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EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

This volume presents the lectures from the sixteenth Canary Islands Winter School,which was dedicated to extrasolar planets. Research into extrasolar planets is one of themost exciting fields of astrophysics, and the past decade has seen research leap fromspeculations on the existence of planets orbiting other stars to the discovery of over200 planets to date.

The book covers a wide range of issues involved in extrasolar planet research, fromthe state-of-the-art observational techniques used to detect extrasolar planets, to thecharacterizations of these planets, and the techniques used in the remote detection oflife. It also presents insights we can gain from our own Solar System, and how we canapply them to the research of planets in other stellar systems.

The contributors, all of high standing in the field, provide a balanced and variedintroduction to extrasolar planets for research astronomers and graduate students, withthe aim of bridging theoretical developments and observational advances.

Intended for students, researchers, lecturers and scientifically minded amateurastronomers, this book provides a suitable introduction to the field, and can form thebasis for a specialist course in extrasolar planets.

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86808-2 - Extrasolar Planets: XVI Canary Islands Winter School of AstrophysicsEdited by Hans Deeg, Juan Antonio Belmonte and Antonio AparicioFrontmatterMore information

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Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics

Volume XVI

Editor in ChiefF. Sanchez, Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias

Previous volumes in this series

I. Solar PhysicsII. Physical and Observational Cosmology

III. Star Formation in Stellar SystemsIV. Infrared AstronomyV. The Formation of Galaxies

VI. The Structure of the SunVII. Instrumentation for Large Telescopes: a Course for Astronomers

VIII. Stellar Astrophysics for the Local Group: a First Step to the UniverseIX. Astrophysics with Large Databases in the Internet AgeX. Globular Clusters

XI. Galaxies at High RedshiftXII. Astrophysical Spectropolarimetry

XIII. Cosmochemistry: the Melting Pot of ElementsXIV. Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the UniverseXV. Payload and Mission Definition in Space Sciences






Participants of the XVI Canary Islands Winter School, in front of the Congress Center inPuerto de la Cruz, Tenerife.

Lecturers and scientific organizers of the Winter School, in front of Mt. Teide. Back row, fromleft to right: Franck Selsis, Juan Antonio Belmonte, Tim Brown, Stephane Udry, Laurance Doyleand Hans Deeg. In the front: Agustın Sanchez-Lavega and Gunther Wuchterl. Not present areJames Kasting, Rafael Rebolo and Garik Israelian.






EXTRASOLAR PLANETSXVI Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics

Edited by

HANS DEEG, JUAN ANTONIO BELMONTE,and ANTONIO APARICIO

Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, Tenerife






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Contents

List of contributors page vii

List of participants viii

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xiv

1 Overview of extrasolar planet detection methods 1Laurance R. Doyle

2 Statistical properties of exoplanets 24Stephane Udry

3 Characterizing extrasolar planets 65Timothy M. Brown

4 From clouds to planet systems: formation and evolution of stars and planets 89Gunther Wuchterl

5 Abundances in stars with planetary systems 150Garik Israelian

6 Brown dwarfs: the bridge between stars and planets 162Rafael Rebolo

7 The perspective: a panorama of the Solar System 178Agustın Sanchez-Lavega

8 Habitable planets around the Sun and other stars 217James F. Kasting

9 Biomarkers of extrasolar planets and their observability 245Franck Selsis, Jimmy Paillet and France Allard

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Contributors

France Allard, CRAL-ENS Lyon, France

Timothy M. Brown, High Altitude Observatory, National Center for AtmosphericResearch, Boulder, CO, USA

Laurance R. Doyle, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA

Garik Israelian, Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain

James F. Kasting, Department of Geosciences, Penn State University, University Park,PA, USA

Jimmy Paillet, CRAL-ENS Lyon, France

Rafael Rebolo, Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain

Agustın Sanchez-Lavega, Dpto. Fısica Aplicada, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros,Universidad del Pais Vasco, Bilbao, Spain

Franck Selsis, CRAL-ENS Lyon, France

Stephane Udry, Observatoire de Geneve, Switzerland

Gunther Wuchterl, Astrophysikalisches Institut Jena, Germany

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Participants

Participants (students and lecturers) of the XVI Canary Islands Winter School, Puertode la Cruz, Tenerife, 22 November to 3 December 2004

Aigrain, Suzanne University of Cambridge, United KingdomAntichi, Jacopo University of Padova, ItalyAntonova, Antoaneta Emilova Armagh Observatory, United KingdomArtigue Carro, Fernanda Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, SpainBenavidez, Paula Gabriela Universidad de Alicante, SpainBendjoya, Philippe Maurice University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNSA),

FranceBelmonte, Juan Antonio Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, SpainBerezhnoy, Alexey Sternberg Astronomical Institute, RussiaBerton, Alessandro Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg,

GermanyBianco, Federica University of Pennsylvania, USABienenda, Wolfgang Hermann EADS, GermanyBihain, Gabriel Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, SpainBounama, Christine Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research,

GermanyBrown, Tim High Altitude Observatory, USACaballero Hernandez, Jose Antonio Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, SpainCarmona Gonzalez, Andres European Southern Observatory (Garching),

GermanyCassan, Arnaud Jean Marie Joseph Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, FranceChavero, Carolina Andrea Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, ArgentinaCrespo Chacon, Ines Universidad Complutense de Madrid, SpainDeeg, Hans Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, SpainDıaz, Rodrigo Fernando Universidad de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDomınguez Cerdena, Carolina Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, SpainDoyle, Laurance SETI Institute, USAEcuvillon, Alexandra Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, SpainEnoch, Rebecca Louise Open University, United KingdomEsposito, Massimiliano Universita degli Studi di Salerno, ItalyFortier, Andrea Universidad Nacional de La Plata, ArgentinaGalland, Franck Louis Universite Joseph Fourier, FranceGomez Martın, Cynthia University of Florida, USAGonzalez Garcıa, Beatriz Maria Laboratorio de Astrofısica Espacial, SpainGrenman, Tiia Lulea University of Technology, SwedenHekker, Saskia University of Leiden, NetherlandsHernan Obispo, Maria Magdalena Universidad Complutense de Madrid, SpainHernandez Alarcon, Jesus Omar Universidad de Los Andes, VenezuelaHogan, Emma University of Leicester, United KingdomHole, Karen Tabetha University of Wisconsin – Madison, USAIsraelian, Garik Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, SpainJoergens, Viki University of Leiden, NetherlandsJoos, Franco ETH Zurich, SwitzerlandJorge Roque, Silvia Cristina Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal

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x List of participants

Kasting, Jim F. Penn State University, USAKrumpe, Mirko University of Potsdam, GermanyKubas, Daniel University of Potsdam, GermanyMadsen, Felipe Ramos Hald Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, BrazilMahadevan, Suvrath Pennsylvania State University, USAMandell, Avram Max Pennsylvania State University, USAMartın Fleitas, Juan Manuel GRANTECAN, SpainMelendez Moreno, Jorge Luis California Institute of Technology, USAMontalto, Marco University of Padova, ItalyMontanes Rodrıguez, Maria del

PilarNew Jersey Institute of Technology, USA

Montojo Salazar, Francisco Javier Real Observatorio de la Armada, SpainMordasini, Christoph Andrea Universitat Bern, SwitzerlandNaranen, Jyri Antero University of Helsinki, FinlandNavarro Gongora, Diana Alicia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,

MexicoOcana, Breezy Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, SpainO’Donovan, Francis Thomas California Institute of Technology, USAPalle Bago, Enric New Jersey Institute of Technology, USAPlatt, Elizabeth Jacqueline University of London, United KingdomPribulla, Theodor Astronomical Institute, SlovakiaQuanz, Sascha Patrick Max-Planck Institut fur Astronomie, GermanyRebolo Lopez, Rafael Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, SpainRegandell, Samuel Gustav University of Uppsala, SwedenSanchez-Lavega, Agustın Universidad del Paıs Vasco, SpainSelsis, Franck CRAL-ENS Lyon, SpainSosa Ibarra, Nancy Universidad de La Republica, UruguayStamatellos, Dimitris University of Cardiff, United KingdomTamuz, Omer Tel Aviv University, IsraelTingley, Brandon West Australian National University, AustraliaUdry, Stephane Observatoire de Geneve, SwitzerlandViironen, Kerttu University of Oslo, NorwayVince, Oliver University of Belgrade, SerbiaVoss, Holger DLR (German Aerospace Center)

Berlin-Adlershof, GermanyWeldrake, David Thomas Frederick Australian National University, AustraliaWuchterl, Gunther Astrophysikalisches Institut, Jena GermanyYakut, Kadri University of Ege, TurkeyZhou, Liyong Nanjing University, China P.R.






Preface

Contemplating the existence and character of ‘other worlds’ has a long history, giving riseto an ample body of philosophical and artistic works. But only in 1995 could we begin toput these musings on a scientific basis, with the detection of the first extrasolar planetby Michel Mayor and collaborators at Geneva Observatory. Since that time, the fieldof extrasolar planets (exoplanets for short) has undergone extremely rapid developmentand has delivered some of the most exciting results in astronomy. Research today onexoplanets has established itself as a major branch of current astronomy. The growingimportance of this field can be shown from the rising number of publications in the field.Starting with a few scattered papers over ten years ago, currently about 2% of all ofthe papers published in astronomy deal with extrasolar planets. Similarly, the number ofprojects searching for extrasolar planets has risen from five in 1995 to over 70 at present.Training in exoplanets may therefore be considered very valuable for young researchers.Due to the novelty of the subject, new research groups are frequently still being formed,giving excellent opportunities for participation by qualified personnel.

With exoplanetary science essentially starting in 1995 and with its very rapid devel-opment in the following years, this topic has hardly found its way into the astron-omy/astrophysics curricula taught at universities. There are still relatively few lecturersfamiliar with the topic. The exceptions are those departments where active exoplanetsresearch is being pursued; in such cases it is typically taught in optional advanced courses.Coinciding with this lack of curricular diffusion is a lack of monographs suitable for uni-versity courses. This book is intended to remedy both of these shortcomings; we hopethat it may serve as a useful basis for intermediate- to advanced-level university courses.

The milestone of 200 known extrasolar planets has been passed, and over twentysystems of two or more planets orbiting the same star are known. Scientific work onextrasolar planets, however, begins only with their detection. For most planets, theircharacterization is still limited to basic physical parameters such as period and distanceto the central star, and to certain further parameters, such as the planet’s mass andestimates of its approximate surface temperature. Only for very few extrasolar plan-ets is significantly more known; the first ingredients of an atmosphere were recentlydetected for one of them. It will be through these more detailed characterizationsthat the upcoming observing projects will have the greatest impact. The employmentof a wider variety of detection methods (such as transit detection, precision astrom-etry and interferometry; see the figure on the next page) will give us a wider rangeof knowledge on these planets in the coming years. Also, the launch of the first spacebased missions dedicated to exoplanets will lead to a further enlargement in the param-eter space of detectable planets, the most desired being the detection of small Earthlikeplanets. One of the most ambitious goals will be the detection of biological signals onexoplanets. Though very difficult, this goal is already being contemplated in the designof the most advanced space missions that may launch within about 15–20 years.

It is the great interest in communicating exoplanetary research findings to the gen-eral public, and the potential for further important discoveries (most notably, potentiallyinhabitable Earthlike planets) that has convinced all major space agencies to dedicatemissions to the detection and characterization of exoplanets. The coming decade willtherefore see a series of launches. The first will be the Franco-European COROT mis-sion, which will be the first experiment to test for the presence of massive terrestrialplanets. This will be followed by NASA’s Kepler, which will be the first mission to lookfor the presence of true Earthlike planets. The most ambitious projects are Darwin (ESA)

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xii Preface

Cumulative number of exoplanets, with the method of their detection. Before 1995, only fourplanets around pulsars, found by timing, were known. Radial velocity detection was the onlysuccessful method until 2003, and today maintains a clear dominance on detection rates. Sincethen, several other methods have had their first successes, allowing a more varied characterizationof the detected planets. At the time of writing, there were 179 radial velocity, eight transit,four microlensing and four imaging detections. Together with the pulsar planets, this givesa total of 199 extrasolar planets. (Numbers based on The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia,www.exoplanet.eu.)

and TPF (NASA), planned around the year 2020. These missions will attempt the directdetection of Earthlike planets around nearby stars by coronagraphy and interferometry,and perform a fairly detailed analysis of their atmospheres, with the major goal of probingfor the presence of biomarkers. Since the first exoplanet was discovered rather recently,a layperson might expect that only very specialized equipment and large telescopes canprovide important results in this field. However, small telescopes are also playing animportant role, as has been shown by the detection of transiting planets of the stars HD209458b and TrES-1 with the 10 cm STARE telescope. Currently, an ample variety ofsmall telescopes for similar detections are being constructed or are already operational.These are mainly aimed at the detection of relatively large planets in nearby stellar sys-tems. These planets are still important discoveries, since they allow the most detailedstudies with current observing techniques, employing large telescope. Their characteriza-tion is also an important driver for the development of future extremely large telescopes,or for the employment of telescopes at very special sites like Antarctica’s Dome C.

While current exoplanet science is certainly being driven by observations, a numberof theoretical interpretations have undergone a great refinement since the first planetdiscoveries. These theories are fundamental to our understanding of these objects. Theyare also needed to formulate the questions that may be resolved by the next generationof observing projects, where they may be drivers for their design. Hence, observers needto have a theoretical understanding in order to be able to define observing projects thatare able to advance theory. This book addresses this duality between observation and






Preface xiii

theory. Its principal contents are an observational part dealing with planet detectionmethods and giving a description of the current state of knowledge from observations.This is followed by a theoretical part on the formation and evolution of planets, with asection devoted to habitability and biomarkers.

Once the first Earthlike planets have been discovered, we expect that this field willbecome a melting pot for activities of astronomers, paleontologists, geologists and biolo-gists alike. Surely, the subject of extrasolar planets will undergo an exciting development,of which we are currently witnessing only the beginnings.

The EditorsLa Laguna, Tenerife






Acknowledgements

The organizers of the XVI Canary Islands Winter School would like to express theirsincere gratitude first and foremost to the lecturers, for making it a great scientific andscholarly event. Preparing the lectures, attending the school and writing the chaptersfor this book has been a major, but we hope rewarding, commitment in their very busyagendas. We specially acknowledge Tim Brown who, despite a strong familiar concern,was able to make his way to Tenerife, and to Agustın Sanchez-Lavega who, despite amajor personal event, had the time to offer us a fascinating perspective of our SolarSystem, including Pluto’s very recent loss of planetary status. Terry Mahoney, of theIAC’s Language Correction Service, had a major part in the creation of this book, revisingminutely and with enormous patience all submitted manuscripts, from native and non-native English speakers equally, and this book would not have been possible withouthim.

The soul of the school has been without any doubt our secretary Nieves Villoslada.Without her help, diligence and permanent availability the school would have not workedas perfectly as it did. Her colleague Lourdes Gonzalez was also very helpful on manyrelevant occasions. Jesus Burgos of the OTRI at IAC, one of the most efficient personswe know of, provided invaluable help with all the issues concerning the preparation ofapplications needed to receive sufficient funding. The school’s poster was prepared byRamon Castro and offers a vision of extrasolar planet research that may entice youngscholars to enter this field. For Carmen del Puerto and her team at the Gabinete deDireccion of the IAC the Winter Schools are a time of great pressure, since they haveto prepare a special issue of the IAC Noticias Newsletter for the end of the school, atask they accomplished excellently. The dedication and enthusiasm of all these people isan essential ingredient to the Canary Islands Winter School Programme, and is warm-heartedly acknowledged.

We greatly acknowledge the financial assistance from the Spanish Ministerio de Edu-cacion y Ciencia and from the Cabildo de Tenerife who kindly provided the excellentfacilities of the Congress Palace of Puerto de la Cruz where the event took place. TheAyuntamiento of Puerto de la Cruz generously offered all participants a very nice banquetat the restaurant Casa Regulo. This was one of the most intimate moments of the schoolwhen, after two weeks of apparent seriousness, a group of the students started performingshort sketches, pulling the legs of both organizers and lecturers. Many thanks for such adelightful and unforgettable moment! Last but not least, we would like to acknowledgeall the participants of the school, both lecturers, students and supporting personnel whenthey, even under exceptional circumstances like the visit at IAC of the Spanish CrownPrince Don Felipe and his wife, provided the finest ambience one could imagine for suchan event.

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