executive summary · web view(2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was...

South Oxfordshire District Council

2019 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of theEnvironment Act 1995Local Air Quality Management

June 2019

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019


Local Authority Officer Carmen Cubillas Martinez

Department Environmental Services

Address 135 Eastern Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Ox14 4SB

Telephone 012354 22129

E-mail [email protected]

Report Reference number SODCASR2019

Date June 2019

AMENDMENT

In 2020 South Oxfordshire District Council identified an error in NO2 levels recorded at some of our passive monitoring stations in March and April 2017.

Following Defra’s guidance, this ASR has been now been amended with the updated/correct figures.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019


Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our AreaAir Quality in South Oxfordshire Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised

as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air

pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people,

and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with

equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent

areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK

is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

South Oxfordshire District Council (SODC) declared AQMA’s in three towns within

the District: Henley, Wallingford and Watlington, all because of high levels of NO2

from traffic fumes. These can be viewed at the following link: https://oxfordshire.air-

quality.info/ .

The monitoring results recorded in 2018 show a decrease in pollution levels from

2017 in most areas of the District, following the downward trend identified last year.

In order to improve air pollution across the district, SODC works in collaboration with

partners like Oxfordshire County Council (OCC), Oxford Bus Company (OBC) and

other local authorities within Oxfordshire, putting in place some measures to reduce

NO2 and PM levels further, both in the AQMAs and also across the entire district.

Meetings of the Oxfordshire Air Quality Group are held quarterly, and now include

representatives from Public Health and Public Health England (PHE), enabling joint

working and a more comprehensive approach to our future projects.

Actions to Improve Air QualityIn order to improve air quality within the district the council have undertaken a

number of initiatives over the past year which include:

- Using planning and procurement to drive the long-term vision of reducing

emissions from transport

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 20102 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 20063 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 i

https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/



- Commencing our anti-idling Campaign: "Turn it Off", whose promotional car

sticker is shown in Figure 1.1 below.

- Producing an updated AQ Planning Guidance for Developers

- Commissioned an air quality impact assessment to support the need for a

bypass road around Watlington

Figure 1.1 Turn it Off campaign promotional stickers

Low Emission Strategy (LES)

As a result of a further successful DEFRA bid in 2014, a LES was adopted in

November 2017. The associated research showed that if all the measures are

implemented then the improvements to air quality would mean the AQMA’s in

Wallingford and Watlington could be revoked and the Nitrogen Dioxide levels in these

towns would be within the national objective levels.

Some of the main actions included in this strategy are:

- Promoting low emission behaviours

- Supporting the uptake of electric and low emission vehicles

- Implementing a low emission freight and bus strategy.

Conclusions and PrioritiesIn 2018, monitoring data suggests that air pollution in South Oxfordshire has overall

continued to follow the downward trend identified in 2018. In 2018, 86% of the

monitoring sites recorded lower NO2 annual mean concentrations than those of 2017.

No exceedances of the annual average objective have been identified the district in

2018. The number of exceedances has therefore decreased significantly since in

2017 when the number of recorded exceedances was 10, supporting the concept

that air quality is improving in the district.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 ii


An exceedance of the hourly objective (not to be exceeded more than 18 times per

year) was recorded by the continuous analyser located in Wallingford. Since values

above 200 µg NO2/m3 were only recorded once in 2018, we can accept that this

objective has also been met in South Oxfordshire.

Despite the overall improvement in air quality, the revocation of the existing AQMAs

is not yet being considered due to the recent exceedances registered in Henley and

Wallingford (please see Pages 17-19) and the fact that more data is needed to

support the decreasing trend before trusting that NO2 levels will remain below the

national objectives.

South Oxfordshire District Council’s priorities for the following reporting year include

scoping the potential actions that would be included in the next version of our AQ

Action Plan in order to improve air quality in the district more effectively.

Local Engagement and How to get InvolvedThere are many ways in which the public can get involved in helping to improve air

quality in their area, from using your car less, driving more efficiently when you do

have to drive or considering a cleaner vehicle when you choose to upgrade your car.

Many smart travel choices and other tips to reduce air pollution can be found in the

links below:

https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/cms/public-site/travel-choices

http://www.traveline.info/

https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/what-can-you-do-to-improve-air-quality

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iii





Table of ContentsExecutive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area...........................................................

Air Quality in South Oxfordshire............................................................................................

Actions to Improve Air Quality...............................................................................................

Conclusions and Priorities....................................................................................................

Local Engagement and How to get Involved.......................................................................

1 Local Air Quality Management.........................................................................2 Actions to Improve Air Quality.........................................................................

2.1 Air Quality Management Areas.................................................................................

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in South

Oxfordshire District Council..................................................................................................

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or

Concentrations...................................................................................................................

3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance.....................................................................

3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken.......................................................................

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites..........................................................................................

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites..................................................................................

3.2 Individual Pollutants................................................................................................

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)................................................................................................

Appendix A: Monitoring Results............................................................................Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018.................................Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC..............................................................................................................Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs..................................Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England...............................Appendix F: Screening Assessment of Road Traffic PM Sources in South Oxfordshire’s AQMAs..............................................................................................Glossary of Terms...................................................................................................References...............................................................................................................

Other references................................................................................................................

List of Tables

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iv


Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas..................................................3Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality...........................................9Table 2.3 List of measures in SODC's 2014 Action Plan that target PM 2.5 reduction

according to LAQM.TG16’ PM2.5...........................................................176

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites.....................................................21Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites.............................................22Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results....................................................28Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results.....................................................37

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018...........................................38

Table C.1 – Annualisation of results ……………………………...............................41

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England...........................................................52

List of FiguresFigure 1.1 Turn it Off campaign promotional stickers...................................................iiFigure 2.1 Modelled background PM 2.5 levels in South Oxfordshire in 2017...........15Figure 2.2 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of male mortality

attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire.............................................155Figure 2.3 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of female mortality

attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire.............................................155Figure 3.1 Percentage of the monitoring sites that recorded NO2 levels lower than

those of the year before............................................................................19Figure A.1 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Wallingford.......................32Figure A.2 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Watlington........................33Figure A.3 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Henley on Thames...........34Figure A.4 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Didcot...............................35Figure A.5 Other trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in South Oxfordshire 36Figure C.1 Calculation of Local Bias Adjustment factor using Defra’s calculator...........Figure C.2 Calculation of Local Bias Adjustment factor using Defra’s calculator...........Figure C.3 Henley Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph...................................45Figure C.4 Wallingford Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph............................45Figure C.5 Watlington Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph.............................46Figure C.7 Socotec Diffusion tubes: QC/QA information...........................................47Figure C.6 Distance correction results.....................................................................476Figure D.1Watlington AQMA, locations of non-automatic (diffusion tube) monitoring

sites and NO2 levels (in µg/m3) recorded in each site in 2018.................49Figure D.1 Henley AQMA, locations of non-automatic (diffusion tube) monitoring sites

and NO2 levels (in µg/m3) recorded in each site in 2018.........................50Figure D.2 Wallingford AQMA, locations of non-automatic (diffusion tube) monitoring

sites and NO2 levels (in µg/m3) recorded in each site in 2018.................51

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 v


1 Local Air Quality Management

This report provides an overview of air quality in South Oxfordshire during 2018. It

fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV

of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance

documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review

and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether the air quality

objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the

local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare

an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place

in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual

requirement showing the strategies employed by South Oxfordshire District Council

to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in in

Appendix E.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 1


2 Actions to Improve Air Quality2.1 Air Quality Management AreasAir Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance

or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must

prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures

it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by South Oxfordshire District Council can be found in

Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps

of AQMA boundaries are available online at:

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Henley.jpg,

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Wallingford.jpg

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Watlington.jpg.

Alternatively, see Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which

provides for a map of air quality monitoring locations in relation to the AQMA(s).


https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Watlington.jpg

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Wallingford.jpg

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Henley.jpg


Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

AQMA Name

Date of Declaration

Pollutants and Air Quality

Objectives

City / Town

One Line Description

Is air quality in the AQMA influence

d by roads

controlled by

Highways England?

Level of Exceedance (maximum

monitored/modelled concentration at a

location of relevant exposure)

Action Plan

At Declaratio

nNow Name

Date of Publication

Link

Henley 01/01/2003NO2

Annual Mean

Henley

An area encompassing

Duke Street and Bell

Street in 2002 and was further

extended in 2004 to

include the Market Place,

Hart street and Reading

Road.

NO 45.1 µg/m3 39.6 µg/

m3

Air Quality Action Plan 2014

2014 https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/documents/air_quality_action_plan.pdf

Wallingford 28/03/2008

NO2 Annual Mean

Wallingford


the High Street and

part of Castle Street, St

Marys Street and St Martins

Street

NO 48.3 µg/m3 37.5 µg/

m3




https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/documents/air_quality_action_plan.pdf





Watlington 31/03/2009NO2

Annual Mean

Watlington


Shirburn Street,

Couching Street and

Brook street

NO 51.3 µg/m3 38.6 µg/

m3



☒ South Oxfordshire District Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date





2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in South Oxfordshire District Council

Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR concluded that:

1. The monitoring results presented within the report demonstrate exceedances at

six diffusion tubes inside AQMAs, and two exceedances at sites S26 and S57

outside of AQMAs.

2. Both the exceedances at S26 and S57 are new in 2017, with very sudden

increases in NO2 concentrations at both sites. It is therefore recommended to keep

these under review to determine whether they are likely to be long term, before

taking any action in response to them.

NO2 levels recorded at 9 Adwell Cottages (S57) in 2018 (31.3 µg NO2/m3) are similar

to the ones recorded in 2014, 2015 and 2016, suggesting the high concentrations

registered in 2017 could have been an exception to the five-year downward trend

otherwise observed in both 9 and 10 Adwell Cottages.

In order to assess NO2 levels in Chinnor (S26), South Oxfordshire District Council

added more monitoring sites in different locations across the village to their network

in January 2019.

3. From 2016 to 2017, concentrations have demonstrated small decreases in both

Henley and Wallingford AQMAs but have increased in Watlington AQMA.

4. It is recommended that the Local Authority consider developing further AQAP

measures which specifically target improvement in the AQMA (particularly

Watlington), and other pollution hotspots, in order to achieve compliance within the

district.

To address this suggestion, SODC and OCC are pursuing the creation of a bypass

road (Edge Road) that would remove some traffic from Watlington town centre and

therefore result in a potential decrease of NO2 concentrations. This project has been

supported via the planning system, with part of the funding being provided through

S106 monies through proposed and future housing developments in the area.

5.There does not appear to have been any new monitoring locations added to the

monitoring programme in the last five years. It is recommended that the Local



Authority routinely review their monitoring programme and consider any new areas of

potential exceedance located with relevant exposure to receptors.

In January 2019, 23 new monitoring sites were therefore added to the network; four

in Didcot, two in Clifton Hampden, one at Adwell Cottages, six in Thame, two in

Wheatley, one in Sonning Eye, two in Wallingford and five in Chinnor, as mentioned

above.

6.It is good to see progress being made towards the AQAP measures in the last

year. It would be helpful if the Local Authority provided estimated completion dates

and pollution reduction targets for measures which don’t yet have any.

Estimated completion dates have been added to Table 2.2 below. The plan to begin

reviewing and scoping potential new measures for our AQAP in 2019 is to address

some of these issues to include pollution reduction targets (if possible).

7.The Local Authority should also consider developing measures to address PM2.5

in partnership with Public Health, with reference to the Public Health Outcomes

Framework.

Many of the actions in the current AQ Action Plan target PM as well as NO2, as

shown on Table 2.3. South Oxfordshire District Council is currently scoping potential

new measures to target both PM and NO2 reduction that will be included in the next

version of the Action Plan.

8.A Local Bias Adjustment Factor has been applied to the data. A discussion should

be provided in future reporting comparing the National and Local bias adjustment

factors and explaining which was chosen and why.

Information on the choice of bias adjustment factor can be found in Appendix C.

9.Distance correction has been applied to three diffusion tube sites (S71, S72 and

S73). However, no details have been provided of these corrections. Full details,

including which background sites were used and example calculations should be

provided in Appendix C in future reporting.

Detailed information on distance correction have been included in Appendix C,

including calculation carried out with Defra’s NO2 fall off with distance Calculator and

background measure used.



10.The maps provided in Appendix D are helpful, however labels have not been

provided for monitoring site locations. It would be useful if maps in future reports

included these.

The maps provided in Appendix D include information on Site ID and annual

averages recorded at each site.

South Oxfordshire District Council has taken forward a number of direct measures

during the current reporting year of 2018 in pursuit of improving local air quality.

Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2.

More detail on these measures can be found in their respective Action Plan: SODC

Air Quality Action Plan 2014.

(https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/documents/air_quality_action_plan.pdf)

With details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table

2.2, with key completed measures are:

- Installation of 4 EV charging points in Council owned car parks

- Adoption of a taxi licensing scheme that offers a reduced fee for low emission

vehicles

- Producing an Air Quality Planning Guidance and updating it to ensure it

promotes most recent best practice

- Supporting a project that could reduce traffic and emissions in Watlington

through the Planning System

- Oxford Bus Company continue to improve the emissions standard of their fleet

by retrofitting vehicles progressively. In 2018 30% of their fleet operating in

South Oxfordshire meet Euro 6 Standards.

- Commenced an anti-idling campaign, Turn it Off, that will target idling at

locations with sensitive receptors, such as schools and medical practices.

- Continuing to use our Planning and Procurement Systems to reduce emissions

from transport in the long term

South Oxfordshire District Council expects the following measures to be completed

over the course of the next reporting year:



- Scope the feasibility of a Dockless Bikes Scheme for the AQMA towns.

- In June 2019 on Clean Air day launch our anti-idling Campaign: "Turn it Off" by

engaging with local schools, medical practices and businesses.

- Providing eco-driver training for council employees.

- Provide funding towards the 2019 Wallingford Festival of Cycling, an event that

promotes adopting sustainable means of transport in the district.

- Publish the updated AQ Planning Guidance and looking into the possibility of

formally adopting this as Supplementary Planning Guidance.

- Complete modelling work to assess the impacts on the proposed ‘edge road’

on local air quality in Watlington.

- Complete a feasibility study looking at the possibility of new charging points in

car parks/council properties.

- Oxford Bus Company will retrofit another 14 vehicles to E6 standards. This

would mean 45% of the bus fleet operating in South Oxfordshire will meet Euro

6 standards.

- Commence the process of producing a new AQAP.

South Oxfordshire District Council’s priorities for the coming year is to strengthen the

partnership we have with other authorities and bodies, as we have in 2018, by

obtaining PHE’s endorsement for our “Turn it Off” campaign and by seeking to launch

common projects with the other District Councils in the county.

We will continue to deliver some of the actions set out in our Air Quality Action Plan

and further implement the LES to enable us to deliver upon this.

Progress on the following measures has continued to be slower than expected due to

their progress depending on third parties, dependence on changing policies or lack of

resources.



Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Measure No.

Measure EU Category EU Classification

Organisations

involved and

Funding Source

Planning Phase

Implementation Phase

Key Performance

Indicator

Reduction in Pollutant /

Emission from Measure

Progress to DateEstimated

/ Actual Completio

n Date

Comments / Barriers to implementation

1 LES

Policy Guidance and Development Control

Regional Groups Co-ordinating programmes to develop Area wide Strategies to reduce emissions and improve air quality

SODC 2016 2017New policies in place. NO2 levels reduced

If fully implemented a reduction of 16% NO2 would be seen in Wallingford, 35% in Watlington (enabling us to revoke these 2 AQMAs) and an overall 5% reduction districtwide.

LES Adopted Completed 2017

LES adopted in Oct 2017. Further implementation will progressively take place in future years

2Installation of EV charging points

Transport Planning and Infrastructure

Other SODC 2016 2017

New policies in place. EV infrastructure in place

Not Quantified

CompletedFour charging points installed in Henley and Wallingford Council owner car parks. Encouragement through the planning process and council car parking initiatives.

Completed 2017

Feasibility study being finalised by our Technical Services Team to scope possibility of more points in car parks/council properties.

3Parking permit incentives for green vehicles

Promoting Low Emission Transport

Priority parking for LEV's

SODC - -

Discounted permits for greener vehicles

Not Quantified

Parking permits are half the list price for owners of a vehicle with a CO2 emission of 120g/km or less

Completed



4

Feasibility study for freight consolidation centre / freight quality partnerships

Freight and Delivery Management

Freight Consolidation Centre

OCC - - Study completion

Not Quantified: likely to be high if implemented

Funding not yet secured Unknown

Not considered a high priority at this present time.Best developed as a county wide initiative by Oxfordshire County Council.

5Taxi incentives for LEVs


Taxi Licensing conditions SODC 2015 2015 Full sliding

scale for fees Not Quantified

Completed-LEV taxi licensing scheme in place. Licensing policy offers a reduced fee for low emission vehicles.

Completed2015

The policy is being reviewed during 2019/2020 where further incentives will be considered.

6

Improved use and enforcement of traffic regulation orders

Traffic Management Other OCC - -

Further checks & monitoring underway

Not Quantified

Civil parking enforcement has been scoped by council’s Technical Services Manager.In partnership with OCC. A joint specification has been prepared to commission a feasibility study, which is expected to be delivered in Autumn 2019.

Unknown

7 AQ Planning Guidance

Policy Guidance and Development Control

Air Quality Planning and Policy Guidance

SODC 2012 2014

All developments adhering to guidance

Not Quantified Complete 2017

Guidance for Developers to be published on website once the council’s new website has been finalised



8Smoothing traffic flow in Watlington

Traffic Management

Strategic highway improvements, Re-prioritising road space away from cars, including Access management, Selective vehicle priority, bus priority, high vehicle occupancy lane

OCC 2018 -Project (bypass road) completed

Not Quantified

Air quality impact of a bypass around Watlington based on modelling was commissioned in 2018 and is being finalised but indicates it will improve air quality within the Watlington AQMA

Unknown

This is dependent on housing planning applications being approved to fund the Edge Road

9

Increased use of the Ring Road: Wallingford

Traffic Management Other SODC - - Projects

completed Not Quantified Under consideration by OCC Unknown

Dependent on OCC.Further monitoring to be done by OCC to assess the benefits and impacts to AQ of closing the Wallingford Bridge during rush hour

10

Increased enforcement and review of the weight restriction zone: Watlington

Traffic Management Other OCC - -

New enforcement policy adopted

Not Quantified Not Yet Started Unknown Progress dependant on OCC

11 Low Emission Bus Strategy


Vehicle Retrofitting programmes

SODC Oxford Bus Company

2017 2018 % of Euro VI buses in place Not Quantified

Oxford Bus are updating the emissions standard of their fleet progressively. Most of the fleet operating in the district is already Euro VI.

Unknown

Oxford Bus are progressively updating the emissions standard of their fleet. Most of the fleet operating in the district is already Euro VI.



2

Promoting low emission transport: Dockless Bikes Scheme


Public cycle hire scheme SODC 2018 - Scheme in

place Not Quantified Not yet started 2019

During 2019 the focus will be on the feasibility of introducing such a scheme in the AQMA’s

13Anti-idling Campaign: "Turn it Off"

Public Information

Via other mechanisms SODC 2017 2019 Campaign

launched

2-3% fuel savings, emission savings less clear

Anti-idling campaign scoped during 2018 formal launch on clean air day (20 June 2019).

2019

Further works proposed around our anti-idling campaign for summer 2019. Campaign will aim to raise public awareness, especially at locations with sensitive receptors (schools).

14

Review of Council and contractors’ fleet


Company Vehicle Procurement -Prioritising uptake of low emission vehicles

SODC 2017 2019

New Policies in Place; Greener Vehicles Procured

Not Quantified

Our waste contractor (Biffa) updated its fleet to Euro 6 vehicles in October 2017. Council vehicles being purchased include an emission levels appraisal as part of the selection process.

Completed

Further improvements in emissions should be realised as and when vehicles are replaced with newer, higher Euro Standard vehicles.

15 Eco-driver training

Vehicle Fleet Efficiency

Driver training and ECO driving aids

SODC 2018 2020 Training Complete Not Quantified

Project scoped, in discussion with our HR team for staff to attend Eco driver training

2019 First tranche of staff to be trained by Dec 2019

16Behavioural change projects

Promoting Travel Alternatives

Other SODC 2019 2020 Projects completed Not Quantified

Programme of events to raise awareness produced

2020

Roadshow events are planned in the district market towns to raise awareness and promote behavioural change

17

Community projects: Wallingford Festival of Cycling

Promoting Travel Alternatives

Other SODC 2014 2017 Projects completed Not Quantified

Ongoing. Some projects already completed

2019 2019 Wallingford Festival of Cycling part funded



18

Awareness campaigns: Oxfordshire Air Quality Website

Public Information Other SODC 2008 2009

Number of campaigns and sources of information

Not Quantified Complete 2015

Further work proposed for 2019/20 includes raising public awareness by producing promotional materials and sharing information with other Oxfordshire councilsTwitter feed on website for news updates to be utilised

19"Park and Stride" Campaign

Alternatives to private vehicle use

Other SODC 2019 - Projects completed Not Quantified Not Yet Started Unknown

Looking at ways to promote this in conjunction with OCC

20"Cut Your Engine" Campaign

Vehicle Fleet Efficiency Other SODC 2018 - Projects

completed Not Quantified

Anti-idling campaign scoped during 2018, formal launch on clean air day (20 June 2019).

Unknown

Further works proposed around our anti-idling campaign for summer 2019. Campaign will aim to raise public awareness, especially at locations with sensitive receptors (schools).

21

Awareness campaigns: Identification of monitoring sites

Public Information

Via other mechanisms SODC 2018 2018

Stickers placed with diffusion tubes and continuous analysers

Not Quantified

Produced stickers to identify monitoring sites. The stickers include a link to our website for members public to easily access monitoring results.

Complete 2017

22

A low emission freight strategy: Delivery service plans

Freight and Delivery Management

Delivery and Service plans OCC - -

Delivery plans required with commercial applications

Not Quantified Not Yet Started -

Dependant on OCC.OCC looking into the possibility of including delivery plans as a requirement for commercial applications



2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are

expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5

(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear

evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature

mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Regarding particulate matter levels in the district, examples from councils across the

country who have traffic related AQMA’s highlight that where NO2 levels are typically

around 60-70 µg/m3, measured particulate matter (PM10) levels at the same location

remain below 25 µg/m3, which is well below the national objective level of 40 µg/m3.

Although there are both primary and secondary traffic related PM10 sources, the

majority of the PM10 and PM2.5 fraction in our District is made up from background

sources. No other significant PM sources have been identified in South Oxfordshire

(see below Appendix F) and therefore the DEFRA background mappings of PM are

believed to be accurate putting PM2.5 levels below 11 µg/m3 in 2018 (please see

Figure 2.1for an illustration of Defra’s PM2.5 modelled levels in the district), which is

just half that of the national objective level.

It’s also worth considering that there is a direct relationship between PM and NO2

when the major source is road traffic, based on this SODC do not currently monitor

PM but we are confident it falls well below objective levels at all locations throughout

the district.

However, although the current particulate matter levels meet the national objective,

PM has an impact on the health of South Oxfordshire’s residents. The Public Health

Outcomes Framework sets out a vision for public health, that is to improve and

protect the nation's health, and improve the health of the poorest fastest. With this in

mind, they have developed a set of supporting indicators that help focus our

understanding of how well we are doing, one of them being the fraction of mortality

attributable to particulate air pollution.

Indicator 3.0 represents the fraction of annual all-cause adult mortality attributable to

human-made particulate air pollution (PM2.5).



Figure 2 Modelled background PM 2.5 levels in South Oxfordshire in 2017

The Public Health Outcomes Framework research, shown below in Figures 2.2 and

2.3, has determined that 5.3% of deaths from all causes in those aged 30+ are attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire.



In order to reduce PM levels further, some of the measures taken by South Oxford

District Council to mitigate NOx emissions also reduce PM2.5 emissions. Table 2.3

below shows which of SODCs actions also target the reduction of the existing PM 2.5

levels in the district.


Figure 2.2 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of male mortality attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire

Figure 2.3 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of female mortality attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire


Table 2.3 List of measures in SODC's 2014 Action Plan that target PM2.5

reduction according to LAQM.TG16 Action Toolbox

Measure Reduces PM2.5 emissions

LES ✔Installation of EV charging points ✔Parking permit incentives for green vehicles ✔Feasibility study for freight consolidation centre / freight quality partnerships

✔

Installation of countdown clocks at traffic lights ✔Taxi incentives for LEVs ✔Improved use and enforcement of traffic regulation ordersReview of Council and contractors’ fleet ✔Eco-driver training ✔AQ planning guidanceIncreased use of the Wallingford ring road ✔Community projectsAwareness campaignsBehavioural change projectsA low emission freight strategy: Delivery service plans

✔

"Park and Stride" Campaign ✔Anti-idling Campaigns ✔Smoothing traffic flow in Watlington ✔Increased enforcement and review of the weight restriction zone in Watlington

✔

A low emission bus strategyMini Park and Ride ✔PickMeUp ✔



3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken3.1.1Automatic Monitoring Sites

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with

objectives.

South Oxfordshire District Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at

three sites during 2018. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

National monitoring results are available at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/find-

sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.

Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been

adjusted are included in Appendix C.

3.1.2Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

South Oxfordshire District Council undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of

NO2 at 62 sites during 2018. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.

Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes,

including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation”

and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual PollutantsThe air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant,

adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on

adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual

mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.


https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/find-sites

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/find-sites


For diffusion tubes, the full 2018 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in

Appendix B.

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly

mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m 3,

not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.

Regarding the trend followed in South Oxfordshire, in 2018 air quality has

continued to improve.

Within all three declared AQMAs nitrogen dioxide levels have decreased in the last

five years, as shown in Figures A.1 to A.3. Also, outside the borders of the AQMAs

NO2 levels have also decreased in most locations (see Figures A.4 and A.5), with

some exceptions.

In regard to the exceedances recorded, the decrease in NO2 concentration

mentioned above has resulted in a decrease in the number of exceedances of the annual mean objective recorded, which has gone from six in 2017 to none in 2018.

The results registered in Mendip Heights, Didcot (S72), were high at the monitoring

site (47.3 µg/m3). This site is located at a roundabout, with the nearest dwelling (2

Mendip Heights) being more than 30m away. Therefore, there is no relevant

exposure at this location and the predicted annual mean at the receptor was of 29.6

µg/m3, therefore not constituting an exceedance of the annual mean objective.

However, since the distance between the receptor and the site is greater than 20m,

the result should be interpreted carefully.

It’s also worth considering the fact that such dwelling is located at the top of a hill

while the monitoring site and road are located at the bottom of the hill. Apart from the

distance, this height difference suggests emissions from the road will be dispersed

before reaching the dwelings, which would result in much lower level if the monitoring

was carried out at the fachade of the houses.

In order to review NO2 levels in this site more accurately, the monitoring site was

moved and is now located adjacent to the facade of 2 Mendip Height, where the

result obtained won’t need to be subjected to distance correction and will therefore

indicate precisely the level the occupants of the property are exposed to.



In terms of the NO2 1-hour mean objective, concentrations higher than 200 µg

NO2/m3 were registered once by the analyser in Wallingford (exceedances of this

objective are permitted up to 18 days per year), suggesting an isolated episode.

None of the diffussion tubes recorded levels above 60 µgNO2/m3, it is considered that

the 1-hour objective was met at all of the other monitoring sites across the district.



Appendix A: Monitoring ResultsTable A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites

Site ID Site Name Site Type

X OS Grid Ref

Y OS Grid Ref

Pollutants

Monitored

In AQMA?

Monitoring Technique

Distance to Relevant Exposure

(m) (1)

Distance to kerb of nearest

road (m) (2)

Inlet Height

(m)

Wallingford

Wallingford83 High St Roadside 460800 189500 NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 1.2 1.5

Henley Henley45 Duke St Roadside 476116 182531 NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 3.5 1.5

Watlington Watlington Town hall Roadside 468973 194487 NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 1.2 1.5

Notes:(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).(2) N/A if not applicable.



Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Site ID Site Name Site Type X OS Grid Ref

Y OS Grid Ref

Pollutants

Monitored

In AQMA?

Distance to

Relevant Exposure

(m) (1)

Distance to kerb of nearest road (m)

(2)

Tube collocated

with a Continuous Analyser?

Height (m)

1Didcot, 20 Wantage

RoadKerbside 451780 189920 NO2 No 9 1 NO 2.5

2 Didcot, 100 Park Road Kerbside 451652 199384 NO2 No 15 1 NO 2.5

4 Didcot, 55 Broadway Roadside 453099 190031 NO2 No 4 3 NO 2.5

5 Benson, 8 Lune Close

Urban background 453499 190384 NO2 No 2 1 NO 2.5

6

Clifton Hampden, Magnolia Cottages, Near Post

Office

Roadside 454710 195562 NO2 No 0 3 NO 2.5

7

Didcot, 77 The

Broadway (co-location)

Roadside 453023 189999 NO2 No 0 5 NO 2.5

8

Didcot, 77 The


Roadside 453023 189999 NO2 No 0 5 NO 2.5

9

Didcot, 77 The


Roadside 453023 189999 NO2 No 0 5 NO 2.5

11 Didcot, 110 The

Roadside 452865 189979 NO2 No 2 2 NO 2.5



Broadway

12 Wallingford, 2 Station Road Roadside 460389 189498 NO2 Yes 0 3 NO 2.5

13Wallingford,

68 High Street

Kerbside 460640 189483 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5

15Wallingford, 33 Castle

StreetKerbside 460736 189567 NO2 Yes 1 1 NO 2.5

16Wallingford, 52 St Mary's

StreetRoadside 460713 189279 NO2 No 0 2 NO 2.5

17

Wallingford, 57

Brookmead Drive


18Wallingford,

10 St Martins Street

Roadside 460684 189204 NO2 No 1 1.5 NO 2.5

19

Wallingford, George Hotel, High St (co-

location)

Roadside 460799 189500 NO2 Yes 0 2 YES 1.5

20


location)


21


location)


23

Wallingford, 102 High St (The Gate

House)

Roadside 460938 189496 NO2 Yes 0 2 NO 2.5

26 Chinnor, 3 Lower Road Roadside 475250 201230 NO2 No 3 2 NO 2.5



27 Wheatley, 50 High Street Kerbside 459532 205740 NO2 No 0 1 NO 2.5

28 Thame, 1 Ludlow Drive Roadside 471283 205977 NO2 No 6 2 NO 2.5

29 Thame, 16 Park Street Kerbside 471010 205598 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5

30 Watlington, 8 Shirburn St Kerbside 469017.458 194513.661 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5

31Watlington, 23 Shirburn


32Watlington,

48 Couching St (Co-Op)

Kerbside 468962 194458 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5

33Watlington,

41 Couching St

Roadside 468951 194457 NO2 Yes 0 2 NO 2.5

36 Watlington, 9 Couching St Roadside 468852 194343 NO2 Yes 3 2 NO 2.5

37Watlington, 27 Brook


38Watlington, 57 Brook

StreetRoadside 468856 194293 NO2 Yes 5 2 NO 2.5

39Watlington, St

Leonards Church

Kerbside 468478.851 194720.915 NO2 No 21 1 NO 2.5

40

Henley, 82 Bell Street (Atlantic House)

Kerbside 476080 182951 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5

41 Henley, 33 New Street Kerbside 476209 182831 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5

42Henley, 82 Northfield

EndRoadside 475869 183217 NO2 No 2 2 NO 2.5



43

Henley, Imperial

Court, Station Road

Roadside 476286 182290 NO2 No 6 2 NO 2.5

44Henley, 178

Reading Road

Roadside 476547 181735 NO2 No 1 3 NO 2.5

45

Henley, Upton Close,

Reading Road

Roadside 476288 182078 NO2 No 18 2 NO 2.5

46Henley, 35 Reading

RoadRoadside 476174 182396 NO2 Yes 0 3 NO 2.5

47 Henley, 2 Greys Road Kerbside 476103 182506 NO2 Yes 1 1 NO 2.5

48Henley, 45

Duke St (co-location)


49Henley, 45



50Henley, 45



51 Henley, 4 Duke Street Kerbside 476071 182612 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5

52 Henley, 40 Hart St Roadside 476223 182652 NO2 Yes 0 2 NO 2.5

53 Henley, 27 Market Place Roadside 475997 182614 NO2 Yes 0 3 NO 2.5

54 Henley, 15 Lovell Close Kerbside 475104 181557 NO2 No 6 1 NO 2.5

57M40, 9 Adwell

CottagesRoadside 470199 200196 NO2 No 0 15 NO 2.5

61 M40, 10 Roadside 470207 200190 NO2 No 0 17 NO 2.5



Adwell Cottages

63Henley, 19 St Johns Road, Hithercroft

Kerbside 460152 189130 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5

65 Henley, 23 Thameside Roadside 476308 182760 NO2 No 0 3 NO 2.5

66Watlington, 39 Kings

RoadRoadside 475878 182760 NO2 No 1 2 NO 2.5

67

Wallingford, 11A

Watlington Road

Kerbside 461724 191785 NO2 No 4 0 NO 2.5

68Wallingford,

3A The Street (New house)

Kerbside 461298 189367 NO2 No 3 1 NO 2.5

69

Wallingford, Outside Bartlett Close,

Reading Road


70

Wallingford, Newham

Manor Farm, A4074

Roadside 461916 188424 NO2 No 25 2 NO 1.5

71

Didcot, 8 Great

Western Drive, Station

road

Roadside 452084 190694 NO2 No 13 2 NO 2.5

72

Didcot, Mendip Heights,

Station Road

Roadside 451424 190943 NO2 No 29 2 NO 2.5

73 Thame, 41 Roadside 470605 206554 NO2 No 2 2 NO 2.5



Aylesbury Road

74

Thame, Churchill Crescent,

Kingsey Rd

Roadside 471695 205806 NO2 No 0 2 NO 2.5

75

Little Milton, 63 High Street

(Plumtree Cottage)

Kerbside 461901 200989 NO2 No 0 1 NO 2.5

76Stadhampton, 2 Cratlands

CloseKerbside 460279 198618 NO2 No 10 1 NO 2.5

77

Stadhampton, Holme

Cottage, Newington

Rd

Kerbside 460163 198398 NO2 No 2 1 NO 2.5

Notes:(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property).(2) N/A if not applicable.



Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type

Valid Data Capture for Monitoring

Period (%) (1)

Valid Data Capture

2018 (%) (2)

NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

S1 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 29.3 25.8 30.8 27.2 25.1


S4 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 37 30.7 36.3 33.6 29.5

S5 Urban background

Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 21 18.6 20.4 21.3 17.8

S6 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 28.8 26.5 28.1 32.5 24.3

S7-9 Roadside Automatic 94% 94% 35.2 29.8 33.9 30.7 26.3


S12 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 33.1 27.8 32 28.2 26.3




S17 Urban background

Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 13.7 11.5 15.8 16.4 13.3


S19-21 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 41.1 34.4 40.7 40.0 37.4

S23 Roadside Diffusion 92% 92% 36.2 31.6 36.9 34.7 32.1



Tube


S27 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 28 23.8 26.8 25.8 22.1










S39 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 25% 25% 11.4 13.0 10.5





S44 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 35.1 31 38 27.7 26.4

S45 Roadside Diffusion 92% 92% 36.3 26.3 30.6 27.3 22.4



Tube


S47 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 44.5 34 40.5 34.6 32.5

S48-50 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 39.5 30.2 36.5 32.3 28.8






S61 Roadside Diffusion Tube 83% 83% 40 36.5 39 37.9 32.2




S67 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 83% 83% 23 18.1 30.2 27.9


S69 Urban background

Diffusion Tube 67% 67% 22.1 19.5 22.2 18.4 19.4



S72 Roadside Diffusion 92% 92% 66 53.2 56.9 66.4 47.3



Tube



S75 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 37.7 32.3 36 32.6 25.9

S76 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 27.1 21.4 24 21.6 18.9

S77 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 29 23.3 30.1 26.3 23.9

Henley Roadside Automatic 76% 76% 34.1 28.1 31.9 28.2 30.0Wallingford Roadside Automatic 92% 92% 40 33 37 35.4 37.0Watlington Roadside Automatic 98% 98% 38 35 37 32.0 31.0

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes:Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 are shown in bold.NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m3, indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined.(1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year.(2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%).(3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.



Figure A.3 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Wallingford

2014 2015 2016 2017 201810

20

30

40

50

Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Wallingford's AQMA

S23: 102 High St (The Gate House)

S19-21: George Hotel, High St (co-location)

S15: 33 Castle Street

S13: 68 High Street

S12: 2 Station Road

National Objective (40μg/m3)

S17: 57 Brookmead Drive (Background)

YearNO

2 C

once

ntra

tion

(μg/

m3)



Figure A.4 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Watlington

2014 2015 2016 2017 20180

10

20

30

40

50

60

Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Watlington's AQMA

30: 8 Shirburn St, Watlington

31: 23 Shirburn Street, Watlington

32: 48 Couching St (Co-Op), Watlington

33: 41 Couching St , Watlington

36: 9 Couching St, Watlington

37: 27 Brook Street, Watlington

38: 57 Brook Street, Watlington

39: St Leonards Church/Close, Watlington (Background)

National Objective: 40 µg/m3

YearNO

₂ C

once

ntra

tion

(µg/

m3)



Figure A.5 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Henley on Thames

2014 2015 2016 2017 20185

15

25

35

45

55

Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Henley's AQMA

S51: 4 Duke Street

S52: 40 Hart St

S53: 27 Market Place

S47: 2 Greys Road

S46: 35 Reading Road

S48-51: 45 Duke St (co-location)

National Objective (40μg/m3)

S54: 15 Lovell Close

Year

NO

2 C

once

ntra

tion

(μg/

m3)



Figure A.4 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Didcot

2014 2015 2016 2017 20180

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Didcot

1: 20 Wantage Road, Didcot

2: 100 Park Road, Didcot

4: 55 Broadway, Didcot

5: 8 Lune Close, Didcot

7-9: 77 The Broadway (co-location), Didcot

11: 110 The Broadway, Didcot

National Objective: 40 µg/m3

71: 8 Great Western Drive, Station road, Didcot

72: Mendip Heights, Station Road, Didcot

Year

NO

₂ C

once

ntra

tion

(µg/

m3)



Figure A.5 Other trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in South Oxfordshire



Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type

Valid Data Capture for Monitoring Period (%)

(1)

Valid Data Capture 2018

(%) (2)

NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m3 (3)

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Henley Roadside Automatic 76% 76% 0 0 0 0 0Wallingford Roadside Automatic 92% 92% 0 0 0 0 1Watlington Kerbside Automatic 98% 98% 1 0 1 0 0

Notes:Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold.(1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year.(2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%).(3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.



Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018

Site ID

NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Annual Mean

Raw Data

Bias Adjusted (1.08 and 0.79) and Annualise

d (1)

Distance Correcte

d to Nearest

Exposure (2)

1 31.2 29.9 29.9 27.3 29.6 24.6 20.6 20.6 24.3 31.3 37.4 27.9 25.1 N/A2 22.6 22.6 19.1 18.0 15.8 18.6 23.9 27.1 24.1 21.3 18.9 N/A4 36.2 31.9 31.9 32.7 34.2 29.0 34.6 28.0 32.6 35.2 32.6 40.5 33.3 29.5 N/A5 23.9 23.5 23.5 17.4 16.2 10.8 14.5 14.2 27.0 17.8 25.4 23.0 19.8 17.8 N/A6 28.8 26.2 26.2 23.5 31.2 28.6 26.2 20.0 26.3 32.3 30.8 30.1 27.5 24.3 N/A7 35.8 27.2 27.2 31.0 28.4 23.3 27.2 24.6 30.6 39.3 33.5 29.8 26.8 N/A8 36.1 29.0 29.0 29.6 27.5 22.0 27.7 24.7 27.1 28.9 34.9 35.3 29.3 26.2 N/A9 31.7 27.7 27.7 27.1 27.7 23.4 26.9 22.7 26.0 42.4 36.7 29.1 26.0 N/A11 29.7 29.7 27.2 32.6 31.1 28.5 21.7 26.3 33.3 31.9 32.6 29.5 25.6 N/A12 33.9 26.7 26.7 24.6 28.7 25.0 29.3 28.5 31.3 34.5 33.5 35.2 29.8 26.3 N/A13 27.3 25.2 20.0 30.3 30.7 33.7 27.9 21.5 N/A15 34.3 30.3 30.3 31.1 27.6 28.3 28.4 25.2 30.1 35.8 32.3 30.4 30.3 27.0 N/A16 36.0 33.3 33.3 32.2 28.4 30.3 34.2 28.7 34.8 35.7 30.2 35.5 32.7 29.1 N/A17 18.9 19.2 19.2 13.2 11.1 9.4 10.1 8.8 12.8 17.8 19.1 14.5 13.3 N/A18 33.2 32.4 32.4 30.6 33.2 29.4 31.0 27.0 32.9 33.2 31.7 37.5 32.0 28.4 N/A19 31.5 38.4 38.4 38.3 48.7 50.1 48.4 41.2 42.6 47.5 40.3 46.5 42.7 37.2 N/A



20 35.6 42.0 42.0 37.7 44.7 48.4 47.6 38.7 46.3 47.4 39.0 45.5 42.9 37.7 N/A21 38.7 40.0 40.0 37.5 42.1 46.5 48.6 40.8 42.9 45.4 40.5 44.8 42.3 37.2 N/A23 36.6 35.3 35.3 40.1 34.2 38.5 31.7 37.0 39.6 36.6 42.0 37.0 32.1 N/A26 33.9 27.9 27.9 32.3 30.7 33.3 31.9 27.1 27.4 35.1 38.2 39.3 32.1 28.3 N/A27 29.6 25.6 25.6 26.1 18.6 20.6 18.2 23.5 26.3 27.1 26.7 24.4 22.1 N/A28 20.2 18.5 18.5 14.0 11.9 9.2 9.6 10.0 13.1 17.2 17.6 19.6 14.9 13.5 N/A29 24.4 26.3 26.3 24.2 27.9 23.1 20.9 17.5 22.0 24.1 28.4 30.6 24.6 21.9 N/A30 38.4 38.6 38.6 45.8 50.4 45.7 44.7 43.7 51.1 40.7 43.8 39.2 N/A31 33.7 31.2 31.2 30.6 39.6 32.6 36.1 27.8 31.7 37.7 32.1 38.3 33.6 29.6 N/A32 38.3 34.1 34.1 36.9 46.9 43.5 40.4 32.4 44.3 47.7 40.4 39.9 35.3 N/A33 39.4 39.3 39.3 38.6 48.8 46.5 50.9 45.0 39.0 49.6 43.1 47.5 43.9 38.5 N/A36 28.1 25.6 25.6 22.4 27.2 27.1 25.9 23.0 24.2 31.0 28.2 32.1 26.7 23.5 N/A37 31.5 31.5 14.8 26.1 25.4 22.9 21.8 31.2 32.0 31.9 26.9 23.5 N/A38 25.1 26.3 26.3 24.6 30.8 26.0 29.1 21.3 26.8 30.0 34.5 30.1 27.6 24.2 N/A39 7.9 9.1 8.5 10.5 N/A40 32.6 30.2 30.2 34.7 39.3 34.2 32.6 24.8 28.8 35.4 46.6 37.8 33.9 29.9 N/A41 29.1 26.2 26.2 27.7 31.3 29.0 28.6 21.2 25.7 31.4 36.8 32.4 28.8 25.4 N/A42 28.8 26.0 26.0 26.7 29.6 27.3 27.4 22.0 25.5 31.3 38.2 33.6 28.5 25.1 N/A43 29.7 26.7 26.7 26.5 29.5 28.2 31.6 23.5 26.5 40.1 39.7 33.9 30.2 26.5 N/A44 27.6 27.6 33.0 30.9 25.5 29.1 18.6 28.0 36.7 38.3 40.2 30.5 26.4 N/A45 24.6 24.6 26.9 21.8 18.7 25.3 22.9 24.2 26.1 35.5 32.7 25.8 22.4 N/A46 30.9 28.9 28.9 29.2 40.4 35.1 31.5 22.3 27.7 29.9 46.2 28.3 31.6 27.8 N/A47 35.5 29.0 29.0 37.8 38.3 32.9 41.3 31.6 38.9 45.3 44.4 36.7 32.5 N/A48 31.2 30.1 30.1 33.5 39.1 36.5 34.7 26.7 28.4 32.3 41.2 35.3 33.3 29.3 N/A49 28.4 30.1 30.1 34.2 40.5 34.6 33.4 26.5 26.5 33.0 42.2 35.7 32.9 29.0 N/A50 28.6 27.5 27.5 34.3 43.7 30.6 34.4 26.3 26.3 33.5 37.9 34.6 32.1 28.2 N/A51 34.1 34.1 49.1 49.0 42.9 57.8 45.1 45.6 48.1 52.1 45.8 39.6 N/A



52 39.5 29.2 29.2 37.3 37.3 33.5 40.0 33.3 36.3 36.8 39.2 35.2 35.6 31.4 N/A53 23.8 23.0 23.0 29.2 28.1 25.9 21.7 27.3 29.4 38.3 41.4 28.3 24.9 N/A54 14.3 13.9 13.9 11.8 11.2 8.9 8.2 11.3 15.1 21.9 18.2 13.5 12.1 N/A57 35.4 31.9 31.9 34.0 30.6 24.1 45.3 44.0 37.5 42.1 30.7 39.4 35.6 31.3 N/A61 33.1 28.3 28.3 47.9 25.7 46.9 51.4 39.7 39.2 34.0 37.4 32.2 N/A63 26.5 20.5 20.5 20.6 16.5 18.8 15.7 19.2 20.4 25.9 28.2 21.2 18.5 N/A65 38.1 26.2 26.2 39.8 32.0 32.8 49.4 33.8 34.8 31.4 33.5 34.4 30.6 N/A66 26.9 23.9 23.9 25.0 19.8 17.4 19.0 14.7 20.4 24.8 35.0 32.6 23.6 21.1 N/A67 32.2 26.7 26.7 30.3 36.2 33.8 25.0 31.5 36.6 31.6 31.1 27.9 N/A68 21.4 21.2 21.2 20.3 21.2 22.8 13.7 20.8 22.9 24.8 23.0 21.2 18.4 N/A69 13.5 20.0 20.9 19.4 21.7 25.1 48.7 24.1 24.2 19.4 N/A70 32.4 29.6 29.6 35.6 34.6 34.2 34.5 34.6 37.1 41.6 41.0 35.0 31.0 N/A71 29.4 29.9 29.9 27.3 36.4 31.6 38.6 25.6 29.7 34.1 31.4 34.8 31.5 27.7 N/A72 53.2 55.5 55.5 59.9 56.8 54.9 42.4 60.2 45.7 57.2 56.5 54.4 47.3 29.673 40.8 31.8 31.8 33.0 36.2 26.1 39.2 32.2 35.7 38.8 39.2 40.9 35.5 31.3 N/A74 28.1 21.4 21.4 19.9 16.5 13.9 12.4 17.4 24.7 24.8 28.2 20.8 18.8 N/A75 29.0 31.3 31.3 19.1 30.5 26.9 29.4 23.7 28.1 36.8 35.0 32.0 29.4 25.9 N/A76 25.3 22.5 22.5 20.6 19.1 18.1 13.9 21.1 23.5 28.2 22.1 21.5 18.9 N/A77 25.8 27.6 27.6 25.8 32.7 31.1 27.2 16.2 23.0 29.6 30.8 26.6 27.0 23.9 N/A

☒ Local bias adjustment factor used ☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure. With exception of S72, the monitoring sites that recorded values higher than 36µg/m3 are located adjacent to a receptor.

Notes:



Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 are shown in bold.NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m3, indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined.(1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation.(2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure. See Appendix C for details on distance correction.(3) NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3) has been left blank for months in which data has not been recorded due to the diffusion tube being vandalised/stolen(3) Where N/A, the result obtained was not suitable for distance correction due to the location of the monitoring site (either adjacent to a dwelling or more than 15m away from relevant exposure)

NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3) has been left blank for months in which data has not been recorded due to the diffusion tube being vandalised/stolen.



Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

In 2018 South Oxfordshire District Council changed diffusion tube provider, which

made it impossible to apply the national bias adjustment factor since the data

belong to two different laboratories: Gradko (Jan-April) and Socotec (May-

December). It’s also worth mentioning SODC’s were not included in the calculation of

the national bias adjustment factor to take part in this survey LAs must obtain 9

months of data when the automatic analyser has a data capture >75% and valid

diffusion tube data, which was not the case of SODC in 2018.

Using our local bias adjustment factor for this report was therefore the only option

this year. Out of the two co-locations in the district, the data used to calculate the

local BAF was the one in Wallingford’s AQMA, since the data capture (92%) was

much higher than that of Henley (76%).

Following Defra’s suggested best practice, due to the change in diffusion tube

provider mid-year, rather than defining a single bias adjustment figure across the two

laboratories, two separate bias factors were calculated. The first one was used to

adjust the data Jan-April 2018 (period 1) and the second one to correct the data May-

December 2018 (Period 2). A weighted average see formula below, of the two

periods was then applied to obtain the final bias adjusted figures.

The results obtained using the local BAF calculator for Period 1 and 2 are shown on

Figure C.1 and C.2 below.

In regard to the annualisation of diffusion tubes whose data capture was lower that

75%, S39 (St Leonards Church, Watlington) and S69 (Bartlett Close, Wallingford),

the background monitoring site chosen for the calculation was Lune Close, the only

other background site in the district for which we obtained 12 months of data in 2018.

Table C1 below shows this calculation.


Biasadjusted NO2average for each site=¿

( 4monthaverage∗4monthbias factor∗412 )+(8monthaverage∗8monthbias factor∗812 )


For information on the performance of Socotec’s diffusion tubes and the analyser

annual graphs, see Figures C3 to C5 below.

Figure C.1 Result of Bias Factor Calculator for Period 1

Figure C.2 Result of Bias Factor Calculator for Period 2



Table C.1 Annualisation of results obtained in S39 (St Leonards Church, Watlington) and S69 (Bartlett Close, Wallingford) where data capture was below 75%

MonthB1

(Lune Close)

D1 (St Leonards Church)

B1 when D1 available

D2 (Bartlett Close)

B1 when D2

available1 23.86 2 23.54 3 23.54 4 17.39 13.48 17.395 16.2 20 16.26 10.8 7.9 10.8 7 14.5 9.1 14.5 20.9 14.58 14.2 19.4 14.29 27 21.7 27

10 17.8 25.1 17.811 25.4 48.7 25.412 23 24.1 23

Mean: 19.77 8.50 12.65 24.17 19.44Ratio: 0.67 1.24

Annualised average: 13.28 24.59

Table C.1 (cont.) Annualisation of results obtained in S13 (68 High Street, Wallingford) where data capture was below 75%

Month B1 (Lune Close, Didcot) D1 (S13: 68 High Street, Wallingford)

B1 when D1 available

1 23.862 23.543 23.544 17.39 27.27 17.395 16.2 25.2 16.26 10.87 14.58 14.29 27 20 27

10 17.8 30.3 17.811 25.4 30.712 23 33.7 23

Mean 19.77 27.86 20.28Ratio (Ra) 0.97

Annualised average 27.16



Figure C.4 Wallingford Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph


Figure C.3 Henley Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph


For information on the distance correction calculation carried out, following the

guidance provided in LAQM.TG16, please see table C.3 below produced by means

of Defra’s NO2 fall off with distance Calculator. The background figure (11.57µg/m3)

was obtained averaging the figures provided in Defra’s Background NO2 Maps due to

poor data capture in background monitoring sites.

The concentration of NO2 decreases with distance from an emission source, this is

due to dispersion, deposition and chemical transformation. This suggest where

monitoring sites are not located adjacent to a dwelling, but between the receptor and

the road, the results obtained need to be distance corrected to be representative of

the NO2 levels at the receptor.

The data provided in the distance corrected column (first column on the right in Table

B.1 and Table C.3) is therefore the figure that should be considered to understand

NO2 levels in an area.


Figure C.5 Watlington Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph


Figure C.7 Socotec and Gradko’s Diffusion tubes: QC/QA information


SOCOTEC


Figure C.6 Distance correction results for S72: Mendip Heights, Didcot

Enter data into the pink cells

Step 1 How far from the KERB was your measurement made (in metres)? 0 2 metres

Step 2 How far from the KERB is your receptor (in metres)? 0 31 metres

Step 3 What is the local annual mean background NO2 concentration (in µg/m3)? 0 19.77 mg/m3

Step 4 What is your measured annual mean NO2 concentration (in µg/m3)? 0 47.3 mg/m3

Result The predicted annual mean NO2 concentration (in µg/m3) at your receptor 29.6 mg/m3

Warning: your receptor is more than 20m further from the kerb than your monitor, treat result with caution



Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs


Figure D 7 Watlington AQMA and monitoring sites



Figure D.8 Henley AQMA and monitoring sites



Figure D.9 Wallingford AQMA and monitoring sites


Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in EnglandTable E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England

PollutantAir Quality Objective4

Concentration Measured as

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year 1-hour mean

40 µg/m3 Annual mean

Particulate Matter (PM10)

50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 24-hour mean

40 µg/m3 Annual mean

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)



266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 15-minute mean

4 The units are in micrograms of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).



Appendix F: Screening Assessment of Road Traffic PM Sources in South Oxfordshire’s AQMAs.


Roa

d so

urce

ca

tego

ry

Obj

ectiv

es o

f co

ncer

n

Crit

eria

Henley AQMA Wallingford AQMA Watlington AQMA

Meets the

criteria?

Why?Meets

the criteria

?Why?

Meets the

criteria?

Why?

Roads with a

high flow of

HDVs

Long andShor

t-Term

2,500 HDVs/day

- exposure

within 10m from

kerb

No<2,500 HDV's per day



Junctions

Long andShor

t-Term

10,000 vehicles/d

ay - exposure

within 10m from

kerb

No

No junctions (10,000

vehicles/day) within

AQMA

No

No junctions (10,000

vehicles/day) within

AQMA

No

No junction

s (10,000 vehicles/

day) within AQMA

New roads

constructed or

proposed since

the last round of Review

and Assessme

nt

Long andShor

t-Term

if no air quality

assessment

available from

planningapplication - 10,000vehicles/d

ay

NoNow new roads in AQMA

NoNow new roads in AQMA

No

Now new

roads in AQMA

Roads with

significantly

changed trafficflows

Long andShor

t-Term

25% traffic

increase on roads> 10,000 vehicles/d

ay -exposure

within 10m from

kerb

No

No significant changes in traffic

flows

No

No significant changes in traffic

flows

No

No significa

nt changes in traffic

flows


Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England

EU European Union

FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

PHE Public Health England

LES Low Emission Strategy



References1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status, and respiratory health, 2010

2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006

3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

4 SODC, 2015. Low Emission Strategy. Oxfordshire Air Quality [online] Available at:

http://democratic.southoxon.gov.uk/documents/s7214/SODC%20LES_2015_V3_Final%20edited%202.pdf

5 SODC, 2014. Air Quality Action Plan. Oxfordshire Air Quality [online] Available at: https://oxfordshire.air-

quality.info/documents/air_quality_action_plan.pdf

6 Oxfordshire District Councils, 2009. Oxfordshire Air Quality Website [online]. Available at: https://oxfordshire.air-

quality.info/

Other referenceshttps://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/loal-air-quality-management/south-oxfordshire




https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-authorities?la_id=246

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/interactive-map.


https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/interactive-map

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-authorities?la_id=246




https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/loal-air-quality-management/south-oxfordshire





http://democratic.southoxon.gov.uk/documents/s7214/SODC%20LES_2015_V3_Final%20edited%202.pdf

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