extending the connectivity of wireless networksusers.monash.edu/~azaslavs/dsse/seminars/brann... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
-
11/
42Exte
ndin
g th
e co
nnec
tivity
of
wire
less
net
wor
ks
Rob
ert B
ränn
strö
m
-
2/42Nor
ther
n S
wed
en
Lule
åU
nive
rsit
y of
Tec
hnol
ogy
-
3/42Rob
ert
Brä
nnst
röm
PhD
Stu
dent
at L
uleå
Uni
vers
ity o
f Tec
hnol
ogy
-Ark
ady
Zasl
avsk
ym
ain
supe
rvis
or
Div
isio
n of
Mob
ile N
etw
orki
ng a
nd C
ompu
ting
-Chr
iste
rÅhl
und
head
of d
ivis
ion
(co
supe
rvis
or)
PhD
Pol
is p
roje
ct, c
olla
bora
tion
with
Mon
ash
-Ruw
iniK
odik
ara
Ediri
sing
he
-
4/42Rob
ert
Brä
nnst
röm
Res
earc
h in
tere
sts
-M
obili
ty a
nd M
obile
IP
-M
ultih
omin
g an
d he
tero
gene
ous
netw
orks
-A
d ho
c ne
twor
ks a
nd g
loba
l con
nect
ivity
-M
AN
ETS
-
5/42Res
earc
h ar
ea
Mul
timed
ia m
obili
ty
Kar
lM
obili
ty m
anag
emen
t
Ruw
ini(
Cro
ss la
yer)
Het
erog
eneo
us a
cces
s ne
twor
ks
R
ober
t
-
6/42Abs
trac
tIn
futu
re n
etw
orki
ng, u
sers
will
mov
e be
twee
n w
ired
and
wire
less
envi
ronm
ents
and
bet
wee
n in
fras
truc
ture
mod
e an
d ad
hoc
mod
e of
wire
less
com
mun
icat
ion,
con
nect
ing
to th
e In
tern
et. I
n a
scen
ario
like
this
the
capa
city
of t
he c
omm
unic
atio
n in
fras
truc
ture
w
ill d
iffer
wid
ely.
To
over
com
e th
e de
crea
sing
cap
acity
of w
irele
ss
com
mun
icat
ion,
esp
ecia
lly in
ad
hoc
com
mun
icat
ion,
mul
tihom
ing
shou
ld b
e us
ed w
hen
mul
tiple
Inte
rnet
gat
eway
s ar
e av
aila
ble.
Whe
n a
mob
ile n
ode
mov
es fr
om a
n in
fras
truc
ture
con
nect
ion
and
conn
ects
mul
tihop
to a
n In
tern
et g
atew
ay, t
he p
erfo
rman
ce w
ill
degr
ade
and
all t
raffi
c m
ay n
ot b
e ab
le to
pas
s vi
a a
sing
le
gate
way
. Thi
s hi
ghlig
hts
the
need
of l
oad-
bala
ncin
g be
twee
n In
tern
et g
atew
ays
sinc
e th
e be
havi
ouro
f use
rs to
day
invo
lves
a
mul
titud
e of
act
iviti
es in
par
alle
l gen
erat
ing
mul
tiple
traf
fic fl
ows.
-
7/42Out
line
of t
he p
rese
ntat
ion
Res
earc
h is
sues
Intr
oduc
tion
to th
e ar
ea
Bac
kgro
und,
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d re
sults
Prot
otyp
es
Cur
rent
and
futu
re w
ork
-
8/42Res
earc
h is
sues
Net
wor
k-la
yer m
etric
s -E
valu
atio
n of
gat
eway
sel
ectio
n an
d ha
ndov
er d
ecis
ions
Mul
tihom
ed g
loba
l con
nect
ivity
-How
to d
eplo
y M
ultih
omed
Mob
ile IP
in M
AN
ETs
Gat
eway
con
nect
ivity
in g
loba
l con
nect
ivity
net
wor
ks-H
ow to
mai
ntai
n ga
tew
ay c
onne
ctiv
ity
Des
tinat
ion
loca
lity
in g
loba
l con
nect
ivity
net
wor
ks-H
ow to
dec
ide
loca
lity
Flow
mob
ility
in a
mul
tihom
ed e
nviro
nmen
t-H
ow to
con
trol
indi
vidu
al tr
affic
flow
s
-
9/42Intr
oduc
tion
-W
irel
ess
Inte
rnet
acc
ess
Wire
less
acc
ess
coul
d be
pro
vide
d by
man
y di
ffere
nt
netw
ork
type
s w
ith d
iffer
ent c
over
age
and
capa
city
Acc
ess
netw
orks
to w
ired
IP b
ackb
one
Het
erog
eneo
us a
cces
s ne
twor
k
-
10/4
2
Intr
oduc
tion
-M
obile
Ad
hoc
Net
wor
ks (
MA
NE
T)
Glo
bal c
onne
ctiv
ity n
etw
ork,
gat
eway
brid
ging
rout
ing
diffe
renc
es
Mul
ti-ho
p ne
twor
k, d
irect
pee
r-to
-pee
r com
mun
icat
ion
Ad
hoc
rout
ing,
hop
cou
nt
Exte
nded
ser
vice
are
a
-
11/4
2
Intr
oduc
tion
-M
obili
tyA
ddre
ssin
g an
d ro
utin
g pr
oble
m -
dual
mea
ning
of I
P ad
dres
s
Iden
tifie
r for
end
poin
t and
loca
tion
Use
r mob
ility
–m
igra
te s
essi
ons
Net
wor
k m
obili
ty –
switc
h ne
twor
k at
tach
men
t
Net
wor
k 1
Net
wor
k 2
Net
wor
k 3
user
@re
alm
Fixe
d ho
me
IP a
ddre
ss
Tem
pora
rily
IP a
ddre
ss
Use
r m
obili
ty
Net
wor
k m
obili
ty
-
12/4
2
Intr
oduc
tion
-M
obile
IP
Prov
ides
net
wor
k-la
yer m
obili
ty
FA a
dver
tise
it’s
serv
ice
on th
e fo
reig
n ne
twor
k
MH
regi
stra
tion
with
HA
thro
ugh
FA
Tunn
elin
g be
twee
n H
A a
nd F
A
-
13/4
2
Bac
kgro
und
-net
wor
k-la
yer
met
rics
(W
LAN
)
Ove
rlapp
ing
serv
ice
area
s G
atew
ay s
elec
tion
Cur
rent
sol
utio
n: S
NR
Prob
lem
: Hig
h SN
R ≠
high
thro
ughp
ut
-
14/4
2
Bac
kgro
und
-net
wor
k-la
yer
met
rics
(ad
hoc
)
Ad
hoc
rout
ing
Cur
rent
sol
utio
n: H
op c
ount
Prob
lem
: Low
er h
op c
ount
≠hi
gher
thro
ughp
ut
The
Inte
rnet
Gat
eway
1
Gat
eway
2
CH
Sou
rce
-
15/4
2
Bac
kgro
und
-net
wor
k-la
yer
met
rics
Mob
ile IP
age
nt a
dver
tisem
ents
sen
t with
dis
cret
e in
terv
als
from
FA
Mob
ile H
ost m
easu
res
varia
nce
in a
rriv
al ti
me
Run
ning
Var
ianc
e M
etric
(RVM
)
Incl
ude
RTT
to H
A =
> R
elat
ive
Net
wor
k-la
yer L
oad
(RN
L)
11
1−
−+
=n
nn
xhh
xh
x
12
1)
(1
−∗
−+
−=
nn
nn
Vhh
xx
hV
nn
nV
xRNL
+=
-
16/4
2
Bac
kgro
und
-net
wor
k-la
yer
met
rics
Rel
ated
wor
k ch
alle
ngin
g di
scre
te m
odel
s:-S
tatis
tical
mod
elin
g of
ad
hoc
links
-Sta
ble
links
-Loa
d ba
lanc
ing
-Joi
n pr
oced
ure
Sou
rce
Des
tinat
ion
Pul
se S
ourc
e
-
17/4
2
Impl
emen
tati
on -
netw
ork-
laye
r m
etri
cs
Eval
uatio
n of
RN
L co
mpa
red
to S
NR
Eval
uatio
n of
RN
L co
mpa
red
to h
op c
ount
Impl
emen
tatio
n in
Glo
MoS
im2.
0
-
18/4
2
Impl
emen
tati
on -
netw
ork-
laye
r m
etri
cs
Con
firm
ing
resu
lts w
ith p
roto
type
Impl
emen
ted
in C
++ o
n Li
nux
-
19/4
2
Res
ults
-ne
twor
k-la
yer
met
rics
Rea
l-wor
ldSi
mul
ator
Enab
les
the
mob
ile h
ost t
o se
lect
the
gate
way
with
bes
t pe
rfor
man
ce
0
0,00
2
0,00
4
0,00
6
0,00
8
0,01
0,01
2
0,01
4
01
23
Num
ber
of n
odes
RVM for packet size 1500 bytes
0,3
Mbp
s0,
2 M
bps
0,1
Mbp
s0,
0 M
bps
-
20/4
2
Bac
kgro
und
-mul
tiho
med
glo
bal c
onne
ctiv
ity
Gat
eway
–im
plem
ents
MIP
fore
ign
agen
tM
IP n
eeds
to b
e ad
apte
d fo
r the
mul
ti-ho
p en
viro
nmen
tA
d ho
c ne
twor
king
ena
bles
con
nect
ivity
to m
ore
than
one
ga
tew
ay a
t a ti
me
M-M
IP e
nabl
es m
ultip
le re
gist
ratio
ns
-
21/4
2
Bac
kgro
und
-mul
tiho
med
glo
bal c
onne
ctiv
ity
Just
rebr
oadc
ast a
dver
tisem
ents
?
Forw
ardi
ng c
ondi
tion
need
ed
The
Inte
rnet
Gat
eway
1
Gat
eway
2
Sou
rce
-
22/4
2
Impl
emen
tati
on -
mul
tiho
med
glo
bal c
onne
ctiv
ity
Gat
eway
impl
emen
ts M
obile
IP fo
reig
n ag
ent
One
age
nt a
dver
tisem
ent -
RVM
M-M
IP R
egis
trat
ion
Def
ault
gate
way
-
23/4
2
Impl
emen
tati
on -
mul
tiho
med
glo
bal c
onne
ctiv
ity
M-M
IP o
ver A
OD
V in
clud
ing
RVM
and
RN
L
Sim
ulat
or im
plem
enta
tion
(Glo
MoS
im)
Impl
emen
tatio
n in
Lin
ux-H
ooks
into
pro
toco
l sta
ck-R
outin
g ta
ble
man
ipul
atio
n-G
atew
ay IP
C -
MIP
and
AO
DV
-
24/4
2Upd
ated
info
rmat
ion
-sel
ect t
he b
est g
atew
ay
Old
regi
stra
tions
–so
ft st
ate
Mul
tiple
regi
ster
ed F
As
enab
les
soft
hand
over
Res
ults
-m
ulti
hom
ed g
loba
l con
nect
ivit
y
01
2
3
4
5
8
8.59
9.510
10.511
x 10
4
Num
ber o
f sen
ding
pai
rs
Throughput (bps)
71 p
kt/s
ec R
VM
71 p
kt/s
ec H
OP
50 p
kt/s
ec H
OP
50 p
kt/s
ec R
VM
25 p
kt/s
ec R
VM
25 p
kt/s
ec H
OP
-
25/4
2
Bac
kgro
und
–ga
tew
ay c
onne
ctiv
ity
Inte
rnet
traf
fic >
> lo
cal t
raffi
c M
obile
hos
ts ro
amin
g ar
ound
, kee
ping
ses
sion
s ac
tive
Impo
rtan
ce o
f mai
ntai
ning
gat
eway
con
nect
ivity
-
26/4
2
Impl
emen
tati
on -
gate
way
mai
nten
ance
Mob
ile IP
ove
r AO
DV
MH
inst
all r
oute
s ba
sed
on a
gent
adv
ertis
emen
t bro
adca
st
-Upl
ink
neig
hbor
s (p
revi
ous
hop)
-Gat
eway
(via
bes
t pre
viou
s ho
p, R
VM)
Cre
ates
a tr
ee s
truc
ture
Rev
erse
rout
e fr
om M
IP re
gist
ratio
n re
ques
t
-
27/4
2Rou
tes
to g
atew
ays
proa
ctiv
e
Rou
tes
disc
over
y de
lays
avo
ided
Res
ults
-ga
tew
ay m
aint
enan
ce
The
Inte
rnet
Gat
eway
1
Gat
eway
2
GW
1, G
W1,
0.0
5G
W2,
MH
3, 0
.10
GW
1, G
W1,
0.0
3G
W2,
MH
3, 0
.10
GW
1, M
H1,
0.0
7G
W1,
MH
2, 0
.09
GW
2, G
W2,
0.0
6
GW
1, M
H3,
0.1
0G
W2,
MH
3, 0
.09
MH
1
MH
2
MH
3
MH
4
-
28/4
2
Bac
kgro
und
–de
stin
atio
n lo
calit
y
Ad
hoc
rout
ing
prot
ocol
pro
activ
ely
or o
n-de
man
d fin
ds th
e ro
ute
to a
des
tinat
ion.
Proa
ctiv
e di
scov
ery
give
s hi
gh o
verh
ead
On
dem
and
disc
over
y gi
ves
high
late
ncy
-
29/4
2
Bac
kgro
und
–de
stin
atio
n lo
calit
y
Rel
ated
wor
k:-R
eact
ive
dest
inat
ion
disc
over
y-A
dver
tisem
ents
+ s
olic
itatio
n-S
ingl
e ho
p pr
efix
mat
chin
g
The
Inte
rnet
Gat
eway
1
Gat
eway
2
Sou
rce
-
30/4
2
Impl
emen
tati
on -
dest
inat
ion
loca
lity
Com
bine
s re
activ
e an
d pr
oact
ive
appr
oach
es
Pref
ix m
atch
ing
with
def
ault
gate
way
(kno
wn
by a
dver
tisem
ents
)M
atch
=>
RR
EQ.
Mis
mat
ch =
>Tun
nel t
o G
W
Mob
ility
add
s co
mpl
exity
RR
EQ:
-Hos
t res
pond
with
RR
EP-G
atew
ay re
spon
d w
ith P
roxy
RR
EP fo
r “aw
ay”
host
sTu
nnel
to d
efau
lt G
W:
-Gat
eway
forw
ard
pack
et to
Inte
rnet
des
tinat
ion
-Gat
eway
resp
ond
with
ICM
P re
dire
ct fo
r vis
iting
hos
ts
-
31/4
2
Res
ults
-de
stin
atio
n lo
calit
y
Avo
ids
rout
e re
ques
t del
ay (o
n de
man
d ro
utin
g)
Use
s es
tabl
ishe
d lin
ks to
gat
eway
s (T
unne
ling)
Use
s ga
tew
ay k
now
ledg
e (M
obile
IP)
-
32/4
2
Bac
kgro
und
–fl
ow m
obili
ty
Use
rs o
f tod
ay a
re in
volv
ed in
a m
ultit
ude
of a
ctiv
ities
ge
nera
ting
mul
tiple
flow
sW
hen
user
s w
ill m
ove
betw
een
wire
d an
d w
irele
ss
envi
ronm
ents
and
bet
wee
n in
fras
truc
ture
mod
e an
d ad
hoc
mod
e of
wire
less
com
mun
icat
ion
the
capa
city
of t
he c
omm
unic
atio
n in
fras
truc
ture
will
di
ffer w
idel
y.W
hen
a m
obile
nod
e m
oves
from
an
infr
astr
uctu
re
conn
ectio
n an
d co
nnec
ts m
ultih
opto
an
Inte
rnet
ga
tew
ay, t
he p
erfo
rman
ce w
ill d
egra
de a
nd a
ll tr
affic
may
not
be
able
to p
ass
via
a si
ngle
gat
eway
. Th
is h
ighl
ight
s th
e ne
ed o
f loa
d-ba
lanc
ing
betw
een
Inte
rnet
gat
eway
s.
-
33/4
2
Impl
emen
tati
on –
flow
mob
ility
-2 fl
ags
adde
d to
the
bind
ing
upda
te m
essa
ge-M
-flag
indi
cate
s m
ultih
omed
bin
ding
s-S
-flag
info
rms
the
HA
whi
ch b
indi
ng to
use
as
defa
ult s
elec
tion
-Flo
w m
obili
ty o
ptio
n he
ader
to b
e ad
ded
to a
BU
-One
or m
ore
optio
n he
ader
s ad
ded
to o
ne B
U
SK
HLi
fetim
eR
eser
ved
ML
A
Seq
uenc
enu
mbe
rC
heck
sum
Res
erve
dM
H T
ype
Hea
derl
enP
aylo
adpr
oto S
KH
Life
time
Res
erve
dM
LA
Seq
uenc
enu
mbe
rC
heck
sum
Res
erve
dM
H T
ype
Hea
derl
enP
aylo
adpr
oto
8 bi
ts8
bits
8 bi
ts8
bits
Port
Opt
ion
leng
thO
ptio
n ty
pe
8 bi
ts8
bits
8 bi
ts8
bits
Pro
toco
lN
ot u
sed
-
34/4
2
Impl
emen
tati
on –
flow
mob
ility
-M-M
IP e
xten
ded
bind
ing
cach
e/ b
indi
ng ta
ble
-HA
inse
rt a
bin
ding
in th
e bi
ndin
g ca
che
for i
ncom
ing
traf
fic (t
o M
N)
-MH
inse
rt a
bin
ding
in th
e lo
cal b
indi
ng ta
ble
for o
utgo
ing
traf
fic
A/H/L/K/M
150
7830
173ffc::1:a:a:b:c:d
3ffe::a:b:c:d
A/H/L/K/M
200
6935
63ffc::1:6:a:b:c:a
3ffe::a:b:c:d
A/H/L/K/M/S
150
-1-1
3ffc::1:5:a:b:c:d
3ffe::a:b:c:d
Flags
Lifetime
Port
Protocol
CoA
HoA
A/H/L/K/M
150
7830
173ffc::1:a:a:b:c:d
3ffe::a:b:c:d
A/H/L/K/M
200
6935
63ffc::1:6:a:b:c:a
3ffe::a:b:c:d
A/H/L/K/M/S
150
-1-1
3ffc::1:5:a:b:c:d
3ffe::a:b:c:d
Flags
Lifetime
Port
Protocol
CoA
HoA
-
35/4
2
Res
ults
-fl
ow m
obili
ty
Sim
ulat
ion
com
paris
on o
f mul
ti-flo
w tr
affic
Flow
bas
ed G
W s
elec
tion
vs. d
efau
lt G
W s
elec
tion
7 flo
ws
from
CN
to M
N, o
ne n
ew a
dded
eve
ry 1
0 se
cond
2 ho
p ro
ute
to IG
W1,
3 h
op ro
ute
to IG
W2
IGW
2
Cor
resp
onde
nt N
ode
Hom
e A
gent
IGW
1
Mob
ile N
ode
-
36/4
2
Res
ults
-fl
ow m
obili
ty
Flow
bas
ed G
W s
elec
tion
(blu
e) v
s. d
efau
lt G
W s
elec
tion
(red
)
0
1000
00
2000
00
3000
00
4000
00
5000
00
6000
00
7000
00
4080
100
120
160
Flo
ws
(kb
ps)
Dyn
amic
GW
Sel
ectio
nFi
xed
GW
Sel
ectio
n
Avr. Throughput (bps)
Flow
s (k
bps)
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
4080
100
120
160
Flow
s (k
bps)
Avr. Delay (s)
Dyn
amic
GW
Sel
ectio
nFi
xed
GW
Sel
ectio
n
Flow
s (k
bps)
Avr. Delay (s)
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,91
4080
100
120
160
Flow
s (k
bps)
Avr. Packetloss (%)
Dyn
amic
GW
Sel
ectio
nFi
xed
GW
Sel
ectio
n
Flow
s (k
bps)
Avr. Packetloss (%)
Thro
ughp
utD
elay
Pac
ketlo
ss
-
37/4
2
Out
com
esA
n an
alys
is o
f gat
eway
sel
ectio
n an
d ha
ndov
er d
ecis
ion
base
d on
net
wor
k-la
yer m
etric
s. T
he a
naly
sis
is c
arrie
d ou
t fo
r bot
h si
ngle
-hop
and
mul
ti-ho
p ne
twor
ks
A d
eplo
ymen
t pro
posa
l of m
ultih
omed
Mob
ile IP
in g
loba
l co
nnec
tivity
net
wor
ks w
ith a
n en
hanc
ed in
terc
onne
ctio
n w
ith th
e re
activ
e ro
utin
g pr
otoc
ol A
OD
V
A p
ropo
sal t
o m
aint
enan
ce o
f gat
eway
con
nect
ivity
in g
loba
l co
nnec
tivity
net
wor
ks b
ased
on
Mob
ile IP
mes
sage
s
A d
estin
atio
n lo
calit
y de
cisi
on s
trat
egy
for m
obile
hos
ts in
gl
obal
con
nect
ivity
net
wor
ks b
ased
on
adve
rtis
ed
info
rmat
ion
and
fore
ign
agen
t kno
wle
dge.
A s
olut
ion
to fl
ow m
obili
ty m
anag
emen
t to
cont
rol i
ndiv
idua
l tr
affic
flow
from
and
to th
e M
N. T
raffi
c is
man
aged
in a
m
ultih
omed
and
het
erog
eneo
us e
nviro
nmen
t.
-
38/4
2
Pro
toty
pes
Glo
bal C
onne
ctiv
ity
-
39/4
2
Pro
toty
pes
Mul
tihom
ed M
obile
IP (W
LAN
and
GP
RS
/UM
TS)
-
40/4
2
Pro
toty
pes
Sea
mle
ss m
obilit
y S
EM
O T
ool S
uite
•Tun
nelin
g vi
a vi
rtual
inte
rface
Sup
porte
d pl
atfo
rms:
•SE
MO
Mob
ile A
gent
: Win
dow
s X
P•S
EM
O H
ome
Age
nt: F
edor
a 5
(Lin
ux)
•SE
MO
Mob
ile R
oute
r: Fe
dora
5 (L
inux
)
Sup
porte
d ac
cess
net
wor
ks:
•GS
M•U
MTS
•CD
MA
450
•IE
EE
802
.11
(WLA
N)
•IE
EE
802
.16
(WiM
AX
)•I
EE
E 8
02.3
(Wire
d E
ther
net)
-
41/4
2
Futu
re w
ork
Load
-bal
anci
ng in
mes
h ne
twor
ks (I
EEE
802.
11s)
Mes
h Po
ints
(MP)
form
mes
h lin
ks a
nd u
tiliz
es a
Hyb
rid
Wire
less
Mes
h Pr
otoc
ol i
nspi
red
by a
com
bina
tion
of
AO
DV
and
tree
-bas
ed ro
utin
g (c
ompa
rabl
e to
my
wor
k on
ad
vert
isem
ents
and
AO
DV)
MPs
can
be
indi
vidu
al d
evic
es u
sing
mes
h se
rvic
es to
co
mm
unic
ate
with
oth
er d
evic
es in
the
netw
ork
(com
para
ble
to M
AN
ET n
odes
)
MPs
can
als
o be
802
.11
Acc
ess
Poin
ts (A
Ps) a
nd p
rovi
de
acce
ss to
the
mes
h ne
twor
k to
mob
ile c
lient
s, e
.g. t
ake
the
role
of a
gat
eway
and
pro
vide
acc
ess
to o
ne o
r mor
e 80
2.3
netw
orks
thro
ugh
a M
esh
Port
al (c
ompa
rabl
e to
gl
obal
con
nect
ivity
and
IGW
s)
[des
crip
tions
from
wik
iped
ia]
-
4242
/42
Extending the connectivity of wireless networksLuleå University of TechnologyRobert BrännströmRobert BrännströmResearch area AbstractOutline of the presentationResearch issuesIntroduction - Wireless Internet accessIntroduction - Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET)Introduction - MobilityIntroduction - Mobile IPBackground - network-layer metrics (WLAN) Background - network-layer metrics (ad hoc)Background - network-layer metricsBackground - network-layer metricsImplementation - network-layer metrics Implementation - network-layer metrics Results - network-layer metrics Background - multihomed global connectivity Background - multihomed global connectivity Implementation - multihomed global connectivity Implementation - multihomed global connectivity Results - multihomed global connectivity Background – gateway connectivityImplementation - gateway maintenance Results - gateway maintenance Background – destination locality Background – destination locality Implementation - destination locality Results - destination locality Background – flow mobility Implementation – flow mobility Implementation – flow mobility Results - flow mobility Results - flow mobility OutcomesPrototypesPrototypesPrototypesFuture work
*/42
Extending the connectivity of wireless networks
Robert Brännström
Luleå University of Technology
Northern Sweden
Robert Brännström
PhD Student at Luleå University of Technology
- Arkady Zaslavsky main supervisor
Division of Mobile Networking and Computing
- Christer Åhlund head of division (co supervisor)
PhD Polis project, collaboration with Monash
- Ruwini Kodikara Edirisinghe
Robert Brännström
Research interests
Mobility and Mobile IP
Multihoming and heterogeneous networks
Ad hoc networks and global connectivity
MANETS
Research area
Multimedia mobility Karl
Mobility management Ruwini (Cross layer)
Heterogeneous access networks Robert
Network layer metrics
Comparing access networks (Bandwidth, cost, coverage)
Aggregated bandwidth (up/down-link)
Abstract
In future networking, users will move between wired and wireless environments and between infrastructure mode and ad hoc mode of wireless communication, connecting to the Internet. In a scenario like this the capacity of the communication infrastructure will differ widely. To overcome the decreasing capacity of wireless communication, especially in ad hoc communication, multihoming should be used when multiple Internet gateways are available.
When a mobile node moves from an infrastructure connection and connects multihop to an Internet gateway, the performance will degrade and all traffic may not be able to pass via a single gateway. This highlights the need of load-balancing between Internet gateways since the behaviour of users today involves a multitude of activities in parallel generating multiple traffic flows.
Outline of the presentation
Research issues
Introduction to the area
Background, implementation and results
Prototypes
Current and future work
Research issues
Network-layer metrics
- Evaluation of gateway selection and handover decisions
Multihomed global connectivity
- How to deploy Multihomed Mobile IP in MANETs
Gateway connectivity in global connectivity networks
- How to maintain gateway connectivity
Destination locality in global connectivity networks
- How to decide locality
Flow mobility in a multihomed environment
- How to control individual traffic flows
Introduction - Wireless Internet access
Wireless access could be provided by many different network types with different coverage and capacity
Access networks to wired IP backbone
Heterogeneous access network
Today we are facing about 15 different technologies
Wireless PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN
Data-link and physical layers
Standards - IEEE 802, 3GPP
Introduction - Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET)
Global connectivity network, gateway bridging routing differences
Multi-hop network, direct peer-to-peer communication
Ad hoc routing, hop count
Extended service area
MANET connected to wired IP network (Internet)
Dynamic structures, Ad hoc routing
Gateway bridging routing differences
Wired uplink – local multi-hop access
Wireless uplink – the network itself is mobile (car/bus/train)
Proactive / Reactive (on demand) route discovery
Introduction - Mobility
Addressing and routing problem - dual meaning of IP address
Identifier for endpoint and location
User mobility – migrate sessions
Network mobility – switch network attachment
The general mobility problem can be regarded as an addressing and routing problem
More specifically, the problem lies in the dual meaning of the IP address as an endpoint identifier and a location identifier
Breakup could be handled at different layers in the network protocol stack and concerning different types of mobility
SIP – id: user@realm or phone no. ; location: temp. IP address
Mobile IP – id: fixed home IP address; location: temp. IP address
Introduction - Mobile IP
Provides network-layer mobility
FA advertise it’s service on the foreign network
MH registration with HA through FA
Tunneling between HA and FA
Background - network-layer metrics (WLAN)
Overlapping service areas
Gateway selection
Current solution: SNR
Problem: High SNR ≠ high throughput
AP with weaker signal could be less utilized.
Background - network-layer metrics (ad hoc)
Ad hoc routing
Current solution: Hop count
Problem: Lower hop count ≠ higher throughput
The same utilization problem as in WLAN
Could lead to a short route having more users performs worse than a longer route with a few users.
Background - network-layer metrics
Mobile IP agent advertisements sent with discrete intervals from FA
Mobile Host measures variance in arrival time
Running Variance Metric (RVM)
Include RTT to HA => Relative Network-layer Load (RNL)
RVM – represent the wireless part of the network
RNL – represents the whole way to the HA
(all received traffic goes through HA)
Background - network-layer metrics
Related work challenging discrete models:
- Statistical modeling of ad hoc links
- Stable links
- Load balancing
- Join procedure
- Statistical modeling of ad hoc links (transmissions per delivered packet)
- Stable links (“stationary” nodes)
- Load balancing (number of hosts)
- Join procedure (“balanced” tree structure)
Focus on link-layer metrics
Implementation - network-layer metrics
Evaluation of RNL compared to SNR
Evaluation of RNL compared to hop count
Implementation in
GloMoSim 2.0
Implementation - network-layer metrics
Confirming results with prototype
Implemented in C++ on Linux
Results - network-layer metrics
Real-world
Simulator
Enables the mobile host to select the gateway with best performance
Discover load and number of attached hosts
Diagram1
0000
1111
2222
3333
0,3 Mbps
0,2 Mbps
0,1 Mbps
0,0 Mbps
Number of nodes
RVM for packet size 1500 bytes
0
0
0
0
0.0000298323
0.0000134727
0.0000061408
0.0000000091
0.0070290701
0.0054199036
0.0021234388
0
0.0121850538
0.0092481217
0.0032089089
0.0000133357
Blad2
00.000002
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000004
00.091065
00.074993
00.007891
00.00719
00.006313
00.005409
00.004557
00.001203
00.00106
00.000908
00.000765
00.000637
00.000131
00.000115
00.000098
00.000083
00.000069
00.000014
00.000012
00.00001
00.000009
00.000007
00.000002
00.000001
00.000001
00.000001
00.000001
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00.000001
00.000001
00.000001
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00m
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00m
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000004
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000004
00
00
00
00
00
00.000001
00.000001
00.000001
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000004
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000001
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000003
00.000005
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00
00
00
00
00
00
00.000001
00.000001
00.000001
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000004
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000007
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000002
00
00
00
00
00
00
00.000001
00.000001
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000008
00.000001
00.000001
00.000001
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
00.000001
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00.000001
00.000001
00.000001
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00x
Blad3
Blad1
1nod1nod1nod1nod2noder2noder2noder2noder3noder3noder3noder3noder
ratervmratervmratervmratervmratervmratervmratervmratervmratervmratervmratervmratervm
000.100.200.30.00004000.10.0000020.20.0000330.30.000072000.10.0000060.20.0000080.30.000121
000.100.200.30.000032000.10.0000010.20.0000280.30.000018000.10.0000140.20.0000280.30.000097
000.100.20.0000210.30.000026000.10.0000190.20.0000280.30.000015000.10.0000110.20.0000230.30.000136
000.100.20.0000370.30.000033000.10.0000340.20.0000220.30.000017000.10.0000090.20.0000180.30.00013
000.100.20.000030.30.000039000.10.0000270.20.0000180.30.000014000.10.0000070.20.0000150.30.000119
000.100.20.0000240.30.000031000.10.0000230.20.0000910.30.000021000.100.20.0000680.30.000095
000.100.20.000020.30.000025000.10.0000190.20.1245960.30.000016000.100.20.0000740.30.000028
000.100.20.0000010.30.000032000.10.0000010.20.1051350.30.000069000.10.0000190.20.000060.30.000024
000.10.0000040.20.000020.30.000039000.10.0000010.20.0874030.30.000081000.10.0000340.20.0000860.30.000036
000.10.0000090.20.0000360.30.000031000.10.0000040.20.0719990.30.000077000.10.0000280.20.0000690.30.000029
000.10.0000070.20.0000290.30.000025000.10.0000070.20.007380.30.000062000.10.0000220.20.0001470.30.00003
000.10.0000060.20.0000230.30.000031000.10.0000050.20.0074610.30.000054000.10.0000180.20.0001430.30.000028
000.10.0000040.20.0000190.30.000038000.10.0000040.20.0064580.30.000011000.10.0000190.20.0001290.30.000045
000.100.200.30.00003000.10.0000030.20.0055710.30.00001000.10.0000210.20.0001060.30.000036
000.100.20.0000180.30.000024000.100.20.0046740.30.000024000.10.0000170.20.0000250.30.000081
000.100.20.0000340.30.000028000.10.0000130.20.0008230.30.000055000.10.0000140.20.000020.30.000086
000.100.20.0000270.30.000034000.10.0000260.20.0006920.30.000062000.10.0000110.20.0001020.30.000081
000.100.20.0000220.30.000027000.10.0000210.20.0006580.30.000057000.100.20.0001080.30.000065
000.100.20.0000180.30.000022000.10.0000160.20.0005710.30.000046000.100.20.0000990.30.000058
000.100.200.30.000026000.10.0000130.20.0004940.30.000041000.100.20.0000810.30.000013
000.100.20.0000150.30.000031000.100.20.0001390.30.000008000.10.0000150.20.0000660.30.000014
000.10.0000020.20.0000310.30.000025000.10.0000030.20.0001120.30.000013000.10.0000310.20.0000090.30.000015
000.10.0000050.20.0000240.30.00002000.10.0000050.20.0001280.30.000011000.10.0000250.20.1348210.30.000017
000.10.0000040.20.000020.30.000024000.10.0000040.20.0001030.30.000015000.10.000020.20.1137810.30.000014
000.10.0000030.20.0000160.30.00002000.10.0000030.20.0000920.30.000012000.10.0000160.20.0945110.30.000022
000.10.0000020.200.30.000035000.10.0000030.20.0000750.30.000015000.10.000030.20.0777080.30.000017
000.100.20.0000160.30.000028000.100.20.0000080.30.000012000.10.0000420.20.0082870.30.000059
000.100.20.0000290.30.00003000.10.0000130.20.0000130.30.000046000.10.0000340.20.0070730.30.00007
000.100.20.0000230.30.000031000.10.0000280.20.000010.30.000057000.10.0000270.20.0067740.30.000064
000.100.20.0000190.30.000025000.10.0000220.20.000030.30.000051000.10.0000220.20.0057070.30.000051
0.100.20.0000150.30.000020.10.0000180.20.0000250.30.0001320.100.20.0048370.30.000044
000.100.20.0000240.30.000022000.10.0000140.20.000020.30.00013000.100.20.0012920.30.000008
000.10.0000210.20.0000330.30.000025000.100.20.0000160.30.000121000.10.0000120.20.0011220.30.000015
000.10.0000370.20.0000260.30.00002000.10.000020.20.1334430.30.0001000.10.0000230.20.0009350.30.000012
000.10.000030.20.0000210.30.000016000.10.0000360.20.1123220.30.000174000.10.0000190.20.0007720.30.000049
000.10.0000250.20.0000170.30.000018000.10.0000290.20.0935190.30.00014000.10.0000150.20.0006370.30.000058
000.10.000020.200.30.00002000.10.0000240.20.0769120.30.000192000.10.0000120.20.0001520.30.000053
000.10.0000010.20.0000120.30.000016000.10.0000190.20.0082520.30.000156000.10.0000010.20.000130.30.000042
000.100.20.0000260.30.000013000.100.20.0070840.30.00015000.10.0000020.20.0001090.30.000036
000.100.20.0000210.30.000014000.100.20.0064960.30.000134000.10.0000020.20.0001040.30.000007
000.100.20.0000170.30.000016000.10.0000070.20.005710.30.000032000.10.0000020.20.0001180.30.000013
000.100.20.0000130.30.000013000.10.0000130.20.0047980.30.000027000.10.0000010.20.000110.30.000033
000.100.200.30.00001000.10.000010.20.0012730.30.000106000.100.20.0000880.30.000043
000.100.20.0000090.30.000012000.10.0000080.20.0011070.30.000176000.100.20.0000710.30.000037
000.100.20.0000190.30.000014000.10.0000070.20.0008860.30.000146000.100.20.0001390.30.000035
000.10.0000170.20.0000150.30.000011000.10.0000210.20.0008260.30.000121000.10.0000080.20.0001470.30.000049
000.10.0000130.20.0000120.30.000009000.10.0000340.20.0007340.30.000115000.10.0000180.20.0001380.30.000055
000.10.0000460.20.000010.30.00001000.10.0000280.20.0001840.30.000021000.10.0000150.20.0001160.30.000046
000.10.0000370.200.30.000013000.10.0000220.20.0001550.30.000032000.10.0000120.20.0000930.30.00004
000.10.0000290.20.0000090.30.000035000.10.0000180.20.0001290.30.000027000.10.0000270.20.0000140.30.000053
000.10.0000240.20.0000190.30.000028000.100.20.0001030.30.134657000.10.0000390.20.0001030.30.000058
000.100.20.0000150.30.000025000.100.20.0000830.30.113573000.10.0000310.20.0001160.30.000048
000.100.20.0000120.30.000022000.10.0000040.20.0000880.30.094334000.10.0000250.20.000110.30.000042
000.100.20.000010.30.000004000.10.0000080.20.0000720.30.076879000.10.000020.20.000090.30.000053
000.100.200.30.000003000.10.0000070.20.0000580.30.008112000.100.20.0000720.30.000059
000.100.20.0000060.30.000002000.10.0000050.20.0000460.30.007666000.100.20.0000110.30.000049
000.100.20.000013000.10.0000040.20.0000010.30.006661000.100.20.0000880.30.000041
000.10.0000140.20.0000280.30.000018000.10000.10.0000060.20.000129
000.10.0000270.20.0000450.30.000015000.100.20.0000030.30.000225000.10.0000130.20.000110.30.000003
000.10.0000220.20.0000360.30.000023000.100.20.0000020.30.000189000.10.000010.30.000005
000.10.0000170.20.0000290.30.00003400*0.20.1306240.30.00004400*0.200.30.000019
0.30.0000270.10.0000080.20.1095210.30.000050.100.20.0000020.30.000016
000.100.20.0000250.30.000022000.10.0000070.20.0911090.30.000046000.100.20.129410.30.000014
000.100.20.000020.30.000027000.10.0000120.20.0750510.30.000046000.100.20.1087370.30.000016
000.100.20.0000160.30.000033000.10.000010.20.0079060.30.000057000.10.000010.20.0903230.30.000028
000.10.0000040.200.30.000026000.10.0000080.20.0070110.30.000062000.10.0000230.20.0736670.30.000045
000.10.0000090.20.0000160.30.000021000.10.0000060.20.0061260.30.000055000.10.0000180.20.0081430.30.000054
000.10.0000070.20.0000310.30.000025000.10.1303370.20.0054720.30.000051000.10.0000150.20.0073130.30.000048
000.10.0000060.20.0000250.30.00003000.10.1094760.20.0046260.30.000059000.10.0000120.20.0064780.30.00005
000.10.0000040.20.000020.30.000024000.10.0909130.20.001250.30.000064000.10.0000130.20.0055290.30.000062
000.100.20.0000160.30.00002000.10.0748670.20.0010890.30.000057000.10.0000140.20.0046440.30.000066
000.100.200.30.000023000.10.0078740.20.0008710.30.000047000.10.0000120.20.0011150.30.000059
000.100.20.0000140.30.000027000.10.0070510.20.0008240.30.000037000.10.0000090.20.0010830.30.000049
000.100.20.0000260.30.000021000.10.0063290.20.0007420.30.000048000.10.0000070.20.0008840.30.129836
000.100.20.0000210.30.000017000.10.0054180.20.0002010.30.000045000.100.20.0008120.30.10868
000.100.20.0000170.30.000019000.10.0045610.20.0001680.30.000042000.100.20.0006710.30.090722
000.100.20.0000140.30.000023000.10.0012150.20.0001640.30.000051000.100.20.0001850.30.074332
000.100.200.30.000018000.10.0009990.20.0001760.30.000055000.10.0000070.20.0001750.30.007963
000.10.0000020.20.0000110.30.000014000.10.0009490.20.0001710.30.000048000.10.0000160.20.0002850.30.0071
000.10.0000030.20.0000210.30.000017000.10.0008080.20.0001390.30.000043000.10.0000130.20.0002290.30.006386
000.10.0000020.20.0000170.30.00002000.10.0006690.20.0001110.30.000049000.10.0000110.20.000190.30.005323
000.10.0000020.20.0000140.30.000016000.10.0001520.20.0000170.30.000051000.10.0000080.20.0001530.30.004635
000.10.0000020.20.0000110.30.000013000.10.0001310.20.0000630.30.000045000.10.0000090.20.0000060.30.001186
000.100.200.30.000015000.10.000110.20.0000790.30.000039000.10.0000090.20.0000590.30.001105
000.100.20.000010.30.000018000.10.0000920.20.000080.30.000045000.10.0000070.20.000080.30.000897
000.100.20.0000210.30.000014000.10.0000740.20.0000640.30.000049000.10.0000060.20.0000840.30.00082
000.100.20.0000160.30.000012000.10.0000220.20.0000510.30.000044000.10.0000050.20.0000680.30.000663
000.100.20.0000130.30.000016000.10.0000180.20.0000410.30.000039000.100.20.0000540.30.000183
000.100.20.0000110.30.000021000.10.0000150.20.0000070.30.000043000.100.20.000060.30.000147
000.10.0000190.200.30.000017000.10.0000130.20.0000060.30.000046000.10.0000040.20.0000690.30.000154
000.10.0000360.20.0000090.30.000013000.10.0000230.20.0000190.30.000041000.10.0000090.20.130770.30.000123
000.10.0000290.20.0000180.30.00001400*0.10.0000380.20.0000150.30.00003600*0.10.0000070.20.1098070.30.000114
0.10.0000240.20.0000150.30.0000160.10.0000320.20.0000120.30.0000410.10.0000060.20.0911740.30.000096
000.10.0000190.20.0000120.30.000013000.10.0000250.20.000010.30.000047000.10.0000220.20.074390.30.000097
000.100.20.0000090.30.00001000.10.000020.20.0000130.30.000041000.10.0000370.20.0076920.30.000079
000.100.20.0000150.30.000012000.10.0000010.20.0000110.30.000035000.10.000030.20.0073140.30.000074
000.100.20.0000210.30.000017000.100.20.0000230.30.000037000.10.0000240.20.0064420.30.000067
000.100.20.0000170.30.000047000.10.0000020.20.0000190.30.000039000.10.0000190.20.0054950.30.000068
000.100.20.0000140.30.000038000.10.0000030.20.0000150.30.000034000.100.20.0046150.30.000058
000.100.20.0000110.30.000033000.10.0000020.20.0000120.30.000028000.100.20.0012470.30.000051
000.100.200.30.000028000.10.0000020.20.0000560.30.000029000.100.20.0010760.30.000049
000.100.20.0000060.30.000003000.10.0000020.20.0000660.30.000032000.100.20.0010020.30.000051
000.10.0000170.20.0000150.30.000003000.10.0000120.20.0000670.30.000027000.10.0000020.20.0008480.30.000044
000.10.0000340.20.0000120.30.000004000.10.0000280.20.0000540.30.000023000.10.0000040.20.0006990.30.000038
000.10.0000270.20.000010.30.000005000.10.0000220.20.0000430.30.000025000.10.0000030.20.0001650.30.000041
000.10.0000220.20.0000080.30.000004000.10.0000180.20.0000350.30.000024000.10.0000030.20.0001540.30.000045
000.10.0000180.200.30.000003000.10.0000140.20.0000750.30.000037000.10.0000180.20.0001780.30.00004
000.100.20.0000060.30.000005000.100.20.0000840.30.00003000.10.0000330.20.0001760.30.000036
000.100.20.0000130.30.000004000.100.20.0000770.30.000033000.10.0000270.20.0001440.30.000037
000.100.20.000010.30.000009000.10.0000170.20.0000620.30.00003000.10.0000210.20.0001160.30.000038
000.100.20.0000080.30.00003000.10.0000310.20.0000490.30.000043000.10.0000170.20.000020.30.000032
000.100.20.0000070.30.000043000.10.0000250.20.0000050.30.000035000.100.20.0000630.30.000028
000.100.200.30.000035000.10.000020.20.0000070.30.000034000.100.20.0000790.30.000029
000.100.20.0000040.30.000028000.10.0000160.20.0000070.30.000032000.10.0000220.20.0000840.30.000031
000.10.0000110.20.0000090.30.000045000.100.20.0000160.30.00004000.10.0000350.20.0000670.30.000027
000.10.0000220.20.0000080.30.000055000.10.000010.20.0000130.30.000033000.10.000030.20.0000540.30.000023
000.10.0000180.20.0000060.30.000044000.10.0000220.20.000010.30.000026000.10.0000240.20.0000430.30.000018
000.10.0000140.20.000005000.10.0000180.20.0000080.30.000021000.10.0000190.20
000.10.0000110.200.30.000013000.10.000014000.10.0000260.30.000036
000.100.20.0000030.30.00001000.10.0000110.20.0000230.30.000223000.10.0000350.20.0000010.30.000091
000.100.20.0000070.30.000016000.100.20.0000190.30.000187000.10.0000280.20.0000010.30.000082
000.20.0000050.30.000022000.20.0000160.30.000029000.20.0000120.30.000079
000.10.0000020.30.00001800*0.10.0000210.20.0000130.30.00003400*0.10.0000070.20.000010.30.000074
0.10.0000050.20.0000130.30.0000140.10.0000360.20.0000190.30.0000340.10.0000060.20.0000290.30.000031
000.10.0000040.20.0000260.30.000018000.10.000030.20.0000150.30.000033000.10.0000050.20.0000230.30.000032
000.10.0000030.20.0000210.30.000022000.10.0000240.20.0000310.30.000036000.10.0000040.20.0000190.30.000038
000.10.0000030.20.0000160.30.000018000.10.0000190.20.0000250.30.000037000.10.0000060.20.0000150.30.000042
000.100.20.0000130.30.000014000.10.0000010.20.000020.30.000035000.10.0000070.20.0000740.30.000042
000.100.200.30.000017000.10.0000160.20.0000160.30.000033000.10.0000060.20.0000770.30.000034
000.100.20.0000110.30.00002000.10.0000320.20.0000190.30.000033000.10.0000050.20.0000850.30.000028
000.100.20.0000220.30.000016000.10.0000260.20.0000160.30.000033000.10.0000040.20.0000680.30.000031
000.100.20.0000180.30.000013000.10.0000210.20.0000310.30.000032000.100.20.0000550.30.000033
000.100.20.0000140.30.000016000.10.0000170.20.0000240.30.00003000.100.20.0000440.30.000031
000.100.20.0000110.30.00002000.100.20.000020.30.00003000.10.0000240.20.0000950.30.000031
000.10.000020.200.30.000016000.10.0000180.20.0000760.30.000029000.10.0000410.20.0000990.30.000033
000.10.0000370.20.0000110.30.000013000.10.0000340.20.0000870.30.000028000.10.0000340.20.0000940.30.00004
000.10.000030.20.0000230.30.000013000.10.0000270.20.0000830.30.000027000.10.0000280.20.0000790.30.000047
000.10.0000240.20.0000180.30.000016000.10.0000220.20.0000660.30.000027000.10.0000220.20.0000660.30.000045
000.10.0000190.20.0000150.30.000013000.10.0000170.20.0000530.30.000027000.10.0000390.20.0000120.30.000043
000.100.20.0000120.30.00001000.100.20.0000070.30.000025000.10.0000510.20.0000670.30.00004
000.100.200.30.000012000.10.0000160.20.0000540.30.000034000.10.0000420.20.0000770.30.000017
000.100.20.0000060.30.000014000.10.0000290.20.0000630.30.000045000.10.0000330.20.0000730.30.000022
000.100.20.0000150.30.000012000.10.0000230.20.0000630.30.000041000.10.0000270.20.0000590.30.000044
000.100.20.0000120.30.000009000.10.0000190.20.0000510.30.000036000.100.20.0000470.30.000087
000.100.20.0000090.30.000011000.10.0000150.20.0000410.30.00003000.100.20.0000140.30.000073
000.100.20.0000080.30.000012000.100.20.0000330.30.000009000.10.0000180.20.0000120.30.000066
000.10.0000160.20.0000140.30.00001000.100.20.0000720.30.00001000.10.0000310.20.0000220.30.000057
000.10.0000310.20.0000210.30.000008000.10.0000140.20.0000810.30.00001000.10.0000250.20.0000180.30.000015
000.10.0000250.20.0000170.30.000009000.10.0000310.20.0000730.30.00001000.10.000020.20.0000140.30.000015
000.10.000020.20.0000130.30.000011000.10.0000250.20.0000580.30.000011000.10.0000160.20.0000110.30.000017
000.10.0000160.20.0000110.30.000009000.10.000020.20.0000470.30.000017000.10.0000310.20.0000140.30.000017
000.100.200.30.000007000.10.0000160.20.0000050.30.000032000.10.0000440.20.0000120.30.000017
000.100.20.0000050.30.000008000.100.20.0000450.30.000026000.10.0000350.20.0000240.30.000016
000.100.20.0000110.30.000009000.10.0000130.20.0000580.30.000024000.10.0000280.20.0000190.30.000017
0.100.20.0000090.30.0000090.10.0000250.20.0000540.30.0000290.10.0000230.20.0000150.30.000017
000.100.20.0000070.30.000008000.10.000020.20.0000440.30.00004000.100.20.0000120.30.000016
000.100.20.0000060.30.000008000.10.0000160.20.0000350.30.000033000.100.20.0000540.30.000015
000.100.200.30.000009000.10.0000130.20.0000040.30.000029000.100.20.0000650.30.000015
000.100.20.0000050.30.000007000.100.20.0000070.30.000034000.10.0000140.20.0000630.30.000015
000.10.0000120.20.0000110.30.000027000.10.0000110.20.0000060.30.000048000.10.0000270.20.0000510.30.000014
000.10.0000240.20.0000090.30.00004000.10.0000230.20.0000110.30.000056000.10.0000220.20.0000410.30.000013
000.10.0000260.20.0000070.30.000033000.10.0000180.20.0000090.30.000064000.10.0000170.20.0000060.30.000013
000.10.0000310.20.0000060.30.000027000.10.0000150.20.0000070.30.000064000.10.0000140.20.0000630.30.000006
000.10.0000250.200.30.000042000.10.0000120.20.0000060.30.000062000.10.0000240.20.0000850.30.000009
000.10.000020.20.0000030.30.000051000.100.20.0000060.30.000063000.10.0000360.20.0000770.30.000011
000.10.0000160.20.0000090.30.000042000.10.0000090.20.0000060.30.000067000.10.0000290.20.0000620.30.000011
000.100.20.000040.30.000034000.10.0000180.20.0000120.30.000066000.10.0000230.20.0000490.30.000018
000.100.20.0000320.30.000042000.10.0000150.20.0000090.30.000069000.10.0000190.20.0000050.30.000034
000.100.20.0000260.30.000051000.10.0000120.20.0000080.30.000073000.100.20.0000060.30.000028
000.100.20.0000210.30.000041000.10.0000090.20.0000260.30.000075000.100.20.0000060.30.000024
000.100.20.0000210.30.000033000.100.20.0000210.30.000072000.10.000010.20.0000120.30.130355
000.10.0000090.20.0000220.30.000046000.100.20.0000210.30.000073000.10.0000210.20.000010.30.10897
000.10.000020.20.0000180.30.000055000.10.0000070.20.0000320.30.000075000.10.0000170.20.0000080.30.091029
000.10.0000160.20.0000140.30.000044000.10.0000140.20.0000260.30.000076000.10.0000140.20.131440.30.074649
000.10.0000130.20.0000110.30.000035000.10.0000110.20.0000210.30.000076000.10.0000110.20.1102410.30.008029
000.10.000010.200.30.000045000.10.0000090.20.0000360.30.000078000.10.0000180.20.0918060.30.007317
000.100.20.0000030.30.000052000.10.0000070.20.0000460.30.000083000.10.0000260.20.0755590.30.006396
000.100.20.0000060.30.000042000.100.20.0000720.30.000085000.10.0000210.20.007972
000.100.20.0000050.30.000033000.10.0000070.20.00011000.10.0000170.30.000023
000.100.20.000004000.10.0000140.20.0000880.30.000037000.10.0000130.20.000060.30.000018
000.100.20.0000030.30.000007000.10.0000110.30.000034000.100.20.0000480.30.000064
000.100.200.30.00001000.10.0000090.20.0000520.30.000031000.100.20.0000390.30.000071
000.200.30.000014000.20.0000480.30.00001000.20.0000050.30.000069
000.100.30.000011000.10.0000010.20.0000380.30.000009000.10.1317340.20.0000460.30.000056
000.100.200.30.000009000.100.20.0000310.30.000012000.10.1108890.20.0000570.30.000094
0.100.200.30.0000120.10.000010.20.0000040.30.1298280.10.0920440.20.0000480.30.000093
000.100.20.0000080.30.000017000.10.0000220.20.0000410.30.10924000.10.0757720.20.0000410.30.000087
000.100.20.0000190.30.000013000.10.0000170.20.0000780.30.090534000.10.0080240.20.0000330.30.00007
000.100.20.0000150.30.000011000.10.0000610.20.0000620.30.074321000.10.0072940.20.0000030.30.000112
000.100.20.0000120.30.000012000.10.0001140.20.000050.30.00798000.10.0062540.20.0000060.30.00011
000.100.20.000010.30.000011000.10.0000920.20.000040.30.007308000.10.0055130.20.0000050.30.000102
000.10.0000150.200.30.00001000.10.0000890.20.0000830.30.006324000.10.0046370.20.0000120.30.000083
000.10.000030.20.0000070.30.000008000.10.0000870.20.0000890.30.005314000.10.001230.20.0000090.30.000108
000.10.0000250.20.0000150.30.000009000.10.0000220.20.0000820.30.004636000.10.0010760.20.0000070.30.000107
000.10.0000230.20.0000120.30.00001000.10.0000180.20.0000660.30.001253000.10.0008730.20.0000060.30.000094
000.10.0000180.20.000010.30.000008000.10.0000140.20.0000530.30.001068000.10.0008140.20.000040.30.00008
000.10.0000020.20.0000080.30.000007000.10.0000120.20.0000630.30.000879000.10.0006790.20.0000520.30.000089
000.10.0000020.200.30.000007000.10.0000170.20.000050.30.000812000.10.0001540.20.0000480.30.000092
000.10.0000020.20.0000040.30.000008000.10.0000230.20.0000560.30.128251000.10.0001330.20.0000390.30.000082
000.10.0000010.20.0000120.30.000006000.10.0000180.20.0000490.30.107957000.10.0001110.20.0000570.30.000066
000.10.0000010.20.0000090.30.000005000.10.0000150.20.0000390.30.090612000.10.0000930.20.0000680.30.000096
000.100.20.0000080.30.000006000.10.0000120.20.0000320.30.074446000.10.0000770.20.0000570.30.000098
000.100.20.0000060.30.000006000.100.20.0135390.30.008844000.10.0000850.20.0000520.30.000083
000.10.0000130.20.0000090.30.000005000.100.20.0115280.30.00789000.10.0000690.20.0000420.30.000067
000.10.0000250.20.0000140.30.000004000.10.0000130.20.0095950.30.007151000.10.0000560.20.0000060.30.000057
000.10.000020.20.0000110.30.000005000.10.0000280.20.0078670.30.005959000.10.0000450.20.0000250.30.000007
000.10.0000160.20.0000090.30.000005000.10.0000220.20.000870.30.005175000.10.0000010.20.0000390.30.000013
000.10.0000130.20.0000070.30.000004000.10.0000180.20.0007020.30.001338000.10.0000140.20.0000340.30.000011
000.100.200.30.000024000.10.0000140.20.0007060.30.001252000.10.0000370.20.0000330.30.000045
000.100.20.0000040.30.000039000.100.20.0006410.30.001019000.10.000030.20.0000260.30.000055
000.100.20.0000080.30.000032000.10.0000040.20.000530.30.000921000.10.0000240.20.0000050.30.000049
000.100.20.0000070.30.000026000.10.0000080.20.0004350.30.000742000.10.0000190.20.0000240.30.000133
000.100.20.0000050.30.000043000.10.0000070.20.0000880.30.000214000.100.20.0000390.30.000203
000.100.20.0000050.30.000055000.10.0000050.20.0001170.30.000172000.100.20.0000340.30.000166
000.100.20.0000010.30.000045000.10.0000040.20.0001330.30.000182000.10.0000060.20.0000310.30.000137
000.100.20.0000040.30.00003600*0.100.20.0001120.30.00014700*0.10.0000130.20.0000250.30.000134
0.10.000010.20.0000080.30.0000450.10.0000080.20.000090.30.0001440.10.000010.20.0000040.30.000025
000.10.0000220.20.0000070.30.000055000.10.0000170.20.0000720.30.000123000.10.0000080.20.0000180.30.000024
000.10.0000180.20.0000070.30.000044000.10.0000140.20.0000120.30.000123000.10.0000060.20.0000310.30.000022
000.10.0000140.20.0000050.30.000036000.10.0000110.20.0000090.30.000105000.10.0000150.20.0000270.30.000019
000.10.0000110.20.0000010.30.000046000.10.0000090.20.0000280.30.000103000.10.0000250.20.0000240.30.000015
000.100.20.0000040.30.000055000.100.20.0000230.30.000094000.10.000020.20.0000190.30.000005
000.100.20.0000080.30.000044000.10.0000030.20.0000190.30.000095000.10.0000160.20.0000030.30.000009
000.100.20.0000060.30.000035000.10.0000040.20.0000150.30.000085000.10.0000130.20.0000150.30.000023
000.100.20.0000050.30.000047000.10.0000030.20.0000710.30.000079000.100.20.0000250.30.000109
000.100.20.0000040.30.000059000.10.0000030.20.000080.30.00008000.100.20.0000210.30.00009
000.100.200.30.000047000.10.0000020.20.0000680.30.000085000.10.0000050.20.0000190.30.000074
000.100.20.0000020.30.000038000.100.20.0000630.30.000076000.10.0000120.20.0000150.30.000142
000.10.0000070.20.0000050.30.000045000.100.20.000050.30.00007000.10.0000090.20.0000020.30.000139
000.10.0000150.20.0000040.30.000051000.10.0000050.20.0000080.30.00007000.10.0000080.20.0000670.30.000126
000.10.0000120.20.0000030.30.000041000.10.000010.20.0000690.30.000071000.10.0000060.20.0000790.30.000102
000.10.0000090.20.0000030.30.000033000.10.0000080.20.000080.30.000064000.100.20.0000780.30.000162
000.10.0000080.20.0000230.30.00004000.10.0000070.20.0000790.30.000058000.10.0000070.20.0000630.30.000216
000.100.20.0000370.30.000046000.10.0000050.20.0000630.30.000059000.10.0000150.20.000050.30.000176
000.100.20.000030.30.000037000.10.0000250.20.0000510.30.00006000.10.0000120.20.0000080.30.000142
000.100.20.0000240.30.00003000.10.000040.20.0000080.30.000055000.10.0000090.20.0000690.30.000131
000.100.20.000020.30.000036000.10.0000330.20.000150.30.000051000.10.0000070.20.0000790.30.000031
000.100.20.0000010.30.000041000.10.0000260.20.0002250.30.000041000.100.20.0000820.30.000025
000.100.20.0000210.30.000033000.10.0000210.20.000194000.100.20.000066
000.100.20.000036000.100.20.0001550.30.000015000.10.0000010.30.000025
000.100.20.0000290.30.000005000.100.30.000026000.10.0000030.20.000010.30.000024
000.10.0000040.20.0000240.30.000004000.100.20.000010.30.000023000.10.0000020.20.0000270.30.000021
000.10.000010.20.0000190.30.000007000.20.0000290.30.00002000.20.0000220.30.00003
000.200.30.00001000.10.0000260.20.0000240.30.000027000.100.20.0000190.30.000024
000.100.30.000008000.10.0000210.20.0000190.30.000034000.100.20.0000160.30.000023
000.100.20.0000120.30.000006000.10.0000170.20.0000150.30.000029000.100.20.0000270.30.000022
000.100.20.0000090.30.00000700*0.10.0000140.20.0000820.30.00002500*0.10.0000030.20.0000220.30.000032
0.10.0000140.20.0000080.30.0000080.100.20.0000940.30.0000290.10.0000090.20.0000370.30.000026
000.10.0000280.200.30.000007000.10.0000020.20.0000920.30.000025000.10.0000070.20.0000310.30.000024
000.10.0000220.20.0000060.30.000005000.10.0000040.20.0000740.30.00004000.10.0000060.20.0000250.30.000022
000.10.0000180.20.0000120.30.000006000.10.0000030.20.0000590.30.000033000.10.0000050.20.000020.30.00003
000.10.0000140.20.0000090.30.000007000.10.0000030.20.0000090.30.000035000.10.0000220.20.0000280.30.000024
000.100.20.0000080.30.000005000.10.0000020.20.0000680.30.00003000.10.0000380.20.0000230.30.000022
000.100.20.0000060.30.000026000.100.20.0000770.30.000041000.10.0000310.20.0000370.30.00002
000.100.200.30.00004000.100.20.0000790.30.000033000.10.0000250.20.000030.30.000028
000.100.20.0000050.30.000033000.10.0000090.20.0000630.30.000036000.10.000020.20.0000240.30.000022
000.100.20.0000110.30.000026000.10.0000210.20.0000510.30.000031000.100.20.0000320.30.00002
000.100.20.0000090.30.000042000.10.0000170.20.0000410.30.000042000.100.20.0000390.30.000019
000.100.20.0000070.30.000052000.10.0000130.20.0000410.30.000034000.10.0000030.20.0000360.30.000026
000.10.000010.20.0000060.30.000042000.10.0000110.20.0000360.30.000035000.10.0000050.20.0000340.30.000045
000.10.0000170.20.0000090.30.000034000.10.0000310.20.0000530.30.00003000.10.0000040.20.0000270.30.000054
000.10.0000140.20.0000120.30.000047000.10.0000470.20.0000430.30.000041000.10.0000030.20.0000060.30.000047
000.10.0000110.20.000010.30.000056000.10.0000380.20.0000340.30.000033000.10.0000030.20.0000140.30.000044
000.10.0000090.20.0000080.30.000045000.10.000030.20.0000270.30.000034000.10.0000160.20.0000220.30.000054
000.100.20.0000060.30.000036000.10.0000240.20.0000590.30.000029000.10.0000310.20.1307640.30.000061
000.100.200.30.00005000.100.20.0000680.30.127515000.10.0000250.20.1097990.30.000052
000.100.20.0000030.30.000059000.100.20.000060.30.106881000.10.000020.20.0911690.30.000049
000.100.20.0000060.30.000055000.10.0000090.20.0000480.30.08865000.10.0000160.20.074810.30.000065
000.100.20.0000050.30.000059000.10.0000190.20.0000390.30.073466000.100.20.0079110.30.000074
000.100.20.0000040.30.000066000.10.0000150.20.0001690.30.007887000.100.20.007110.30.000064
000.100.20.0000030.30.000068000.10.0000120.20.0002440.30.007066000.10.000020.20.0063290.30.000058
000.100.200.30.000054000.10.000010.20.0002050.30.006136000.10.0000360.20.0054150.30.000067
000.10.000010.20.0000020.30.000044000.10.0000240.20.0001640.30.005432000.10.0000290.20.0045530.30.000069
000.10.0000220.20.0000040.30.000051000.10.0000370.20.0001320.30.004564000.10.0000230.20.0011460.30.000059
000.10.0000180.20.0000030.30.000058000.10.0000290.20.0000060.30.001163000.10.0000180.20.0010720.30.000052
000.10.0000150.20.0000030.30.000046000.10.0000240.20.0000090.30.001003000.100.20.0008990.30.000059
000.10.0000120.20.0000020.30.000037000.10.0000190.20.0000170.30.000927000.10.0000110.20.0007750.30.000063
000.10.0000010.200.30.000046000.100.20.0000320.30.000781000.10.0000230.20.0006440.30.000055
0.10.0000010.20.0000020.30.0000540.100.20.0000280.30.0006340.10.0000190.20.0001540.30.000048
000.10.0000010.20.0000030.30.000043000.100.20.0000220.30.000126000.10.0000150.20.0001240.30.000055
000.100.20.0000020.30.000034000.10.0000040.20.0000180.30.000159000.10.0000120.20.00010.30.000058
000.100.20.0000020.30.000042000.10.0000090.20.0000580.30.000144000.100.20.0001220.30.000049
000.100.20.0000020.30.000048000.10.0000070.20.0000650.30.000116000.10.0000190.20.0001030.30.000042
000.100.20.0000230.30.000038000.10.0000060.20.0000540.30.000093000.10.000040.20.0000840.30.000049
000.10.0000050.20.0000380.30.000031000.10.0000050.20.0000460.30.000099000.10.0000320.20.0000680.30.000055
000.10.0000120.20.0000320.30.000037000.10.0000150.20.0000370.30.000079000.10.0000250.20.0000050.30.000048
000.10.0000090.20.0000250.30.000042000.10.0000260.20.0000030.30.000064000.10.000020.20.0000270.30.000039
000.10.0000070.20.000020.30.000034000.10.0000210.20.0000050.30.000054000.100.20.0001060.30.12963
000.10.0000060.20.0000010.30.000027000.10.0000170.20.0000050.30.000003000.10.0000080.20.0000840.30.10868
000.100.20.0000180.30.000033000.10.0000130.20.0000120.30.000022000.10.0000160.20.0000680.30.090459
000.100.20.0000310.30.000038000.100.20.000010.30.000037000.10.0000130.20.0000540.30.074189
000.100.20.0000260.30.00003000.10.0000270.20.0000080.30.00003000.10.0000110.20.0000830.30.007921
000.100.20.0000210.30.000024000.10.0000430.20.0000060.30.000034000.10.0000080.20.0000750.30.007113
000.100.20.0000160.30.00003000.10.0000350.20.000040.30.000048000.100.20.0000720.30.006325
000.100.200.30.000036000.10.0000280.20.0000540.30.000053000.100.20.000060.30.00529
000.100.20.0000180.30.000029000.10.0000230.20.0000480.30.000045000.10.0000120.20.0000150.30.004601
000.100.20.0000350.30.000023000.10.0000010.20.0000390.30.000045000.10.0000240.20.1337060.30.001226
000.10.0000030.20.0000280.30.000027000.10.0000110.20.0000310.30.000036000.10.000020.20.1128630.30.001069
000.10.0000060.20.0000220.30.000032000.10.0000210.20.0000460.30.000029000.10.000016
000.10.0000040.20.0000180.30.000025000.10.0000170.20.000037000.10.0000130.20.0000220.30.000003
000.10.0000040.20000.10.0000140.20.0000720.30.000117000.100.20.0000680.30.000005
000.10.0000030.20.0000160.30.000004000.10.0000110.30.000119000.10.0000050.20.0000810.30.132205
000.100.20.0000320.30.000025000.100.200.30.000113000.10.000010.20.0000770.30.111356
000.20.0000250.30.00004000.20.0000030.30.000093000.20.0000620.30.092408
000.10.0000110.20.000020.30.000033000.10.0000130.20.0000030.30.000163000.10.0000260.20.000050.30.075559
000.10.0000230.30.000027000.10.0000240.20.0000150.30.000155000.10.0000210.20.0000070.30.008
000.10.0000190.20.0000030.30.000043000.10.0000190.20.0000120.30.000137000.10.0000170.20.0000520.30.007432
000.10.0000150.20.0000080.30.000054000.10.0000160.20.000010.30.000112000.100.20.0000660.30.006297
000.10.0000120.20.0000060.30.00004400*0.10.0000120.20.0000080.30.00011400*0.10.0000120.20.0000620.30.005558
0.100.20.0000050.30.0000350.100.20.0000450.30.0001080.10.0000260.20.000050.30.004648
000.100.20.0000040.30.000049000.100.20.0000580.30.000089000.10.0000210.20.000040.30.001303
000.100.200.30.000059000.100.20.0000540.30.000072000.10.0000170.20.0000090.30.001065
000.100.20.0000030.30.000048000.10.0000080.20.0000430.30.000077000.10.0000140.20.0000110.30.000874
000.100.20.0000070.30.000038000.10.0000170.20.0000350.30.000062000.100.20.0000120.30.001307
000.100.20.0000060.30.000052000.10.0000140.20.0000040.30.000066000.10.0000130.20.0000130.30.001087
000.100.20.0000050.30.000062000.10.0000110.20.0000430.30.000054000.10.0000240.20.0000110.30.000904
000.10.0000080.20.0000040.30.00005000.10.0000090.20.0000570.30.000122000.10.000020.20.0000080.30.000782
000.10.0000180.20.0000050.30.00004000.10.0000170.20.0000470.30.000189000.10.0000160.20.0000090.30.000106
000.10.0000150.20.0000070.30.000049000.10.0000260.20.000040.30.000154000.10.0000130.20.0000190.30.000123
000.10.0000120.20.0000060.30.000056000.10.0000210.20.0000320.30.000124000.100.20.0000340.30.130531
000.10.0000090.20.0000050.30.000045000.10.0000170.20.0001110.30.000172000.10.1306430.20.0000290.30.109528
000.100.20.0000040.30.000036000.10.0000150.20.0000960.30.124791000.10.1097220.20.0000240.30.091283
000.100.200.30.000048000.10.0000010.20.0000970.30.105141000.10.0911160.20.0000190.30.074828
000.100.20.0000020.30.000058000.10.0000010.20.0000960.30.086522000.10.0750280.20.0000030.30.007773
000.100.20.0000130.30.000046000.10.0000060.20.0000770.30.07184000.10.0078770.20.0000040.30.007404
000.100.20.0000430.30.000037000.10.0000110.20.0001550.30.008013000.10.0071780.20.0000050.30.006544
000.100.20.0000350.30.000044000.10.0000090.20.0001480.30.007315000.10.0061740.20.0000070.30.005462
000.100.20.0000280.30.00005000.10.0000070.20.0001310.30.006246000.10.0054390.20.0000050.30.004578
000.100.20.0000220.30.00004000.10.0000060.20.0001080.30.005316000.10.0045780.20.0000260.30.00139
000.10.0000070.20.0000010.30.000033000.10.0000110.20.0000240.30.00461500.0000010.10.0012250.20.0000410.30.001214
000.10.0000160.20.0000020.30.000036000.10.0000170.20.0000190.30.00122700.0000010.10.0010660.20.0000460.30.000972
000.10.0000130.20.0000020.30.000042000.10.0000130.20.0001010.30.000984000.10.0009190.20.0000540.30.001029
000.10.000010.20.0000010.30.000034000.10.0000110.20.0001050.30.00089000.10.0007490.20.0000440.30.000834
000.10.0000080.20.0000010.30.000027000.10.0000090.20.0000880.30.000829000.10.0006440.20.0000350.30.00069
000.100.20.000020.30.000033000.100.20.0000810.30.000694000.10.0001410.20.000050.30.00058
000.100.20.0000320.30.000039000.100.20.0000650.30.00016000.10.0001220.20.0000580.30.000096
000.100.20.0000390.30.000031000.100.20.000010.30.000186000.10.0001010.20.0000490.30.000111
000.100.20.0000630.30.000025000.10.0000030.20.0000910.30.125782000.10.0000870.20.0000410.30.000094
000.100.20.0000510.30.000031000.10.1291110.20.0001690.30.105634000.10.0000710.20.0000330.30.000082
000.100.20.0000410.30.00003800*0.10.1084890.20.0001380.30.08789400*0.10.0000750.20.0000020.30.000065
0.100.20.0000510.30.0000520.10.090130.20.0001120.30.0729160.10.000060.20.0000220.30.000074
000.10.0000040.20.0000580.30.000068000.10.0740360.20.000090.30.00825100.0000010.10.0000490.20.0000390.30.00006
000.10.0000090.20.0000470.30.000065000.10.0078020.20.0000030.30.00735100.0000010.10.0000390.20.1305520.30.00008
000.10.0000070.20.0000380.30.000063000.10.0072190.20.0000180.30.00640900.0000010.10.0000010.20.1096020.30.000089
000.10.0000060.20.000030.30.00005000.10.0063190.20.0000150.30.00567700.0000010.10.0000040.20.091020.30.000091
000.10.0000040.200.30.000013000.10.0054180.20.0000340.30.00478400.0001790.10.000010.20.0746130.30.000073
000.100.20.0000160.30.000019000.10.0045610.20.0000280.30.00121300.0001440.10.0000080.20.0078970.30.000122
000.100.20.0000270.30.000026000.10.0012370.20.0000230.30.00105500.0004920.10.0000060.20.0071170.30.00012
000.100.20.0000310.30.000021000.10.0010550.20.0000180.30.00097300.0003950.10.0000050.20.0063070.30.000108
000.100.20.000040.30.000016000.10.0009350.20.0000830.30.00081900.0003180.100.20.0054160.30.000087
000.100.20.0000320.30.000022000.10.0007850.20.0000880.30.00066100.0002550.100.20.0045560.30.1374
000.100.20.0000260.30.000029000.10.0006520.20.0000860.30.00014200.0000020.10.0000040.20.0011270.30.116662
000.100.20.0000370.30.000043000.10.0001320.20.000070.30.00015400.0000020.10.0000080.20.000990.30.096618
000.100.20.0000470.30.000058000.10.0001080.20.0000560.30.00013200.0000020.10.0000070.20.0009290.30.078775
000.10.0000020.20.0000370.30.000054000.10.0001040.20.0000090.30.13185500.0000010.10.0000050.20.0007950.30.008449
000.10.0000060.20.000030.30.000049000.10.0000870.20.0000190.30.11151800.0000010.10.0000040.20.0006580.30.007892
000.10.0000260.20.0000240.30.000073000.10.0000720.20.000016000.100.20.000170.30.006841
000.10.0000210.200.30.000059000.10.0000160.20.0000270.30.000034000.10.0000020.20.000145
000.10.0000170.20.0000120.30.000055000.10.0000140.20.0000220.30.000104000.10.0000040.30.000054
000.10.0000130.20.0000230.30.00005000.10.0000120.20.0000180.30.00018000.10.0000030.20.0000350.30.000061
000.100.20.0000180.30.00001000.10.0000230.20.0000140.30.000147000.10.0000030.20.0000280.30.000053
000.100.20.0000150.30.000008000.10.0000440.200.30.000119000.10.0000020.20.0001010.30.000052
000.100.20.000012000.10.0000360.30.000167000.100.20.0001070.30.000062
000.100.200.30.000001000.20.0000050.30.000226000.20.0001020.30.00005
000.20.0000110.30.000018000.100.20.0000040.30.000185000.10.0000090.20.0000840.30.000057
000.100.20.0000230.30.000032000.100.20.1301620.30.000182000.10.0000190.20.1339170.30.000048
000.100.30.000026000.100.20.1091950.30.000146000.10.0000150.20.1129650.30.134805
000.100.200.30.000021000.10.0000070.20.0908460.30.000046000.10.0000120.20.0936930.30.113756
000.100.200.30.000034000.10.0000130.20.0748060.30.000051000.10.000010.20.0769550.30.094465
000.100.20.0000020.30.000046000.10.0000110.20.0078950.30.000041000.100.20.0081610.30.077329
000.100.20.0000050.30.00003700*0.10.0000080.20.0067730.30.0000500.000001*0.10.0000040.20.0073870.30.007952
0.100.20.0000040.30.000030.10.0000070.20.006250.30.000040.10.000010.20.00630.30.007511
000.100.20.0000030.30.000041000.10.0000080.20.0055440.30.000044000.10.0000080.20.0055570.30.006627
000.10.0000060.20.0000030.30.000053000.10.000010.20.0046790.30.00003600.0002040.10.0000060.20.0045620.30.005404
000.10.0000140.20.0000040.30.000043000.10.0000080.20.0012940.30.00010200.0002250.10.0000050.20.0012410.30.004936
000.10.0000110.20.0000060.30.000034000.10.0000070.20.0011230.30.00010500.0001990.100.20.0011040.30.001449
000.10.0000090.20.0000050.30.000042000.10.0000050.20.0009160.30.00009800.0001720.100.20.0009380.30.001271
000.10.0000070.20.0000040.30.00005000.100.20.0007630.30.00007900.0009050.10.1305920.20.0007550.30.0