGBKHO,GCHF
NBFKFXZKLBNBNPIRFPHGKKR\[NVGTNKO,[CFKG\CTNKFZMG[
PVGHZKOKGMNGNYI\FPP[NFCIHYF,GBI"MKCGBGGKMRKTGB\MNCTNK
FZMG[FIN[KOPIGSZBZDGQ.GNHFINYTNPBZYSGBPZNFVL,
[CPEKRG\FRI[NG\,BV[ZCK\ZYNG\NFMRKTO,MKNBFKFXZKLBNB
NFVGLFIKKNKONYGPGRKSJKOGNP[PKEKOB\CTNKFZMG[,GNYI\
ZMG[O,[NECZHF,CBZWRI[N\YNKG\ZNFSK\FIKKNKO[K[PKEG
GKIPSGGKFZDGB\CTNKFZMG[.GT"MFCKQ[BKBV[ZNFPXBFPGQ
INYB323
29NRKQ.
KG\ZDSPCBZW,GT"MBPZ[BZXG\FKFFP\IN\.GTM"HMKGGQ[ZBF
NPT[F[NBEKNF[PKET[ZFFBIGHKOFZMG[RKOBNB[XZKL
NF[PKEDOFPKNKBRKOFBMZKO,BHR\TKKU,MKBKBV[ZNF[PKEIXK
BGPF.
RGSKUTNKGSJBNKQ[BPZ[FPJZFPYE[\FBPXTKOGYCNTN
TXPGDOPNBMFFHGNF[PKEB\FBMZKO.GFXNKICHF.
BPROMGNONBFCKBGCI[CGQ,MKSGUSGUDOXZKMKONJGC\NCO[N
FVZGNKJBZKGQ[KTCEG.GNFRFKDCFOPE\BGNJZGBKHO[KCKBGBG\O
NSKSPBHG.GHFBKBV[ZMNN[BKQN[RG\FJCT,[NBNCE[KTCGE
NVKXZMKGBNBTGENXGZLICKZG[HFBKBV[ZMNNBNBCEZLBGRS
GMVKF,[SGUKYGPGFZGCGKCJNGB\FP[JZ.
)15/([YZBGPZKOBNG,[FBKEKBNKHOJCTFGBCBEO,BG\GNEF
PIKRGL,BNB[FGB\GNEFK[ZFPFE\,[MNFHPQ[FE\NBR\V[J
CTGNO,C[KTGZDEGN,FKFMNFTGNOCZCZKOCNK[PWPGSZMNKG\.BNB
BIZ[R\V[JGTGCEKBNYKO,RT[GHZTOFMGVZKOBR[KOBKEKBNKSJKO.
CBGVQ[FBKEKBNKSJFGBZYPYKKOPXG\BCG\KGBNBPXGFK\GPF,
EFKKRGCNKPX#G+GF.
GPFKFKFBOFE\K\CJNNDPZKPQFTGNO?BHK\FVMGMNFPP[NG\
NFKJNKZKO[[GOECZNBKTMCTNEZMO,PNFGSKUJGC\TPOCNK
[KTGZ.
MKDOFKGOCPP[NG\BKQKGETKOSTRJKPTRJKO,TM"HK[NPT[KFO
DCGNCKQFEGPOGCKQFBKEKBNKSJKO[CPEKRF.GM[K\CJNFE\,NBY[F
KFK’NFPG[NKONTYGZB\FBKEKBNKSJKOFR[BZKO,MPG[NBFKFY[F
NFKJNZGNSJNKQ.
GFFVZ[CKQE\KKONBKEKBNKSJKO,MKFBKEKBNKSJBKQCSKSNPT[KG,
MKNBKGMNN[MRTNPKNPFFGBPCMZFXEYGPKPIKKCML.BGNKBKRG
BNBIGN[\NC,MECZRKJ[F.BKQNG[GOPNF[NJTOCVKG.GNVKML
FDCKZGTNKFOSJNKQGFKJNZ.
BCNFE\KKTRFCTHG\,MKPXG\BNYKOFGB,GKPSGZRV[G...
)15/(BOECZKKCKB\GTN\,JGC,GBONBGKETGEGZG\BIZGRKONPFR\CJN
FY’,[BKQHFPJTO[BKBV[ZNYKKPFCKQFIKKO,MECZFZMG[RKO,BNB
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 324
PJTO[FPRFKDKONBFCKRGMKXENYCGTB\FP[JZ,GFYKPGP[JZ[N
BDBKHOCPYGO[FKGXZKMKONFYKOP[JZ[NBNJZGBKHO.
GBOKINGYPKTNK[KBPZ[FIKRGLCNCEKSVKYTNHF,BRKPZ[F
BG\GNKKSENGICZFTNIKRGLCNCE.BCNBRKNBBGMNNF[\\UCHF
PIP\[BRKKGETCZGZ[HFECZKOCJNKO.GT"MKZ[FGKSKKTNKNFYKOICZFFPKGSE\TNE\.
\GSVG\GJKGJG\30
YJTB31
"FYGPGRKHOFCKYZ\KNBSKZCPTGNOGBKRGPSZCDOT\FNFVZG\B\
PI[C\GC[VTFZTKGRG\FBKEKBGNGDKKO,FPGSZKKO,FVSKMGNGDKKO
GFIKRGMKKO[BV[ZNFDKTBNKFOP\GLNKPGEMNXGZG\FYGPGRKHO"
)PCGBG\B’NCZKGNFNPBRK’FY’,117(32
.
C."BNGBPZRGNI[GCFKGOMPZYSGBRDNSC[TF[BOFOTXPO
FKGFKGOFKGIG[CKOBIZ\")PCGBG\VNTMBRBGGNPBRK’Y’,128(33
"BNG[PZRGTNBG\FP\F[N\GZ\O"GMG’)[O(.
INYB325
30NFNQKGCBG14YJTKOFPFGGKO\GSVG\BGJKGJG\NPBPZHF.
31YJTHFPMKNZK[GPKOFRZBKOMTKYZKECZKO[M\CFPICZNTXPGNYZB\
M\KC\FPBPZ,PTKQJKGJFZB[GRFGMGNN\.
32FPRKVSJFYGPGRKSJKTOPCGBG\GFTZG\,FGXB\FYKCGWFPBGIE,\[K"C
)1952(,TP’.117FXKJJF[PCKBMBQCTNFSGNONYGIFP\GLFPCGBNPRKVSJ
[M\CBRJGRKGNBCZKGNF)1843{1904(,VKNGSGUSGXKBNKSJBKJNYK.NFNQ
FVSYFCPNGBF:
"FYGPGRKHOFCKYZ\KNBSKZCPTGNOGBKRGPSZCDOT\FNFVZG\B\PI[C\G
C[VTFZTKGRG\FBKEKBGNGDKKO,FPGSZKKO,FVSKMGNGDKKOGFIKRGMKKO[BV[Z
NFDKTBNKFOP\GLNKPGEMNXGZG\FYGPGRKHO,FINPMBNKBSCQYBNB&EGRKF
GMNFCYBCB&.K\ZTNMQ:TNKEKIYKZ\FXGZG\FNNGGKEKT\QP\V\I\GP\IHY\
FFMZFMKXERCENFSGXKBNKHOFPETKPMNF[BZ.PKNBKMKZP\GLFIYKZF
FHB\MK\GPBSPfZeSFKFBEODKCGZGSGVZEDGN[NFSGXKBNKHO?GPKNBKIG[
CNCGFTZXFZCFNZfaB&ZBfB&Q,[FKFFZB[GQ[FTRKYNPGSZFYGPGRKHOB\
FTYZGQFFGB[BKQTNKGTGZZKQ:BGVKFBEOGPGSZGFO\GXBFFMZIK\
P\RBK=IKKGGPQFRSKCG\[FGBR\GQCFQ?GFECYKOCYGPGRKHOFCKYZ\KZGBKO
B\TXPOIKKCKO,C[TF[FOSGYZKOCPI[C\OB\FFKSJGZKF,NTPGENKPKQ
MNFPEGMBKO,BUMKRDHZTNKFOMPTJ\PKENFK[BZPEGMBKOGNSNGN,NBIZ
FK[DKOIGNVKO,B\FEZLN[NJGRO[NPEMBKOIE[KO".
33[O,TP’.128FXKJJF[PCKBMBQCTNFSGNONYGIFP\GLFPCGBNPRKVSJ
[M\CDKBGZDKVNMBRGC)1856{1918(,BCKFPZYSKHOFZGSKGPRFKDF
FBKEBGNGDK[NF\RGTFFSGXKBN=EPGYZJK\FZGSK\.NFNQECZKG:"BVKNG
PGSZIKGC
.1ZBKG\NY’FBGNJZG’.
.2NIGYKFICZFFY’FBNJZGBKSJK\.
.3NY’CKQNBGPK.
.4NE\\GTN\K.
.5SEZ\TPGNFNF\V[JG\FE\.
.6FY’FBDGBKSJKFGBPGYEONY’BNJZGBKSJK.
.7NYKGOFKFEG\.
[NKNF
.1IGN[\YGKFP[JZ[NFY’FBD’)8(.
.2NBKCJNGFPNIPG\)9(.
.3FGMIG\[FY’FBD’BKBV[Z[K\YKKO)10(.
.4PBJKGGKOPXKGRG\)11(.
.5[K[ZBNXZKMKOXZKMKONFKG\PGV\NDGKKO)12(.
.6PTRKRKP[JZFBD’)13(.
.7PGSZ)14(.
14/4 14/8 10/2[FY’FGBBDGBKSJKCEZL,BT"V[SGVGBNJZGBKSJK.
3/3 8/1GK[NINYFTGNONC’SGDKOBDGBKSJKOGBNJZGBKSJKO0/0.
10/6 10/2 10/1 10/3ZGCXCGZFGB\PKEBRJKY’.
8/2GT"MP[JZFY’PIGKCNFSPLTNMEGRKO.
13/7FISZGRG\CFRFNFFY’FBDGBKSJK\.
PQ8/9TE9/1FY’NBKXKNRGPPNIPG\.
FY’XZKL[KFKFCKQNBGPKP3/2TE12/1/2.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 326
CRK=BEO[NCOFKFZIGYPQFPSYRG\GI[[GPVRKFQ,RBNXGNFGEG\MK
F’IYKZF’FCKBFB\PBZjSGB\BRDBNSNKEK[GZF[NPI[CG\CZGZG\
GPYGZKG\.BLBOXEYBRDBNS,[KG\ZPQFPSYRG\I[GCFFF\V\IG\
FPGNKMFBNKFQ,G[CMNNBKQNPSYRG\BNBI[KCG\N[TFCNCE,MKT\F
Z[BKOBRGN[BGN:FBONBR\KK[RGDOFPSYRG\[FGSYGCIKCGZFHF?MNGO
NBRIZWEKRQCFP[LFF\V\IG\,HG[DZPF\IKNFNFSY\Q?~...|BKNG
BPZRGNI[GCMPBZjSGBRDBNS,[TF[FOTXPOFKGIG[CKOBIZ\,FKKRG
PGMKIKOCMLZYB\IGSZ=FM[ZGQFDPGZ[NRGN\VGSB\ZGIFCKYGZ\
FIKFFPVTP\B\\GZ\O;BKNG[PZRGTNFBG\FP\F[N\GZ\O{FKKRG
P\ZIYKOPPRFPZIYZC~...|.PBZjSGBRDBNSCKYZGCNK=ZIOB\MNFSEZ
FYKKOGNBI[[GNPSYRG\CKYZ\O.\NPKEKFO[NPBZjSGBRDBNSBUFO
BKROXZKMKONI[G[NCYZB\FPSYRG\[BNKFQFDKTGZCG\KFO".
11/1IKHGYFXKGRG\{GPM"[FYCGXKO[FOCSMRF[NCKJGNO.
P[JZY’TNBRJKY’NBK\YKKOTNMEGRKO,BG\OFBKEKBNKSJKO
[FOPRFNKOFKGO,CEGZF[RKFTONBKCIZCFOBNBCPRFNKOBDGB’
MPGFO,GK\FVMGNRXKHO.
BRKPECZZYNVZGNKJZKGQ,MNGPZNRI[NKO,GMQNBG\OFBKEKBNKSJKOFPGSZKORV[ONJGC\O,BCNNIZGXKOS\OBKRKPECZ,MKCBP\NB
KISZNFOCMNFP[JZKO,GBVKNGCP[JZFDZGTCKG\ZNBKYGVIG.GNB
KYVKEGBOKYZBGNFO\T[KRKOGSGIZKO,BGKYZBGNFOPRFNKO
GPVYIKOBGPINYKO.
GTM"HBT"V[HGGDFBNJZGBKSJKOTOFBDGBKSJKOFXNKIMNML
NFVKNB\FP[JZFCGZDRK,BKRGPGM[ZMNNNFTPKEICZF[\GVKG\
PBG[ZG\MIVWFPKKSEKO.GNBTGEBNBNFKVLMKHGGDFHF[NFY’
FBKEKBNKSJKOTOFPEGMBKOFBDGBKSJKO,SGVGNFVZEPQFYXFBN
FYXFGKGNKE\GFGGCGFGCICZF.
1MPFP[BKZKO
2MPF[KTGZF[TCGE
3MPF[KTGZFIKZG\
BKQ\YGQNRI[NKOBB"MFOKCIZGFGTE
3FIZGXKONBKRKIGNXB\PPEKR\O
3CSGVOKPK\GFHYRKOGFIGNKO
1M[FSGIZKOKT[GNPINYKOKFKGFYGRKONPYCNKISE
2FCTNG\GF[NKJFBKROHFG\
3CP[JZFMVKFNBKFKFCIKZG\EPGYZJKG\
2CP[JZMHFCRKFPEKRFMBVSCTKRKFPP[NF
2CP[JZMHFFPRFNKOK[TCEGKG\Z
2CP[’MHFKGMNGFPTCKEKONFTNDOBMHZKG\O
CKBGZNFJNKZKHO
1FE\FGBFCSKSFCJGIFKIKEN\YGRKO
1FE\FCSKSFKIKENFTNG\FZPFFPGSZK\
1GBVKNG\IKN\GCBGRS,SGVGCZXGQ
INYB327
2BKQNKSEY’PJZO[FBNJ’PYKUZGCXCGZ
1FE\GFBKEKBFP[NKPKOHB"H:HFNPKTGJGHFNZGC
3PIP\\BG\FBEONTCGEVIG\GNYCNKG\ZNBFKFBV[Z
[KYCNGE\Y’PJZO[E\BDGBKSJKFYKU[NK[FTGNO
4BOCB\CBKVZBKOFP[PKEKOHB"HFKK\PFSSNFXKTNFO
BKHFE\NFXKNIKKFOGYKGPO
5FBEONBKGMNNFS\VYCPXGG\KCK[G\GXZKLNBKHFVKNGSGVKB
NCBZNGPT[KGFJGCKOGHFG[MCZFMKRG
YJTC
NFYEPF
B.)9/3(MCZPSZ\KTYZKETG\KC\ZX"D34
.DOECZ\KTOPRFKDKFEGZ,
GECZKNBR\YCNGBHBT"V[XGGI\KMMZGMKFGFHFZ\KBHTNIGZCQ
FTGNO,NBT[FHFZG[O.BCNT\FBIZFVXXFFBJGPK\GFPKPRK\BRK
IG[C[FTGNOKBPKRGNK[YWFTGNOP\YZCGCBCXTEKORPFZKOGK[ZBN
KFKGRMGKO\IKNFN[BZFBGPG\MPG[FKFCPNIPFFYGEP\,T"MFKGO
JGCNTGZZB\FTGNO[KYCNG\ZGV\GFKIKEFGKIKGGK\YKKPG.
C.)14/8(GK[NFCKQNPFIKKCGPZYSGBRDNSB\FY’FSGVK[MN
BK[KTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG.NPFBRGXZKMKON\RBKFIPGZ
FHF.[HGFKBPE\"[NK[NLG[NL[NL".BNJZGBKHOPGINJ.
GT"HCB\KCPBPZFHFNFGMKI,[BKQ[GO\YGGFNYBPGRKHONF\YKKO
BONBKCKBGBG\GTNSGVGHF,[FGBBNJZGBKHODPGZGTEMBQBKRGBNB
[NCKO[NCKOCYBPGRKHO.
)10/7()14/9(BIZ[FGMI\KXEY\FSKSPB"BK[NVKMIGGBK[NVKXZMKG"
XZKMKONZBG\BOF[NCKOFNNGPGM[ZKONFCKBF\GXBFFHG.
)8/9(FDEZKOCGZDRKGVZGNKJZKGQ,MCZBKROPSVKYKOCKPKRGNCBZTN
KEKFOB\FFSJGZKBFMNMNK\,BNBXZKMKON[PG\KG\ZMGNNKO,GFKKRG
PTPEFIZGXKOGPTPEFRI[NKO)NTKNCGKMGIBG\E35
(.
BIZK25[RKO[NRSKGQCBRGCPCGMFCECZFBG[ZFPGINJ
FPGCJINRGPP[JZFY’,MKF[GRBKGBGPZKO[FGBCMNZT,GFBGFCKO
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 328
34\ZX"D:.1933
35ZBFNTKNTP’.322
BGPZKO[FGBD"TTNKBEPG\.BMQBKQNEIG\ECZKF[GRBKOCPIK
KE,MKM[FBEOZGXFNFMKZPEG\KG[NICKZGFGBPIGKCN[BGN
BGFCKGG[GRBKGDO[RKFO,MKMNNCKEKRG[FBGFCKOKETGZYPTNG\KG
CNCEGNB[GOISZGQ,MK"TNMNV[TKO\MSFFBFCF",36
GF[GRBKO
FONFVL,[NBKETGZYISZGRG\CNCEMKTNMNFPTNG\\MSF
F[RBF,GRPXBM[[GPTECZK[RKFOBHKETFBP\.GZXGRKNCYZMBQ
B\FYGPGRKHOP[GZ[G,GN\\FSCZTNPTNG\KGGPDZTG\KGGFTKYZ
FGB[ZXGRKNCBZB\F\YGRKOBKLBV[ZN\YQB\MNPDZTG\KG,
CBGVQ[FMNKGEGGKZBG[P[JZFHFFGBCBP\P[JZFXEYGFBG[Z
DOKIE.
PFDENF[PI\RGBH,M[FY’CBNKEKRSKGQPT[KCBGPFM"MDEGNF
MZGSKB,MKFKFCZGZNRG[BIZBKHF[RKOPGTJG\KDNFP[JZFXEY
GFBG[ZNTKRKMNFTGNO,[P\GLML,KTNOP[JZFZMG[RKMFZUTKQ
PQFTGNO.BMQNBMLFKF,GNFKVL,MNFBGPG\CTNKFXKCKNKHBXK\
PECZKOTNP[JZFY’FSBGGKKTJKMNPGOZT,TE[NBNCE[NB
R\CJNFP[JZFZMG[RK,BNB[R\IHYMVNKMVNKOKG\ZPJZOFRSKGQ
FSGCKTJK.
YJTD
)14/8(NPFIKKCG...XGZ\FY’NFKG\BK[NVKMIGGBK[NVKPT[KG.
)10/1(BKQP[JZY’P\YKKOTNICZFBRJKY’,P[GO[BKQHMG\YKGO
NP[JZFRSPLTNMKEGRKO.
)10/2(FY’FRCRFTNDNKYRBFPGM[ZZYNFVKNGNFIZKCFCGZDRKO
BCNNBNFJKCTOFVZGN’FRI[NKO,GNFKVL[C[TF[KMNGFCGZDRKO
KVGNIKXKF[RBFTNFRI[NKO.
)10/5(BKQECZ[KMGNNFCJKIP[JZCMITNEGZG\FCBKOIGWPFE\.
)10/6(BT"V[FBCG\[FOBKEKBNKSJKOYCNGTNKFOFY’BKQCJIGQ
[CRKFOKP[KMGCG.
)4/(GBKQXZKLNGPZBODOFBCG\YCNGFY’CMVKFGBGRSMRFGDCY’
BDBKSJK,[SGUSGUKYGPGGKIZKCGFG.
)10/3()10/1(BKQP[JZY’P\YKKOTNICZFBRJKY’,MKK\IKKCNFNIO
MNKPKGTOFBRJKY’.MKMNBEOPJCTGRGJFNZMG[.
INYB329
36P[NKK,KC.
GBKRGKMGNNTCGECNKPBJKGGVBGGZ37
GMKEGRKFXCBNBKFVMGJCTFBEO
GBKEKBNKSJKOPGTJKOFPF.
MKMPFBNVKO[RF[NTGR[KOZGCXKOTNFDRCKOGFDHNRKO
GFZPBKOGTM"HNB[KRGB\JCTOBT"V[K[NFOEZMKONF[KDFMN
CEZLFPG\Z.GFECZEGPFMNVKEKEQ,NPK[PGXBICZF[MGNODRCKO
GZGXIKOG[GEEKOGZGXFNFRFKDOGNFDCKNOCEZLFIGYT"KMI:
[PGMZINF\VGXW.
)10/4(MVGN.)14/1(MVGN.)14/2(MVGN.
)14/3(MKGQ[RXIGQCETFPGCJINFZGC,GPM"[FFGXBFNVGTN[N
FY’NBK\YKKOBNBT"KZGCXCGZ.BRGPIGKCKONFRXKIZPFFPGSZK\
[NZGCXCGZCB‘VQ[NBKYGNYNNTGNO.
)4/1()GBGNKDO4/2(GFE\FGBCSKSFCJGIFKIKE[NBK\CJNNEGZG\.
)14/4(XZKMKONFTCKZFY’TNFVSKO[N"[NK[NLG[NL[NL",EFKKRG
BGNJZGBKHOBCSGNGJK.GBIZ[ZGCFXCGZKDKTNHF,K\YKKO"MNBK[
KTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG".
)14/5(PJZO[ZGCXCGZFDKTNZP\FPGSZMHF,BSGZNFNBKOFZMG[.
PJTPKOFR"N.
YJTE
)8/1(BOTG[KOFNBPF,PJZO[ZGCXCGZPGMQNMLEGPFNSG\ZCK\G
FZTGTPJZO[K[NGFBPXTKONCRG\CK\IHY.
)8/2(INGYFXGEY\,BKQFVKZG[NF[GG\FIZGXKOBNFRI[NKOMKHFG
IGZCQFXCGZ.BNBNF[GG\FRI[NKOBNFPGM[ZKO.
)8/3(FY’FBD’P\YKKOT\FCHMG\YCGX\BKEKBNKSJKO[CZB[F.
BCNCEGZG\FCBKO,BKQFXCGZCGIZCBKEKBNKSJKOBNBCPGM[ZKO
CKG\Z,[FBKEKBFBKRFPDCKN\O,GBHKYCNFY’XGZF[NRXKHO.
)8/4(CY’FBDB’ZGXKOFPTCKEKONPTJFXZKMF[NFTGCE,GNFZCG\
VZKGQTCGE\G,[KFKF\PKECSVYBOKSVKY.GP[GCIPPRG
FBKPVZKBNKSJKO,[FPTCKEKOZGXKONFZCG\FXZKMF[NFVGTN,
GNF[GG\VZKGQTCGE\GNXZKMF.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 330
37PGJKCVBGBZ:"MI=PJZF[FGBMIFVGTNGPRKTNMNDGUGPGEENGMINKDKTF
M\VYKEFENYCPMGRF")FFDEZFNYGIFP\GLYGRJZS"F[NGO"[NCTNFSGNO(.
YJTF
)8/9(FDEZKOCGZDRKGVZGNKJBZKGQMCZBKQPSVKYKONCBZFFKSJGZKB,
BNB:NPTPEIZGXKOGNPTPERI[NKO.
)8/6(IGYJCTKFGB[PTPEFIZGXKOKRXNGB\PTPEFRI[NKO,MPG
EDKO[CKO[FIHYCGNTB\FIN[.GBKQFVZ[BOFIZGXKOFOCGZDRKO
BGVYKEKFPP[N\FY’,BNBF[BNFFKBMPFIKZG\GIEGG\FIKKOFO
P[BKZKONFRI[NKO.
PTPEFIZGXKOFO10BIGHKO,GPTPEFRI[NKOFPGRFDKOPFO,FO
\[TKOBIGHKOPFICZF.
)0/0(BKQ\YGQNRI[NKO,BNBBOMQFOKCIZGCTXPO)8/(B\BG\O
FIZGXKO[KP[NGTNKFO.GBOBKQCKEKFOMIFHF,BHSGVONFKG\
PRGXNKONCNKDCGNT"KFIZGXKO.
YJTG
)13/1(PTPEFIZGXKO,EFKKRGF[NKJKOGFPVYIKO,SGVONKXGZDNG\
PXZKOTNPTPEFRI[NKO[FOFTGCEKO,P[GO[F[NKJKOPYCXKO
NKEOMNFTGEVKO[NFTGCEKO,GFOFNGYIKOPFOINYCZB[,GMQ
PJTOJGC\FXCGZ,NBKRKIGN[GOTGCENFPNJP\I\KEKFONPEKRF
BIZ\GK[PZGTNKFOMPGK[ZBNCPXZKO,[BKQTCEKGXBPFO
NIKZG\.
)13/2(PTPEFIZGXKO,CSGVO,KPK\GMNFRMKOGFHYRKO,[BGMNKOGBKRO
TG[KO,BGBVKNGBOBGMNKOKG\ZPPF[KGMNGNTCGE.MKGQ[FGBNZT\
FICZF:GSTRJKPTRJKOBKQNFO,MRGET.
)13/3(C[TF[FSGIZKOGFSVSZKOK\FVMGNPINYKOK\FVMGFYGRKO
NPYCNKNXEYFPKEKFO,GDGZNOKI\LNVKISEKFPINYKO,BGC[KTGZ
FKZBFPVRKFPVYIKO,BOKFKFNFOTRKQCHF.
)13/4(MKGQ[FCTNG\GF[NKJFBKROHFG\,NP[NBRKFF[KKLNFPEKRF,
[MNBHZIK[NGCTNG\TNKF,TOMNHFBKQNGEZKS\FZDN[PF,BNB
NVKZXGRO[NFPRFNKOF[GNJKOTNKFMPGMQBVKNGBO\FKFPP[N\VZGNKJBZKGQ,NB\FKFNFO[GOTEKVG\KG\ZCRMSKFPP[NFPPF
[K[NFOT\FCRMSKFCGZDRKO.MKMNF[NKJF[CFOZYNPRFNKO,
[FOFCGZDRKO[NT\F,BGFEGPKONFO.
INYB331
)13/5(PEKRFMHG,[Y’[GNJKOTNBRJKY’,PGMZINFPXBCKEK
BGNKDZMKBCEKYJBJGZBPGINJ\B[ZMNBR[KFPEKRFKI[KCGMPG
BVS,GKFKGR\GRKOCKEKFONTGR[KOBMHZKKO,MVK[ZKZ\NCG[NMNPRFN
GPRFN.MKCB‘VQBIZNBKCJKIGYKGOXZMKFO[NFPEKRF.
)13/6(CP[JZMHFXZKMFFPP[NFNEBGD[NB\FKFCIKZF
EPGBYZBJK\,PIP\[ZGCXCGZFOBRJKY’.
)8/5(FY’FBDB’BKRGP[IZZMNGOB\FVZGNKJ’GBEZCBCPYGO
PTCKEKOCGZDRKO[FGNMKOCRGITOFTGCEKOKTPKEGPTPEPRFNKO
GPVYIKO[K[TCEB\FVZGNKJ’CMVKFCTGR[KOY[KOGPZKOGFRKXGN
GFEKMGKKGMVNGTNKFO,GNBKYNNFOMNGOPF[FRKXGNFGBNJGC\
FPEKRF,MKSGUSGUF[PR\KYCNGFPTCKEKOGFPEMBKO,GNTPNKOK\RG
FSTZGGKJYT38
.G\I\HFRPXBKOCVIEPGG\\PKEKBGTGR[KOFDZGTKO
PPG\.
)8/8(CPEKRFMHG,[FY’K[NJGTNBRJKY’,PGMZIKOFPRFNKONZBG\,
[NB\FK’BV[ZG\NCRKFPEKRFNDNG\FTGNGFEKMGK[NFO,MKBIZ
[MNFTCGEG\\FKKRFCZ[G\O,BHKDHZGTNFPEVKSKO[NBKEVSG,GTN
FRGBPKO[NBKECZGGNBKDNG[GOCKYGZ\TNPT[KFO,BNB[KFKG
PIGKCKON[YZGNIVG\TNKFOGNXKKZDQTEQTNKBEPG\.GNB\KGGET
XZ\ONTGNO.GPM"[FPKTGJKO[NBKPXBGIQCTKRKFPRFNKOP[GO
BKHFJTO[FGBKGMNGNFTCKZOPTGNOCNKCG[FGCNKKZBF[KGET
NIGW.GPFKFKFTOKFGEKO[ZGCCRKFTGNO[GRBKOBG\O?
)8/7(BPROBP\DPGZFGB[BKBV[Z[\FKFICZFJGCFGPG[NP\
BB"MFZGC[CFFGBJGCMKFFRFNFPXKKZ\JKCFICZF,GFFRFNF
RCIZ\PZGCXCGZ,GBOZGCOZT,CFMZIDOFFRFNFFKBZTF.MKZTKO
NBK[KPGTNKFOPG[NKO[KFKGNPGZ\ZGIO.
GBKQNFY[G\PQFETPGYZBJKG\FPBETZRKG\MKFPFC\ICGNG\
[GRG\PZPKOB\XCGZFCGIZKO.GM[K\IMPGGKCKRGFTGZPG\[NFO,
BHCJIKCIZGFZGCFRFNFMVKZGIO.GTKYZFTZPFTGPE\NFOCPF
[PYE[KOP\IKNFBR[KOC[OJGC,GPVZSPKOBG\OBOCIMPFBO
CXEYG\,GBHFFPGRKOPBPKRKOGCGIZKOBG\O.BCN[YZBKRGP\YKKO
NTGNO.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 332
38PKFINCFMIG[KO.
)0/0(GCHFRPXBFSCZNFKJNTZKHO.MKB’PVNBKFJCTFGB,PFYZF
NDZPRKO,[RI[CGPTPKOCTNKXKCKNKBHBXKFFKG\ZRTNKO,GV\BGO
CKGOBIERFVMGGRT[GTOVZBKBEO,FDZGTCKG\ZPKQTPKO
FVZKPKJKCKO,[MCZFKGPTGNO.GNBTGE;[FKJNZRCIZTNVKZGC
GCFBPGZFGBV[GJPBE.MKCBP\BKQ[GOETFNZGCFXCGZ,[SGZQ
ZT,BVKNGCTPKOFXKCGNKHKZJT39
CKG\Z.BNB[PZPKOB\ZGC
FXCGZMR"N.GNVKMLBVKNG[ZGCFXCGZFGBZTKMGNNFKG\FRFDF
JGCF.
BCNBOCBBEOZTFPGM[ZNDNG\B\FZPBG\[TG[KOFPRFNKOTO
BR[KOFPVGZSPKO[FOKGXZKO,GPZBFBG\OBR[KOFZBGKONCIKZF
NVKZGIOGZXGRO,MPG[T[FFKJNTZ)GMQN+TR]KQGJZBXYT40
(,BKQ[GO
VNB[P[NKMKOMNFZPBKOGCGIZKOCPRFKDKOZ[TKONVKZGIO.
GNVKMLFKFFKJNTZCBP\RCIZETPBYZJK[R\KIECGZGCFXCGZ.
GBI"HFMRKTGCKTZMNFBR[KOCTNKBKEKBFGT[FCTPKOMZXGRG
GMZXGQFTO.
GHFGMNFIKEG[MKPKPG\TGNOTGENBYZF[ZGCFXCGZK[NJG
CBKHGPEKRF,BNBBGFBGJGYZBJKO,41
[SGUSGUK[CFOBKHF[KTGZ
[NPGSZ.BGBGNKDZMKB,BGETPYZJKOFZPBKOMR"N.BCNZGCFXCGZ
FV[GJNB[NJGBNBCKPKFKJNTZKP"[.
GRGSUTNHFFZKOFZ[TG\MNVKTPKOHZKO.GFZKOJGC\FMNNTE
NPSKZ\RV[.MKFCKQRV[FSBEKSJKO[BORG\RKONFOPYGONVZGY
B\FSBEKHO,K[NPGCTEHFDOCRV[O.
YJTH
)9/1(FY’FBD’BKQCMIGNPRGTPNIPG\.MKFBGPG\FIZGXKOBGCTNK
IGPZFDNONBKZXGNF[\GG\GNF\INYTOBGPG\FTRKG\GFRI[NG\.
GT"M[GCBKQNYGG\TNF[NGOBNBCMIF[PKZFPVRKFPNIPG\
EFKKRGCFMRG\MNKHKKQ,NF[PZPVRKFYRBFGF[RBF[NFBGPG\
FTRKG\GFRI[NG\,PP[MPGFKGO.
INYB333
39CTNKFXKCKNKHKXKFFDCGFF.
40NBGQ)NC(EGKEGCKW’JZGXYK)1879{1940(,PFVMQKFGEKZGSK,FGDFETG\
YGPGRKSJGPRFKDSGCKKJK.
41BGJGYZJKF:[KJ\PP[NB[ZCFK[[NKJBIEGNGMGICN\K=PGDCN.C[NJGQ
HFBKQFMZFCZKCGRG\FTO{F[NJGQCFDEZ\GBKRGEPGYZJKGBKRG[GGKGRK.
)9/2(GNBTGE,BNBDOK\GGSVGPNIPG\PIP\[KRGKBKEKBG\NP[N,
JKJGBKHO,XKGRKHO.
)9/3(MCZECZ\KGM\C\KPHFC\ZX"D42
GXGGI\KMMZGMKBGFHFZ\KMK
FPNIPG\[NFKGOKIZKCGFTGNO.GNBFBPKRG.BCNT\FBIZFVXXG\
FBJGPK\GFPKPK\BRKIG[C[FMNKBPKRGNKBONBRKRXNPPNIPG\
KFK’YWFTGNO.
YJTI
)3/2(FY’,BOFKBXGEY\MNVKMNBGPF,FKBXGEY\MNVKMNFBGPG\,
MKBKHFHMG\GCTNG\K[TNIPZDNO[NFBZWNBGPFKIKEF,KG\Z
PN[BZ.PKIYYIGYFIHYFGPM"[[YRGFGCIZCG\GMKEGRKO.GMQNPF
\RXNBGPFBI\B\ICZ\F,BOECZHFBKRGXGEYNMNKIKE.CPNF
BI\,MPG[XGEYCKJGNZMG[NKIKE,MQFGBXGEYMNVKMNBGPF.GZY
BHKFKF[NGOCBZW.G\PFTNTXPL,BOFIHYFGIGYFKZG[F)3/3(BKRF
PYRFHMG\YRKQNKIKE,NPFKFKFPYRFNBGPF[NPF,GMPG[INGYF
XGEY\RGFD\CKIKEKFBGPF,MQXZKMFNFKG\INGYFXGEY\CKQNBGPK:
CKQFIPZDNO,GCKQBPXTKFKXGZGCKQZMG[FPXJCZNMNFBGPG\
C[GFCNKFVZ[CKQNCQN[IGZ,CKQXCKNKHZJK43
NVZKPKJKCK.PP[
MRGFDCKQKIKEKO[NBGPFBI\.
)9/4(GC[GOBGVQBKQNINYCKQKIKEKO,BGPFBI\,BGCKQMNBGPG\
FTGNO,GMNTGE[KFKFBKHF)0/0(FVZ[,NBKVSYGFPNIPG\.
)0/0(PY’BDBKSJKBKQ[GO\YGFNY’CKQNBGPK.GBVKNGBPTZKYB
\YCNP[JZY’,GDOFGEGGSKQKYCNG)9/6(P[JZY’.BKQTGE[GODGZO
[KMZKICRKBPZKYBNF[GG\ZPG\FIKKO[NFOTOCRKBVZKYBGFGEG
FVZBKOGFVZKPKJKCKO.GMBQNBKGTKNGMNF\ZGVG\[NPZYSGN+TR]KQ,
EFKKRGN[SFB\PTPEFTRK,[KDHNGB\PTPEFT[KZ,MKPTPEFT[KZ
MCZFMKRGNFOMNKON[PKZF.
GBONBKGTKN,FZKMNFY’FBD’N[GBGNZKY,MKNBKPRTGPNIPG\MNTKYZ.
YJTJ
)7/1(TGCEBFKB[K[ZBN[RGBKOPMNFBGPG\BOPJTOE\BOPJTO
DHTBOPJTOYBVTJ’BOPJTOY’BOPJTOYBSPBVBNKJKOGMG’.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 334
42\ZX"D:.1933
43CQXKCKNKHXKF.
)7/3(MKF[RBFYGEP\NMNFJTPKO,BNB[MNBIEVG\Z[RB\GNVK
FVSKMGNGDKT[NG.GNBKGTKN[GOTXFNHFBNBNFCKBY’BNJZGBKSJK
CKQNBGPKFPGSZKCKQMNFDGKKO.)7/2MVGN(
)12/1G12/2(TNK[ZBNPGJNNYCNFY’FBNJ’FCKQNBGPK\IKNFNMN
FBGPG\GNFKG\SPNNFZBG\FJGCGFKGVK[CP[JZFHF.MKP[GO
[FOSGCNKOGKSCNGPFTZKXG\[CP[JZKOKG\ZPMNFBGPG\.GFO
MPGFNCFRKMGF\IKNFNBCZKO.NVKMLPGM[ZKOKG\ZPMGNONYCN
FP[JZF\YKQ\IKNF.
)11/1(MNPXKBG\RGCPEKR\K[ZBNFKBCSMRF.P[GO[NVKSEZ
FMNMNFFRGFD\,TGEKTCGZHPQPZGCFPBGEPJZO[MNMN\RG\FKF
KXKCF.GPGTJKOPBE[KGMNGNTPGECRSKGQNF\TRG\CBZXKRGC[TF
[K[NFOTXFNFDZNBZXG\BIZG\FT[KZG\.GNBJNBJKCZIG
PFSCNTE[NBK[BZPSVZFZBGKNFYZBC[OPEKRF,GKCNTGI"G
CKQFTZCKO.
GBOKYCNGFP[JZFY’FBN’FCKQNBGPK,PNCE[K\QNFOSKVGY
NFKG\BCRDBZE44
NDBGN\FTGNO,[KETG[MEBKNSCGNP[GOHF.BNB
DOKGMNGN[NGJCRV[ONFGZKEZP\IKKFOCT\G,GNTCGEFZCF,C[KTGZ
[KCJKIMNMNFKXKCFNFPEKRF.
)0/0(GBKQXZKLNGPZFYKCGXKO,[MNPXKBG\O[PFCRGKFTNBKEKBNKO,
[PJCTGNNM\GNF\PTJCEGZG\KCGBG,MKBKEKBNBKRGRK\QCKZG[F,
GCNKSVY[FOKIZCG\IKNFYGEONMN.
YJTK
)4/1(FE\FGBCSKSFKIKEFCJGINFTNG\FZPFFPGSZK\[NFICZ
TE[MNBIEKTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG.
)4/2(CN\KPGCQ...
)4/3(BOFKK\CBK[NVZBKO,B[ZNB\GMNNFXKNIKKFO,[NB
K[PKEGB\TXPOCBMHZKG\RGZBF,HGN\TNKEKFE\,FFKK\PVYVY
CHFNSEZNFOE\FPSVKYNFXKNPXKBG\FBGPFFHG[NB\[PEPQ
FTGNO.
GNDCKY’BNJZGBKSJKFMNVZBKO,GBKQ[GO\ICGNFNFJKNP[JZ
MHFTNFTGNOHGN\CEZLFE\,MKMVKFE\K\RT[K\ZXGQCCRKO)4/7(
INYB335
44BCRDBZEVKZG[GIKN=FINGW.
MPG[ZBKRGCRSKGQCBGPG\[YCNGE\PIP\MVKFGBGRS.PF[BKQMQ
CMVKFT"KIKRGLGET\FXCGZ[BKRFKZG[FNCRKO,BNBFGNM\
GP\PTJ.GB"M\BPZPGJC[MNFTGNOK[PKEGHFB\HFGBN\JKN
TNKFDGZOCJGINFGCKNOBNFIKKOGBNFBG[Z.Y[FNFBPKQ[BKHF
CZET\KFSSCHF.
)4/6(MKGQ[BKBV[ZICZFETPBYZJK\KXKCFHGN\KT"KICZF[ZGCF
JGCFGK[ZF.PIP\[FRFD\FICZFFKBT"KFZGC,BOJGCGBO
ZT,NVKMLBKQNKKSEP[JZY’BNJZGBKSJKBB"MZGCXCGZPGMQNHF
NEGZG\,GBKQNFCJKIHFMKBOT"KE\)4/8(.MKPJCTFE\FGB,[BT"V
[P\IKN\GFGBCBGRSSGVGFGBCZXGQ.
)0/0(FE\GFBKEKBFP[NKPKOHFB\HF,MKMPG[FBKEKBFNB\GMNF
NFKG\RIN\FZGC,MQFBPGRF[GNJ\CKG\ZTNFZGCFVZKPKJKCK[BKRG
PSGDNNBKEKBF.
)4/4(PIP\\BGG\FZMG[,GMQNTCGEVIG\PICKZGGNYCNKG\Z
PICKZG,BKBV[ZNCRG\Y’BNJ’PJZO[P\V[JFY’FBDBKSJK,BNB
T\F,BIZ[MCZ[NK[FTGNOYKCNB\FY’FBDB’,BV[ZCXKZGUMI
FE\NKKSEY’BNJZGBKSJK.
)4/5(FBEONBKGMNNFS\VYCXGGKOKC[KOCNK[KNGFBG\OJTPKO
FDKGRKKOFFGNMKOGPIHYKOFPRFDKOFFO.MNGPZ,[KJFVKNGSGVK\.
GNDCKEKEQMCZPGMR\VKNGSGVKB[NPFTNFZXGQNF[VKT,[FGBY’
BNJZGBKSJKFPSVKYNBEONFDG\CGMNKPKGGNF\IHYTNKEGCPT[K
FF[VTF.
YJTKB
)3/4(FY’FBD’SGVGNYI\XGZ\RXKHONDPZK,BNBC\PGR\
RXKGRBN=YBPBRKHO,[BKQIKNGU[OFHFPVZKTBUNBI\PMNPT[KO
F[JRKO[NFKJNZ.CB‘VQ[FZGSKOKFKGFFTZKQVBNY45
GMNFTGNO
TCEKORZXTKONFOCRGSIFKJNZ.)TK’8/3(46
CP[JZFCGZDRK,TKYZIPZFENYNFXNIFFKBFF\IZG\FIGV[K,
[CTNKF\T[KFGFSGIZKOK[IYGCF,GNHGMKORTKOPBEGNCN\KHGMKO
DGZNOPZPBE.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 336
45TOFBEGRKO.
46ZBFNTKNTP’316;TP’323;TP’.330
GCKRKFOFGBPTPEFVZGNJZKGQ,[BKRGPYCNINYCP[IYFHF,BNB
FGBMPGRKKJZBNKCKRKFO,GBKRGTGNFGBKRGKGZE,BCNZP\IKKGCJGIF,
PIP\MIF[CK\F[K[CKEKG.
)13/7(SGUSGUFQCP[JZY’GFQCP[JZCGZDRKFRI[NKOBKROZBGKKO
NFRFDF,BT"V[FOFZGCXCGZ,BNB[PGMZIKONCIGZPRFKDKOPQ
FIZGXKO,TM"HMKGQ[FORCIZKOTNKEKFOK[NFO\YGGF[NBKRXNG
BG\OMNML.
PF[BKQCP[JZFY’FBD’[BKQFPRFNKORCIZKOPVKZGCXCGZ,
NFKG\OBRJKY’.GMPGCZGSKBG[BZ[BKQNGIRCIZKOBNBPY’CNCE,
NVKMLDGZNOPZFPBEMKBKQNVZGNKJZKGQ[GORXKDCFRFDF.
GMNFBPGZFGBNVKFMNN,[FVZGNJZKGQFOBRJKYBPGRKSJKO
PJCTO.MKFVZGNJBZKGQBKROBKEKBNKSJQ,GFOZGCFICZFFRI[NKO,
B[ZNVKET\OINGYF"XGEY\"VKZG[G[K\INYG[GFC[GFTO
FIZGXKO,B[ZFIZGXKONTGNONBKZXGCHF.
)0/0(ECZKFOZYNVZGNKJZKGQ,EFKKRGBNFRI[NKO)14/1([FOZGCFICZF,
MKNIZGXKOGFBKRJNKDTRX’FOK[BCG\PKEB\F[PR\FQCP[JZY’GFQ
CP[JZCGZDRK.GTNVKFSCZBKKJCNFOKG\Z,NINYDEGNPFO,CP[JZ
Y’,PVRK[NBKKZBGPVRKCYGZ\.MR"NBG\...
ZYNMOFVZGNJBZKGQFRI[NKONMOKFKFDZGTC\MNK\CP[JZFY’,
MR"N.
BCNPTPEFIZGXKOKYCNG[OBIZ,EFKKRGPRFNKOGPVYIKO,GBH
KFKFNFOKG\ZJGC,MKK\VJZGPFF\IZG\FPVKNINNKOCCGZDRKO,
GKYCNG[NFOCYCKTG\GCFZGGIF.
GBKQ[GOTXFG\ICGNFBNFRI[NKO[KXBGPVIEFPNIPG\
GFBCJNFGF[VNG\,BNBFY’FBGNJZGBKSJK.NVKMLBKQECZKPGVRKO
NIZGXKOGFBKRJNKDTRXKT,MKCJINBKYCNGECZK,BNBZYFVZGNKJBZKGQ
GFRI[NKOFOKGMNGNFCKQBG\KGBNKFOBRKPECZ.GDONBG\OFISKOTN
FRI[NKOGP[\\VKOCXTZO.
)14/2()0/0(BIEPIKZGKG\FBEOFGB[NBKFKFY[GZNPYGOBIEMPG
FXGPI[BKRGZ[BKNTHGCPYGOKRKY\G.NVKMLMNPEKRFPIGKC\
NFCJKI[NB\TMCTNFBHZIKONCBNPEKRFBIZ\.GTOHFXZKMKO
NFCJKI,[MNPEKRFNB\SDGZ[TZKFPVRKDZKOGPFDZKO.GTK’13/147
INYB337
47ZBFNTKNTP’316;TP’.331
)2/10(PJZO[ZGCXCGZPGMQNF[VKTNHGN\GBKQNYCGTP[JZY’
BGNJZGBKSJK.
)2/1(SGUFY’FBNJ’FGBNFYKUB\MNFTGNOGNMNFTGNO\FKFZP\
IKKO[GF.BPRO\FNKLFPT[KFGBNBJNBJ,[MNBGPF[ZGCXCGZ
[NFMCZR\IRLNF[VTFNHGN\GKMRSGCZB[NPSDZ\FY’FCKQ
NBGPK.
GMNFBGPG\,[MCZRMRSGCPSDZ\Y’CKQNBGPKKFKGNFOZPG\IKKO
[GKO,CB‘VQ[FTGEVKO[NBGPFFT[KZFBGFIZGXFK[CIGZP\FIKKO
[NBGPFFRI[NFBGFTRKFCIPZDNOGCBPXTKKXGZ.
)2/2(FXGZFFE\K\[NMNFBGPG\XZKMFNIKKCCZB[GRFB\ICZKF
B\FF[VTFNHGN\GCXGZF)[IKKICZGYGEPKONIKKG([N"GBFC\
NZTLMPGL"[NBKFRFPFICZFKG\ZPICZFRI[N.GHFGE\MGNNNMN
FBGPG\[KCGBGCPSDZ\FY’.BCNIGWPHFKMGNFMNFBGPFNNM\
CE\FFKBGCPSGZ\[NF,GBKQNBI\NF\TZCCICZ\F.
)2/11(IGYKFE\F[GFNMNFTGNOFO:
B.[KTCGEC[CKNJGC\CRKFBEOMVKKMN\GGKG\ZPKMN\GBOKFKF
XGZLTE[NBKFKFZTCGXPBCMNFTGNO.
C.BT"V[FGBTGCEIZGWNBKFRFPFICZFKG\ZPPK[FGB
RI[N,CB‘VQ[KFKFZP\IKKO[GFNMNRV[.
D.TM"HBT"V[K[E\K[NFGSKUBG\G\MCGET"VE\.[MN
FPFRFNFICZFKG\ZKYCNBG\MCGEI[GCCKG\Z.
E.MNFPTMCPNDNG\PE\IZKXG\GNJGC\FICZFKTR[NVKIGYK
FICZF.
F.MNBIEGBIEPIGKCNF\BPWTNVKFE\NFZKOZP\IKKO[N
FTGNOKG\ZGKG\ZCB‘VQ[MNCBKTGNOKFRGPIKKFOGKFK’NFOIEG\
FIKKOKG\ZGKG\Z.
G.GMPGMQCZGIRKG\BNBCZGIRKG\NBMNBIEPIGKCNTSGYCHF
BNBBR[KOPKGIEKONVKFXGZL.
H.KFKFMPGC"ETNKGQ,GMNPK[KZXFN\\INYMG[ZTCGE\GTN
IKKOZGIRKKOPIGKCNYCNZ[G\PC"EFHF.
GMQNVZJK\ZIGYKOFRIGXKO.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 338
)2/3(MNFRMRS,KIKEBGXCGZ,NPSDZ\FY’FBNJ’PIGKCN[CT[CGT\
BPGRKO[KYKKOMNHF,PJTO[F’XGFMQ.
BGTM"VK\IKKCNPSGZNCRKG[F’XGGFMQ.GPK[BGPZ[PSVKYNG
FBKEKBF,K[NYCNGGNRSG\GBOBP\FGB.GBOFGBBP\,BV[ZNYCNG.
GTM"VKCJKI[NBKPSGZNCRKGPEZLFMVKZF[NG,BNBKPSGZBG\O
NIKRGLFPEKRF.
GBOBKRGZGXFNBHFGNBHF,BKQNYCNGMNN.MKKYNYNB\ICKZKG
GKXB[MZGCFVSEG.
)2/4(\IKNFK[NT[G\PGSEYJQ,[ZGCXCGZ[CGKFKGPGMRKONTCGEMVK
KMN\OGNYCNMVKXZMOPJTOE\.GKTCEGCIZKXG\MPGTGCECYCNRG\.
GMQKG\ZPPE\FTCGEF[N8[TG\.GMQKFKFCGMNFXGZG\[NFRFD\
PEKRF[NPF.CPNFBI\[MNFSEZ[NFICZFFYJRFFFKBKFKFPSVKY
NPSDZ\C[CKNMNBGPG\FTGNOMGNO,CNKNDZGTGCNKNFGSKU.
GFPGSEFHFKFKFMTKQRYGEFPZMHK\FFGNM\GP\ZIC\TNTPKO
GPEKRG\TESGUFTGNO.GMNFRMRSNPSDZ\FFKBKYCNTNKGBG\FFRFDF
GBG\FF\MRK\[NFPGSECBGVQ[MNFTGNOKFKFTOBIENZKGIGFVSE
GN\GXBG\.
)2/5(FP[VJFRSPLTNFMIKCJNNDPZKPFPGSEFHF,BNB[MN
FS\KZG\[\FKKRFCKQCRKFICZF\FKKRFRV\ZG\CKQFRGDTKOCECZ
CTXPG.GMNPK[KRXNXEY\ICKZGBGIGN[\GNJGC\TXPGKDGRFPET\
FXCGZFMNNK.
TM"H,KFKFC"EYCGTGK[P[ZYNCZZB\FSVKYG\[KCGBGCKQBEO
NICKZG.BCNNBKFKFRSPLTN[GOMI.GFPSZCNET\C"EKDGRFPET\
FXCGZ,G\GNB.
)2/6(GBKQNVYVYBOHFPSVKY,MKMQNBFBPKRG[BV[ZNIRLKNEKO
CFSCZFDZKEB,BNBZYCPYNIGCNKO.TE[FKGOZGCFXKCKNKHBXKT
YCNGTNTXPO[NBNFMG\KNEKO,GFIKRGLFHFPXNKIKG\ZPC[KJF
FYGEP\.
MQBOKPXBBKHFKGXBEGVQCFICZF,BKQNFCKBGNVRKP[VJFRSPL
TNMI.BNBT"KFSCZKOGGKMGIKOGET\FXCGZ,TE[KIHKZGBG\G
NPGJC.
INYB339
GBOMNF\ICGNG\NBKGTKNGNGBHKVZ[GPPRGCRKFICZFMPG
PPRGEF,GBHNBKGMNNYNYNBIZKOPFICZF.
)2/7(JGCN\YQ[[GOBEONBK\CTXZMKGPFICZF,BNB[KFKGPPGRKO
[KIHZGTNFV\IKONIYGZXZMKMNBIEGFOKPXKBGNGPTXPO.
CB‘VQ,[KFKFPI[CG\MNBIEZYNF[VKTNHGN\GGNBKFKFRHYY
NTGNONI[GCNXZMGTXPG.
)0/0(FCSKSTNHF:MKGQ[BRGZGBKO[CPE\FXZKMFBRG[GKONMNFIK,
GMQMNFPT[KOFCHGKO[CTGNOCBKOPQFXZKMF.GNFKVLBRGZGBKO
[MNFPT[KOFPBG[ZKO[CTGNOCBKOPPE\FF[VTFNHGN\G.
NVKMLK[NRGNYPWGNEIG\FPI[CG\[NXZKMFNTXPGGNPNBG\
PI[C\KRGZYCPI[CG\[NF[VTFNHGN\G.[HFK\MQCB‘VQFR"N.
FIGV[[NFVZJXZKLNFKG\R[PZMNHPQ[BKRGPHKYNFICZF
IGWPPK[ZGXFNTHGCB\FICZFGNNM\NBIZ\BKQNTMCGC[GO
VRKO[CTGNO,BVKNG[HFPHKYNFICZF.GDOHFCB‘VQ[NB\FZSMN
FICZF.
YJTKC
\TPGNF)5/1(D’KSGEG\FQNF\V[JG\FE\:B.SKVGY\[GYG\.C.FGMIG\.
D.\TPGNF.
B.SKVGY\[GYG\:FGBMKCMNBEOBVKNGCIV[KK[RKXGWCN\K
RGET,F\GCTF\KKIEG\TOBNYKO.GM[FGBP\TGZZNVZYKOPTGZZCG
\[GYFNET\B\FBNYKOBGNMVGZCBNYKOGFKKRGFL.GBOKPXBPK
[KTGZZCGSKVGY\[GYFHG,KSMKONFMN.
K[NFGSKUTNHFTRKQF[BZ\FRV[G[MZNTGNOFCB.GMQMCGE
FVZJGMCGEFBGPF.
C.FGMIG\.[BKQYKGONTGNOHGN\G,GPM"[CKPKFBJGOGVXX\
FPKKPQ.
D.\TPGNF.N[MGZBR[KONFVKWFECZKOFR"NCKQFXCGZ.
)6/1(FY’FBD’FGBPGYEONY’FBNJZGBKSJK,MKPBIZ[K[NG
[NKJFCIKKONCJGNFZMG[.BV[ZNIRL[FCKJGNZMG[KFKFPIP\
BFC\HGN\G.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 340
)5/2(K[NPFZN[NCF[RK[NFY’,[FGBY’BNJZGBKSJK,PJTOMK
FISZGRG\GF[PG[CMI[NFY’FBD’PZIKYKOB\FTGNOPMNF[KJF.
GNVKMLFDKTFHPQNFZBG\F[NCFSGVK[NFY’FBNJZGBKSJK,[K[
CFPMNFRGTOGBKQCG[GOEGVK.DOK[NI[G[PBE[NBK\TGZZG
PYGEOFPNIPFF[NK[K\,MKVQKCGNTMNFY’PQFTGNO.
CPNFBI\BKQPFNGPFKG\ZY[FNP[JZFZMG[RK,MPGXGZ\Y’
PG[NP\TNEZLFR"N.
)0/0(MCZBRGTEKZBKF[P[JZFZMG[RKIHYFGBGDOFVZNKJZKGQ[N
FPEKRG\FZMG[RKG\PPBSKOCP[JZFY’.GMNHFPVRKFMVKFGFMI
FPIGKC\CF,PJTO[NKJ\YCGW[NY’TNICZFBRJKY’.NVKMLBKQ
NXVG\MNN[FP[JZP\CJNPBNKG.GBEZCFNFKVLFHPQVGTN
NJGC\O,MKMNTGEP[JZFY’KYKUFTGNOK\DNGFMVKFGF[TCGE[CG
[MNBEOCKRGRKPPBSCFOC\MNK\.
MKMNB[ZNBEOK\QCTEIZG\G.
GTGEECZ.MKGQ[FY’BKRGP\V[JCBZXG\FXKCKNKHBXKTBNBCBZXG\
FVZKPKJKCKG\KFKFRPXBCSGVG[NECZICZ\PEKRG\T[KZG\TOZP\
IKKODCGFCP[JZFZMG[RK,GICZG\PEKRG\TRKG\TOZP\IKKORPGMF
CP[JZFY’.
GBHKI\LFEKQTNFY’[[GOBEOCQIGZKQNBKZXFN[PGTPPRGGKPBS
BG\GMPG[PPBSKOFKGOCP[JZ[NTCEKOPMGZKONMNIKKFO.
)5/2(NF\V[JG\G\TPGNF
K[NHMGZ[MNFKSGZKOGICNKTGRKGF[IKJG\GMG’BKQNFO\YGQBNB
CY’BNJZGBKSJK,GBHNBKY[FNBEON\\GNPSGZRV[GTNKG.
)7/1(FKFEG\XZKMFN\\ECZIE[NDGKKO,GNHFFPFPIMKOP[KC\
K[ZBNNBZW,GBKQHFCIMPG\BIZG\,MKCFONBIKE[RGPTGNOGCFQ
BRG\PKE\NPKEKFO.BNBFPEGCZFGBCIMP\FE\GCXEYGC[NGO.
[CHFZGCFDGKKO\NPKERGFO.GIMPFHGPKGIS\ZYNRG.
)7,11/1(MNFXKGRG\SGVGNF\CJN,BOINKNFK\CJN[KCFHG.GPEKRF
HGTRKFPBE,G\G[CKFT\KEKONSCGNFZCF[CNKSVYNBJNBJFPF
BGCRKFOT\KEKONTYGZPQFBZWGNBK[BZZYPSVZPCGJN,[SGVG
NFKJPTCKQFTZCKO.
INYB341
GFTXFNHFZYFY’FBNJ’[PNCEPF[PBIEMNFBGPG\NFKG\BIE
[KSKKTGHFNHF,FRFDORG\R\MIFSCNRG\NMNBIEGBIE,GFTKYZ
[FY’RG\R\MIPZGCFNTCGEFCB‘VQ[VZKGQFTCGEFK[NKOISZGQ
FTRKG\.
)4/(BOKYCNGFE\BHK\MQNCRG\CKFP"Y48
GNFIHKZMNFVBZFT\KY,
[HFGEBKFKFPGMKIXEY\K[ZBNNMNFDGKOTNIHZ\ONBEP\O.GBVKNG
TNFTZCKO.P[B"M[KCFIKNGRK\MKGO,BKRGTG[F[GOZG[OTNFDGKO,
GK[NIG[BONBKPMZGTXPBG\K[ZBNC[CKNXZMKFO.
GBX"NTNFIHZ\KZG[NKO.
GBVKNGTNFYBJBNKYKO49
FKFPJKNVIE.
YJTKD
GTEMBQCBZ\K[Y’GBNJ’FKKRGFLGMQBD’GBRJKY’FKKRGFL.BPROMN
HFFGB[KJ\KTXPK.BCNBO\[BNNZB[KFY’TXPO,KMIK[GHB\CVF
PNB.GNFKVL,MKKBPZG[FOZIGYKOPMNSRJKPRJNKG\GPPGSZFCGZDRK,
BNBFPFPCY[KFXEYCNCE,TNEZL"[NK[NKG[NL[NL".
)GMNHFTN\FNFOPVRKFIKCGZ[R\ICZGTOFVZGNKJBZKGQ(
GNVKMLRS\MNTNVRKFECZKONVK\VK[\OFO.GRCYZB\FXEYFHF
[FOPCY[KO.
NVKF\V\IG\FP[JZKO[NFKGOBG\OFDEZKOCGZDRKGVZGNKJZKGQ
MCZBKROPSVKYKONCBZFFKSJGZKB.MKXZKMKONDEZKOKG\ZMGNNKO,
GZBGKNDEGZBG\O\I\F[PG\IZGXKO)[CP[JZFC’FOFYBVKJ’,
GCP[JZFY’GMG’(GRI[NKO.
MKMNICZFRINY\TNIZGXKOGRI[NKO,EFKKRGM=20BIGHKOKFKG
IZGXKOG=80BIGHKORI[NKO.GIGYJCTKFGB[PTPEFIZGXKOKRXNG
B\PTPEFRI[NKO,MPGEDKO[CKO[FIHYCGNTB\FIN[.GBKQ
FVZ[CHFBOFIZGXKOFOCGZDRKOYBVKJBNKSJKOBG[FOPRFNKO
GPVYIKOGBKRJNKDRXKT,SGUSGUBG\OFT[ZKOBIGHKOFIZGXKOK[BCG
\PKEF[PR\,GK[BKZGNFTPNKOB\PKFINCFMIG[KO.BNBF[BNF
FKB,MPFFOPRXNKOB\FRI[NKO.GBKHFPKQIZGXKOPRXNKOKG\ZB\
FRI[NKOBOPKQFCGZDRKO,BGPKQFPRFNKOGFPVYIKO.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 342
48CKFP"Y:CK\FPYE[.
49FY\GNKO.
YJTKE
FCSKS[NMNFCKBGZ,FGBDKNGKIGPZFCZKBFFZGIRK\GFD[PK\[BKRF
BNBZXGQNYCN,[FGBK[PBKQ.BCNPF[FIGPZHFPYCNRP[LK[PK[.
GPMBQKEGTCCKZGZPFJGCGPFF’EGZ[PB\RG,BKRGBNBF[GB\
FXGZF.MKFDGU[NRGPJCTCZKB\GBKQNGBNBZXGQNYCN,GNBNF[VKT
MNN.[FGBFFKVLPFCGZBK\’[MGNGNF[VKTGNBNYCNMNN,MKPPK
KYCN?GC[KRGKXGZFHGRVZEFFCZKBFPQFCGZBK\’GTNMQRXJGKRG
NT[G\PT[KONT[G\R"ZNKGXZGC\GZFGPXG\GMQNF[VKTNICZG,MEK
NYCNXGZ\FF[VTFGRIHGZGR\ECYCCGZBK\’MPGYEOFCZKBF.
FFCENKOCKRKN[GVRFGBZ:50
B.FGB\GVSBG\GNTXOM[FGBNTXPG,GBRK\GVSBG\GNXGZF
GNR[GB.BPROFPFG\FGBCN\KRGET,BCNKFKFPF[KFKF,FGBRP[L
K[PK[.
C.FGB\GVSTXOFZXGQ,N[BKVF,[[GOPJZFNB\GMNN[KONF
YW,BNBFTVNF\PKEK\GEIKVFCN\KVGSY\.GBXNKFGBPGDCNNYCN
ECZKOPSGKPKOGK[NG[CKTF,EFKKRGPDPF.BNBF[D\FPJZFPDEN\
FZXGQNYCN.T"E"K[NGPRFZGXFPB\KO"51
.BCNPYGEONMQFKF
FZXGQNYCNPGDCNCF[D\PRFCNCE,GNBZXFPB\KO.CB‘VQ
[F[BKVFF\PKEK\FGBPYZFF\ZICG\[CZXGQ,GBKRGTXOFZXGQ
NYCN.
D.FGBBKRGPINYCKQZXGQNF[VKTGCKQZXGQNYCN,GBXNKZY
FZXGQNYCNFGBTXOFCZKF,P[B"MFZXGQNF[VKT[CGFGBBGZ
BNYK,GFGBCIKR\CGZBGNBRCZB.
E.FGB\GVSFZXGQTXPGNTXO,GPF[ZGXFFGBPI[KCMPGXGZF
GPYZFCTXO.GBXNKFED[FGBEGYBTNFXGZF[NFZXGQ,EFKKRGFZXGQ
NYCN,BCNFRG[B[NXGZ\FZXGQNYCNFGBPFG\CN\KRGET.
B.52
MKGQ[ZGBFCZXGQB\FRG[B,FGBPGMZINFDEKZBKHFZXGQ
MGNNCNKXGZF,GT"MCGIZB\F[BKVFFCN\KRVSY\NIGPZ,GPF
[ZGXFFGBFXGZF.
INYB343
50BZ\GZ[GVRFBGBZ)1788{1860(,VKNGSGUDZPRK.
51YFN\ZCF,VZ[FB,NC.
52FSEZFBNU=CK\KPGCBMVK[FGBCM\CFKECPYGZ.
BCNCBP\BKQMBQ[BKVFCN\KVGSY\,BNBZXGQFP\DENGP\DEN
BIZFPDPF,GFGBXGZFGPYZFCZXGQ.
B.NEKEKFTXO,GNEKEKXGZF53
.
C.NEKEKF[BKVFCN\KVGSY\,GNEKEKPGDENCPDPF.
D.NEKEKFBKQIKNGYCKQNF[VKTGCKQNYCN,GNEKEKFZXGQNF[VKT
FKBRKXGWCGZB.
E.NEKEKFF[BKVFFKBIGPZ,GBKMG\FYCNFFKBXGZF,GNEKEK
BKMG\FYCNFFKBIGPZFCZKBF,GFRG[BNBKMG\FGBCN\KPGET,
GBKL[FGB,FGBK[PK[.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 344
53NEKEKFGNEKEKVKZG[GN[KJ\GGN[KJ\K.
INYC
PRFKDKO[NFEGZ
FFPGRKOPJCTONFBPKQNPRFKD[BKQNG[GOPI[CG\GBKRJZTSKO
[NTXPGBNB[FYEK[GFVYKZMNVZJKG\GC[CKN\GTN\FXCGZ,MK
CBP\MQXZKLNFKG\.GBOFPRFKDTG[FZTFNBIEPFXCGZP\GL
BRJZTSVZJKFZKHFCGDEG[YZQGCZDT[KETGHB\FXCGZKZPSRGTE
TVZ.
BPROK[NBEOC’PKRKBRJZTSKOVZJKO:FB’FGBBRJZTSKO
IGPZKKO.FC’BRJZTSKORV[KKO.GPBNGBRJZTSKOFRV[KKOBKQNL
PRFKDCTGNO[NBKM[KNC[CKNOB\FXCGZ.NP[N[FGBZIPQ,
GC[CKNHFNBKCTZB\TG[KFZTGNBK\ZKTTNKFO.FZK[C[CKN
BRJZTSVZJKPIZKCFXCGZ.BG[PVIEPVRKRYPG\GBVK’RYPG\
FCGZBGC[CKNHFKS\KKDTXPGGNBKT[F\KYGRKOFRXZMKO.
CBGVQBOKCJNBRJZTSKOIGPZKOTGENBKZXFNCJNFBRJZTSKO
FBKEBNKOBGFE\KKON\GTN\FXCGZBT"V[FOZYFZD[KO[NG
FVZJKKO,GFXCGZMGNGBKQNFOTSYTPFOMKFPFBKROPCIKRKOZY
CPNFF"\GTN\"NCE,MKBKQNFOECZNGBKEKBNKCKG\Z[KTPGECVRK
F\GTN\.
PT[KOYGEPKON[MN
MPGCZXGQGBFCFFKDKTFBIZFIVWPGNKEKYZGBFCFNFIVW,MQ
FPT[KOJGCKOPGNKEKOBFCFNF’GFBFCFPGNKEFECYG\GFECYG\
PGNKE[MNGET\.
345
D’VGSJPBJKO54
MBNGCQIGZKQ,MBNGCQBNPG\,MBNGB[TKQ.55
GFOZTDCNKBJKCK
N\MGRFPT[KK\)PGSZ(NJGCFRTNFCKG\Z.
BP\G[YZ
RGET[FPI[CFGFIGPZGFZXGQFOC’PBEKVKYBKXKTS56
[NTRKQBIE:
GRPXB[FT\YFFVSKMGNGDKBPQFGKFGFTEZFVKHKFGBBP\G[YZ,
CBGVQ[FBP\MPGFGKFFGB\THKS.GF[YZMPGFFTEZFGBBR\K\THKS
GPCKQ[RKFORGNEFSKR\THKSFRZXF.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|57
ET\FKIKEET\FXCGZ
MPGET\KIKEFGBMPKQPZBF[CGPYGCNKOMNF\PGRG\[NFPT[KO
F\GTN\KKOTOFPHKYKO[FBEOPS\MNCBG\OFRSKGRG\GPCZZNG
FJGCKOF\GTN\KKOGEGIFB\FPT[KO[FHKYGNG)FPMGRFPGI
FHMZGQ(,MNP[NFSGIZP\IYFCPGIFHMZGQMNPKRKSIGZG\[FVSKE
CFOGFSCG\GTE"HMNPKRKFSIGZG\GFSCG\[FCKBGZGIKOGFO
PS\EZKOCPGIGMPKQPZBF[NFRSKGRG\,[NBI"HFGNLGPCZZB\
FPGTKNKOGEGIFFPHKYKOTE[RT[FSGIZJGCGPGXNI.GTE"HMNBEO
CRSKGRG\FIKKO[NG.
TE"HK[NFXCGZPGIP[G\UGPGIFHMZGQGFPEPFP[G\U,[[O
RIYYKOMNFPT[KO[RT[GCKISNFXCGZGNFMNNPMNBEOF\GTN\KKO
GFPHKYKO,GDOFPFCGIZKOB\FPT[KOGFTG[KOF\GTN\KKO
GP[\GYYKO[K\PKEGCFOMNFTG[KOBG\O,GMQRIYYKOCPGI
F"HMZGQ"GFPEPF[NFOMNFTG[KOGFPT[KOFZTKOFPHKYKONFMNN,
GFOPPBSKOBG\OGP[\GYYKON\ICGNG\NFVJZPFO.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 346
54KK\MQ[FMGGRFNPKNFPostulateCN[GQZCKO.PostulateVKZG[GEZK[F,FRIF,TYZGQ=KSGE,BYSKGPF.RegulativeVKZG[GPMGGQ,P\YQ,PSEZ.RZBF
MKECZKCTNFSGNOCSTKUHFRBPZKOCKISNECZKTPRGBNYRJCSVZG
"CKYGZ\F\CGRFFPT[K\",VZY[RK.FVGSJGNJKOFZDGNJKCKONJGCFTNKGQ
FOIKZG\FBEO,BNPG\KG\GGYKGOFBNYKO.
55PKNFHGPGCB\CDGVQRJGKMEKNFEDK[MKBKRFGEBK\.FECZRGCTPPXCM\C
FKE.
56PGEKVKYXKF:[KRGKXGZF.
57CPYGOHFGMQNFNQFXKGQ"PTCZNTPGEIE["PGZFMKCM\CFKEP\IKN
TPGEIE[BGYJTIE[.
NVKMLPFNNKOGP[CIKONFTG[KOGFPT[KOF\GTN\KKOMEKNFRKTO
CPT[KOBNGKG\ZGKG\Z[PMBQRGNEGGKXBGFBKEKBNKOGFBKEKNBSJKKQ
GMNPEG\JGCG\GIMP\FPGSZ.
GNFKVLKDRGPBEB\FTG[KOGFPT[KOFPHKYKOMEKNPRGTGNFVJZ
PFOGPMBQRGNEGMNPKRKPEG\ZTG\GFIJBKOG[VNG\PKQFBEO.
CBGVQ[F\VTNG\ET\KIKEEGPFNDPZKNF\VTNG\ET\FXCGZ.GHF
GHFRTZLZYC\GTN\GFHYCNCE.
FYNYGN[CET\FXCGZ
FYNYGN[CET\FXCGZFGBMKFXCGZBKRGRTZLNVKZGCPRKQ[CGBNBZY
NVKZGCCRKQ,EFKKRGZYF\YKVKO[CFO,T"E[BGPZKO[T[ZKOBR[KO
\GVSKOFFDFCMNPEKR\VZBRXKB58
.GT"VZGCFOFT[KZKO[CFO
[FOZYT[ZFBIGHKOPFXCGZ.GFO\PKEFFEKGJKO[CTO)[HFD"M
NVKET\FXCGZFR"N(MKFOFPHKYKONFXKCGZGFOFPRXNKOBG\O.GT"M
BKQET\FXCGZ[GNJMNNCFTGNO.BNBET\PHKYKO[GNJKOCFXCGZ
CBGVQ[BVKNGFBKEKBNKO[R\YE[GCTGNOBKROBNB[EKOGPNBMK
ICNFCKISZGCPRKQ[NFXCGZ.GNBNCEFE\BNBDOP[VJF[NGO
FGBNJGC\FT[KZKOCNCE.GPM"[\GZ\FPGSZGFBKEKBNKO.
PYGZFETPBYZBJKTGFSBXKBNKHKO
PMBQRGNEZTKGQFETPBYZBJKT[KIHKYGZGCPRKQ[NFXCGZB\P[VJ
F[NGOGFPEKRKG\CKEKFOFO.GMQFSBXKBNKHO[FVZBNBJBZBJ
KYIB\DGZNOCKEKFOFO.[CYKXGZFGB,[ZGCPRKQKT[GB\ET\
FXCGZNFCIKQPF\GTN\NFOGPFFHYNFO,GTV"HKFK’MNFIGYKO
GFBKEKBNKO.
FRKDGE[RT[FCKQFETPBYZJKTGFSBXKNKHO
FRKDGE[RT[FCKQFETPBYZJKTGFSBXKNKHOMVKFRZBFCZGSKB,MK
T[ZFBIGHKO[GNJKO[OCMNFXCGZGCEKYJBJGZT[NPF.FJTO
V[GJ.MKINGYFXGEY\XZKMFNBKEKBNKSJTQ[HFNBRPXBCZGCPRKRG
[NFXCGZ.GT"MSGVGNKVGN:GBKQ\YRFNHFZYCEZLE\PNPTNF
[KT[FMNFXCGZNBKEBNKSJQ.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
INYC347
58XZV\.
YBRJBYJTPGK\’
FFPGRKOPEPKONTXPO[PK[K[NGYBRJBYJ59
TPGK\’FGBBEO...
FJCTG[K[NVIGENECZTPGGPM"[NFPXBCE’BPG\[NG.MKMQJCT
FBEO[PVIEPMNECZ[PIGWNJCTFCZKBFGFGBPVIEDOPECZ
CN\K[MKIMPGZTOGIHKHYGNG\.
BPRONPT[FBKRGMQ,MKBEZCBMKBKQECZKG\ZJCTKPNF[KDPDT
TOCGZBG,MKFGBCTNFJCT,GCBP\K[NMNRCZBPDTTOCGZBG,
MP"["PNBMNFBZWMCGEG",60
BNB[BKRGKGETGPZDK[HB\.GFTGCEG
FHGMFNYBRJBYJTPGBKRGRK\GSUNGZYFKEKTFNCE,MPGFBEO[K[
NGBGXZCMKSGGBKRGKGETGCBBIEGFGEKTNGPF[K[NGCMKSGB[Z
CBP\T\FR\T[Z.GTM"HBKQMBQ[GOIE[NGGBKQPPFNF\ZD[MK
CPXKBG\FPP[KNBR\IE[ECZ.
MQFHGMFNICKCG\K\KZFNET\[FGBCQNPYGOBKQNG[GO[KRGK
P[FGCFPXKBG\FPP[K,BNBKEKTFPF[NBKETPYGEONMQ.
GNVKMLBEZCFDOFBEOFHGMFRT[FP\GLMLJCTKCKG\Z.GV[JQ
CKG\ZGTRKCKG\Z,TE[BV[ZNGPZ[PJZOFHMKFFKFBG\GFBEOGMQ
MNFFPGQPIGWNFJCTFV[GJF.MKT\FFGB[GFGV[JQGPCKQB\
MNFBR[KOGPTGZCTPFOPBEGBKQYZGCGJCTKNFFPGQPPRG,GK[ZY
NBFGCBG\GNCEMKBKQNFOBIYZGCMPGFG.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
CRKQTGNOPIE[
TK’"ET\KIKEET\XKCGZ"G"FRKDGE[CKQSBXKNKHOBNETPBYZBJKT",
T["F.
R\CBZ[O,[TET\FFKFET\FXCGZRCRFGP\V\INVKZGCCRKRG
[NFXCGZEFKKRGF\YKVKQ.GHFPYZGC[R\V\IGFFPGRKOT"KE\,
GT"KFSYGNTQ,61
GT"KZTCGNGXKTRKTQ,GIV[G[KJ\FETPBYJZBJKT
GFSBXKNKHO.
BMQNVKFIGYFJCTK"TKKZVZBBEOKG@NE",62
GFBEOFGBRXZPIKF
ZTFGYGUM[KJ\EZGKQBGMIH"N,[NBIZFIJBKZEPKQFBEONYGVKQ
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 348
59YGRJYJ:Y[Z,PDT.
60K[TKFG,D.
61K[NFRKIMKFMGGRFN"SYGNKQ",FKKRGNC\KSVZ.
62BKGCKB,KC.
MK"MGNOCVRKIGFMYGUCVRKFBEO",63
BPRONVKPTN\FBEOFPGZMC
PFMRF[MNK\FNLGR\V\IT"KFPT[KOGFKSGZKQ,GYCNE\GPEKRKG\
GP[VJF[NGOTE[RS\EZNFKG\BEOPQFK[GC.GMNF\V\IG\
FHB\FKFPGRIMLTNZGCCRKRG[NFK[GCGFFPGRKOPGRFDKOBIZKFO
M"TGNODGNO".
GM[FPGRKOVYIGTKRKFONKJGNFDGZNNKEKFOTXPO,B[ZC[CKN
HFFKGPIGKCKONCJNB\MNF\YGRKOGFIGYKO[NF\YKVKQ[FOFE\
GP[VJF[NGOGFPEKRKG\,B[ZMNBNGFKGZYNVKZGIO[NF\YKVKO
GNVKF\V\IG\ONJGC\OTXPO.
RPXB[FOXZKMKONCRG\TGNOPIE[,MNGPZ[FOEGPKOMPGBEO
FYEPGQFYGUFEBZCKRK,MKNBTNKFOTCZGFRSKGRG\FNNG[FCKBGNFO
[KTGZF\V\IG\FRGFDMFKGO.[Z[Z\F\V\IG\TN[MPf\F\YKVKO
VTNCNCEGNBTNFFPGRKO[FKGTET\FYZYTC\GNF.
GNVKMLRPXBFTGNOT\FCPXC[NIGZCQDPGZVZKPKJKCKPBECPGCQ
PEKRKMCHPQBEOFPTZF...TGENBTCZGTNKFOBG\OFRSKGRG\GFPT[KO
[FCKBGNF\YKVKQNYCNTNKFOFE\GFRKPGSGFP[VJF[NGO.CBGVQ
[BORRKIB\FTGNONF\V\INVKSEKZGFJCTK,FZKFTGNO[NFKGO
PGMZIN\FNKLMNFKSGZKQGFIGZCRG\[TCZGTNFBEOFVZKPKJKCK,TE
[KMZKIGBG\ONYCNP[VJPEKRKYCGTG\GTN\K.
GFVZKFZB[GRF[NFIGZCQCBTNKRGCEPG\FRBXKO[SGUSGUFO
ZY\GNEFK[ZFPFETPBYZBJKTGFSBXKNKHO,MNGPZPFRFDF[NZGC
PRKQBIZVZKY\TGN[NFE\GRKPGSGP[VJF[NGO.
RBXKHOBKRF\GNE\DZPRKB
GR\CBZ[FTGNOCJTG\FIG[CKOB\FRBXKHON\GNE\DZPRKBCNCE,MK
FGB\GNE\F[NFETPBYZJKTGFSBXNKHO,[R[BZGCNKE\GRKPGS
GP[VJF[NGO.GB"MMNFBGPG\[GKOCHFGBKQ\YGFMNN[FRBXKO
KDGGTGTOFRXIGQ[NCTNKFCZK\,MKPIZKYCNGFBRDNBHBYSKQB\
FRBXKHO,[FZKDOFORPXBKOCTGNPO[NETPGYZJTQGRBXKSJTQ.
GHMGZ[DOFETPBYZBJTQPGMZIKONMVGZCE\GRKPGSGP[VJF[NGO
MPGFPBZYSKSJTQ,PVRK[MNBNGFPFP[P[KORBPRKOZYNF\YKVKQ
INYC349
63CCBC\ZBRIT"B.
[CXCGZGPRKIKOPM[GNKO\PKENFETPBYZBJTQ.BGNZGCCRKQ64
[N
FXCGZ.
BP\FGB[FGDKETG\CKQFETPGYZBJTQP[DKIKOC[CTTKRKO
[NBKIZKCGB\FE\GFRKPGSKOCVTOBI\MKKGETKOFO[FTGNO
KIZC.BPROC[KTGZHFFPFPVZKTKODOPP[N\FZGCGBIZ[FZGC
KIMKPGNFCKQBG\OCGEBKKCIZGCPRFKDKOBIZKOCEGPFNFKJNZ.MKFGBPP[CBMIPGCFYPCJBB\ZGCPRKRG[NMNXCGZ,KFK’DZPRK
BGBRDNGHBYSKBGVGNRK.
FTXFFBI\
NBMFETPBYZBJKTFBGPZKONCJNB\FE\GFRKPGSNBJNBJGNF\BKO
PEKRKG\IE[G\CBGVQ[NBKIZKCFTGNO,MKFFPGRKONBKIMGTNKEO
MR"N.BNBMPBPZOH"N,65
BKQSG\ZKQCKFMR"S66
PJZO[BV[ZNCRG\
CFMR"SIE[FCPYGPF.
EFKKRG[BSGZNRGNFRKIB\FZGCCRKQ67
NKJGNNKEKFOB\FFRFDF
PJZO[RCRFE\GRKPGSGPEKRKG\FP\BKOC[CKNO,MKCKR\KOKIZGC
FTGNOGNBKFK’TOPKNECZ.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
RKFKNKHO
NBRKFKNKHO68
PGINJBNBRKFKNKHOFTZMKO)T"ERKJ[T69
NTZMKRXZG\(
FKKRGNMNFTZMKOCSEZKFE\GFPGSZGSEZKFPEKRKG\FPYGCNKOTE
FRFC\VKS\FBRG[KG\.
MKMNBNGFOV[ZG\C[KTGZKFBDBKHOFKIKEBGFPEKRFBGFTGCE
NF’.
GBRKBGPZ[MN[KTGZCBDBKHOVSGNGPHKYGBKQSEZBIZBNB
BNJZBKSJKFQCKIKE,GFQCXCGZ,GFQCF’.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 350
64PXCM\CFKEBKRGPBV[ZNHFG\PKNFHGCCKZGZ,GKK\MQMKMGGR\FPICZ
NPKNF"PRKQ".
65"BPZZCISEBNBNKS\GZBKRK[CKMRK[\BTEECRKCKMRK[\BBIZK\K")CCB
C\ZBDT"C(.
66CKFMR"S:CK\FMRS\.
67ZBFFTZF.64
68RKFKNKHO:\VKSFVKNGSGVK\F[GNN\B\MNFTZMKOGFPGSEG\FPSGZ\KKO.
PYGZFPGRICNJKRK\:nihil{BKQ,BVS.
69RKJ[F.
PBRKHOPBJZTNKSJK70
[FIGPZFGBBCKFMNGFPI[CFFGBo]ZK@O[NFPT[KOGF\IG[G\
GMPKQPZBF.GBKQIKZG\ZXGQZYIKZG\PT[KO.BMQNBT"KTXPGMK
PT[FZTFDGZZ\PT[FZTF,GECZIKZG\FPT[FPGCR\T"K[KS\MN
)CPZBFFPT[KOFRY’(C[MN[NBIZGBHK[NGIZG\NXKK\NG.
GNBKGMNNCIGZP\GL)PZBF[NG([MNGTXPG,MKMNBK[EZMGK[Z
CTKRKG.GK[NG\PKEFSMP\[MNG.
PIGWNTGF"H
PIGWNTGF"HK[NFCKQGNIYGZZYCEZLSGCKYJKCKGVZBDPTJK)PT[K(
GCEZLFHFFZKHFPIYZ[NTGF"HBT"V[FGBPIGWNG.MKFGBFGDF
NVK[KTGZFPNGC[CJCTTGF"H,DONVK[KTGZF\GTN\KF[PG[K
)VZBDPTJK(.
PFGPIGWNTGF"H?
ZYF[K"\FGBPIGKCFPXKBG\[FGBPYGPG[NTGNOGBKQFTGNO
PYGPG.GBG\GNCEGBRGPCKRKO[FGBDOPIGWNTGF"HNB[GOP[FG
BIZ.CRKDGENVR\BKHKO.
GTGF"HFGBPGRIBGCKTYJKCKFRK\QNFCKRGDOCCIKRFBGCKTYJKCK\
[TKYZKFOFZB[GRKOFOINNGHPQ.
GPIGWNTGF"H[FOB"YGBCK"T71
RK\QNFCKQZYCEZLSGCKTYJKCK
PCNKNRDGTCFBCKTYJBUP[FGPFP[FG.
GPFG\FBCKTYJKQ[BRGPDEKZKOC[PG\CBCK"TFONVKFFRIFMKGQ
[FMN\GVSKOMQCNKKGXBPFMNN.)MNGPZKIKEKSDGNF[CMNEGZ[FPF
CMNNZCCG\GPKNGKRTQ[FKGGFT\KEKQNCB(B"MK[NRG[OF[DF
BCKTYJKCK\.BT"V[BKRKRGRGDTKOCBGCKYJKQMNGO.
GPMBQKXBGNRGFE’TGNPG\[NPTNFPTGF"HBT"V[T"VJCTOFO
ZYSGCKTYJKCKKOGP\NC[KOCJCTKFTGF"HCC’FEZMKO:F\V[JG\
GPI[CF,EFKKRGVBZBNTNKHOVSKMGG=VKHK:MKMNTXOPGMZNRGT"K
C’SEZKO:\IKNFVKHK,BI"MVSKMK,GFGNMKO\PKEKIECBZI
VBZBNTNK72
.
INYC351
70KK\MQ[MGGR\FPICZNEJZPKRKHOPJZKBNKSJK.
71B"YGBCK"T:TGNPG\BEO=YEPGQ,BXKNG\,CZKBF,KXKZFGT[KF.
72VZNNK:PYCKN.
GRGET[DOCTGF"HK[ZCKOF\GVSKO[KJ\"BMSVZSKGRKHO"EFKKRGZYNVK\VKSFSGCKTYJKCK\CNCE.BPROBRKPIHKYDOC[KJ\"BKPVZSKGRKHO"NCBZPG[DKTGF"HCEZLBGCKTYJKCKMPF[BV[ZNNB\TZGC\
PZGCF[NIHGYSGCKTYJKCK.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
PFG\FE\
PFG\FE\PGCR\ZYCEZLVZBDPTJKMP"[HKTPS:73
PYGZF[N
BPGRFCXGZLGFBP\CFTEMPF[FKBPSVY\XGZLHF.
GK[BPROC’PKRKXGZMKO:FB’XGZLRV[K,[PBGSNGFIKKOTE
NFYBF,HGN\F.FC’XGZLVKHK,GXGZLHFP\DNFCTKYZCSEZKIKKFICZF,
MPGC\GZ\FPGSZGFPEKRKG\.MP"[YRJ,74
FBPGRFCSKSN\GZ\FPGSZ
G[GPZ\BG\F.
GPGCQPBNKG[IMPKFE\NBKCGBGZYPBG\O[K[NFOXGZLRV[K
MKFGBXZKLNFDOPCIKRFSGCKTYJKCK,P[B"MNINYFC’KDKTNFO
FSKVGYEFKKRGFBP\DOPCIK’SGCKTYJKCK.GTM"H"P\GL[NBN[PF
FGBCBN[PF"75
.
FXGZLFGBYGEONSCFFPIKKC\NBPGRF.
PRFKDKFXKCGZ
BONV"TK[GEBKNMNBIEJTOGZ[G\NCIGZBOCBYSVZKGRKHOBG
CBPVZSKGRKHKO.BPROPIHKYKFZSQ,BKQNFOZ[G\NFRFKDFXCGZHGN\
CEZLVBHKJKCKGVZBDPTJK,EFKKRGNVK[KJ\FBYSVZKGRKHO.MKNB
KGMNNFHKYNXCGZC[CKNBKRJZTSVZJK[NG,NP[NNBKGMNNFGZG\
BPGRFNXCGZC[CKNFCR\FBKPVZTSKGRKHO[NTXPGGC[CKNHFKVSKE
FRKPGSGFPGSZPFXCGZ.GBOBKRG[GNJTNTXPGPGJCNGNF\VJZ.
GNBNFHKYNXCGZTOFBKEBNKO[NG.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 352
73GKNKBOD’KKPS)1842{1910(,VKNGSGUBPZKYRK.CSVZG"FIGGKFFE\K\NSGDKF"
BGPZD’KKPS:"\GTNG\KF[NFE\,\GTN\FNDCKFKIKEFPBPKQG\GTN\G[N
FKIKETXPGNDCKFTGNO{BNFFQFZBKG\FJGCG\CKG\ZMKBP\CF")GKNKBO
D’KKPS,FIGGKFFE\K\NSGDKF:PIYZCJCTFBEO,KZG[NKO\["J~1949|,
TP’300(.TGEFGBBGPZMK"FBNKO[C[POBRGEGDNKOFOFBNKOFEZG[KO
NRGGP\BKPKONXZMKRG~...|MNBPGRF\KBGNGDK\[T[GKFNTGZZCRGHKYF
NBKEBNHFRBPRFFKBTNKRGCDNNTXOSDGN\FHG;GBOBKQ,FZKFKVSGNF
CTKRKRG")[O,TP’216(.
74TPRGBNYRJ)1724{1804(,VKNGSGUDZPRK.
75VSIKORT"C.
\VKS\FTGNO
FTGNORCZBT"KF\V\IG\CSC\KG\T"EFPBJZKNKHOFFS\GZK76
GT"V
FEKBNYJKYB77
[NFDN78
.\THKSGBRJKJTHKSGSKR\THKS.
BMQFGB\MNK\K\NFZD[TOF[K"\PEXI"O79
TENRCGBFBG
NET\F’.
F\TRGDFGBFJTHKS,GFKSGZKQFGBFBRJKJTHKSGFZD[PIGWNFTGZ
FGBFSKRJTHKS.
PFG\FYNYGNKOG\KYGROFGBCET\FXCGZ
MPGET\FKIKEFGBFCGZZNGCKQFFVSEKOGFZGIKOGPTPKEGTNTSY
FPGXNICKG\Z:MQET\FXCGZPCZZCSEZKFPEKRKG\GPTPKEOTN
FPGXNICKG\Z,BMQK[ZGCPRKQGZGCCRKQ.
ZGCPRKQGZGCCRKQ
GTET\FFKGET\ZGCCRKQ)[FOF\YKVKQ(TG[KOGPCZZKOB\ET\
FXCGZMGNGGT"MMNFPGSZGFP[VJ.
GFE\[P[GNFHKYNZGCFPRKQ[FO%80PFICZF.
FZGCPRKQFGBVZKPKJKGKMBEOFYEPGRK
FZGCPRKQFGBVZKPKJKGKMBEOFYEPGRKMKNBRKSFNGN[P[TOFSEZK
P[VJGE\GPGSZ[[P[GTEFRFNBNG.BPROGEBK[MNBNGNBFDKTG
NPXCFFGKHGN\T"KKSGZKQZCKOCEZLFSC\KG\GEKBNTYJK.B[ZFZGC
PRKQNB[ONCGBNKGMNNGPPKNBNBKGMNN\GV[O.
FVTGNFFKG\ZPFKZFFGBFE\
GCMEKNFVTKNET\FXCGZPIE[CFZGCPRKQCBGVQFPGTKNBKQTXF
PFKZFHGN\T"KFE\.GT"KFPKBGS[NMNZXGQNYCNCP[FGGT"KFRTNF
GFKGVK[NFZXGQNF[VKTCPEFPZGCF.
INYC353
76PJZKBNKHOFKSJGZK:SYKZFFKSJGZK\FPVGZJ\C"PRKVSJFYGPGRKSJK"[N
YZNPZYSGP\BZ\PBCYCN\KRPRTCKQFMGIG\FMNMNKKOFPV\IKOB\
PTZMG\FKKXGZNCKQFMGIG\FICZ\KKO{FPTPEGFZMG[.
77EKBNYJKYF:F[YVFVKNGSGVK\FZGBFB\\FNKLFF\V\IG\CEZL[N
RKDGEKO.MNZTKGQ)\HF(PGNKEB\FKVGMG)BRJK\HF(,GNBIZPMQRGXZ\
BIEG\FRKDGEKO)SKR\HF(.
78DKBGZDGKNFNOVZKEZKLFDN)1770{1831(,VKNGSGUDZPRK.
79EXI"O:EGPO,XGPI,IK,PECZ.
GMNHFT"KPT[KOEGYBMKFDO[FVSKMGVKHKFPFVBZNTNKOTM"H
FVKHKFGBYGEONVSKMK.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
FDTRKBH
FDTRKBH80
FGBVZKFEGZ,[K[NGRJKFZCFNF[VKTGBKRGXZKLNTXPG
MNGO.GCHFK[NGF[GB\FXGZFTOF[OGP\ECYCGPBNKG,GPP[KL
PPRGIMPFG\TRGD,GP[VKTNFBRG[KG\.
GFOPGINYKONC’SGDKO:BGTGCEKOPET\O,[VKZG[GNF[VKTR"Z
NKGXZOGP[GOPDPFHGP[VKTKONBRG[KG\.BGTGCEKO[NBPET\O:
EFKKRG[BKROPZDK[KOGKGETKO[ECYKOCF[O,GECYKOCG[NBPET\,
GFOP[VKTKOZYNFBRG[KG\.
GT"VKSGEFHF,BKQYKEPFNBRG[KG\ZYNFJCKTOFZXGQNF[VKT,
GK\ZCFFDBGRKOCTGNO.
JTNTBGNGDKT81
JTNTBGNGDKTPIGKC\FKBCYCNF,T"V[KJ\BRJZGVGXTRJZKG\[FTGNPG\
RCZBGC[CKNK[ZBNGFOF\MNK\GMQ[F[K"\RPNLCR[PG\KFO[N
XEKYKO.
GMQPGCBF\MNK\CFRCGBFG"PNBFFBZWETFB\F[O"82
GBKQNL
\MNK\KG\ZPGCFY.
FZPC"ORGJFBIZ[KJ\EKSJTNTBGNGDKT,GBGPZ[K[NGNF[K"\
CFCZKBFDO\MNK\KOBIZKOHGN\PKQFBEO,MKY[FNGNFCKQ
[F[K"\CZBCZKBFM"MDEGNFTOPTZM\FMGMCKO[FVNBRTJ[NRG
CJNCPXKBG\GMPGDZDKZIZEN,GKFK’MNHFZYN\MNK\[NPG\
FBEO?
F\MNK\PIGKCNMNCZ[MNGFVGTNCNK\MNK\FGBISZETF,GNVK
PT[KGFMZRGFG[CZBFTGNOCEXI"O,[FPECZFGBCIKZFKXKZF
NFKG\GPZDK[HGN\GGP[VKTFG,GRGSUTNKFOFRCKB[PZDK[NF[K"\
GPMKZFG,[HFPGCQN\TRGDNGK\’G\MNK\GCMNFCZKBFFDEGNF.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 354
80FDBGRKO.
81JNBGNGDKF:\GZ\F\MNK\.PYGZFPKNFCKGGRK\,CPKNF"JNBGS"{PG[NO,
[NO,[PYGZFCPNF"JNGS"{SGU,\GXBF.
82K[TKFKB,J.
GFYG[K’[NFDN,FZKK[CFMZICZKG\CNK\MNK\CFJCTMPGZKCGKKO
[CVNRJ[NRGGZKCGKVNRJKONBKQYWB[ZFBEOBKRGP[P[TPFO
MNN?F\[GCFFKB,NVKFIGY"[FCN\KPGETNBKS\KZB\
FPGET"G"BKQNGNEKKQZYPF[TKRKGZGBG\"83
.GBGNKK[EXI"OCMN
FVNBRTJTQ,GCMNVNBRTJ:\MNK\GFPECZ.GMEGPFPQFCN\KPGET.
GBKLKS\GZHFB\FPGETGPGMZCEZLFRCGBF.
GHFGV[GJ[\TRGDNFCGZBNCZGBBCKTYJ[KGM[ZNP[BGP\QTPG
GNFINV\FETG\GMEGPF.GMQK[\TRGDPPKQC[BKRGPKRGGBRGSGPMKQ
NDPZKTNFRCGBF.
SKC\KG\GCIKZF
SKC\KG\GCIKZFFO"EZLKSGZKQ,[RVZTKQ[NBPET\",84
T"KFIGYKO
FEKBNTYJKKO.[MNFGKFK[C\GMFDRGHFFTEZGYKGOFFGKFMNTGE
[NBRDNFFFTEZ[CF,GM[K\DNFGK\V\IFBRJK\THKSFGBPIZKC
B\F\THKS,GPCKBCPYGPFFGKFFKG\ZPG[NP\PFZB[GRF,NFKG\F
MGNN\F\KYGQ[NFBRJK\THKSFYGEPF.)MKMNFTEZFGBYGEONFGKF(
GT"MPMGRFFGKFF[RKFC[O"SKR\HKS",MNGPZ[FKBMGNN\GRGNE\
INYC355
83CCBC\ZBYNBT"B.
84CYGRJZS"F[NGO"[VZSOCTNFSGNOC\ZX"D)1933(BGPZFGBML:
"GBIZ[KETRGB\MNFBPGZNTKN,FZGIRGNFCKQP[RFS\GPFCPSM\BCG\
)VZYD’P[RFJ"H(.GHFN[GRF:’FGB)ZCKTYKCB(FKFBGPZ,FMNR\GQCTZCGQ
GPXGEFVZGSFTNMNFIKKO.FIRG\V\GIFGFIRGRKPYKU,GFVRYSV\GIGFKE
MG\C\,GMNFZGXFNNGG\KCBGKNGF,GFDCBKOPIHKZKQ\EKZCMNKGOGRVZTKQ
PQFBEOPET\GG[NBPET\G,GK[NFOTNPF[KSPGMG,GFEKQEKQBP\GFMN
P\GYQNSTGEF’.~...|
GM[O[FMIG\FSDGNKKO[PGVKTKOTNKEKFTSYCTCGE\GK\’RCIRKONDCBKO
RBPRKOFDGCKOFIGCN[KTGZKQ\EKZECZKGOCKGPGTE[RVZTTNPNGBG,MQ
PP[MIG\FBK\RKOFPGJCTKOCIGYFF\V\IG\RCIRKOD"MNDCBKORBPRKO
FDGCKOFIGCN[KTGZKQ\EKZECZKGOCKGPG,TE[RVZTTNPNGBG,[HFBPZG,
’GFDCBKOPIHKZKO\EKZCMNKGOGRVZTKOPQFBEO’.BPROK[CKRKFOIKNGY
GPZIYZC,EFKKRG’PET\GG[NBPET\G’,B[ZSGDFBIEB[ZIGCORDCFT"K
FDCBKO[NFF\V\IG\,RPXBKOVGZTKOIGCO’[NBPET\O’,BNBDNKOSGTZKO
CBKOTNKFOTNKEKZGIIHYF[NFF\V\IG\FEGIVKOBG\OPBIGZKFO
GPMZKIKOFCZKG\NVSGTYEKPF.FZK[FIGCRVZTCTNMZIOCKSGZKODEGNKO
TNKEKFDKNGKKO[NMIG\FZTFEGIVKOBG\OCEIKVFPBIGZKFO.BGNOFSGD
F[RK,VGZTKOIGCO[FGBF[D\FPJZF’PET\O’PZXGROTXPO,CFKG\O
IGHZKOBIZKFTCGEG\FSDGNKG\FPPFZG\B\F\V\IG\IG[FMZ\FZT~...|
FZKNTKRKLPZIYZCPCKQFRVZTKOPET\ONRVZTKO[NBPET\O,MK\ZGQFBGZ
[NRGTOG\TRGDTNFI[MG\[NKSGZKQGPMBGCKOZTKO".
P[RKFO,[FOFGKFGFTEZF[YGEPGBNFGKFHGFIE[F.GTE"HFGNM\
FBPK\KG\GPG[NP\\PKET"KF"EZLKSGZKQ"[FOFGKFGFTEZ,JTHKS
GBRJK\THKS,GPGNKEKO\PKESKR\THKSKG\ZBPK\KKOTE[PDNFFSKR\HF
F[NPF.BCNPFGF[NPG\?
GCPBJZTNKHOFS\GZK\P\CBZFEZLKSGZKQFR"NZYTNIVW
FMNMNK,[MN\THKSVKZG[GP[JZXGEYN[T\GGMNBR\K\THKSVK’
INGYFCN\KXGEY\CFMNMNF,GMNSKR\THKSFGBP[JZFPKK[CB\
FBR\KHF[R\DNFGNBKG\Z,GT"MDOCFDRGHFFTEZ,GM[P\V\IFFTEZ
PIZKCB\FSKR\HFFFKBD"MGIGHZINKNF,TE[K\DNFFINGYF
FXGEY\.
"GFEZL\GZF"
"GFEZL\GZF"85
FKBR\KR\FDGZNNKEFREMBKO[HFGPPFZB\FYW
CPEF[FREMBKOK[DKIGTNFECZ.GHFGRY’"CIKZF"MKPT\FFCIKZFFGBCKEKFRGDTKOCECZ.
FZK["EZLKSGZKQ"VTGNFBGCKTYJKCK\,G"EZL\GZF"FKBVTGNF
SGCKTYJKCK\GFDGZNCKEKFRGDTKOCECZ.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
FTYZGQ:F[VTFNHGN\G,FFRFDF:P[JZIGCF:NPKRKPGOIKKO
GPT[KPXGG\NZP\IKKONFICZF.F\MNK\GFPJZF:ECYG\GK\’.HFGNET\KFSKR\THKSFBIZGQ[BKQFFTEZDRGHC\GMGTGE.
PT[KOJGCKOGPXG\
NfY86
BPZBKQECZCF[MN[NBKFK’PYGEOCFIG[KO.GMQ[VKR’87
BPZ,
[BKRGZGXFFECZC[CKN[FGBJGCBNB[FGBJGCC[CKN[BRKZGXF
FECZ.GK[NFGSKUT"H[BKQECZCFIG[KO[NBKFK’YGEOCFPT[KO,
CBGVQ[FPT[KOPGNKEKOIG[KOGIG[KOPGNKEKOFFCRF.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 356
85CPBPZ"FIZG\"BGPZCTNFSGNO:"[RKEZMKO[FF[DIFIC[FGFYKVF
BG\RG,MEKNFCKBRGBNFPJZFF\MNK\K\,[FO:EZLKSGZKOFDGZOBNKRG
F\V\IG\FHB\[NBPET\RG.GEZL\GZFGIMPF,FDGZP\BNKRGF\V\IG\
FHB\PET\RG,CNK[GOFMZIGKSGZKO".
86D’GQNfY)1632{1704(,VKNGSGUBRDNK.
87CZGL[VKRGHF)1632{1677(,VKNGSGUKFGEKFGNREK.
NP[N[BKBV[ZNIG[[K\TRDGTNZKCGKFF[VTFPJZO[K[VKTG
CVGTNGMQBKBV[ZNFCKQGNF[MKNI[KCG\GFDEGNF[NFF[VTF
PJZO[JGTPKOBG\GCFIG[KO.
GTE"HBKBV[ZNJTGO\TRGDPECYG\PJZO[KZCFPT[KOJGCKO
FPSGDNKONHFEFKKRGC[PKZFDPGZF[NF\RBKNT[G\R"ZNG,EFKKRG
NF\TRDTNFRI\[DZOBNKGK\’CT[K\FPXGF.GBIZFZD[F\TRGD
FJGCCPT[KOBV[ZNFCKQBG\GC[KTGZF\TRGDFHF.GBO...N\TRGD
RXIKG\PKEKPDZKP\R"ZBNKGBHKHMFNET\...
GTK’NTKN[K[C’PDPG\CE\B’"[NBN[PF"[FGB\GTN\KG\NCE,
EFKKRGCMEKNCSSFKJCFPGSZN\GTN\TXPGGRPXBCF[KDGPDPFHG
MCZK[NGFSKVGY.
GK[PDPFC’CFE\[FGBXGZLRV[KNFECYCG.GHFGRY’"N[PF",
GFGBKMGNT"KPT[KONHMG\NFR"N.G"P\GL[NBN[PFCBN[PF".
PDP\FIKKO
K[D’ETG\CSVZKOGCPIYZ,BGBKEKBPRKG\,NHMG\NECYG\GK\’,BG
CMEKNHMG\NYEPFGNVZBDZTS,FRY’KGJKNKJKNKJKHO"\GTN\KG\".BG
\TRGDC[ZKGIG[RKFRY’FKKEBRKHO88
BGYKZBRKHO.
GFRF[KJ\FKKEKRHOGNGBKFK\FBP\BCNFXZFFGB[FPMBGCKO
PZGCKOTNPTJ\TRGDFIG[KO[BV[ZNFBEONF\TRDCFO.GPNCE
FVDO[NKGOFPK\F.
G[KJ\FKGJKNKJKNFCKBVZGDZTSGYEPFCTGNO,K[MBQ[BNF
DEGNFPKKHMFNFVZTDZTSF[NO...B[ZBRKP[NO\PGZFPZGCFM"M
CPMBGCKOGKSGZKQ.
NVKMLRZBFZYFBKKEBPBRKG\[FPDPFFGBNB[ZG[NFBEO[T"K
[MNGNMNFMIG\[CRV[HGMFNMCGECIKKGGN[OJGCNBIZPG\G.
GYBRJNDNDTN[KJFHGNCSS\GZ\FPGSZTNPDPFBDBKSJK\GFGZF
NT[G\T"P[NY"V89
.
FPETFPBETZRKCIZNGKG\ZB\FKGJKNKHOFR"NBNBZYNXGZL
FMNN.EFKKRGNF[VKT.GDOHFEGPFNT"P[NY"VGPKKZXFHF?DO
[BNFFR"NPFKCKBMNFYKEPFGFVZBTDZTSNFEGZG\[C[CKNHF
INYC357
88FEGRKHO.
89T"P[NY"V:TNPR\[NBNYCNVZS.
BTCGECM"MKSGZKQMEKNF[VKTHB\.TM"VK[NKFXEYNKETPFGFRZXF
PFYKEPFGPKKFRFPBG\FFYKEPF?
GPKV\KK[NO\PGZFDEGNFM"MGNBKETPFK[VKT?
MNFXZFFKB[F\TRGDYXZKPKOGFKSGZKQCBZKM\KPKO.
F\MNK\PFIKKO
PMNFBPGZ\PXB[PDP\FIKKOFGBNHMG\NECYG\GPJTO\GTN\
F[K"\NCEGCYVERG\.BGNHMG\B\FZCKO[KDKTGNECKYG\GK\’.
C’[TCGEKOCTGNO90
C’[TCGEKOCTGNO,BG[TCGEFCGZBBG[TCGENCZKG\KGGBI\PFO
PGMZI,MKBVKNGPNLGR[KBTGCEFCZKG\CFMZI.GBKQBPROJTOCQ
IGZKQDPGZBNBFP[GTCENFCGZBNCEGGNBN[GOCZKFCTGNO.
F[TCGEPGMZI:MKFPYCNPDGRFGCFPKG\FKB.GNF[VKT{K[
[BNFNPK?
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 358
90FBG\C’PGCB\CDGVQDEGNKG\ZMVK[FKK\FCM\CFKECPYGZ.
INYD
YJTB
YGPGRKHOVZBDPTJK
YCN\FE\[N"GBFC\NZTL".V[GJGMP[PTG.
INGYFXGEY\[NFZGIKO[MNBIEKTCGEMVKM[ZGRG\KG{GKYCN
MVKXZMG.
FZMG[PYGKO,ZYFCTNKOBSGZNGNYCNPZGIKOKG\ZPMVKXZMKG.
SGDB’[NFZMG[RKOKFK’TOVYGIXCGZ,SGDC’CRBPRG\TXPGBG
T"KVRYSKO.
FPGCJNKOKYCNGXZMKFOC[GFTOFTSGYKO.
FIKKOCEZLYBPGRKTKYCNGBG\OFSMGPKOMFTGCEKOFCTNKC\KO,
GB\FZKGI[KZGKIGT"KIKKF[G\VG\KT[GPFOZMG[XCGZKC[KKMG\
VZJKNBG\GFYKCGW.
F[\ENG\NCRG\IKKYBPGRKTDONVGTNKOCTKKZG\.
FPTNG\
FTGCEKOGPM"[FPVIEKOPVRKCKJGNTCGEFGEBKKYCNGTNKFO
FE\{[K[KDGCJIGQCIKKFO.
SGDZMG[RKOBKEKBNKKOKYCNGD"MFE\.
T"KFJVFTNCSKSE\KK[NCSSET\FXCGZB[ZFPYCNK\Z
PXZMKGFGBEGPFNFGZDKRV[G\,CB[ZC[CKNGKGMZIFTGNONFP[L
CZXKIG\GCRKPGSKFKJNTZGCPNIPG\RGZBG\,GTK"HKT[GRV[G\ZCG\
NYGPKGRKHO.
359
T"KEGIY[NIGHKOG[CK\G\BV[ZNPZZIKKFO[NFZMG[RKO[KYCNG
TNKFOB\FE\,P\GL[BKRGRGDTKOCZMG[OZYCZGIKO.
P\GL[FE\KFK’CKQNBGPKBV[ZNYRG\T"KMSUGT"KF[VTFE\K\
B\NCF[T’MKQFTZCKO,[KYCNGFE\C[G\VG\TPRGNBDGEFBI\
GKT[GRV[G\CKQFTGCEKOGFZMG[RKOFTZCKO.
PHFKXPIJGCFNXKGRG\,MKPBIZ[KYCNGFE\[PIKKC:BFCF
GF[VTFNMNFBRG[KG\KIECPEFBI\B"MNBKKXZGTKROTNDHN
FBZW,MKKCKRG[FBZWNF’FGB.
ZP\FIKKO[NFTZCKO,KFK’[GFTOZP\FIKKO[NFKFGEKO,GHF
KFKFCY[K[DEGNNT[KK\RV[G\CKRKFO.
YJTC91
ET\KIKEGET\FXCGZ
MPG[K[ET\FKIKE[FGBMIF[KVGJ[NG[[ORT\YKOMNFPT[KO
FPGTKNKOGFPHKYKOGMPG[PS\MNCPZBFFGNLGCGIZFPGTKNKOGEGIF
FPHKYKO.MQK[[MNP[G\UNMNFXCGZ[[PFRT\YKOFPGTKNKO
NFICZFTOFPHKYKO,GET\FXCGZPCZZNFPGTKNKONFOGPFNNKO
NTG[KFO,GNFKVLFOPDRKONTG[KFO[PMBQRGNEKOBKEKBNKSJTQ
GPRFKDKOGIGYKOGDT[PBYTQ92
GMG’.
FYNYGN[CET\FXCGZ:ZGCCRKQ
TEFKGOFKFMIFFRFDFGMIF[KVGJZYNF\YKVKQ[FOZGCCRKQ,MP"[
[M’BR[KOPRFKDKONMNVZBRYZKKL93
GFOFTG[KOET\FXCGZ.
GFP[VJGFPGSZGFE\SEZGNFON\GTN\O.GNVK[FOFPRXNKONZGC
PRKQ[NFXCGZRPXBKOMNBNGFE\GFP[VJGFPGSZZYPHKYKO
NFXCGZ.MNGPZNZGCPRKQ.
GK[NHMGZ[FP[JZFRGMIK[NZGCCRKQFKFPSVKYNDPZKTEFKGO.
PVRK[NFPGRKONBFK’MIF[KVGJMNN,GMNFIGZCRG\[YEPGNFSEZ
FPEKRK[NFKGOFK’ZYCKQF\YKVKQNCE.
BPRONBCEGZBIEF[KDGFSEZ[NFKGOBNBTNIGZCRG\RGZBKO,
TE[F[MKNGB\FE\GFPGSZGFP[VJ[FCKBSEZNTGNO.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 360
91RK\QNFCIKQCFYCNFCKQYJTHFNCKQFPBPZFPGCBCINYC.
92JTPKO.
93XZV\.
CRKQFIE[
GCEGZG\BIZGRKOT"KFXGGBRD[PNNT94
GT"KFETPBYJZBJKT
GFSBXKNKHOF\IKNGFFPGRKONVYGITKRKFOGNYCNFRFN\ICZF
NKEKTXPONZGCPRKQ.GMKGQ[MQPXBGFE\GFRKPGSGFP[JZGFP[VJ
[NGO[MNHFFGBNZT\OMKMQFGBFBP\MR"NMKFOP[P[KQNZGC
CRKQNT[ZFV"S95
[NFXCGZGNMGNOPHKYKO.
GT"MRGNEGNRGC’\PGRG\CP[JZFFPGRKO.
.BGMRBXKSJTQ[VZYGTGNPFE\GFRKPGSGP[VJGTG[KOMPT[F
BEOFVZKPKJKCK[YEPGNSEZKFIKKO[NZGCCRKQ.
.BGMFSBGGKTJKQ[T[ZFBIGHKOPFXCGZ[GNJKOCEKYJBJGZT
TNMNFXCGZ.GHFBKBV[ZNFP[LHPQZC.NVKFEKBNTYJKHO
FFKSJGZK.
"GBOK\CJNFRKPGSI"GKPIGBGKCKK[ZBN96
MGNO"CYKXGZBRG
IGHZKOCFMZIGCFINJBNBEOFKTZ.TE[DO)FFPGRKO(FZGCPRKQ
KNPEGFEKBNTYJKYBTNC[ZOGTXPG\KFOFO)MPNVRKOFZGCCRKQ(
GBHKSMKPGTNSEZ.
GPMBQ[FRBXKHOBKRGVBJTRJDZPRK
BORHMGZ[FFPGRKOBKROBKEKBNKSJTQ{BKQTXFZYFE\[PPRFRBXN
MJCTK,FRKPGSGFXEY.BCNT\FK[P[GFZGCPRKQ.GFMKXE?BKQHFBNB
FE\[NF[VTF.
FTYZGQF[VTFNHGN\G,FFRFDF:IGCFNPKRKPGO,GPXGFNZP\IKKO.
FPJZF:ECYG\F’.
RBXKHOFGBVZKFSBXKNKHO
MKBKEKBNKHSJTQPGTJKOFOGFRG[BKOFBPK\KOFVGTNKOGBMZKOFO
BDBKHJTQ.GCMNBGPFBOKTPGEBKHFEZ[QMFKJNTZ[SBXNKHONBGPK
KG\ZRGIGPGTKNNFOPBKRJTZRBXKTNKNPFNBK[PTGNG?
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
INYD361
94"XGGBRD"P[PTGBKNGWBGMVKKF,G"[PTNQ"VKZG[GNFXZ.RZBFMKMGGR\
FM\GCFKBNNIWFBKNGXKO.
95V"S:oZSRJ,BIGHKO.
96K[NFRKIMKBPKZFHGRBPZFCN[GQSDKRFGZ,MNGPZFCKJGK"ISG[NGOKPIG
BGKCKK[ZBN"P\MGGQNK[ZBNTXPO.
B.BOFK’FRBXKHOGIGZCROPG[MNCBKHF[RKOPYGEOGFKGBKHF
IMPKOPJMSKOTXFNFXKNOT"KE\BEGY[KSVKYNFDRF.FBOFK’
BSGZPJTO[YZ?
C.BONBIZFPNIPFKCGBGFBGPG\NMNNFCRF[PGMZIKQNVHZ
EGYBNK[ZBNNE’ZGIG\GNDZ[KRGPBZXKRGGCBBIEGFJCKTFE\PIE[
)MEKNTPGECPS"R(97
CKRKRGGCKQFBGPG\GTK"HKSMKPGNFKVL[DOCRK
IG"NKCGBGNFBZW.FBOFK’HFBKSGZ?
D.BOK\DCZGI"GFRBXKOGKP[NGTNFTGNOGKZXGNBCE[BZK\
KTYC,BOPG\ZNFJCKTFE\CMNFBGPG\MEKNFXKNFBGPF?
VZDPBJKHO
PYGZF[NFBPGRFCXGZL,GFBP\CFTEMPF[PSVY\NFXGZLFHF
)HKTPS(98
.FZK[FXGZLFGBSKC\FBPGRFGFSVY\FXGZLFKB
BPK\KG\F.
C’XGZMKO:
FB’{XGZLIGPZK,[FGBNCKSGSIKKFICZF.GFKBBPK\KG\F.
FC’{XGZLRV[K[PBGSNGFIKKOHGN\F.GHFGN[PF.
GMPGCQ[IMPKFE\CBKOPXGZLRV[K.BCN"P[N["P99
CBN[PF".
TK’C=BP\VZBDPJK100
.
PDP\FIKKO
B.NFCKBVZGDZTSGBG[ZNFICZFGFGBPFPETFPBEZRK.
C.[T"K[MNGNMNFMIG\[CRV[KHMFNMCGECIKKGG[OJGCNBIZ
PG\G,GT"HPNDNDYBRJ[FKBBDGBKHO.GFGZFZY[NNY"V101
.
GK[NFCKQBONBMEBKNIKG\C[CKNTXPK\BPZ[MEBKNIKG\C[CKN
BNUMPGRKBGPKNKBZE:
GPMBQ[FPDPFFKBN\GTN\FCGZB.BGNVZJKG\GTXPGBGNMN
FTGNO[KHMGNECYG\GK\’.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 362
97PS"R:PSKZG\RV[.
98D’KKPS.ZBFNTKNFTZF.73
99P[N["P:P[NBN[PF.ZBFVSIKORT"C.
100CSTKU"BP\G[YZ"NFNQ.
101[NNY"V:[NBNYCNVZS.
BP\G[YZ
BP\G[YZFGBFT\YFVSKMKSPQFGKFGFTEZ[FO\THKSGBRJKJTHKS,
[P\GMORXPI"BP\N[T\G"[FGBSKR\THKS.GHFGBP\VZBDPJKGRP[LHFTE[K\DNF"BP\PGINJ",[BKQCPXVGRKG[YZ.
P[NE’)TK’NTKN(102
BOFK’CHPQFBEOFYEPGRKFVZKPKJKC[FKG
DGHNKOGZGXIKOBK[NICKZGMIK\FKTZBOFK’P\KZNFRFKDCKRKFO
P[JZE\K?
P[NF’)TK’NTKN(CYJRG\KNBZXK\KNYZG\ZBPBRKOCMEKNBNTSGYC[YZKO,GNBYZK\KZYFSJBZKT
103
.GM[DEN\KGFCR\KF\GTN\[CFO
[FOPV\IKOFEPKGQBHRT[GNKNBP\.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
FXGZL
PCIK’N[PFFGBXGZLRV[K.GK[NFGEG\MKPGTJKOFO)T"E[BPZG
"ZBFXEKYKOGMG’G[\NQCMNEGZ"(104
[KFK’NFO\CKTFPNKEF.
BPROK[ROMHF[PGBSKOCIKKIGPZGBONBK[KDGPJZ\FECKYG\FK’
PBCEKQTXPO.
FTYZGQFE\K,P\GL[NN"[CBN[PF
GFMKQFF[DIFFRFD\FCZKG\CEZLBDBKSJK[CFMZI\CKBFNIGZCQ
FTGNOBONBKYCNGFE\NF[VKT.GT"MK[CFXGZLVZBDPTJK.GP\GMF
CBN[PF.
PFGXGZLRV[K
MPG[NTGZNBKG[DXCTKOGNSZKSBFC\FPKQMQFISZFXGZLRV[KB"B
NXKKZNGFXGZLFHF.BPROXGZLPIGKCFGB.
PT[FPXG\
PT[FPXG\PSGDNKONT[G\NGXGZLRV[K.
INYD363
102ZBFNTKNC\IKN\TP’.362
103FKSJGZKF.
104KGPBNIT"C:"BPZZCKKGIRQZBFFYEG[CZGLFGB[XEKYKOPGTJKQTPE
G[\NQCMNEGZGEGZ".
PGSZKG\RKPGS
PGSZKG\RKPGSVKZG[F,PEG\JGCG\[NTPN"V,105
GNNBFMZIIKXGRK,
ZY[PCGSSTNBGNJZGBKSOGFZD[BIZKG\MNVKFICZFFBRG[KG\.
PG[DT"KIKRGL.
BPROFIKRGLXZKLNET\FXCGZ[KVZRSGKYKKOGKTPKEGBIZKXKB\G
PZ[G\FIKRGL.
GET\FXCGZBKRGRP[LPIKRGLBNBZYP\GTN\FXCGZ.
G\GTN\FXCGZRTZLZYCVKFPEKRFFVZJK\[NBG\GFXCGZ[CFMZI
FGBCS\KZFNTPKOGPEKRG\BIZG\{GBKLKGTKNT"HIKRGL.GFZBKFMK
TGENBRCZBFRKPGSGBVK’FE\[KSVKY"NCKQNBGPKG\"MKFZXKIF
GFDHKNFGMG’[GNJCMNIP\O.CNK[GORKPGSMN[FGBGBEZCFFZGXI
FDEGNVJZKBJGPRGPSKI[CGMFKGONRKPGSCKQNBGPKXZKMKO.
NBDBKHOXCGZKBKQ\YRFZYE\
NBDBKHOXCGZKBKQ\YRFZYE\MKFIKRGL[BKRGPCGSSTNMNGOCRYN
KGMNBKHFZ[TTZGONFIZKCG,GFZBKF,DZPRKB.GBKNGYZFFKJNZ
NDZPRKBE\K\NBFK’TG[FMNGO.
FBDBKHOFJCTK
FBDBKHOFJCTKNB\[CGZCECZKOPNBMG\KKOMDGQIKRGLGET\FXCGZ.
GBKQ\YRFNHFZYE\[FGBJCTK.
\GTN\KG\MVGN
E\FF[VTFPCKBF\GTN\FQNDGUGFQNZGIGT"MPGMZIGPGSMOPMN
F[KJG\[CTGNO,TK’NFNQCBGZL.
PBJKGGVBGGZ106
C’CIK’CG:BGMIFPG[LGGKH=B=VZBRJB,BGMIFMVKFGGKH=B=JZDB107
.
GBKLKGTKNFIKRGLCT\[KGXBCQIGZKQNTXPG,GBKQNG[GOPBJKGG
VBGGZTNFIGCG\[R\IRL[FZKBKQCFOMIPG[LGRTEZDOPMIFMVKF.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 364
105[NTPN"V:[NBTNPR\NYCNVZS.
106PGJKCVBGBZ:MI=PJZF[FGBMIFVGTNGPRKTNMNDGUGPGEENGMINKDKTF
M\VYKEFENYCPMGRF)P\GLYGRJZS"F[NGO"[NCTNFSGNO(.
107GGKH=B=VZBRJB:MIFPG[LNBKHFECZPNVRKG.GGKH=B=JTZDB:MIFEGIF
NBKHFECZPBIZKG)P\GLYGRJZS"F[NGO"[NCTNFSGNO(.
F[BZ\FRV[
FGBPGCQPBNKGCFKG\FINYBNYKPPTN.BPROBKRFCBFCIMP\
FYCNF,MK[GOTXOBKRGCBCF[DF.BMQFRV[P\DNK\NFBEOFRG[B
BG\FZYT"KVTGNG\,GVTGNG\KFFGBZYF[DG\KGK\’CNCE.
GPMBQPGCQ[FV\DO"ETB\TXPLG\MKZMN"FGBP...VKNGSGVKMK
CYCNFXZKMKQNGPZNFKVL,"ETFMNG...\[KDB\TXPL".[BKQTXO
RV[PG[DMNNZYVTGNG\CNCE[FOF[DG\[PG\KGK\’.EFKKRGZY
SGCKTYJKCK.
F’IG[KO
SDGN\PT[KFPXG\FGBMPGCD[PKG\[FPT[KOPDKZKOFIG[KO,
GM[R[BZ...FIG[KOCPIFHMZGQRT[KO[ONEKPGKO[NPGTKNGPHKY
GZMG[,GM[F[MNBGFZXGQBG[GPZFD...PS\MNCFPZBF[NFHMZGQ,
FGNLGPCZZB\FEKPGKOGPYZCFBPK\KG\EFKKRGFPGTKNBGFZMG[
GEGIFFMHCKO[FOFPHKYKO.GNVKCFKZG\FCKZGZKDENF[MN\FBEO.
GBOCPB\KPBJKYTKZDKNNFEKPGKOPGTKNKOCCFKZG\GBPK\KG\.GDO
CISMGQHPQMKBNFKGTKNGNGCCIK’ZMG[YKKO.GMQCRKDGQBGCZVGBF
G\MGRF.
GTE"HSDGN\PT[KOZGIRKKO[...FPXGG\[FOPDKZKOFIG[KO
FBEOFZGIRKKO.GMBQK[C’PKRKIG[KOBGZ[Z"E108
ZD...GMQID"\
R"F109
DGVRKO:MKF\PE\FPT[KOJGCKOP...CFTGCEZGI"BFCF",
GCFXJCZFN[KTGZI[GCP...CGIG[F"KZBF"[NBNIJBGNBCE
FBFCF,GM[CJ...CTXPG[K[NGIG[BFCFGKZBFRGNECGIG[
F\VB...TNICZKG[NBHMGNHF)GHFGZMG[(.GBIZD’IG[KOF...RGNECG
F"RXI"MDCGZPG[NCZGIG,GNVKMNFZD[KE’FIG[KOBNGRGNENG
"FGE"[PGEFCPXKBG\F[K"\.
GCMNPXGF[PGSKUP\ZCFCGF’IG[KO\\BKQFR"NGJTPKPXG\.
GM[P\YCXKON[KTGZFRZXFRGNEKOCGF’IG[KOTNKGRKOZ[Z"ENZBG\
MCGEGPP[GN[PGTYGNF’GNFZKICKZB\GGNECZNVRK’K\’.
GM[HGMFKG\ZR[BZCHMZGRGEKPGKOPF\VTNG\F’IG[KO\\BKQGF’
IG[KOTNBKQ,[MPGCPZBFF[MNPS\MNCF\VTNGKG\BNGGPCZZ
FPGTKNKOGFZ...GEGIFFPHKYKO,GNVKCFKZG\FCKZGZKOKDENET\F’.
INYD365
108Z[Z"E:ZBKKF,[PKTF,ZKI,EKCGZ.
109ID"\R"F:ISE,DCGZF,\VBZ\,RXI,FGE.
NGYSGS,GZMG[PXJCZ
MPGCD[PKG\MQCPG[MNG\...CIMPG\IKXGRKG\KFK’IMP\FMNMNF...
GZVGBFCIK’CKZGZKO[NFPGTKNKONZP\FIKKON[...NNGYSGS,[FGB
EZDFB’[NZMG[.GEZDFC’FGBZMG[PXJCZ[BKRGTGPEN[KPG[MPG
FT[KZG\:GFGBIMP\FPBJT...G\MGRFGRKDGQ.
GTE"HCZGIRKG\FCKZGZKOFTGPEKON[KPG[...FONZP\IKKOZGIRKKO
GZMG[CN\KPXJCZ.
GK[CKZGZKODCGFKO[BKROP[P[KONZP\IKKO,ZYNCI’ZMG[
PXJCZGNCIK’YRKQI[GCMPGFT[KZG\GF\MGRFGFVKNGSGVKT.
BCNBNGGBNGCBKOPEKPGKOZGIRKO[YCNVTOCFIG[KO.[CZKZ\
FPGTKNBGNGBGNBIZKORY’ET\F’.GET[CIMP\FYCNFK[D"MC’
PKRKZMG[FR"N.
VBZBNTJKHOVSKIGGVKHK
[\KEZMKFGVTF[NPFG\BI\.MPGFZTOGFCZY.GHFSGE"PT"J110
G\GZF".BPROFBEOPZDK[\IKNFB\FFSCZFVSKMKGBI"MFVKHK.
MPGCBFCF[FPYCNP\RFPZDK[\IKNFC[MNG[FRG\QBGFCBG\G
GBI"MRHZPKOGP\V[JKOCGRKXGXKBFCF...ZB[PDNFFGBVSKMK
GC\GLFGBF\NC[...
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
PYGZMNFJTG\KO[CTGNO
PYGZMNFJTG\KO[CTGNO:BKEKBF:VKZG[F[NGYIKOBKHFPG[DBG
EKPGK[FKFVTOPNGC[CDGUGPXKDKOBG\GMBGCKTYJPGV[JMPG
[NBFK’VTOCDGU,MNGPZ[P[CIKQBG\FBGPDRKONFNVKFTZMF
FPGV[J\FHB\.
GFXZFFGB,MKFPG[DBIZ[R\V[JPFDGUMCZRBCENGCEZMGINYKO
I[GCKOPP[PTG\GFZB[GRF[CT\F\NC[G\GFDGU.GFERKOBG\GNVK
FP[PTG\FR[BZCGPIGKCKONJTG\CFMZI.
NP[N.FBP\GF[YZCT\[VTNGCDGUBRIRGP[CIKOFBP\NVKZGC
\GTN\GNFKIKEBGNF...
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 366
110PT"J:PT[KOJGCKO.
GBRIRGPDRKOF[YZNVKZGCFHKYGNFMNNGVZJ.BPROBIZ[R\V[JG
FBP\G[YZPFDGVKQGRT[GPG[DKOPGV[JKOMCZRBCEPFOTKYZ
P[PTG...GYRGYEG[FBGJGPBFCXGZ\OFPGV[J\,GNVK...BV[Z
NFPTZKLN[CIB\FBP\DOCT\[FGBPHKYDEGNNFMNNBGVZJ,GMQ
NDRG\...B\F[YZDOCT\[PCKB\GTN\FKG\ZDEGNNFVZJBG
NFXCGZ.GHFGJTG\PZFPHKYNC...GBKQBEOIV[KN[BGNNTXPGPK
YE[FBP\FHF?BG...JKPBGBGSZF[YZFHF?
\GTN\KG\,NPT[FFMNPGEKOCF
MKFIGNYKOFGB...[K[NFO\GTN\RV...GRKPGSKPGSZK[NVTPKO
CS\KZFN\GTN\KG\DGVRK\.BPROCKSGEFZKFPGSZGFE\D"M\GTN\...
FMNBNBBG[ZZGIRKGPFGFR"P111
.
GBKQ[GJF[KTPGNTXPGCNK\GTN\NBNDGUGNBNZGI.
\GTN\KG\FMVGN
GNVK"HPGMZI\GZ\FF[VTFNHGN\GPMNEZKTGF"HKI...[FZKCF
\GTN\KG\DGVRKGDORV[KNVKIMP\FYCNF.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
\SCKLPTGZVN[K[NV\ZGBI\NBI\CHFBIZHF
TKYZFYG[K,FGB[K[MBQSC...PSGCL[NMPFSVKYG\FP[\NCKO
HGCHG:
FB’{BVK’[NBNYI\CI[CGQB\FBPK\KG\K[[BNFBOFGB
\GTN\KCFINJ?
FC’{BVK’BOFGB\GTN\KBOBV[ZNYKKPGCVGTN?
FD’{PKFPFFBR[KO[KGM[ZGNBKPGQFEGZCECZDCGFMHB\?
FE’{BGNKKCKBFVTGNFFHGCHKGQGXIGYPFXCGZ?
KEKTF
KEKTFFKBCB’PD’EZMKO;BGPCIK’BPVKZK[FGBP\GLFS\MNG\
IG[RK\)PRSKGRG\PP[(;BG"FS\GZK\",[P\GL\TGEG\GPSPMKO;BG
P\KPJK\[P\GLXKZGVKPSVZDGENG\CRK\.)T"KKEKTF({...
GIMP\FYCNFPBG[Z\PMNFD’EZMKOFR"N.
INYD367
111R"P:RVYBPKRF{FCEN,[GRK.
GMQK[EZLE’NKEKTF[FGBP\GLFY[KOVKNGSKVKKOBGCEZL
ETEGYJKCKBGBKRETYJGCK,[VKZG[GPFMNNBNVZJKGBGPFVZJTN
FMNN.GHFGBKSGZIPGZCIMP\FYCNF.MKMNPF[NBR[KDNB
RET112
...
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 368
112CM\CFKENBRK\QNZBG\B\SGVG[NFP[VJ.CTRKKQHFRCKBECZKOEGPKO
[NCTNFSGNOCPYGPG\BIZKO:"GHFMNNCZHNBXNMNIMPKFYCNF,’MNPF
[NBR[KD,NBRDEZFGC[OGPNF’")PBPZ"PFG\IMP\FYCNF"(."MKHF
FMNN,MNPF[NBR[KDNBRETFGC[O")"\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\",INYB’,
VZYB’,BG\C’,BGZVRKPK(.
INYEYJTB
113
FCKBGZ[DOT\FBRGP[VKTKOGNBGPYCNKOFQPPF[BKQ
RGJNKOB\FTGEU[BRGPKKXZKOBNKYCZ.
2GPJTO[BOFKDKTF[NKGOPYCN\TRGD[NIXKKGORY’HF
F[VTF.GP\GL[MNNG\F\TRGDPPGTJPBEPFKDKTF[BEOP\KKDTKO
RPXBKOMGNRGZYP[VKTKOGNBPYCNKO{GHFI[CGQPJBP\K.
3FCKBGZ[BRGP\KKDTKOFKGOPIP\[TCGEFICZFNMF"V14
[TG\CKGOTOXTZGPMBGCKO{[FZKMNPRFDKRGCBKOPF[TCGENXCGZ.
369
113RZBFMKFRBPZCYJTHFPFGGFFZICFNECZKCTNFSGNOFPGCBKOCPBPZ
"F[NGOCTGNO".RCKBMBQ[\KPGCBG\PPBPZHF:
"C’PP[NG\FVGTNG\CEZMKFF\V\IG\FBPGZF:BI\FKB:’PP[N\
F[PKO’,FPCJKIFNTXPFNFIHKZMNZTGPHKY{NJGCGPGTKN.BNB[CB
CT\G.MEZMGCMCEG\GCBZKM\FHPQ.GK[{’PP[N\FBZW’~...|[FOCRK
BEO[NYIGB\IGYKFF\V\IG\FBPGZF\I\PP[N\OTXPO,[MIOKVF
NF[\IZZNDPZKPMCNKFHPQ".
"K[[RKXEEKOCPJCTFKIKEKG\FBPGZF,MKBORS\MNCFPXEFFB’FTNKGQ,
EFKKRG,PXEF[\GG\FTOKIKEG[NTGNO,FZKFKBVGTN\ZYCXGZF[N
’F[VTFNHGN\G’,[FZKFCGZBK\’MGNGP[VKT~...|NMQ,DOFKIKEKG\[RP[L
BXNRGPPRGK\’,PIGKC\[\VTNDOMQZYCXGZG\[N"F[VTFNHGN\G"GNB
MNGO"NYCNNTXPG".PXEFFC’[NBG\FFPJCT,EFKKRG,PCIKR\XGZ\
VTGN\FFPT[K\[VGTN\CRG,{RPXB[VGTN\CMGGQFVGLNDPZK,MKVGTN\
ZYCXGZG\[N’YCNFNTXPG’.~...|GM[RDKTNRYGE\FDGCFFTNKGQ[N
FPEZDG\,R[P[MGNRGCKIKEKG\[NRGZYCXGZF[N’F[VTFNHGN\G’,GNB
KBZTBUVTON[GOBEO[K[P[TPFCXGZG\[N’YCNFNTXPG’.
GTNVKFECZKOFNNG,PXBRGFHEPRG\,NFS\MNC\RBKFIKKO[NEGZ
FBIZGQ,FHPQ[N[NGOFTGNO,CHPQ[FBRG[G\MGNF\DKTNRYGE\FDGCF
[NXEFB’,GKFKGP[P[KOTOFKIKEKG\[NFOZYCXGZF[N’F[VTF
NHGN\G’GNBMNNCXGZF[N’YCNFNTXPG’.GMEBKNFT\KYMBQB\XGZG\
FIKKOFBPGZF,CPEF[\[P[NRGNYIGPGV\,GNF\KK[CCET\RG\I\
[JUDNKFIKKO[NRG,BGNKMEBKGBV[ZDOCEGZRGNT[G\RSKGQ,NFEPG\
NXGZ\FIKKOFBPGZF".
...FCKBGZ[BOR[\P[C"PP[N\FBZW"BV[ZNFIK[F"EGZ
FBIZGQ"DOCEGZKRGHF.
4ECZHF[NFF\IZG\P\GLFKIKEKG\CF[VTFNHGN\GBKRRF
VTRJBHKTPGV[J\,[FZKP[\P[KOCFCFIKKOFPT[KKOMDGQFPVHZKO
MNZMG[OBGZGCONXZMKZCKO,BGICZKFPVNDG\FBKEKBNKSJKOCKG\Z
[PVYKZKOGPBCEKOB\IKKFONJGC\FMNNGMEGPF.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
P[NNPF"E,114
NT[KZ[FKFNGBCHYQGNBFK’ZGXFNVZRSG.FCKBGFG
NFCFP"[GKXBFVS"E[KVZRSGTN[NIRGCMCGENBVIG\P[FGPPF
[PBMKNB\C"C,GBONBGKTR[CTGR[IPGZ.
GMPGCQ[NYIGNCK\GGFGMZINVZRSBG\GCMNJGCBNBNCGFKFPNB
XTZ.JTQBNKGFHYQ,CKQMLGCKQMLB\FRG\QNKMNPTERKTGNO[TN
[NIRKLGPFBKMV\NLGPF\GMNNFVSKEBO\FKFNLDOFMGRF
FJGCFFPYGCNTNET\MNBEOFDGQ,N[PGITNB[ZK[NLFHEPRG\
NMCEB\BCKLB[ZVHZTNKLMNMIGGT[BLNBK[TOPTPEPMGCE
CKQFCZKG\,GNPF\\TY[CVRKPKG\NCLTENFXJTZ.FBO\GMNNVJGZ
B\TXPLP[FGPIP\HF.
MQFECZFFGB.MKSGUSGUBRGP[VKTKONFICZFGZYFICZFPZG#I\
PIKKRGMKMNBK[MYJQMDEGNPGSKUBXGZGPT[KZB\YGV\FICZF.
GFBEOTXPGM[K[YGNB\FXTZGF\TRGD[PYCNKFGFEKTVKXKJ115
DEGN,GB"MB\FP[VKTNHGN\LBNB[FGBCMBCNCGCKSGZKQDEGNKO
GPZKO,GPFBKMV\NLFMGRFFJGCF.
YJTC116
.MNBEOPFOPPNBB\\VYKEGC[ZG\FXCGZCBGVQFPXGKKQ
CKG\ZGBT"V[BKQZGBFBG\G,MKET\FYFNNGIWTNMNBEO
BVK’CS\ZTE[PZDK[FP[FGBGRBF[FGBPBRFB\FICZF
N[DD\GMPGFGZDRV[C[DDF.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 370
114NFNQCKBGZZB[KF\KCG\CP[VJHF:NPF"E{NPFFECZEGPF;
NFCFP"[{NFCK\FP[VJ;FVS"E{FVSY=EKQ;C"C{CRKCK\G.
115EVKXKJ:DKZTGQ.
116YJTHFMGNNBZCTFPYJTKOB[ZYGCXGKIETNVKFY[ZO.
.MNPEKRFRINY\NICZG\B[ZPSVZPSGKO[NBR[KOTO
BPXTKOFPGM[ZKONSVYNTXPOB\FSVY\OCMNXZMO
P\ICZKONICZFBI\.
.MNICZFK[NF\YXKC[TG\TCGEFCF\BONVK\RBKFPYGO
[RPXBKOCF,B[Z\YXKCFHFP\PNBPIXK\GP[TG\IGCF
EFKKRG[MNICZP\IKKCNTCGEPSVZ[TG\NVKMIGGPIXK\G
F[RKP[TG\RECF.
.BEO[RM[NCBKHFTGCEFN\GTN\GFVZJK\,FZKMNTPKE\G
FICZ\K\P\REV\GFNMFNFCBGKZFIKKO[NFICZFMTRRKOTN
VRKZGI,PIP\FBRJKVKBFTPGYF[PYCNPMN[EZG\FTOBNKG.
*MKBHMNKIKE
B.MNKIKETGPEPET\GFIV[KNZ[G\FXCGZCMNT\GCMNHPQ
[KXJZMGNG
C.FF\IZG\IV[KNMNKIKEBNBFGBTN[EF[NF[VTFNHGN\G
D.DKNGKZXGQ[NYCNFNTXPGCMNXGZF[FGBFKBVIK\G\GVDO
DEGNPBETE[FGBTGPECKQF[VNKOGFKZGEKO[CICZF
E.MNBEOCKRGRK
*B.K[NFOFZCFSVZKIMPF[KJ\KKOGSVZKPGSZFPGMKIKOB\
F\VBZ\GFZGPPG\[NFFXJKKRG\CF[VTFNHGN\G,B[ZMNFTOPYJRG
GTEDENGTSGYKOCFOZB[OGZGCO.
C.MNPYCNP[ZFI[GCFDCGFPIGKCNDPGZPYGEOYGZSPSGKO
CIMPFFBPGZF.
D.FC\KP[VJ[NFOTSGYKOCTKYZCR\KR\\GBZKMCGEFPXKKRKO
PE\FXJKKRG\MNBK[CF[VTFNHGN\G.GBKQBEO[NBKFKFPHGKKQ
C\GBZMCGETN[ZGGNG,GTCKZFDEGNFFKBNYZGB[OBEOCNKF\GBZ
MCGE[NG.DOTCKZFDEGNFKI[CNBK[FPGINTNMCGEGFZBGKNGNVK
\GBZFMCGE.
E.F\IZG\DEGNFRPXB\NFOCF[EFVTGNF[NF[VTFNHGN\G
TE[PZCK\OPCKBKOB\TXPOCSMRG\RV[KG\,MKET\FYFNPI[KC
INYE371
GPMCEPBECF\VTNG\KXBFPFMNNB\F\GBZKMCGEPPEZDG\
FDCGFKOCF[VTFNHGN\G.
F.BOPMKZKOCBKHFBEO,[T[FNXZMKGBKHFTCGEFMEKNFJKC
PTJNTXPGCKG\ZPPF[RYCTNGPSEZKFICZF,RT[FCHFCKHGK
DEGNCTKRKFICZFTE[CG[KONECZTPG,GDOVGDOMCGEMNFP[VIF
[NGCPEFPZGCFPBE.GBKQ\ZGVFNPM\GHGN\NCY[THZ\CK\
FP[VJ[K[NFOBGVRKOPSGKPKOBKLNTHGZNBGPNNKOMBNG[BCEG
TPE\OCFICZF,B[ZTV"ZP[RKONGB\PYGPG,MKETFYEGPF,MK
BKQN[RG\ET\FYFN.
G.BKQPN\TGR[PXGKFMNNCIGYKCK\FP[VJMKNVKFIGYKO
[NFORPXB\PKE[FRB[PKOCKG\ZFOPZGKIKOCKG\Z.NP[NBO
FRB[OTCZ[BKRGPPNBB\[TG\FTCGEFBHBG[PVIK\KQNGB\
FHPQTCGEFBG[PYKNKQNGBG[P[CKIKOB\BGZIFSVY\G,GNT\KO
PYXKCKONGHPQJKVGNCCK\FIKRGLNNPEGPTN\FFZCF[N"F[VTF
NHGN\G".FMNNVKZBG\TKRKF[GVJKO.
*B.FPEKRFPIGNY\NICZG\.PSVZBR[KOFPGM[ZKONSVY
NTXPOFSVY\OCMNXZMOKMGNKONFCENNTXPONVKZXGROCICZF
PKGIE\.
C.FICZFFHB\K[NF\YXKC[N[TG\TCGEFCPSVZPSGKKO
CF\BOTOF\RBKO[RPXBKOCFOEFKKRGNVK\RBKFPYGOGNVKJTO
FICZKO[CF.
G\YXKCFHFP\PNBP[TG\IGCFGP[TG\P\RECKOGTV"ZTGNKO
[TG\FP\RECKOMPIXK\O[N[TG\IGCF.
F[TG\TCGEFCBKOPE’SGDKOFP\INYKONVKFMINTCGEF:SGDB’
FIN[KO,SGDC’FCKRGRKO,SGDD’FBPKXKO,SGDE’FHZKHKO.
B[Z[NFTCGEF[N[TFBI\PSGDB’RG\QSGDC’[\K[TG\,
GSGDD’E’[TG\,GSGDE’G’[TG\.
GMNBEORBPQNF\BKONGFSGDGMNBEORBPQNFTZKLNTXPGB\
FSGDFPG\BONMIGMTCGEF.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 372
YJTD
.1FYEPFFBRG[KG\\GNEFK[ZFPFE\.
.2G\FNKLFE\CTDGNKOCBF[CRYGE\F[VNFCBIGZCQFBRG[KG\
C[KTGZIGZCQFE\KG\,GT"MCT"M117
PYCNKOFE\KG\G\RGT\FTNKF
P\IN\PIE[GRT[FTKDGNIE[.
.3PE\DENG[NFTKDGNNVKBPK\KG\FE\[RI[C"NCSKS"CT\
FTNKF.
\MRK\B’
MPG[EZK[\RGPFP[IYKOC\KBJZGQ[KT[GMNPF[CMIOTE[KV\G
B\KEFEPKGQ[NRGNI[GCB\FXDG\KFONPXKBG\PP[,
MQIVXKRGPPCBZKFE\[KGMNGNECZTNN]a+RGMNMLTE[BPGR\FE\
K\VG[CNCG\KRGMI[NPXKBG\PP[K.
MCNKFE\NBK]Ma#EMNNTNFBKROPBPKRKO,MKEZK[\FPXG\"[CKQ
BEONICKZG"PYGCNCNBGFMKG"PCKQBEONPYGO"EKZYCBKHFPXG\
CVZSKBMDGQ[P\"K.
\MRK\C’
"JCTCDK’BNYKO"118
.GB"MMNPF[PIKKC\FJCT...ECZF’.B[Z
F\GTN\FICZFFGB[MZGFHYFICZFFGBFTGR[.
NVK"HBKQ[GOJTONFVLBNYKONJCT...GPZ119
CGZBTGZ[NB
KZBFGNBKCKQNPT[KKEKG,GPGJCNRGGPS\CZCETFMNBK[CZKBMK
KZBFGKGETFMN[FZKFGBPTRK[GP[MKZMPCGBZ.MKFMNZGBKO
[FJCTFGBPTRK[GP[MKZ.GFKJNZKGMKI.
\GMRK\D’
MNF[MZFPYGFPF[K"\GMQPJZ\MNFCZKBFFGBECYG\F[K"\CSGE
"PDENPNBPMNJGCGBKQNGBGZIKQ",120
GFGBPYGCNNECYKOCGK\’
CBFCF.
INYE373
117GTNMQCTNMGZIO.
118PRKQ"FJCT"G"BN‘F=KO"FGBHFF{V"G)86(.FECZCBNFXCKTTNML[FMGI
FTNKGQVGTNTNFRCZBKOEZLFJCT.
119PKNFHGPYGJT\CM\CFKE.KK\MQMKPEGCZCPKNF"MNGPZ"BG"GNGPZ".
120BPZFHGPCGSS\TNFRBPZCPEZ[ZCF:"BPZGPNBMKF[Z\NVRKFYC"F
ZCGQFTGNO)\FKNKOI(’PFBRG[MK\HMZRGGCQBEOMK\VYERG’,FEB
TY\BNFQPCZKB,BPZNFGQB"MXGRFGBNVKOMNOGDG’NPFRCZBG,XVGZ
GHFCZGZ[\IKNFKGXBKOPCK\BSGZKO[FGBKXKBFPTGZDGVGT"K
F[VTFNHGN\G,GBI"MCBKONFKMNFPNL[FGBFECYG\CGT"KFMGRF
NF[VKTR"ZNKGXZG.
GNVKMLTKYZFPXGG\FOCKQBEONICKZG.GFPTEKUPYGEOB\FPXGG\
[CKQBEONPYGOEGPFNTGNFTNPEZDFC’PJZO[TNFTNPEZDFFB’,
MKCZGZ[K[CZB\ZDNKG.
BPGRFCFPGQ
MP"["YGNFPGQMYGN[EK".BMQBKQHB\BGPZ\,BNB,[NVKFPXKBG\
CIZGB\FZTCPKTGJGGC[KTGZFHFFGNMKOCEZLFJGC\PKE,BPRO
GEBK[XZKMKON[RG\B\FPXKBG\CBGVQ[KGMNGNYCNEZLF[NO
NDPZK.GFCQ.GFQBP\[MIF[PKZF[CFFPGQCMNNOCGIZNFOEZL
NVKFPXC.GT"MPBIZ[YNYNGCVKZG[F\GZFGFPXG\NMQVZYGTGN.
BPROIGCYEG[FGBNPXGBVKZG[CICZFNBP\G,GBHBEZCFKFK’MI
F[PKZF[CFPGQMIPIKKCN[PKZ\F\GZFGFPXG\.
*...XCGZKPPEZDFZB[GRF.
NFMKQEZLRKSF)JTPB(
B.FRBXKHO:BDBKHO;GFBKRJZR’:BNJZGBKHO.
C.NI\GZ\I\FRBXKHO.BKBV[Z,MKBOCE\[NBNJZGBKHO.
D.ZYFVGTNKOPGMRKONRG[BFE\FHF,CFKG\GPFVKMFC\VKSB
FE\K\.
E.N\VKSBE\K\HGK[D’\VYKEKO:
FB’{NI\GZ\I\FRBXKHO.
FC’{NFM[KZNFPGQNYCNTNKEKFOFP[JZF[\GVK,[NB
KM[NGMFZGSKO.)GHFNVKFPGRI:[YEPFFBRG[KG\ZYCE\
CBF(MKMNMPF[FTGCEXZKL\PGZFCTETCGE\G,BKQFP[JZ
P\YKKOMECZKPBZYS.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 374
[PKOGEDKFKONPFRCZBG,P[NNPNL[FKFNGPDENPNBMNJGCGBKQNG
BGZIKOPFFRBFK[NPNL[PNBG")PEZ[ZCF,I,G(.
CTNFSGNOP\KKISNPEZ[HFCYGRJZS"F[NGO",GMQCFYEPFNVKZG[G
"VRKOPBKZG\GPSCKZG\"TNF"TWIKKO".NFNQECZKGCYGRJZS"F[NGO":
"VKZG[,MKFPNBMKO[ZBGMNFPMBGCKOGFKSGZKOFT\KEKONF\DNDNTN
FBRG[G\,\PFGG[BNGFXZFFHB\NPFNL?GF[KCNFOFYC"F,[K[NGBPRO
PDENFPNBPMNJGCGBKQNGBGZIKOBIZKOPGHPRKOBNKGZYFBRG[G\FHB\".
FD’{NDHGNB\FE\PKEKFZMG[RKOGNFVMGNPM[KZCKEK
FTGCEKO.
F.\IKNFK\YCNT"KFTGCEKOGTNKEKFONMNK[ZBN.GTE"H
NBKRJTZRBX’[NMNFBGPG\GTNKEKFONMNFPTPEG\[CKQFBGPG\.
G.FPFVKMFC\VKSBE\K\VKZG[F,MK\I\[FRHKZKOTET\FFKG
PCNKTGNOGM[KYCNGTRKQFBNJZGBKHOKFKGFRHKZKOCGRKTGNO,MKPE\
FIZEG\K[GTZCPE\FTHZFNFICZF:MEKNF[VKTR"ZNKGXZG.
H.\VKSBHGP\CBZ\CYZGCNC’BNVKOEVKQ121
FPCBZMNZHKQ
EBGZK\B[TKQBRG[NBK[GZROGFKB\MZKINMNBEONFBPKQ
CBPK\KG\F,MKKZBG[ECZKF’FO,MKDRHKIMPFPVGBZFFPKGIS\
NRCGBFPTKEFTNBPK\KG\O.
I.FPVKW[NFE\:XZKLNFKG\PSGDNN\MRK\FB’[KCKBBPGRF
MPF[BV[ZCFTO.
GPNCEHFXZKL[KCKBFSVYFDPGZFNEXI"O,[NGNBHFBKQNG
NFE\HMG\YKGOMPBPZFZPC"O,[EGPFN[GZF[NTGZKO[ZGBF
BIETGPECZB[F[GZF.EFKKRG[CIK’FPECZXZKLNTPGECMNPYGO
GCMNEGZCZB[F[GZF,GB"MMNE\[BKRGPCJKINFGXKBBEOBIE
PBNUNFKG\NPECZBKQFE\FFGBCZYKGO.
J.FVX\FE\FBFCFFGBT"K\GZFG\VKNFFP\BKPFNFDCKZ
CFBEOPE\F[VTFNHGN\G.GBHRPXBF\GZFG\VKNFMPGFPIEEB\
SMKRG[KMGNNI\GLGNMNG\TCGE\GCPFZF,NBVGYK122
PFTGCECSMKQ
PJGPJO[REPFNG[JGCKG\ZNCNKNCNG\HPQTNIKEGEFSMKQ,GFGB
PGJTFMKTCGE\GP\BZM\CKG\Z.
)DOHFPGCQTNFPGRI[BKQYKEPFNBRG[KG\HGN\CE\(.
K.)[KKLNSTKUJ’(\VYKEE’FGBNJGC\FXKGRG\,MKCT\[CK\\
FR[YM[KI\MGDGZNG\PEKRG\NBKFK’NRGBG\OF[GRBKOPF[PZRKO
FIG[CKOBG\RGNPIGSZKE\MRGETPECZKGGKKXPBQ,123
GFP\GGMKO
CJIKFKGPF[PZRKOFNNG.
INYE375
121K[NFRKIMKMGGR\CTNFSGNONKXKZ\GFPZMHK\,"\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\",
FVZGSFTNVRKMBNVKKOEVKO.16INYKG[N\T"SFGXBGNBGZP[R\1937
GBKNL.
122NBVGYK:NFCEKN.
123FMGGRFNIKKOGKXPQ)1874{1952(,R[KBFFZB[GQ[NPEKR\K[ZBN.
CTNFSGNO,"M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ"
INYF
CN\[IK\
MCZBIHGNFOYNKFET\B[ZBKBV[ZNCRG\HGN\TNPYGOIGZC\G
[NICKZG,G[KJFHGFKBFPJDR\B\CRKFTGNOTNFB[TEFKGO
FHF.MKCJZO[BEOPGXBPYGOIN[CZ[G\ICKZKGBKQNGBVK’
FTNB\TNFET\NCRG\PF,BNBCBG\GZDT[PGXBECZIN[C[KJ\
ICKZGBHKRTGW[OXVZRKGGBZSGTE[PIZKCGTEFKSGEG[OCGRF
FKMNIMP\G.
CBGVQ[MNFKMNG\FPETRCRKOCPYGOIGZCQGT"MMNIGYZBKQNG
TRKQBNBNFIZKCGMNFPIZKCKG\ZFGBPVGZSOGP[GCICKG\Z{GFBP\
[FGBPEZMKF\V\IG\FIMPFB"BNFMIK[,BPRONPFHFEGPFMPG
FF\BCYG\[FKF[GNJCIGZCRG\KGFBKGPKOMPFPNKGRK[RKO124
CJZO
377
124CTK\GQ"FBAPF",CPBPZ"CYGZ\NPZYSKHONBGZPXKBG\FIE[FGV\ZGQ
N[BN\BKIGEFBGPFTNHZPKF",BGPZCTNFSGNO:
"IGYF\V\IG\FEZD\K~...|PYKUNMNFCZKBFMGNF.GTNKGRCRGMNPTZMG\
FJCTMGNF,FQFCN\KBGZDRKO,GFQFBGZDRKO,TENPKQFBRG[KCMN\MGRG\KG
FBKEKBNKKOMPGFIGPZKKO{CMNBNFBKQNLECZ[NBKTCGZ\I\IGY
FCZHN[NF\V\IG\FEZD\K,FPSGCCGCBPMGIF\ZGXXG\[N[RKMGIG\
HFCHF:MGIVGHKJKCK,EFKKRGMGICGRF,GMGIRDJKCK,EFKKRGMGI[GNN
GPFZS.
~...|GRKYINEGDPBB\MEGZFBZW,B[Z\IKNFFKFZYMEGZDHKEGDP\TZVN.
GTNKEKMGIFPG[L[C\GMG,ZKMHCP[L\YGVFPSGKP\B\FBJPKO[CG
N\GLIGDKG\ZXZ,[C\GXBFPHFR\FVLMEGZFDHKNMEGZB[RGHNK.GCFP[L
\YGVG\[NPNIPG\RGZBG\[N[RKFMGIG\[CMEGZFBZW,FVGHKJKCKTO
FRDJKCK,DCZMGIYZKZG\[CGTNMGIFB[RGHNK,GYKZZBKHFYNKVFEYF
PSCKCFMEGZGR\Y[F[O.
BMQTGENB[YJFMEGZPPNIPG\FMGIG\,GCFP[LBKHF\YGVFDCZ[GC
MGIFB[FRGHNK,GF\VZWCZT[DEGNP\GLCJQFMEGZ,GTNFG[KCZB\
FYNKVFFYZFGFY[FNZSKSKO.GIHZFMEGZNB[RGHNK.G[GCF\IKN\YGVF
[NPNIPG\IE[G\,TE[CSGUF\YGVFDCZ[GCMGIFYZKZG\TNMGIFB[,
GYKZZ[RK\YNKVFYZFGY[FPSCKCFMEGZ.GFVTOFKK\FFYNKVFKG\ZTCF
[RGXZFKC[FTNKFKO,MKDOHFFKFPTKQF\V\IG\CNKSVY.BPRO
TM"HBKQNYRBG\BG\OFCZKG\[FKGTEKZBKFNBG\OFPFVMG\,GKG\Z
K[NYRBG\NBG\OFCZKG\B[ZMCZCBGNTGNOBIZFT[K\[NGOBIZ
[FIGPZKOFP\BCYKOT[G[NGOCKRKFO,GMNBIEPXBB\PYGO
PRGI\GTNKBEPG\MFKGOFHF.
GFDO[IGYF\BCYG\BKRGRVSYDOFKGO,BPROFGBTM"VF\BCYG\
PYX\GGNBPFVMG\[MNBIEFIZKCICKZG[RIN[TE\GPGBNBMCZ
FCKRGHF[BSGZNF[IK\,MK"TNEBJV\BJVGLGSGUPJKKVKL
KJGVGQ"125
.BNBECZFF\BCYG\FGBCCIK’FIN[FGXPXGOGKIETO
HF[GPZIKKFIN[[NBNFIZKCG,MKKGET[CRV[GFGB[BI"MK\FVL
FDNDN"GPJKKVKLKJGVGQ",MEPKGQFIGYKO[CPNIPF[FNGIPKO
[GPZKOTNKFOCHPQPNIP\O[FGBD"MPBG\GFJTO.
T\FBOCBP\BRGNGPEKOPFSJBZKT126
FPT[K\BNNRGNENDTN
TYZGQFBPGZ,GK[NRGNF\I[CTOFPXKBG\T"ESJBJGSYGGBGNTRG[
TNZGXIETFMPGTNZGXIRV[.TM"VMKRV[CNBETFBKRGCSGD[N
FZD[ZIPRG\MKZCKOFPFTNMNFB[V\G\GFBDPKOGCMNFBGKZ,
[P[GOHFPSGZKONF[DIFGBKQNRGTXG\NSKKTO.
T"MK[NRGNFRKIIGYB[ZFBZW[NVRKRGZIC\KEKOFGBGK[
PYGONMNFETG\NRGICFOMJGCKOMZTKO.MKCBP\FFGZDGPIZKC
ETFZTFFGBMPGPIZKCETFP\GYR\P[GO[BKQMNNETFZTF
CTGNOBNBETFCN\KPCG[N\FGBZTF.GT"MK[NRGNEGQBG\FMPG
FFGZDRV[ZTFB[Z"YGNEPKHZTGGHZTHZTG"BRGRVZTKOPFPHKY,
MQETFFZTFFGBDZTGQ[TEKKQBKRGZBGKFNBMKNFBPROSGVFNXPGI
GNF\V\I.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 378
GKG\ZPSGDN\NFIHKYPTPERDEFF\VZXGKG\[NFRGHNKOP\GLCJQFMEGZ.
GFKK\FMGIFKVFN\YGVFKG\ZBZGMF.BPROCSGVF[GCF\DCZGFRGHNKO,
GF\VZXGP\GLCJQFMEGZ,G[CZGB\FYNKVFNZSKSKO.G[GCRIZCFMGN,
GRT[FNMEGZRGHNK.
GMQR\INVGF\YGVG\CHGBIZHG;GCMNVTO[DCZFMGIFYZKZG\,RT[F
FYNKVF[MC[NGTCFCKG\Z.TE[CSGUF\DCZGMGIG\FVGHKJKCKOTN
FRDJKCKO,GCBGNKEKFZPGRKFPGINJ\:GFRGHNKONYIGPYGPOCPTPYK
FBEPF,GFYNKVFFYZFR\TCFMNXZMFPSCKCNFO,GR\FGGFBV[ZKG\
NKXKZ\IKKOBGZDRKOTNKFMKGOFHF".
125TN[FJCT\BIZKO,FJCKTGL.GSGVO[NBNF[FJCKTGL[KJCTGBUFO.
)BCG\C,G(.
126FKSJGZKF.
GFKMNFIMPF[BRGZGXKONCRG\RIV[NRGPYGOIE[MNGPZ
PYGOZKYPCRKRKO[NBIZKO,MNGPZPCNKNVDGTCZTFN[GO[KJF
[K[RFCPXKBG\.MKF[MNTPGYGZICKEKOFGBGECZKIMPKOCRI\
K[PTG{G[KJ\FPRXNKOGFPRGXNKOFGBPGSMONZTFNECZKFMN
MPCGBZ,T"MBG\FNCEK[NCTZP[GO[RG[R\GPBGSFFGBNECZK
FMN.
BPROKIET"HK[NRGN[PGZTNMNEZMKFIKKOT"VSJBJGSYGGBGT"V
IGV[\G[NFVZJ,MKBG\OBKRORIGXKONCRKRKRGFIE[MKSGUSGUBKRG
ZYCRKQMNMNK.GFZKHFEGPFNSGIZ[ZGXFNV\GIIRG\PMGN\GKZBPVRK
YBRYBZTRXT127
T"M[GZUB\MNIRG\KO[CTKZ,TNFHFCGPZDNKG\
G\M[KJKOGFCDEKO,[FGBJV[KG\ZPEBK.MKNBKT[KZMNGOP[ZKV\
IRG\K\M[KJKOBLIRG\KPMGN\NCEFKFEK’NIGZCRG{GFRINFO
NFP[PZKOTNP[PZ\OGFIV[RKOTNIGV[\O,GNMNFKG\ZK[NIGYY
IGYB[ZMNP[PZXZKLNFGSKUTCGEF[KSVKYC[CKNCTNKFCIKRF.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
KGETBRKP"[PBZY,B[ZBIZBIZ[K\IC[FDGUPVDTKGGPJZEG\KGBH
R\IKNGKFK’NRGPYGORBPQNIYGZTNBKEKBNKQ.FRFPNCE[K[NRGNJTGQ
TNTKYZKSGEG[BKRGBPK\K,P[GO[T"VFRSKGQRGETCTNKN[DGUPGJZE
GPTGRFPGXBET\GBP\KG\ZPDGUF[CTGBKRGKGETPISGZ.
BMQHGN\HFBVK’RRKIMECZKG,TEKKQK[NRGNGPZ"CN\[IK\"TM"V
FZKHFEGPFNBEOFYGXWTXKVZKP[GO[ZGXFNTKKQCFO[KXPIG
CKG\ZTGHFZKHFV\K,MKBOKYXGWBG\OKPG\GGNBKFK’PK["KJTGQ
VKKZK"128
.
MQCFETG\B[ZCBGNRGCKZG[FPBCG\KRGPPBG\EGZG\[NF\V\IG\
FGBFGNLGPYXWBG\OGPKKC[QGPIZKCQ,GPCJKINRG[BI"MM[KFK’
CPRGIFK[KOTKRGTNKFOGK[CIOBOBV[ZFZKHFV\KDPGZ.
FRKI[E\KG\PHKYNYBPGRT)GPBKQCJGICFRIFHG,SGUMNSGUFGB
ETFPDGNDN\CKQFBR[KO[NYKGOG[NKNFGZCKOFPFFPXEEKO(.FGB
ZYKMGNNTZTZTNXGZ\FFCRFB[ZFPRXNKOPRXNKONJGC\O,GT"M
XZKLNNIGOTNFCRF[NBKHKY,BCNN[VGJBG\FP[VJPG\
INYF379
127P\IZKO.
128VKKZK:VKZG\.
BPROMNF\KBZKT129
[NGBKRFBNBCRKQTN[RBFE\K\NCEMPG
CRKRKO[NIMPKHPRGTN[RB\FE\,CNK[GOPBJKGG[NFHYMNMNK.
GT"MK[NRGZ[G\N\CGTPFIMPKOFBPK\KKO[MNPDP\OZYXE
FMNMNK,B[ZKPIGB\STKUFHFPSVZKFOGZYBHKFK’NFO\YGF[N
RXIGQRXIKCN\KP\DNDNTNYKFG130
GNBHGN\.
CPNFBI\,BKQ[[GQCNKBSGQ,BKQJGCCNKZT,GDOFIMOFKG\ZDEGN
BKRGRKXGNPTZCGCKB[N[DBG\,GHFGXEFIN[[CG[PRKIPYGO
NFCBKONF\DEZ[PFGNFIZKCGTE\GPG{GFGBFXEFIN[[CPZYSKHO,
[P[GOHFY[FNFOFMKCG[GTGEVKPBFFHMG\YKGO.
GNVKMLBOCRKORBPRKOB\ON[KJ\MOGZGXKOCYKGPG,PFZGRB
NPIGYB\STKUFBPAZP\GLFIGYKO[NMOGBH\ETGNCJIEZMMO.
FR\YKPFRCGB\PZYS?
FRFPXEBIEBV[ZNZBG\RCGB\GMBNGR\YKPFCMNFRZXF.MKCTNK
FMIKG[CKOHFMPFTNFVIEPIGZCQFCJGITNFR[YKVNBKO
[RXJCZGGBKQNFO[GOYGBGRKXGW[N\YGFNFVJZBGNCBNTPY
F[GF.GMQCTNKFMNMNFZGBKOB\IGZCROCTKRKFOGRMCGCFPXKBG\
MNHKY[NFXNF,FPIRG\ZTCKOFGNMKOGPXJCZKOCFPGQBKGOKGO
KGO,FVZBNBJZKBJ[NFPTPEFCKRGRKMPTJ[RDPZGR\C[NMNXZMG
GMG’GMG’.
NPFFG[NMGNFKPKQ?
BPROPXEF[RKBRGPGXBKOB\FFKVL.MKBEZCBFVB[KHOP\ZCF
GDEGNKGOKGO,PNVRKOBKJNKBGT\FDZPRKBGNPIZVGNRKBGMQBPZKYB
TGPE\TNFSUGMG’GMG’{GB"MGEBKR\TNOBKHFECZPB‘\GFRCKB
[TNVKFRP[L[DKB\GFYKX‘RK.
BPROFMNCYCGZC\GZ\GTXPG
BPROFMNCYCGZC\GZ\GTXPG,MKFGSKUPG\ZG\C\GZ\F[\\VG\
GFQFPFFDZTKRKOFY[KO[FFS\GZKBBKRGKMGNNTMNOC[GOBGVQ
)FE\KGG\GFNBGPKG\(GREIGNKPKQ.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 380
129\BGZKF.
130KK\MQ[MGGR\FPICZN"YKBG".
FPEKRKG\FP[GC[\
BKQF[GPZXZKLNFKG\KG[CGP[PZTNFTGEVG\[BKRORGDTKON[PZRG\
[NG,GBKQFIV[QXZKLN\CGTIGV[NPG\ZG\FDGU,GBKQFP[\UXZKL
NFIZKCB\FETG\[BKROCRKDGENF[\VRG\[NG.
MND’F[JG\FNNGFPFBP\KKKOGPMGCEKOTNRG[BKFO[GFC[GF
TM"V.GBOFMIG\KTEKVGNM\FBI\NFIZKCB\ICZ\FN[T\GFZK
DNDGNFGBHF,GSGUSGUXZKMKONIGYKFDCNFTNPKRKFR[Y[NBKIZKC
BI\NICZ\FCPEFKG\ZDEGNF,P[GO[DNDNFGBCTGNOGBKQBEOKGET
KGOFPIZ\[NG.GT"MCJZOKCGBFF\BCYG\K[HPQN[MNNFDQTN
IGZCQ[NO[NBKHFXE[FGB,GBNNCJGITNMIFTM[GKBNBNF\I[C
TOFT\KEFPGCJI.GTRKQFBP\[CKQF[JG\BRKPDEKZB\PNFHGT"V
IGYFTCGNGXKT,131
MKMNETFGMN[KJFFKBPMKRFGPVRFEZLN[KJF
KG\ZJGCF.GMNHPQ[NBT[BFHF,EKQ[PKZFGYKGONF,MKCFIZKCF
\IZKCB\FETFGF[KJF[TN\VYKEFNFCKBFNCK[GNF.
GFRFT"HMCZTPEPZYSCTXPGTK’...MKBGPZ[PCJQFCGZDRG\
FDEGNFKGXBKOGRGNEKOFVGTNKOFVZGNJZKJ.GB"M\ZBFCJIBOFK’
TGPEBKHFPXKNNFVZBNKJZKJC[T\GNFIZKCB\FCGZDRG\FDEGNF
GEBKFKFPGIYB\KSGEG\FYBPGRTPTYZF{FZKBGPZNLIGYIHY
FHF[N"CN\[IK\"TE[KCBT\PBNKF.GT"HBRKIGNYTNKGMKBGPZ
[K[NPFZB\FYWCMNPIKZKO,GBRKPDKF,IGWPIGZCQETG\[BKRO
XZKMKOMNNNFYWFHF.
BKQNLECZ[BKQNG[TFGN[KJFF[\VRG\FDKT[T\FCHF"H,132
GBGKNFONMSKNKO[PIPKXKOB\F[TFGFRKIGNTXPOPM[GNKOGDEZKO
[BKRORIGXKOMNNGBEZCFMT[QNTKRKFO.GT"MCJZO[K\FVMGBRF
GBRFMCZR\FVLFTGNOGKPXBG"Z&G#IGFXNFPPYGOBIZ",133
GFPF
G[KJ\OKBCEGNHPQBZGL.
FPNIPFTNFDEZ[NNBGPKG\FGBNDPZKPKG\ZFGBKQCHF[GO
EPKGQNYRKQFVZJK,MKYRKQFVZJKBKRGRGFDCZGIRKZYCYRKRKOD[PKKO.
GPKBKRGZGXFCF\V\IG\FIMPFGPKBKRGKGET[YRB\SGVZKO\ZCF
IMPF,GT"MBKQIGNYTNKFBVK’CFPZYSKSJKOF[PBNKOFYKXGRKO.
INYF381
131FBCGNGXKF.
132CHFFHPQ.
133BS\ZE,KE.
BNBMNNFPNIPFRSCFZYTNYRKRKOFD[PKOB[ZYRB\OBKRO
PCKB\OBNBCFNFGKSGZKONCJNF,GB"MNPFNMONFNIOCYRKRKO
ZGIRKKOGNBGPKG\.
RRKI[CECZFMNMNFMNFBPG\CBGNTPYF[GFGNCJNB\MNFYRKQ
FVZJKCBGVQ[NBKXGKKZCMNNTRKQ[NPRXNKO,BNBCPYGO[MNBGPF
GBGPFF\IZGHFTOHFNRMSKOD[PKKOKFK’PT\FF\IZG\CRMSKO
ZGIRKO.GF\IZG\FHFGEBK[KXGKKZCVZJKOMPGCMNNKO.FRFT"HGEBK
[BKQMBQVGXFVFBVK’CKQFKG\ZYKXGRKOGPKK\QGFK’.
GB"MMNFGKMGI[NRGSGCCZYTNRMSKOFZGIRKKOPFTCZ.MK\BPZG
BRIRGP\KZKONYRG\RMSKOMBNGCFT\KECMNIGV[FZBGKGFRZXFZY
B\FTCZ\CTZGPKQC\KMO,FBKQHFIGNKZTGNKYGKPGIKQ,MKPF
[PG\ZCFT\KENPFRIZKCB\FPGMQC[KTGZTRYKMHFPQFTCZ.FZK
HFMPGBG\GPNLPXZKFKEGT,B[ZFK’NGKZG[FCKCNKGJTY134
[N
[N[FIGXG\TOSVZKOKYZKO,GVYETNKFON[GZVOGR[ZVGP[GO
[BKROXZKMKONYKGPF[NFE\BGI[[FHY.
GPNCE[[GOBGPFNBKXKK\NVYGE\MONIZGCB\MNRMSKFTCZ
[NFGKNIPGCDNNFCPSKZG\RV[)FZKHFECZPG\ZNMONDPZKMKBG\F
BKRMOXZKMKOMNN(,BNBBVK’BOZGIT]GT]KOG[DTGQKCGBTNFBZW
NXKK\NFOMHB\,FZKTNKFONIGSTNCRKQTRYKMHF[NMPFEGZG\
[KNLNBKCGE"TNNBIPSCMVKF"135
GNBMNGO.
T"MK[NMONFRKIB\F"B\FCIZ\RG"[NMNBGPFGBGPFTN
PMGRFCMNF[KTGZ[ZGXKO,ZYCSKSFD[PK[NMNBGPFBG\FNCEF
K[NPIGY.MKFCSKSFHFFDKTTN[T\FGKG[CTNFP[CZPBNKG
GT"MFKBTNGNFNYCN\KYGQPMNKEFV[GJFBNKF.BPROKIETOHF
NK\QCJIGQPNBGRBPQNMNBGPFGBGPFN[PGZTNRMSKOFZGIRKKO
TNMNPNGBOGJFZ\O.
GBKQNJTGQTNFP[VJKOFTGPEKOCRKDGETNF[\VRG\MPGTNFE\,
MKFQFPIGYYKOFTKGRKOGFQCTNKFE\PGEKOB[Z"FVYZC"EFVYZ
GEKRBEPNMG\BEKRB".GB"MK[BZGMNFIGYKOFBNFFP\RDEKONTXO
F[\VRG\MPGFS\GZKB[TCZ[T\F,B[ZDOT\FK[MCZZGCDEGN
CDRKHFCNK[KPG[.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 382
134SVZKKF.
135MVK[RBPZ:"TNNBIPSCMVK")BKGCJH,KH(.
K[NVRKRGCPXKBG\[N[FMIG\FNGIPKOHFTOHF,GFDO[FGBCRKDGE
NET\FPBZYSKSJKO[PI[CKOZY[RKMIG\PRXNKOGPRGXNKO,BPRO
HFFGB\KBGZKFPGV[J\GBKQNFHMG\KG\ZPMNF\KBZKG\FPGYETPKO.
BPRONVKFCBSKS[NFPBZYSK’CTXPGK[NRGNF\I[CZYTOPT[KG\
GNBTN\KBZKG\[BKQNFOYW,GT"MCIZ\KN[VGJD’MIG\MPG[TZGMKO
NTKRKRGCFPXKBG\.
PTPEG\PIE[:HZKHGTXN
RRKI[BGPFBI\TXNFGBGPFBI\T"VJCTFFKBKG\ZHZKHF,GPF
[BI\\T[FC[T\KOKT[FF[RKFC[TFBI\.GPGCQPBNKG[K\IKNG
JTRG\.FBI\KBPZGNMNFBGPG\HPQTCGEF[GF,GF[RK\\BPZFFTKYZ
FGBFKKXGZ[RG\RKO.GMEZLFP\GMIKOMNBI\\TPGEC[NF{GPFG
FKSGE[TNKFKPRGFC"E.BOT"VFKSGE"MNBIERG\QMPF[KGMNGRKHGQ
MPF[XZKL"FZKTEKKQBKQHFPIKKCHPQ[GF.GBOCBP\R[VGJMQCKQ
FBGPG\T"VP[YNGMPG\TCGEF,B"MDONKIKEKK[JTRFMHGGFDCGZ
KTCGENPIXFPFIN[.GB"MMCZFMR\CTXPLPTPEIE[PTPE[N
HZKHKOGPTPE[NTXNKO.
BNB\BPZK[MICFZGCFTXNKONMVG\B\FPKTGJFHZKHKO
[CBGP\GBCNBKQMIPBGPFTNBGPFGHFCNKSVY,B"M\T[FPTPEG\
CKQFBGPG\GPRXNKOGPRGXNKOCKQFKIKEKO.
CKB\FDGBN
GFRFBKQHFIKEG[MKDOFPKSEKOTXPOKETGHB\MPG[BGPZ...
[P\INFKZBGCV[ZG\MKXE[BV[Z,GNCSGUKCGBNBKEBNKOBP\KKO
NPEZDFFDCGF[NF[\VRG\.[MNBIEK\QMPF[KMGN,GBI"MNBKYI
BNBMPF[XZKLMNGPZC[GFTOFTXNKO.BKQHFBNBCTHZ\CKB\
FDGBNXEY["KPNBFBZWETF",136
GBHFP[VKTKCKQ[TGPNNBNYKG
GTG[FRI\ZGINKGXZG.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
FRFBKSJKRYJKQFBKEKBNKKOMCZFM\F[GZ[KQNBKQYWCPKQFBRG[K,
DOCBGGRG[RGGF\BHZIGCPYGOCJGI[BKQ[GOKECQBEOKMGNNFDKT
INYF383
136K[TKFKB,J.
[PFFGBFSGCYBRK[KTS137
[CPGIFP@B>ZL,FPRKTB\TXCKFBEO
PBNKGCNKET\FCTNFCK\.GT"MCBGCRSKGQCZGSKBMRGET[NBVTNG
MNGOCMNPNIPG\KFO.GKETGRBFNGIPKOFBNFMKFMNK\QNFOFNC
FBRG[KHGN\BOKRKIGNGB\FBKEBG\[CBGNGCPGZ[FPEGZKEGZG\
CSGCYBRK[KTS[NG,GBOK\TY[GNF[IK\DOFPGZ[FFHB\BHSGU
MNSGUEPOCZB[OTXPG.MKFIGOGFDVZK\FGNLGPXJCZKETNKETE
[K\PNBTNDEG\KGGK\IKNFF\VGXXG\.
GPNCEMNBNFFGNLGDEGNEGZIE["B[ZNBKETB\KGSU"138
,B[Z
BKROPCKRKOMNNB\FXGZLGFRIKXG\NCJNB\YRKQFVZJKP\GLC[ZO
GEPOBNBZYT"V\KBGZKBKCK[F.GT"M\BG\YRKQFVZJKFYCGZFKJC
CFSGCYBR[KTS[NFOPEGZKEGZG\,B[ZBIZMNFNKPGEKOCCGYZ
BIENBTCG\KYGPGPIRG\XTKZKOPMNFXEEKO,GFPFCTXPOKPK\G
B\FHYRKOTOMNP[YOGIMP\O.MKTRKQFBKEKBFBKRFCBFNBEO
P\GLF[MN,ZYP\GLFRKSKGQ[NFIKKOP\GLFZKIGOGFZMC[N
JG"Z139
M[KJ\FBGJGPBJTQ,GF[MNBKQNG[GO[NKJFTNFDGUMK
HZNDPZKFGBBXNRG.GT"MBG\OFXTKZKOF[\VRKO[ZM[GNFO
FKEKTG\P\GL[MNO,BKQCFOBKPGQ[NMNGOGMPGCGTF[NCGZK\
KVZIGNFO.
PKNFBIZGRF[NPEKRKG\
BHK[CGNFOD’MIG\{KPKQ,BPXT,[PBN{TNEGMROCFPGTXG\,
K\GMIGGK\RDIGHFTOHF.FKPKQMRDEFIV[KG\[C[PBN,GF[PBN
MRDEFZKBYXK@T[CKPKQ,GFIV[RKOK\RGPYGON[RKFOGFZGCKV\GZ
GKMZKT.
BMQCBI\MCZCBGNKEKV\ZGQGFGBF[\VRG\CMNFXZMKO
FFMZIKOGFIKGCKO[NFIKKO,EFKKRGINGYK[GFCMNXZMKFMNMNF.
BZWBI\NMNFIKKOTNKFGINGYFBI\C\TRGDKFFDGVRKKO.GMN
FP[VJKOGFGKMGIKTPKSGTNSCNFR[GBKOFZGIRKKO,GKIETOHFD’
FPEZDG\,YRBFGMCGEG\BGF,K\FVMGGKXJPXG140
ZYCDCGNKOFZGIRKO
CNCE.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 384
137Subconscious,\\=PGET.
138MVK[RBPZ:"GKYOPNLIE[TNPXZKOB[ZNBKETB\KGSU")[PG\B,I(.
139JG"Z:JGCGZT.
140GKXJPXPG.
GRGSIHFBPROKFK’PNFBIZGRF[NPEKRKG\,P[GO[MQK[BZNRXI
"IGYGNBKTCGZ".MKMVKF\V\IG\PKQFBEOMQK\VZEGGK\IHYGFETG\,
GMNBIEKTPGETNET\GFZCFKG\ZPTNPPGRG[NT\F,GNXB\PPXZ
FHFBKQ\YGFHGN\BOFBEOK\IKNNKSGDBIGZTE[KYCNXGZ\V\K,
MNGPZ[K\ZGYQPMNET\G.
GT"MK\ZCGFPVNDG\MPTJNVKFKIKEKO,GBKQVG\ZBG\GHGN\
IGYFYCGT"BIZKZCKONFJG\".GBHKT[GFKIKEKOCKRGNCKROPKRK
V[ZG\GCKXGTKOTE[K\YCXGNICGZG\.GCFICGZG\KFKGF\IZG\TO
BVBHKXKTS141
TE[FBVBHKXKT\XBNTXPFNVKZGECV"T.GMFK\VNDG
FICGZG\FDEGNG\NYJRG\,GFYJRG\NYJRKYJRG\,GDOKSIZGCKRKFO
ICGZFTOICGZFMZDKNCHF"H.BPROFPG"PFHFPGMZINKN+KLGNYCN
CMNVTOXGZFKG\ZIZKVF,PP[MVK[KTGZF\V\IG\FETG\CNKV[ZF
NRXI[MQXZKLNFKG\NRXIKG\.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
BPROCBI\:CYRKQFVZJKMCZCBGNKEKV\ZGQPGSMO,B[ZMNBIE
K\QMPF[PGXNINK\QGKYCNMPGCN\KPGXNICNK\GSVG\MIGJ
F[TZF.GHPQFTCGEFKFKG[GFNMNCIKGCPGINJ.GPNCEFIKGCKG[DG
\GSVG\HPQ[NFG\KYKOB[ZK\RGNTGP\FIN[KONVJGZBG\ONDPZK
GNBNTRG\O,GFKFHFEGDP\FXEYFFZDKNFTM[KG.GCMNTKZGYFNF
K\INYGBG\OFIN[KOCPSVZ[GFNF,GBOKPXBGCFYFNFFZCF
PRECKOBHKVJZGMNING[KMI,GBOPTJKOKFKGBHKVJZGZYPYX\O
GFKG\ZING[KOGMEGPF.
FTGCZTNIGYKOFNNGKTR[BGCP\QIGYGBGCEZLVNKNK.
VZXGUVRKO[NBKEBF
BPK\KG\CZGIFTGRD[NFPCKTGRKMZ\.RT[K\KY’...FDO[142
...
FZCF[RKOPYGEOHF,BPRONBFSKCG\K\[GP\NCKTE[ZBK\KFO
PECZKOGP\GMIKOBHFMZ\KFBP\CVZXGVG.MKIGYFGB[BK[CN\K
PGJZEC[GOBGVQNBKFK’NGSKVGYCYRKRKD[PKKODOC[TF[BEO
INYF385
141BGVGHKXKG\.
142JYSJHFPGCBCDGVQRJGKTNPR\NFEDK[MKKK\MQ[BKRGPEGKY,[MQPXC
M\CFKEBKRGPBV[ZHKFGKGEBK.
TGSYCBKEBKFPGMZINFZDK[ZGI\TRGDC[T\FTSY,G[KTGZFZGI
GFTGRD[FGBPZDK[\NGKCBP\KG\FBKEKBF[FGBTGSY.GP\GLML
PXBRGNFBP\VZXGUVRKONFMKZG,EFKKRGZYCFS\MNG\NBEOFPCKT
BG\GBOTRGDFGB.GMPG\FTGRDFGBMPG\FBP\{GHFG[FCKBRKNFBPKQ
CBKETFHB\,MKNBZBK\KTEBHPK[KCKTBKHFBKEKTFCYGZ\ZGIGTGRD
MPG\O.
BP\PGINJ
BONBK[BPK\KG\PGINJG\BNBCTNKHPQ,B"MBGPZBRK[MNBP\
NV"TC[T\GFGBBP\PGINJ,MPG[BKBV[ZN’143
TNBKHFPXKBG\
[TGPENPG\B[ZMP\EPK144
P[GO[CHPQ[IKFZKFGPXKBG\PGINJ
C[T\G.
~PTCZNTPGEIE[|
BKQ[GOECZRVTNBGCEZLFZXGQBGCEZLFMVKFGF[MNBKRGPMZKI
MRGET.GB"MK[NRG[BNFPKKRGTTB\F[\VQCT\VTGN\G,PPYGZPK
K\NYINGFZXGQNF\RGTT,BGPMIPKKCGBBNKGFMVKF.
MKBHKFVLF\RGTFNPKQYRKQVZJK.GMNBEOPYVKETNFBRZDKT[NG
[NB\\VHZCN\K\GTN\TGEKG\ZPTNPPGRG.GBOF[\VRG\BKRGPISZ
NGPIP\MKRGSFBTRZDKTGEBKNBKVHZFTRTZDKTCMEK,GFXEYBG
FIPNFPBKQKCGBG?
NPFZHPQCK[GNF:CE\KG\
ZTKGQF[\VRKXZKMFCK[GNGCKMGZCPGIGFBEONBVIG\PD’EGZG\
[NKPKOG[N[NGFGFSMPFMNNK\,GNVKMLTGEFZCFDNDGNKOGRSKGRG\
KTCZGCTGNOCJZO\CGBFTNYXF{GBKQEZLKG\ZRYNNC[NFZTKGRG\
ZYCEZLFE\KG\.
M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 386
143NGPZ.
144EGPF.