Exploring Integrated design process for sustainable urbanismPhD student: Séverine Hermand severine.hermand@ulb.ac.beSupervisor : Philippe Bouillard & Ahmed Z. Khan

B U I L D I N G , � A R C H I T E C T U R E � A N D � TOWN � P L A N N I N G

DS BE - DOCTORAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT _ 21ST MAY

The�subjectDeveloping a context-specificand scale-sensitive IntegratedDesign Process (IDP) forsustainable urbanism (SU)through triangulated analysisof urban form (includinginfrastructure), bioclimatismand energy efficiency in thecontext of Brussels CapitalRegion (BCR)

URBAN FORMDESIGN

BIOCLIMATISM ENERGY

The broader framework of developing IDP for SU owes:

• Primarily existing urban design methods and tools are not investigated enough from an integrated perspective

• Secondly, most of the existing sustainability assessment systems are useful tools for an IDP at the building scale

How to identify and link the main structural components of the morphology of urban open spaces that have an impact on energy consumption of the building surrounding?

• What is the role of a morphological study of open spaces in relation to the energetic needs?

• How can the European capital, Brussels, address this?

• What are the main tools at our disposal to perform quantitative and qualitative analysis of energetic effects of open spaces on their built environment?

Main questions

A Inspection of basics

BAnalysis of Issue Context

CDesign Process Framework

DGuideline and recommendation

Neighborhood District City

Key Issues and recommendations

Interrelation: Integrated design strategies Generic Process

Scale analysis

Investigation of Methods / Tools

Case studies Framework

Method of work

The�state�of�the�art

Why Integrated Design?

2006 Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, University of Oregon, and Konstrukt

The fundamental process of integrated design is the search for synergies. Synergistic strategies create benefits greater than the sum of the individual design decisions.

IDP�Definitions

� IDP has been seen as the process by which multi-disciplinary building design teams form early and work together throughout the project schedule.

� Specific definition of the IDP is a discovery process optimizing the elements that comprise all building projects and their interrelationships across increasingly larger fields in the service of efficient and effective use of resources.

� The synthesis of climate, use, loads, and systems resulting in a comfortable and productive environment and a building that is more energy-efficient than current best practices

� A term that characterizes what architects and architecture students do when they incorporate the energy, site and climate, construction, programmatic, regulatory, economic and social aspects of a project as primary parameters in the design

IDP at the building scale level

Linearity, Iteration, Integration

� Increasing pressure on building developers and designers caused by a rapidly changing market

� Adaptability and flexibility during entire life-cycle

� High energy performance expectations

� Increasing requirements caused by high complexity

� A steadily growing consciousness about the environment

IDP at the urban scale level

Overlapping between spatial scales and analytical tools, source: S. Hermand 2013

Our intention behind the choiceand the overlapping of thestructural indicators is to keep thecomplexity of the city’s structurewhile structuring it in order tounderstand the mechanisms.

Modelling the interaction betweenall these indicators can be a wayto understand and assess theenergy performances of an urbanfabric.

Focus on the 3 integrated design strategies

Urban Form DesignUrban form is often considered as resulting from the build construction. View it instead as a resource“An efficient fabric alone can reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions by a factor of 2” (Salat 2011)

EnergyThe analysis of energy is used to model the interaction between the energy flow, incomes and outcomes

BioclimatismEmploying bioclimatism design strategy to enhance energy performance.

URBAN FORM DESIGN

BIOCLIMATISM ENERGY

NeedsConsideration of use, schedule, and comfort criteria as malleable

Needs

S. Salat, (2011)

”An efficient fabric alone can reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions by a factor of 2”

A. Cluzet, (2012)

“Oslo produces ten times less greenhouse gas emissions per capita than Melbourne, despite comparable level of life”

Why Urban Form ?Climate

Urban Form

Building physics (architecture, materials)

Systems (heating/cooling systems)

Occupans’ behaviour

� Degree of freedom seems to be available in the urban design

� This means that Urban Morphology has the potential to halve a city’s energy and carbon emissions

URBAN FORM

What it is What it’s useful for How it’s done

Urban Morphology Figure-ground mapping Typological analysis Materials and components analysis

Analysis techniques used to study the present and past historical patterns of urban structure, form, land use and patterns.

Defining urban patterns and characteristics that create a unique sense of place. It helps in the appraisal of successful and unsuccessful urban form, and can examine the processes that shaped past change, or features that persist in the present urban fabric.

Characteristics of an urban area, such as its buildings, lots, blocks, street patterns, open space, land-use activities and building details, are recorded, measured, mapped and analyzed using existing and/or historical information.

Tissue Analysis Urban tissue

A technique that overlays a known and understood scale plan or aerial photograph of existing buildings, lots, blocks and street patterns onto a vacant site as a rapid means of generating design options.

Rapid generation of initial design options for sites and neighborhoods that promote informed design discussion

Aerial photographs or plans of existing, known and understood buildings, lots, blocks and street patterns are manipulated and modified to achieve a best fit or a series of different options on a vacant site or neighborhood.

Space Syntax Analysis

Set of theories and techniques that analyze how street networks are connected through mapping the spatial configurations and accessibility of open spaces and street patterns.

Explaining why certain streets and spaces are more heavily used than others. Space syntax maps the relative accessibility of parts of a site, neighborhood or city and identifies the areas where improvements in access can be made.

The technique determines the degree of integration or segregation of streets and other spaces within a neighborhood, town or city, by studying the ‘axial lines’ and ‘convex spaces’

Adapted�from,�Urban�Design�Toolkit,�Third�Edition,�the�Ministry�for�the�Environment�,�Manatü Mö Te Taiao,�2006

BIOCLIMATISM

What it is What it’s useful for How it’s done

Bioclimatic Design

Reconfiguration of the relationship between, climatic conditions of a specific context, the site and the build environment

Defining a bioclimaticdesign strategy is useful to provide visual and thermal comfort, minimizing resource and energy use are central.

In a such design configuration, the knowledge and understanding of climate (sun, and solar geometry, air and temperature, wind and humidity..), site bio-configurations (topography, orientation, soil, water, vegetation, building and street morphology…)Material properties and passive systems and design strategies

What it is What it’s useful for How it’s done

LCA Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a highly detailed method to evaluate all environmental impacts of a product during its complete life cycle

A Life Cycle Assessment of a product avoids a “narrow outlook” and ensures the best overview of your product’s supply chain, to identify the existing environmental hotspots. The complete assessment is not only about CO2, but rather about all environmental impacts for which researchers have developed methods.

The procedure has been normalized in the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards and includes interdependent steps

MFA Material flow analysis (MFA) is a systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within a system defined in space and time.Brunner and Rechberger, 2004

• Delineate system ofmaterial flows and stocks • Reduce systemcomplexity while maintaining basis fordecision-making • Assess relevant flows and stocks quantitatively, checking mass balance,sensitivities, and uncertainties • Present system results in reproducible,understandable,transparent fashion • Use results as a basis for managing resources, the environment, and wastes

Eg: The software STAN (Software for Substance Flow Analysis)

ENERGY

Why Brussels?

+ 170 000 by 2020

Area : 160 Km2

50% Open space MicroclimatesFlexibility in urban fabric

Need of densificationFind new urban form

New constructions, Renovation

A Inspection of basics

BAnalysis of Issue Context

CDesign Process Framework

DGuideline and recommendation

Neighborhood District City

Key Issues and recommendations

Interrelation: Integrated design strategies Generic Process

Scale analysis

Investigation of Methods / Tools

Case studies Framework

Method of work

Case study Tour & Taxis

Localisation of Tour&Taxis (adapted from URBIS)

3D view of the Tour&Taxis project source: Master Plan Tour&Taxis, 2009

• Area: 45ha

• Promotion of the social mix, the urban mix, theconnectivity of the site to public transport

• The construction of a public area: the biggestpublic park since the 19th century in Brussels-Capital Region. In total 45% of the total spaceof the area will be dedicated to the park (20ha)

� Ambition: Improving knowledge about the relationship betweenUrban form, energy and bioclimatism in order to develop an IDP framework for the practitioners

� First relation between urban form energy and bioclimatism:Degree of freedom seems to be available in the urban designUrban Morphology has the potential to halve a city’s energy and carbon emissions

� Study of the urban form:The city has been seems as complex adaptive systems of void and solid areas

Summary

Targets

1. Obtain qualitative and quantitative results that characterize thenature of the relationship between urban open space and energyissues

2. Show how the morphology of the urban open space (square, street,park, inside blocks ...) impact the energy consumption of the buildingssurrounding and how full and empty interact

3. Create an IDP framework for decision support in the design ormanagement of energy efficient urban projects in their entirety

Thank you!

A Inspection of basics

BAnalysis of Issue Context

CDesign Process Framework

DGuideline and recommendation

Neighborhood District City

Key Issues and recommendations

Interrelation: Integrated design strategies Generic Process

Scale analysis

Investigation of Methods / Tools

Case studies Framework

Method of work