experiment no1 (2)
TRANSCRIPT
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
AIM: To calculate and verify ‘Z’ parameter of two port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power supply, bread board five resistances connecting leads, voltmeter ammeter.
THEORY: In Z parameters of two ports, the input &output voltages V1 and V2 can be expressed in terms of input and output currents i1 and i2. Out of four variables (v1, v2, i1, i2) v1 and v2 are depending variables where as i1 and i2 are independent variables. Thus,
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12I2 ....................... (1)
V2 =Z21I1+Z22I2 ……………………….. (2)
Here Z11 and Z22 are the I/p and o/p driving points impedances while Z11& Z21 are the reverse and forward transfer impedances.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Z a
1 k
Z c
6 8 0 o h m
Z b
1 0 k
PROCEDURE:
a. Connect the ckt. As shown in fig. & switch on the experimental board.
b. First open the o/p terminal and supply 5 v to i/p terminal. Measure i/p voltage and o/p current
using multimeter.
c. Secondly open the i/p terminal &supply 5v to o/p terminal. Measure i/p voltage and o/p current
using multimeter.
V1 V2
d. Calculate the value of Z parameter using eq. (1) & (2).
e. Switch of the power supply after taking the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.NO.
When i/p is open
circuited
When o/p is open
circuited
V2 V1 I2 V2 V1 I1
5 0.13
v
0.51*1
0-3 a
1.0
9
5 4.02*1
0-3
I2=0
CALCULATIONS:
(1)When o/p is open circuited i.e. I2=0
Z11=V1/I1 & Z21=V2/I1
(2)When i/p is open circuited i.e. I=0
Z12=V1/I2 & Z22=V2/I2
RESULT:
The Z parameters of the two port network has been calculated and verified.
DISCUSSION:
The Z parameters are open circuited.
PRECAUTIONS:
a. Make the connections according to circuit diagram. Power supply should be switch off.
b. connection should be tight.
c. Note the reading carefully.
Viva Questions:
1. Define Z parameters?
2. Define input driving point impedance?
3. Define output driving point impedance?
4. Define reverse transfer impedance?
5. List the two independent variables used in Z- parameter representation?
EXPERIMENT NO: 2
AIM: To calculate and verify ‘Y’ parameter of two port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power supply, bread board, five resistances, connecting leads, voltmeter ammeter.
THEORY: In Y parameters of two ports, the input &output current I1 and I2 can be expressed in terms of input and output voltages V1 andV2. Out of four variables (I1, I2, V1V2) I1 and I2 are depending variables where as V1 and V2 are independent variables. Thus,
I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12V2 ....................... (1)
I2 =Y21V1+Y22V2 ……………………….. (2)
Here Y11 and Y22 are the I/p and o/p driving point’s admittances while y12& y21 are the reverse and forward transfer admittances.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Y c
1 k
Y b
1 0 k
Y a
5 . 1 k V2V1
PROCEDURE:
a. Connect the ckt. As shown in fig. & switch ON the experimental board.
b. First short the o/p terminal and supply 5 v t i/p terminal. Measure i/p current and o/p current using
multimeter.
c. Secondly short the i/p terminal &supply 5v to o/p terminal. Measure i/p voltage and o/p current
using multimeter.
d. Calculate the value of Z parameter using eq. (1) & (2).
e. Switch off the power supply after taking the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.NO.
When i/p is
short circuited
When o/p is
short circuited
V2 I1 I2 V1 I1 I2
CALCULATIONS:
(1 )When o/p is short circuited i.e. V2=0
Y11=I1/V1 & Y21=I2/V1
(2) When i/p is short circuited i.e. V1=0s
Y12=I1/V2 & Y22=I2/V2
RESULT: The ’Y’- parameters of the two port network has been calculated and verified.
DISCUSSION: The Y- parameters are short circuited.
PRECAUTIONS:
a. Make the connections according to circuit diagram. Power supply should be switch off.
b. connection should be tight.
c. Note the reading carefully.
Viva Questions:
1. Define Y- parameters?
2. Define input driving point admittance?
3. Define output driving point admittance?
4. Define reverse transfer admittance?
5. List the two independent variables used in Y- parameter representation?
6. Define forward transfer admittance?
EXPERIMENT NO: 3
AIM: To calculate and verify ‘ABCD’ parameter of two port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power supply, bread board five resistances connecting leads, voltmeter ammeter.
THEORY: ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where
They are termed as “Generalized circuit parameters”. ABCD parameters are also known as
“Transmission parameters”. In these parameters, the voltages & currents at the sending end
terminals can be expressed in terms of voltage & current at the receiving end. Thus,
V1 = AV2 + B (-I2) ……….. (1)
I1 = CV2 + D (-I2) ………… (2)
Here “A” is called reverse voltage ratio. “B” is called transfer impedance; “C” is called transfer
Admittance & “D” is called reverse current ratio.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Z a
1 k
Z c
6 8 0 o h m
Z b
1 0 k
PROCEDURE:
V1 V2
a. Connect the ckt. As shown in fig. & switch on the experimental board.
b. First open the o/p terminal and supply 5v to i/p terminal. Measure o/p voltage and i/p current
using multimeter.
c. Secondly short the o/p terminal &supply 5v to i/p terminal. Measure o/p current and i/p current
using multimeter.
d. Calculate the value of A, B, C, D parameter using eq. (1) & (2).
e. Switch off the power supply after taking the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.NO.
When i/p is open
circuited
When o/p is
short circuited
V1 V2 I1 V1 I2 I1
CALCULATIONS:
(1)When o/p is open circuited i.e. I2=0
A = V1/V2 & C=I1/V2
(2)When O/p is short circuited i.e. V2=0
B = -V1/I2 & D = -I1/I2
RESULT: The ABCD parameters of the two port network has been calculated and verified.
DISCUSSION: The ABCD parameters are transmission parameters.
PRECAUTIONS: a. Make the connections according to circuit diagram. Power supply should be
switch off.
b. connection should be tight.
c. Note the reading carefully.
Viva Questions:
1. Define transmission parameters?
2. Define reverse voltage ratio (A)?
3. Define transfer impedance (B)?
4. Define transfer admittance(C)?
5. Define reverse current ratio (D)?
6. Write the units of B & C parameter?
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
AIM: To calculate and verify ‘h’ parameter of two port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power supply, bread board five resistances connecting leads, voltmeter ammeter.
THEORY: In a two port n/w, the I/p voltage and O/p current; V1 and V2 can be expressed in terms of
O/p voltage,V2 and I/p current,I1 respectively as;
V1 = h11 h12 I1
I2 = h21 h22 V2
EQUATIONS:
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2
H-parameters are known as hybrid parameter.
The constants h11 , h12 , h21 , h22 are called the h-parameters.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Z a
1 k
Z c
6 8 0 o h m
Z b
1 0 k
PROCEDURE:
a. Make the circuit connections as per the diagram.
V2V1
b. To calculate h11, measure v1 and I1 , keeping output port short circuited i.e. v2=0
c. For h21, measure I2 and I1 , keeping output port short circuited i.e. v2=0
d. To calculate h12, measure v1 and v2 , keeping input port open circuited i.e. I1=0
e. For h22, measure v2 and I2 , keeping input port open circuited i.e. I1=0
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.NO.
When i/p is open
circuited i.e. I1=0
When o/p is
short circuited
i.e.V2=0
V2 V1 I2 V1 I1 I2
CALCULATIONS:
(1)When o/p is short circuited i.e. V2=0
h11=V1/I1 & h21=I2/I1
(2)When i/p is open circuited i.e. I1=0, V2=5v
h12=V1/V2 & h22=I2/V2
RESULT: The “h” parameters of the two port network has been calculated and verified.
PRECAUTIONS:
a. Make the connections according to circuit diagram. Power supply should be switch off.
b. connection should be tight.
c. Note the reading carefully.
Viva Questions:
1. Define “h” parameters?
2. Define input driving point impedance?
3. Define output driving point impedance?
4. List the two independent variables used in h- parameter representation?
EXPERIMENT NO: 5
AIM: To determine equivalent Y-parameter of parallel connection of a two port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power supply, bread board six resistances (5.1k, 1k, 10k) connecting leads, voltmeter ammeter.
THEORY: when two ports are connected in parallel, it is easier to find Y-parameters. From the Y-parameters, other two port parameters can be derived.
In parallel connection, the voltage remains same and current is distributed between connections.
Y11 = Y11A + Y11B
Y12 = Y12A + Y12B
Y21 = Y21A + Y21B
Y22 = Y22A + Y22B
Thus we see that each Y-parameter of the parallel network is given as the sum of corresponding parameter of the individual networks.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R 3
1 0 k
R 1
1 k
R 2
5 . 1 k
R 3
1 k
R 6
1 0 k
R 5
5 . 1 k
FOR PARALLEL CONNECTION OF TWO PORT NETWORK;
V2V1
V1 = V1a = V1b & I1 = I1a + I1b
V2 = V2a = V2b & I2 = I2a + I2b
MATRIX FORM:
I1 = Y11a + Y11b Y12a + Y12b V1
I2 = Y21a + Y21b Y22a + Y22b V2
PROCEDURE:
a. Connect the N/Ws A & B separately on the bread board according to the figure.
b. First short the o/p terminal and supply 5 v t i/p terminal. Measure i/p current and o/p
current using multimeter.
c. Secondly short the i/p terminal &supply 5v to o/p terminal. Measure i/p voltage and o/p
current using multimeter.
d. Calculate the value of Z parameter using eq. (1) & (2).
e. Switch off the power supply after taking the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE: For individual circuits:
S.NO.
When i/p is
short circuited
When o/p is
short circuited
V2 I1 I2 V1 I1 I2
CALCULATIONS:
(1) When o/p is short circuited i.e. V2=0
Y11=I1/V1 & Y21=I2/V1
(2) When i/p is short circuited i.e. V1=0s
Y12=I1/V2 & Y22=I2/V2
RESULT: The ’Y’- parameters of parallel connection of two port network has been calculated and
verified.
DISCUSSION: The Y- parameters of a parallel connection is equal to sum of individual network
parameters.
PRECAUTIONS:
a. Make the connections according to circuit diagram. Power supply should be switch off.
b. connection should be tight.
c. Note the reading carefully.
Viva Questions:
1. Define Y- parameters?
2. What will be the total admittance if the two networks are connected in parallel?
3. Which parameter is used for the representation of two port network?
4. Difference between “y” and “z” parameter?
5. What do you mean by cascade connection?
6. Is Z inversely proportional to Y in one port network?
EXPERIMENT NO: 6
AIM: To calculate and verify ‘Z’ parameter of series connection of a two port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power supply, bread board carbon resistances (15k, 15k, 33k) connecting leads, voltmeter ammeter.
THEORY: When two ports are connected in series, it is easier ton find the “Z” parameter of a two port network. In series connection, current remains same and voltage is distributed between connections.
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12I2 ....................... (1)
V2 =Z21I1+Z22I2 ……………………….. (2)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R 5
1 5 k
R 2
1 5 k
R 6
3 3 k
R 3
3 3 k
R 1
1 5 k
R 4
1 5 k
V2V1
N/W
A (Za)
EQUATIONS:
For n/w A : V1a = Z11a Z12a I1a
V2a = Z21a Z22a I2a
For n/w B : V1b= Z11b Z12b I1b
V2b = Z21b Z22b I2b
Then, their series connection require that Z-parameters of series connected network can be written as
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12I2
V2 =Z21I1 + Z22I2
Where, Z11 = Z11A + Z11B
Z12 = Z12A + Z12B
Z21 = Z21A + Z21B
Z22 = Z22A + Z22B
MATRIX FORM: [Z] = [Za] + [Zb]
PROCEDURE:
a. Connect the ckt. As shown in fig. & switch on the experimental board.
b. First open the o/p terminal and supply 5 v to I/p terminal. Measure I/p voltage and o/p current
using multimeter.
c. Secondly open the I/p terminal &supply 5v to o/p terminal. Measure I/p voltage and o/p current
using multimeter.
d. Calculate the value of Z parameter using eq. (1) & (2).
e. To find Z-parameters for overall two port n/w, take readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE: For individual circuits:
S.NO.
When I/p is open
circuited
When o/p is
open circuited
V2 V1 I2 V2 V1 I1
CALCULATIONS:
(1)When o/p is open circuited i.e. I2=0
Z11=V1/I1 & Z21=V2/I1
(2)When i/p is open circuited i.e. I=0
Z12=V1/I2 & Z22=V2/I2
RESULT:
The equivalent Z-parameter of series two port n/w connections are verified and determined by
algebraic sum of Z-parameters of individual circuits.
DISCUSSION:
The Z parameters are open circuited.
PRECAUTIONS:
a. Make the connections according to circuit diagram. Power supply should be switch off.
b. connection should be tight.
c. Note the reading carefully.
Viva Questions:
a. What will be the total impedance of if two n/w are connected in series?
b. Define i/p driving point impedance?
c. Define O/p driving point impedance?