excavation and grading handbook - revised and...library of congress cataloging-in-publication data...

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bbyyNick CNick Capachi�apachi

&&JJohn Cohn Capachiapachi

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Capachi, Nick, 1934-Excavation and grading handbook / by Nick Capachi, John Capachi. -- Rev.

ed.p. cm.

Rev. ed. of: Excavation & grading handbook. 1987.Includes index.ISBN-13: 978-1-57218-173-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)

1. Excavation. 2. Roads--Design and construction. 3. Earthwork.I. Capachi, John, 1963- II. Capachi, Nick, 1934- Excavation & grading handbook.III. Title.

TA730.C28 2006624.1'52--dc22

2006015163

First edition 1978 Craftsman Book CompanySecond edition 1987 Craftsman Book CompanyThird edition 2006 Craftsman Book Company

Cover design by Patty KevershanGraphics by Devona Quindoy and Lori BoonLayout by Devona Quindoy and Nichole Campbell

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1 Understanding Road SurveyStakes . . . 5

Survey stakes 6

2 Plan Reading . . . 21Subdivision plans 22Highway plans and cross sections 37

3 Grade Setting . . . 51Setting grade 52Grade setting equipment 53Checking grade with swedes 55String lines 57Laser levels 62Crows feet 71Staking cut and fill 76Sewer line projects 79

4 Setting Grade Stakes Using aContour Plan . . . 83

Reading a contour plan 84Staking the area 86

5 Grading with Lasers, GPS and OtherSpecialized Equipment . . . 93

Using a laser level for parking lots 94Using a laser level for pads 95Using a laser level for road projects 96Using a laser level for trench work 98Laser receivers on equipment 101Other on-board control systems 103Grading with GPS 104

6 Road Building Equipment . . . 117Slip-form curb machines 117Slip-form pavers 119Profilers 121Reclaiming machines 125Other specialty equipment 126

7 Planning for Excavation . . . 133The equipment 134Soil conditions 141

8 Excavating Rock . . . 145Cutting slopes in rocky soil 146Ripping and excavating rock 148Compacting fill with rock 150

9 Excavating Subdivisions . . . 155Selecting the right equipment 156Planning the excavation 161Erosion control 170Grading and compaction 174Fine trimming the subgrade 177

10 Excavating Commercial Sites . . . 183Take time for planning 184Excavating an apartment or office complex 185The excavation begins 187Curbs and paving 193

11 Highway Grading andExcavation . . . 199

Staking a highway job 202Beginning earthwork 205Checking the grade 208Subgrade work 213

CCONTENTSONTENTS



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12 Widening Rural Roads . . . 219Minimize the inconvenience 220Preparing the work area 221The excavation 223

13 Building NarrowEmbankments . . . 233

Making space for the equipment 234Bringing in fill from above 237Compacting and finishing 237

14 Drainage Channels . . . 241Controlling water 242Rebuilding a channel 246New channel excavation 248

15 Unsuitable Material . . . 253Testing for unsuitable soil 254Excavating unsuitable material 254Plugging and bridging 257The fill 259Remedies for unsuitable soil problems 260Unsuitable soil around utility lines 264

16 Compaction . . . 271Compaction testing 272Meeting embankment standards 276Meeting subgrade standards 277Selecting the right equipment 281

17 Curb and Sidewalk Grading . . . 285Curb stakes 285Cutting curb grade 289

18 Preparing Subgrade forAggregate . . . 297

Rough trimming street subgrade 298Fine trimming the subgrade 299Trimming highway subgrade 303

19 Aggregate Base . . . 311Placing aggregate in parking lots 313Placing aggregate base on highways 320Placing aggregate on subdivision roads 325

20 Lime-Treated Base . . . 337Trimming the subgrade 337Spreading the lime 338Using lime to bridge unsuitable soil 341Using cement instead of lime 343

21 Asphalt Paving . . . 347Removing asphalt pavement 347Asphalt paving equipment 354Setting string lines 361Planning the passes 361Planning the dump 363Placing asphalt with a paver 364Paving with a spreader box 376Scheduling asphalt trucks 377Rolling the spread 379Applying the tack coat 382Patch paving and trench paving 384Chip seal 388

22 Trenching and Pipe Laying . . . 393Trenching for water pipe 393Laying water pipe 395Trenching for sewer pipe 402Laying sewer pipe 408Pressure testing sewer pipe 411Repairing broken sewer pipe 416Trenching for drain pipe 417

23 Trench Shoring, Shields andSloping . . . 433

Hydraulic shoring 434Shields 438

24 Constructing Manholes . . . 443Manhole bottoms 443Setting the barrels 450Setting manhole castings 454

25 Underdrains, Culverts andDowndrains . . . 459

Underdrains 459Culverts 460Downdrains 462

Appendix A. Equipment operating tips 467B. Glossary 491C. Abbreviations 497

Answers to Chapter Questions. . . 499

Index. . . 501



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TThis manual is a practical guide to excavation, grading, paving andpipelines. My aim in writing is to provide information on the best

methods available to increase your productivity in, and knowledge of, thisvery important field. This book can benefit anyone in the constructiontrade, from beginners just starting out to contractors with years ofexperience — whether you work in this field, or you just need informationto help you understand the process. It’s written in simple terms andcovers each step of the excavation and grading process, from how to readand understand grade stakes, through paving, laying pipe and cuttingdrainage channels.

Since the mid 1970s, when my first grading and excavation book waspublished, there have been many changes in construction methods andequipment. Adapting lasers, sonar, and GPS to control the equipment tocarry grade is by far the biggest change I’ve dealt with in this field. Usingsonar and slope control on graders to fine trim has greatly increased

UUNDERSTNDERSTANDING ANDING

RROAD OAD SSURVEY URVEY SSTTAKESAKES

11



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66 EXCAVATION & GRADING HANDBOOK

production in the last few years. The operator using a GPS has the preciselocation where he is working right on his screen, showing the parametersof the lot pad and the elevation needed. GPS is now used on dozers,scrapers and compactors, and is also used for surveying. I’ll be coveringGPS in detail in a later chapter in the book.

In the trenching department, the biggest change is that backhoes havereplaced most trenchers, and hoes with compaction wheels haveeliminated most trench jetting.

In the first four chapters of this book we’ll cover the basics: readingand following survey stakes, understanding excavation plans, and howexcavation contractors use contour line drawings. If you’ve been workingin the excavation and grading business for a while, most of what you readin the first few chapters you probably know already. But if you need abrush-up on plan reading and stake markings, or if you’re new in the field,these chapters explain it in terms I use throughout the book.

So let’s start at the beginning — with surveying and staking. Everyone — the inspector, superintendent, foremen and grading equipmentoperator, needs a good understanding of how surveyors stake the job. Notunder-standing the stakes is like having the specifications and not beingable to read. Today, most large jobs and many small ones are excavatedusing GPS to guide equipment. And even fewer stakes will be used in thefuture, making the stakes that are set more important than ever to read.The basic information on the stakes has changed little in the last few years.However, the way the surveyors compute that information has changed.

Survey Stakes

Excavation for roads, buildings and pipelines begins with a survey ofthe area where the excavation will be done. A survey crew working for theengineering firm that’s designing the project will set out stakes and hubsthat identify points on the construction plans. When a precise distance orelevation is needed, a surveyor’s tack on top of the hub establishes thepoint from which elevations and distances are measured.

Beside each hub there will be an information stake marked insurveyor’s code. It explains the grades at various distances from the hub



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UNDERSTANDING ROAD SURVEY STAKES 77

FFiigguurree 11--11 Reading cut stakes

Front

Cut cross section

Grade setter’s stake

2-foot boot

Surveyor information stake

Surveyor’s hub

EL 83.40

2:1 Slope Ditch

RS

Back Side Side

HP

Cut area

EP

Original ground

C-10

50

C-100

200

R.S.

Ditch

H.P.

E.P.

CL

C-80

240

C-79

290

C-75

490

3+50

540

SE −2%

2:1 EL 8340

or other reference stake or point. It’s essential that you know how to readthe markings on these information stakes and follow the instructions theyprovide. The surveyor may write on one or all sides of the stake.

Cut Stakes

The stakes are usually called cut, fill or slope stakes, depending on the typeof excavation required. Figure 1-1 shows the kind of markings you’ll find on aninformation stake. In this case, we’re looking at a cut stake for a road

54 feet

2%4'' AC4'' AB

Fill

CL

CL



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excavation. The front, back and both sides of a cut stake are shown in thefigure. Below the stake there’s a cross section drawing of the existing gradeand final road grades that are described on the stake. Refer to the drawing as Iexplain the markings on the information stake in the figure.

Look first at the stake labeled front in the upper left of Figure 1-1.That’s the front of the information stake. The RS at the top of the stakemeans that there’s a reference stake to be established, and that referencestake is the point from which measurements and elevations are taken. Thelocation of the reference stake is the point that the projected cut slopemeets or catches original ground, also referred to as a catch point. Findthe reference stake in the drawing. It’s labeled RS and it’s in the upperleft-hand corner of the drawing. Below the letters RS on the informationstake you see C-10. Below that you see a diagonal line and 50. Thesemarkings above and below the diagonal line identify the amount of cutand distance needed to establish the correct grade at the reference stake.The number above the diagonal line is the elevation and the numberbelow the diagonal line is the distance. In this case, the information stakeshows a cut of 1.0 foot (below the level of the surveyor’s hub) to be made5.0 feet from the hub for the RS point.

Some surveyors may use RP instead of RS. RP means reference point.Treat it exactly the same as the RS.

Notice that distances and elevations are measured in feet and tenths(or hundredths) of a foot, not feet and inches. The small number above thesmall horizontal line shows decimals of a foot. That’s a little differentfrom what you’re probably used to, but you’ll appreciate the differencewhen adding and subtracting feet and decimals of a foot rather than feet,inches and fractions of an inch. I’ll explain more about this measuringsystem, called engineer’s measure, later in this chapter.

The two horizontal lines below the first set of measurements are veryimportant. All measurements above the double horizontal line are takenfrom the hub beside the information stake. The double horizontal linemeans and then, indicating that all measurements and elevations fromthat point down on the stake are taken from the RS point and not thesurveyor’s hub. Note this very carefully: If the double horizontal line wasreplaced with a single horizontal line, all measurements and elevationswould be taken from the surveyor’s hub rather than reference stake orhub established by the grade setter. On the other hand, if the surveyoruses a double line after each grade, then each cut becomes the referencefor the next. We’ll look at this last method shortly.



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The next information on this stake shows the elevation andlocation of the ditch cut (C-100 / 200). It’s to be 10 feet lower than theRS point and 20 feet from it. The grade falls 10 feet over a horizontaldistance of 20 feet, thus creating a 2:1 slope. You can see thisindicated on the drawing (about lower middle). For every foot of cut,the grade line moves horizontally 2 feet. Notice that allmeasurements are made from the reference stake. The ditch is cut10 feet below the reference stake and 20 feet from that stake. Alsonote that the 20-foot distance is measured horizontally, notdiagonally, from the reference stake. Look again at the drawing to besure you understand how the 20-foot distance to the ditch ismeasured. Remember, each square on the survey drawing represents1 horizontal and 1 vertical foot.

The next reading is the hinge point (HP) grade and distance. Notethe hinge point on Figure 1-1. It’s 2 feet above the ditch cut. The HPinformation on the stake shows an 8-foot cut at 24 feet, indicating thegrade must come up 2 feet and move out 4 feet. By computing theamount the HP rises from the ditch and the distance it movestowards the center of the road, you can see that it’s again a 2:1 slope.

Reading down the information stake, the next grade and distanceis the edge-of-pavement (EP) point. The grade will be 7.9 feet belowthe reference stake hub. Notice the cut at EP is 0.10-foot less thanthe HP cut. The reason for this is that the road grade rises 2 percentin the 5 feet from HP to EP. Multiplying 5 feet by 2 percent gives theamount the shoulder rises in that distance (5.00 × 0.02 = 0.10).

The next markings give the centerline cut. You can see that thecut is again less than the previous cut at EP. Subtracting the 29 feetat EP from the 49 feet to the centerline leaves 20 feet. So thecenterline is 49 feet from RS and 20 feet from EP. The cut at thecenterline is 0.40 foot less than EP cut, making the centerline 0.40foot higher than EP. Again, we have a 2 percent slope from thecenterline to EP. You can check this by multiplying the 20 feet by 2percent (20.00 × 0.02 = 0.40). These are all finished grades so thegrade setter must add the thickness of the road section to the EPand centerline grade to get the correct subgrade elevation that mustbe excavated.

Look at the back of the cut stake. It’s marked 3+50, indicatingthat this station is 350 feet from station 0+00, the point from whichthe survey began. Below the station number is the distance from the




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surveyor’s hub to the center of the road. Thisincludes 5 feet to the RS and 49 feet from the RS tothe centerline, a total of 54 feet (540).

Now let’s look at the sides of the stakes. Note thefirst drawing of the stake labeled side. This side ofthe stake identifies the percentage of slope from thecenterline to HP. The minus sign indicates that thecenterline slopes down to the HP. If it were a plussign instead, the centerline would be sloping up tothe HP. The second side stake drawing shows therate the cut slope falls from RS to the ditch. In thiscase, it’s 2 feet out for every foot downward. Thesecond group of numbers is the elevation of thesurveyor’s hub above sea level.

Here’s another method a surveyor might use toindicate measurements and elevations. I mentionedearlier that the line between each grade on thesurveyor’s information stake was very important. Adouble horizontal line means and then. So, if thesurveyor uses a double line after each grade on theinformation stake, then each cut becomes thereference for the next. The information stake inFigure 1-2 shows the same information as the one in

Figure 1-1, except it’s written with a double line between each grade.Notice that by adding the double line, the last three distances change.

In Figure 1-2, if you add the distances on the stake to centerline together(the distances indicated under the diagonal lines), you’ll get 54 feet from thesurveyor’s hub to centerline. Now look at the back of the stake in Figure 1-1.It also reads 54 feet to centerline from the surveyor’s hub. By using thedouble lines between grades, the last three cuts in Figure 1-1 become fills inFigure 1-2. The reason is because the HP grade must now be computed fromthe ditch grade, which is 2 feet lower, creating a fill of 2 feet. This method isalso used to determine the centerline grade. The EP grade is 0.10 foot higherthan the HP, and the centerline is 0.40 foot higher than EP.

If you encounter a stake marked like the one shown in Figure 1-2, forbetter control and accuracy you should set a hub at each point as areference to shoot your next grade from. If you study Figures 1-1 and 1-2carefully, you’ll notice each distance and elevation are exactly the same.Only the methods for computing them are different.

FFiigguurree 11--22 Cut stake with double lines

C-10

50

C-100

200

F-20

40

F-010

F-040

200

Front

R.S

Ditch

H.P.

E.P.

CL

50

50



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Comparison of Inches and Decimals of a Foot

Setting grades requires many additions and subtractions. Usingdecimals speeds the work and makes errors less likely. Figure 1-3 comparesinches with decimals of a foot. If you’re uncomfortable reading distances intenths and hundredths of a foot, think of one foot as being like a dollarbill. One dollar is the same value as 100 pennies; one foot is the samedistance as 100 hundredths of a foot. One dollar is the same value as 10dimes; a foot is the same distance as 10 tenths of a foot. Pennies arehundredths. Dimes are tenths.

Fill Stakes

We’ve looked at a cut stake where material must be excavated toreduce the existing grade to the finish grade (Figure 1-1). Figure 1-4shows a typical fill situation where soil has to be deposited to build up theexisting grade. Again, the illustration shows four sides of the stake andthe road cross section. The RS at the top of the stake means that the

FFiigguurree 11--33 Compare inches with decimals of a foot

.50 (five tenths)

.45 (forty-five hundredths)

.40 (four tenths)

.35 (thirty-five hundredths)

56

4

3

2

11

2

3

4

5

.30 (tenths)

.33 = 4''

.25 (twenty-five hundredths)

.20 (two tenths)

.15 (fifteen hundredths)

.10 (one tenth)

.05 (five hundredths)

.17 = 2''

.01 .02 .03 .04 (hundredths)Inches Tenths



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reference stake (to the right of the hub) is the starting point and the placefrom which all measurements and grades are measured. Cut or fillinformation given for the RS point will be measured from the surveyor’shub. Here, the RS is located 1.8 feet above the hub and 3 feet from it. Thegrade setter will have to set the reference stake at the indicated horizontaldistance from the hub and draw a horizontal line on the stake at theelevation given on the surveyor’s information stake. If the ground hasn’tbeen disturbed at that point, his line will match the existing ground.

The grade setter should add a boot to his stake with a horizontal line 1foot above his RS grade. Because this is a fill, if the fill is made correctly,the overfill will cover his finished grade line. By placing a 1-foot bootabove his finished mark, he’ll save the time it would take him to dig it out

FFiigguurree 11--44 Reading fill stakes

Each square = 1 foot

Grade setter’s stakeFill Stake Fill cross section

2-foot boot

Surveyor’s hub

RS

Surveyor’s information stake

El 96.60

HP EP3%

35 feet

Original ground

Back Side Side

25+00

CL35

0

SE −3%

2:1 EL 9660

Front

30

F-50

100

R.S.

H.P.

E.P.

CL

F-512

140

F-566

320

F-18

Fill

4'' AC

9'' AB

CL



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later. So when the grade setter returns to set a second slope stake at HP,he can use the 1-foot boot to compute the next vertical grade needed. He’lljust subtract his 1-foot boot from the vertical grade he wants.

Reading down the surveyor’s stake, the two horizontal lines mean andthen, indicating that the grade setter must measure from the RS point forthe next fill and distance, instead of measuring or shooting grades fromthe original surveyor’s hub. For the hinge point (HP), measure 10 feetfrom the RS hub or lath. At this point, a fill of 5 feet must be made toobtain the required grade. The hinge point is the place where the fill slopestops and the road grade begins. A stake won’t be set at HP until the fillreaches that point. It would be in the way. The operator will get that gradefrom the RS stake set by the grade setter. It’ll show the fill needed 10 feetout, and that the fill slope should be 2:1 for the HP grade. If the fill wereto be 20 feet high (rather than 5 feet), the grade setter would set slopestakes every 5 feet the fill rises to HP.

There are times when the grade setter must offset the reference stake.Let’s look at how he would do this. We’ll say that the grade setter set hisreference stake 5 feet out from the surveyor’s hub. It often happens thatthe ground level is disturbed during clearing. What if, during the clearingoperation, 1 foot of the existing ground is removed and the grade at theRS no longer matches the surveyor’s information stake? When there is a 1foot difference in grade, the grade setter working a 2:1 fill should movethe reference stake back 2 feet. He must then mark his RS lath to reflectthe change. His new fill and distance to HP will be F-60 / 120. By movingthe RS 2 feet back, once the fill is made 1 foot high at a 2:1 slope, it willmatch the grade and distance on the original RS set at 5 feet. If he didn’tdo this, the slope would be off line with the remaining RS points that werenot undercut during clearing.

On a cut slope, you may have to offset the RS for the equipment. You’dagain move the RS back 2 feet to provide clearance for the grader’s blade.This will keep the grader operator from having to slow down and adjusthis cutting edge in from its normal grading position to avoid the stake.The grader would use the same cut and fill given for the 5-foot RSdistance, but the grade setter would mark a 2 in a circle at the top of hislath to indicate the actual RS point is offset 2 feet. He should also markthe actual RS point with a paint line for the grader operator to follow. It’svery important to set the RS point precisely because it controls the entirecut or fill elevation and alignment.



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Let’s return to reading the information stake in Figure 1-4. The nextpoint referenced is the EP. This is the edge of the pavement and it showsa fill of 5.12 feet (F-512) at 14.0 feet from RS.

Below the EP data is the centerline, represented by a C and an L (oneoverlapping the other). From the RS, you measure 32 feet and fill 5.66feet. This will put the centerline 18 feet from the EP and 0.54 foot higher.

The back of the stake has 25+00. That signifies that this stake is 2,500feet up the line from the point where the measurements started (thebeginning of the road construction in this instance). The point thesurveyors start from is most likely marked 0+00. These are stationnumbers. The number 35.0 below means that the center of the road is35 feet out from the surveyor’s hub (not RS). Look again at the front ofthe stake and notice that when the RS distance of 3 feet is added to thedistance of 32 feet, the total is 35 feet, the same distance as that markedon the back of the stake.

The first stake labeled side is marked SE −3%. This is the percentagethat the roadbed slopes from the centerline to the hinge point. On theright-hand stake marked side, the first reading is 2:1 (2 to 1). This is therate the fill slope will rise from RS to HP. Notice that the front of thestake shows HP with a 5-foot fill over a 10-foot distance. This is what the2:1 indicates. The next item on the side stake is EL 9660. This is theelevation of the hub at the surveyor information stake. The surveyorscomputed all cuts or fills from that hub.

What I’ve described so far in this chapter is more or less standardprocedure for indicating elevations and distances on road stakes. However,surveyors in some counties and cities follow slightly different procedures.Some surveyors provide more information on the stakes and some less. Thesurveyor stake in Figure 1-5 shows what you might see on some county orcity road stakes.

The front of the stake begins with a 2 with a circle around it. Thisindicates that the first cut starts 2 feet out. The next markings indicate thatthe ditch cut is 4 feet at a distance of 10 feet from the stake. The slope willagain be 2:1 because the first 2 feet aren’t cut and the cut over the next 8feet is 4 feet. Look at the figure again. Notice that there’s no double andthen line. This means that you must take all measurements and grade shotsfrom the hub set by the surveyors rather than from an RS or RP point, ason the previous stakes we’ve looked at.

CL

CL



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Reading down the stake, we find a second group of numbers that showthe top of the shoulder cut (Sho). This is the HP, or hinge point, referredto on previous stakes. Notice there’s no EP distance or elevation on thisstake. You must look at the plans for the distance from the shoulder tothe edge-of-pavement, and the elevation. Notice that there’s only 13 feetfrom the shoulder to the centerline, which indicates a possible aggregateshoulder. In this case the shoulder would be brought up to subgrade andnot finished grade.

Engineering companies follow different conventions when markingtheir stakes. But the plans should clarify what’s intended and whichpoints are actually indicated. If something isn’t clear, don’t guess. Call theengineering company that created the drawing and marked the stakes.They should be eager to help.

The second drawing in Figure 1-5 is the back of the stake. It showsthe rate of fall of the cut slope (2:1) and the station number (8+00). Itdoesn’t have the centerline distance because all the front measurementsare from the hub and not an RS or RP point. Many stakes have just thedetails required to allow you to set the grades. Even though otherinformation may be absent, they always have the station number on the

FFiigguurree 11--55 Surveyor information stakes

Front Back Side

Hub

2

DitchC - 40

@100

ShoC-350

@ 130

C-324

@260

2:1 8 + 00

El 8256

CL



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back. The side of the stake is shown in the right-hand illustration. It givesthe elevation above sea level (EL 8256). In some cases the hub elevationwon’t be on the stake at all. It may be replaced with the percentage ofslope for the road, or both may be omitted entirely.

Miscellaneous Information Stakes

Curb stake — Now look at Figure 1-6. The stake at the left is what you’dexpect the surveyor to set for cutting and setting curb grades. From thehub at the base of this information stake, you’d move out 5 feet and down1.50 feet to the top-back-of-curb (TBC) to set the curb forms or for the topof the concrete pour.

In some cases, the surveyors may also give the front lip grade or eventhe flow line grade. If not, you’ll have to determine the distance from theback of the curb to the lip. This information is available in the plans or jobspecifications. When setting curb subgrade, determine the thickness of the

FFiigguurree 11--66 Miscellaneous information stakes

Curb stake Street stake

Ditch

channel stake

3

West topC-00

West toeC-80

@110

East toeC-80

@150

East topC-00

@230

5

T.B.C.C-150

C-20

F.G.

Hub Hub Hub

CL



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curb plus any aggregate base, if it’s called for under the curb. Thethickness of one or both must be added to the cuts and subtracted from thefills to find the subgrade rather than the finished grade level. Notice thatthere’s a tack in the hub in front of the curb stake. The tack marks theexact spot from which the surveyor took his measurements. Without thismarker, the measurements could be as much as 11/2 inches off (using a 2 × 2-inch hub). The tack provides greater accuracy.

Street stake — The center stake in Figure 1-6 is a street stake you’dexpect to find on a rural road first cut. The front of the stake indicates thecenterline of the street and the cut or fill to the finished grade. In thiscase, there’s a 2-foot cut to the finished grade (FG). The plans shouldshow the road width, percentage of slope or crown, and the thickness ofthe road section. Remember to add the thickness of the road to this cut.The station number may be on the back or front of the street stake.Surveyors rarely stake the street centerline. The stakes are usually offsetbehind the back of the curb or a roadside ditch and will carry enoughinformation for the grade setter to establish a centerline grade. Those arethe common methods for staking roads.

Ditch channel stake — The stake at the far right in Figure 1-6 is a gradestake for a ditch or small channel. The 3 in the circle (read 3-foot offset) is the distance from the hub where the first cut starts (which would be the catch point or top-of-slope). The west toe grade indicates the first slopeand the bottom of that slope. The east toe is the bottom of the slope on the opposite side of the ditch. Both toe cuts are the same, so the bottom is flat. The east top cut is where the cut will be started on the oppositeside. Subtracting the 3-foot offset from the 23-foot distance to the east topcut gives the distance across the top of the ditch, 20 feet. Subtract the small toe distance from the larger. This gives the width of the ditchbottom, 4 feet.

To find the rate of slope from the top cut to the toe of the channel,subtract the distance given to the top cut from the distance given to the toecut. The 3-foot offset must be subtracted from the west side distance of 11feet. This will make the distance 8 feet from top cut to toe on each side.Dividing the cut of 8 feet into the 8-foot horizontal distance gives an answerof 1. This indicates that for every foot cut vertically, the slope moves out 1foot horizontally. That’s a 1:1 slope.

A stake with only a few markings will usually provide all theinformation you need to do the excavation. If something is still unclear,the plans should have the answer you’re looking for.



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In this chapter we’ve described grades by either a ratio of run to rise,or as a percent above the horizontal. Most grades in excavation work areexpressed as a ratio of horizontal distance (run) to vertical distance (rise),or run to rise (run:rise). Figure 1-7 illustrates the four most commonslope ratios, and should help you visualize most of the slopes you workwith in excavation.

If you’re still confused about the work required after reading thesurveyor’s stakes and checking the plans, ask the survey crew about it ifthey’re still on the job. If they’ve left, call the engineer and have himclarify the problem or send the survey crew out for a field meeting. Besure you know what’s required before beginning the work. Earthmoving isfar too time-consuming and expensive for you to be taking your best guessand hoping you’re right!

FFiigguurree 11--77 1:1 to 4:1 slopes

Slope

Slope

SlopeSlope

1:1 2:1

3:1 4:1

1'

1'

3'

1'

2'

1'

4'

1'



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1. What does RS stand for?

A) Rate of slopeB) Road surfaceC) Reference stakeD) Rear station

2. What do the markings above and below the diagonal lines on a cut stake indicate?

A) “And then”B) The amount of cut is above the diagonal and the distance is below C) Take all measurements below the diagonal from the next cutD) The amount of cut is above the diagonal and the fill is below

3. What other abbreviation means the same as RS?

A) PGB) ISC) EPD) RP

4. If the RS distance is followed by a double line, where must theremainder of the grades and distances be established from?

A) The surveyor’s hubB) Grade setter’s RS hubC) Each following cut or distanceD) The HP

CCHAPTER HAPTER 11 QQUESTIONSUESTIONS



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5. How much will a 2 percent slope rise or fall in 20 feet?

A) 0.20 footB) 0.30 footC) 0.40 footD) 0.60 foot

6. Where is the elevation on the side of the surveyor information staketaken from?

A) The survey hubB) The centerlineC) The reference stakeD) The catch point

7. What does it mean to the grade setter if every distance on a surveyor’sstake is followed by a double line?

A) He must take the next grade and distance from each preceding point B) He must measure back to the survey hub for distance and elevationC) He must measure back to the survey stake for distance onlyD) It indicates that all the following measurements are cuts

8. Which of the following is equal to 4 inches?

A) 0.16 footB) 0.20 footC) 0.33 footD) 0.40 foot

9. What is the purpose of a second horizontal line on a fill stake located1 foot above the finished grade?

A) To locate the hub set by the surveyorB) To indicate the overfill point to the equipment operatorC) To help the grade setter set the next fill stakeD) To help the grade setter establish the elevation at the projected

centerline grade

10. What do the west and east toe grades on a ditch channel stake indicate?

A) The distance across the channelB) The amount of fill required at the base of the west and east slopesC) The slope of the channel from west to eastD) The bottom of the slope on each side of the channel




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TThe markings on survey stakes are a shorthand way of expressingwhat’s on the plans. You need to be able to read and understand both

the survey stakes and the plans to develop a picture in your mind of howthe finished job will look.

This chapter covers how to read survey drawings of street andsubdivision plans, including grading plans and contour lines, undergroundpipelines, profile sheets, road sections and cross sections and detour plans.During the course of a project you’ll frequently be referring to the plans.It’s essential that the grade setter and foreman understand the planscompletely in order to do the work correctly. Any time a surveyor uses anunfamiliar abbreviation or notation on a stake, the foreman or gradesetter will have to check the plans to see what it means. We’ll look at themost common notations so you’ll recognize them when you see them onplans you’re reading.

PPLAN LAN RREADINGEADING

22



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Subdivision Plans

Figure 2-1 shows two street cross sections. These street sectiondrawings, usually referred to as the “typicals” are found in the frontsection of the subdivision plans. The engineer may elect to draw only halfof each street, as that’s all you need when both halves are exactly thesame. However, the engineer who drew the typicals in Figure 2-1 chose todraw the full width of the street section.

FFiigguurree 22--11 Typical street sections

54' R/WR/W

13' 13'3' 3'17'17'C/L

F/C F/C

Type 5 vert curbFinished grade after landscaping

2.0%2.0%

2.0%2.0%

2.0%2.0%

Type 5 vert curbSubgrade prior to landscaping

Type 2 C&G

4'' min AB under C&Gwith 95% compaction

2:1 max

2:1 max

2:1 max

2:1 max per plan

3'' AC + 8'' AB

54' Camino South(STA 118+38.40 to 123+28.71)

Street section A — 54' right-of-way

2:1 max

2:1 max

per plan

per plan

per plan

3'' AC +8'' AB

32' Camino(STA 31+00.00 to 92+42.38 LT & STA. 31+00.00 to 92+18.58 RT)

Street section B — 32' right-of-way

2.0% 2.0%

C/L

2:1max

2:1 max

perplan

per plan

2.0%2.0%

R/W

Type 2 C&G (TYP)(Type 1 C&G wherenoted on plan)


R/W13'

3' 3'13'

13'13'

32'

7' 7'


Unless shown otherwise on plan

4''per plan

per plan



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PLAN READING 2233

If there’s a gap in the stationing on the typical street sections, it’sbecause there’s a transition area from one street section detail to another.Always check the station numbering closely to avoid a mistake. If thenumbers indicate a missing section, you must look for the street section orsections that complete the distance. For example, if the stationing markedunder the street section reads 31+00 to 36+00 –– 40+00 to 68+00, youmust locate the section that covers the 400-foot gap between station36+00 and 40+00.

The two street sections in Figure 2-1 are part of a plan with a total ofeight street cross sections for the same job. We selected these two becausethey show the greatest change in street width. Notice that the stationnumbers in street section A represent 490.31 feet of the street (subtract118+38.40 from 123+28.71 or 11,838.40 from 12,328.71). Also notice that instreet section B, the information provided covers a longer section of the leftside of the street (31+00.00 to 92+42.38 = 6,142.38 feet) than the right side(31+00.00 to 92+18.58 = 6,118.58 feet). LT indicates the left side of thestreet and RT indicates the right side. That tells you that the change on theleft side of the street goes 23.8 feet beyond the change to the right side.

Reading Station Numbers

Let’s take a closer look at how to read station numbers. We’ll use thelast station in Figure 2-1B, 92+18.58, as our example. The first number tothe left of the + is a 2. That indicates 200 feet. The second number to theleft of the + is 9, which indicates 9,000 feet. So, the numbers to the left ofthe + represent 9,200 feet. Now let’s look at the numbers to the right ofthe +, 18.58. They represent feet and hundredths of a foot, just as theyappear, 18.58 feet. The number to the right of the + can only go to 99 feetbefore it moves to the left and becomes 100 feet (represented by a 1), justlike the numbers after the decimal point can only go to 0.99 foot beforethey become 1.0 foot. All station numbers begin at 0+00, so when you seestation number 92+18.58, that tells you this point is 9,218.58 feet fromthe first station at 0.00.

To better understand this numbering system, let’s read some otherstation locations:

Station 7+00 = 700.00 feet Station 12+05.30 = 1,205.30 feet Station 25+19 = 2,519.00 feet Station 130+42.10 = 13,042.10 feet

Remember, these are all distances from the first station at 0+00.



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Street section A in Figure 2-1 indicates that it may be found on theplans from Station 118+38.40 to 123+28.71, and there’s 54 feet fromright-of-way line to right-of-way line. Notice that each right-of-way line isindicated at the back-of-curb. This is important for the grade setter. Heneeds to check the cross section to be sure that the back-of-curb and theR/W are the same distance. A street cross section shows details of thestreet in 50-foot sections, and will show any deviations in widths notshown on the typical. The surveyor may only give the distance to back-of-curb with a cut or fill to the top-of-curb. The surveyor’s stake would be set4 feet back-of-curb, so the front of the stake would read 4 (the 4 is circled)R/W & BC with a grade for the curb and centerline. If it were asubdivision street, the surveyor would set a stake at the lot setback linewith distance and grades for back-of-curb, centerline and lot grades, butnot for right-of-way.

The note directly under the curb tells the grade setter that 4 inches ofaggregate base (AB) are required under the curb. He’ll have to add thethickness of the curb and the 4 inches of AB together to compute hissubgrade elevation. The ideal subgrade situation occurs when the curbsubgrade and street subgrade are the same and there’s no need for a notch tobe cut up or down from curb grade. Looking at the street section, you can seethat this is the case here. There’s a line drawn the width of the street forsubgrade with no notch, indicating that the subgrade and curb grade match.

Below the right-of-way line (R/W) measurements, you’ll see the mea-surements for a 13-foot dirt shoulder, 3-foot curb, 17 feet of pavement and7 feet of island from the face-of-curb to the centerline (CL). The samemeasurements are shown for the other side of the road as well, with bothsides matching.

Now let’s look at the finished slope grade, starting at the far left. Firstyou’ll see 2:1 max / per plan on one line slanting up and one line slantingdown at the same angle. This indicates you must build a two-in-one (2:1)slope from the dirt shoulder, regardless of whether it’s a cut or a fill. Thisis the same on the right side slope as well; the slope moves 2 feethorizontally for every 1 foot of rise or drop.

Next you see 2.0% above the shoulder. That tells you that the 13-footshoulder slopes 2 percent from the slope hinge point (HP) to the top-back-of-curb. Continuing towards the centerline, there’s a notation saying thata Type 2 C&G (curb and gutter) is required. The grade setter will thenhave to find a cross section of the Type 2 curb. Usually it’s in the agency’sspecifications rather than on the plan. The specifications will show the



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height from the top of the curb to the bottom, and the thickness ofconcrete required. It will also show the rate of slope of the curb pan,the flat or gutter portion of the curb and gutter.

Continuing to read to the centerline, you’ll see the percentage of fallfor the pavement from the island curb to the curb and gutter. Noticethat the island curb is a vertical curb, not a curb and gutter. The rate offall is shown as 2.0% and the distance is 17 feet. So the grade setter willcompute the fall rate by multiplying 17 feet by 2 percent. Using acalculator, enter 17 × 2, and then press the percent key — the resultwill read 0.34. The 0.34-foot fall is from the front of the island curb tothe lip of the curb and gutter. To cut subgrade, the curb width on eachside must be added to the 17-foot pavement width. An island curb isusually 8 inches wide and the curb and gutter 3 feet wide, for a total of3.67 feet. So the distance would then be 20.67 feet. Multiplied by 2percent, that gives you a 0.41-foot fall across the entire subgrade.

The street detail shows a minimum of 4 inches of aggregate to beplaced under the curb. The street section calls for 3 inches of asphaltconcrete (AC) plus 8 inches of aggregate base (AB) for a total depth of11 inches. This information is located on the drawing just above thestreet name, Camino South. Cutting the subgrade 2 percent, which isa 0.41 drop in 20.67 feet across from the back of both curbs, wouldmake the subgrade and the curb subgrades the same. The curb gradeis often steeper than the street grade. If you cut 2 percent to back-of-curb, it’ll add more than 4 inches of aggregate under the front lip-of-curb. These are items the grade setter and foreman must take intoconsideration when excavating to subgrade elevations.

The next item we come to is the barrier curb at the island. The noteabove indicates a Type 5 vertical curb. Again, the grade setter mustcheck the specifications for the height and width of the Type 5 curb.The 2.0% indicated on the top of the island is the amount the finishedlandscaping will fall from the centerline to the back of the island curb.Again, the specifications or notes on the plans will specify whatmaterial is required for the island section and how much below top-of-curb the subgrade should be.

There are two important things the grade setter must pay attentionto: first, that the aggregate road base runs to the back, not the front, ofthe island curb; and second, that the subgrade between island curbsmust be left 4 inches below the finished landscape grade. This isindicated by the note under the island on the street detail sheet and the

PLAN READING 2255



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A

AASHO 274Abbreviations 497-498Access, equipment 234-236

ramp, channel excavation 247Aerial photograph 52

CAD design 52marking boundaries 51surveying 51-52topo map 52

Aggregateasphalt patching 386bony grade 315calculating for road base 325-326calculating tonnage 311-313culverts 224dumping 320-321estimating 313fines 315, 317hauling schedule 324marking dumps 314-315problem 278replacing unsuitable soils 257-258

Aggregate base (AB) 24, 311-332compaction 214, 324highway tolerances 325oiling 332paving on 356placing base 227placing on highways 320placing on parking lot 313-318spreading 322subbase, asphalt 349subdivision roads 325subgrade compaction 278-279trimming parking lot 317trimming rural road, 226-227trimming sidewalk and curb 327under curb 24, 25

Air relief valve (ARV) 33Air test, sewer pipe 413-415Airport paving 387American Association of StateHighway Officials (AASHO) 274

And then 8, 10, 13Angle, 90-degree, using tape 89-90Answer sheet, chapter questions 499-500

Apartment padexcavating 185-190grading 95

Arrow boards, hwy construction 200Articulation system, grader 473Asphalt

cold mix 125core sample 381depth specifications 368grinding 348-349hand dumping 364hand placing 385loading with scraper 353milled 121plug, unsuitable material 257reclaiming 125recycling 121saw-cut shoulder 222spread temperatures 366stab rod 367thermometer 366trenching through 126

Asphalt concrete (AC) 25placing dikes on 215-216pouring dikes 119

Asphalt paving 347-389chip sealing 388compaction 379-381compaction test 387core samples 381equipment 354grade changes 369hand tamping 381mat 368mix 365-366oil balance 365-366on and off ramps 369parking lots 373patching 384-386

paver breakdown 375-376paving machine 354pinching 354placing fabric 383-384planning dumps 363-364planning passes 362pushing up 354raking 385reflectors and striping 387-388removal with scraper 353removing old surface 347, 350rolling 379-381screed settings 368setting string lines 361spreader box 376-377tack coat 382trenches 386-387truck flow 376work crew 364-365

Asphalt rake 385Asphaltic emulsion 388Auger

extensions 359screed 357, 358

Auger-type curb machine 119Auto laser-controlled equipment 102

B

Back-of-curb (BC) 24, 25offset 289

Back-of-walk 41Back scatter test 274, 387Backfill

drain pipe 423sewer pipe 410water lines 400

BackhoeCat 325 hoe 351attachments 127, 243, 394, 404loading with 351, 481operating tips 479-482stabilizing for digging 480-481traveling 479trenching 394, 480-481

Bacterial test, water 401-402Balancing equipment 137

subdivisions 158Balancing site, soil 192-193Banding pipe 424Bank plugs 303-304, 491

highway subgrade 213-214highway subgrade trim 303-306

Barrels, manhole precut 450-451sealing joints 451setting 450-454

Barricades, construction 199Barrier curb 193-194, 318Base, aggregate 311-332Base station, GPS 105-106Baseline, 90 degree angle 89-90Bedding material

sewer pipe 402undercut for 395

Begin vertical curve (BVC) 32Bell and spigot pipe 396

bell end upstream 408concrete drain pipe 421HDPE drain pipe 423lubricating bell end 421setting pipe barrel 408

Bench cutchannel slope 248embankment 234, 235

Bench mark 66, 87, 97, 491Bend, pipe 409Berm, erosion control 171Blade angles, grader 472Blasting, rocky soil 147Bony grade 315Boom truck 403Boot truck, tack coat 382Boots 12-13, 492

grade setter’s rough trim 174-175setting, commercial site 186-187setting, hwy construction 201

Bottom dumpsaggregate 320

IINDEXNDEX



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aggregate base 314asphalt 364

Bottom, manhole 443-449Box, wire locator 399Breakdown roller 379

operating tips 490Bridging

adding fill to 259-260unsuitable material 257-259

Bucket forked 404trapezoid 248, 394with thumb 351-352

Buffer zone, highway 129Building embankment 233Building pads

excavating 185-190excavating unsuitable soil 195

Bull wheel, roller 379Bulldozer, excavation 134-135Buried pipe warning tape 400Buttons, traffic control 129

CCAD, from aerial photo 52Calcium hypochlorite tablets 398Camera in pipe 411Carbide trencher teeth 126Cast iron pipe

sewer 408water main 396

Cast-in-place drain pipe 424-429bracing 425-427curing 428-429finishing 428-429manholes 428pouring 425trenching 424

Casting, manhole 454-456Catch point 8, 492Caterpillar equipment

Cat 12 grader 138Cat 14 grader 138Cat 16 grader 135Cat 225 track hoe 404Cat 325 hoe 351Cat 651 scraper 134Cat 815 compactor 138, 410Cat 825 compactor 134Cat D6 dozer 137Cat D10 dozer 134, 281Cat D11 dozer 134paddle wheel scraper 137paver 360profiler 122reclaimer 125rubber-tired roller 360

Cement treatmentsandy base 343toxic dust 343unsuitable material 263-264using reclaimer 126

Cemented cobbles, trenching 405Centerline (CL) 14, 24

definition 34, 492grade and line 320

Centerline gradechecking 331-332computing 300-301subdivision street 298

Channel excavation 241-250damming channel 243diversion pipe 244-246diversion trench 243-244drainage 241-250

equipment selection 242existing 242-247limited work area 245-246new channel 248-250staking 242summer flow 242water control 242-243wellpoint pumping system 249widening or rebuilding 246-247

Channels, manhole bottom 445Chapter questions,answer sheet 499-500

Check valve, in water main 401Checking grade

highway excavation 208pipe laying 404subdivision excavation 166using a ruler 302using an eye level 288with straightedge & hand level 288

Chip machine 388Chip seal 388-389, 492

self-propelled spreader 388Chlorinating a main 398Choker 492

cutting 210highway 320

Clam bucket 128Clay subgrade, compaction 279Clay pipe, sewer 408Cleanup, roadwork 229Cobble

erosion control 170ripping and excavating 150trenching in 405

Cold mix asphalt 125Color coding, contour plan 29Color-coded tape 400Commercial site excavation 183-196Communication, staff and crew 128

increasing productivity 127-128Compaction 271-282

aggregate base, highway 324embankment standards 276equipment 150-152, 279hardpan 280highway fill slope 212highway subgrade 214lime base 340moisture density curve 273-274narrow fill 237narrow road strip 228-229over-rolling 280parking lot 194pavement testing 387rocky fill 150-152selecting equipment 281-282sewer pipe trench 410sidewalk and curb 328soil types 271standards 276street and walk subgrade 174-177street subgrade 298subdivision street subgrade 176subgrade soil mixture 277subgrade standards 277tamping 381testing subgrade 277-278testing subgrade trim 179under road requirements 176water, importance of 271-272

Compaction testback scatter test 387moisture density curve 273-274nuclear testing 274-276sand cone test 272-276

Compaction wheel, hoe 127, 247Compactors

laser controlled 101operating tips 487-487pad-drum roller 226pad-drum vibratory roller 176planning excavation 135, 138plate tamper 381pneumatic tired roller 379, 489riding high 299rocky fill 150-151rollers 314, 387subdivision excavation 160

Competition, assessing 127Computer assisted design (CAD) 52Computer models, GPS 106Concrete

channel lining 249curing, no-joint pipe 428-429trenching through 126

Concrete curb machinecutting curb grade for 290slip-form 117-118

Concrete drain pipe 417-418, 423cast-in-place 424-429

Concrete manholecuring test 449-450mix, manhole bottom 445pouring 448-449

Concrete pavingcuring 120mat 120milled 121pouring roadways 119-120pouring sidewalk & curb 329-330slip-form paver 119-120spreader machine 120

Cones, traffic control 129Construction, changes in 5Construction fabric

paving 383underdrains 460

Construction signs & barricades 199Contour line

elevations 28-30establishing 29reading 29

Contour plan 83bench mark 87closed loop lines 85-86color coding 29computing slope 85contour intervals 84-85engineer’s scale 86existing grade 90marking cuts and fills 87-89new grade 90reading 84staking grade 86-87swales 86using GPS for grade 87

Contractor, unsuitable material 253Control box, equipment 101-102Conveyor,paving machine 120, 356-357

Copper pipe 399Core sample, asphalt 381Corners

setting for curb machine 62staking 287tamping asphalt 381

Corporation stop valve 399Correcting grade, string line 58-59

Corrugated metal pipealuminum 423culvert 462downdrain 462-463steel (CSP) 38, 423

Cost overruns 128Couplings

drain pipe 423-424pipe joint 396sewer pipe 409

Cracks, resurfacing pavement 122Crew

cast-in-place drain pipe 425-427communication with 127-128laying drain pipe 418meeting with 161parking lot job 315paving 364-365safety 129, 220-221sewer pipe 408working in shield 438-440

Cross drain 35Cross rolling 280Cross section 21

abbreviations 497-498highway project 40open land 43rural road project 43street 24

Crows feet 71-74, 492marking cuts and fills 72setting stakes 72slope stake 73

Crumbling shoe 395, 492Cul de sac, paving 371-373Culvert 460, 492

dirt cap 460pipe laying 224roadwork 223

Curbaggregate base 325back-of-curb 24, 25barrier 318calculating rise 290checking for level 303checking grade 288-289compacting aggregate base 329cutting grade 289-291extruded 318face-of-curb 24fine trimming subgrade 177-178flow line 291flow line grade 32glue-down 185grading 285-294island 26lip-of-curb 25offset stake, reading 193parking lot 193pouring concrete 329-330shoe 293stakes 285-287subgrade trim, 175-176top-of-curb 24, 29trimming aggregate base 327types 185, 285-286width, with pavement 25working clearance 291

Curb and gutter (C&G) 24-25Curb paving

machine 118, 318shoe 293slip-form paver 117-118

Curing, concreteno-joint pipe 428-429pavement mat 120



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Cut slopesditch flow line 210grading 207

Cuts and fills 205centerline 9contour plan 87-89cut stakes 7ditch 9fill stakes 11marking crows feet 72setting boots 75stakes, reading 7-16

Cuttingcurb grade 289-291curb subgrade 292diversion trench 244shoulder 211slopes, in rocky soil 146-147subdivision lots 166-170type 1 curb 291-294

DDam

channel pipeline 245-246water control 243

Decimals, using 11Delineators, traffic control 129Density tests

back scatter test 387moisture density curve 273-274nuclear testing 274-276sand cone test 272-276

Detail drawings, abbreviations 497-498

Detail sheetheadwall 36highway project 38

Detention basin,erosion control 170, 171

Detour 21signs, construction 200symbols, traffic control 45traffic 129-130traffic control plan 45-46trench, channel excavation 243

Dewateringchannel 242-243channel pipeline 245-246wellpoint pumping system 249

Diesel oil, equipment 362Diesel pump 245Dikes

asphalt concrete 462-463for downdrain 462-463highway 215-216stake location 78-79

Direct reading rodlaser level 66set movable tape 68-69setting for trenching 98-99

Dirt cap, culvert 460Dirt plugs 224-225Disking and stripping 185-186Ditch

channel, stake 17cut 9cutting 210flow line 43roadside, cutting 223-225

Diversion trench, channel 243-244flow line 244pipe 246

Double-drum static rollers 490Double-drum vibratory rollers

operating tips 490rolling asphalt 379

Double line, information stake 8Double pushing 134Double steel-drum roller 354Downdrain 462-463

dike 462-463highway 215median outlet 462metal trough 463

Dozercutting 474double pushing 134-135grading tips 474-475mud tracks 249operating tips 474-476pavement removal 351-353picking up scraper 476push-block blade 476pushing scrapers 476rebuilding channel 247ripping rock 151slope board 146, 475S.U. blade 476working in rock 148working unsuitable soils 255-256

Drag box 314skip loader 486

Drainprofile 35storm 34-36

Drain pipe 417-429culvert 460equipment 418joints 423-424laid on radius 421mortared joints 423-424placing manholes 419storm drain 35tarred 423trenching 417-419types 423

Drainageparking lot grading 94plan and profile sheet 30-36roadway 460swale 34

Drainage channels 241-250diversion pipe 244-246excavating 241-250summer flow 242water diversion trench 243-244water table 249

Drawings, abbreviations 497-498Driveway

culvert pipe, laying 224cutting 220maintaining access 224road plan 38-39

Drop inlet (DI) 32filter bag 173parking lot 317symbol 34

Drum rollersoperating tips 487-490pad 176smooth 214vibratory 379

Dual satellite antenna 112Ductile iron pipe, water 396-397Dump

aggregate, hand dumping 321aggregate, highway 320-321, 323aggregate, parking lot 313-314aggregate, sidewalk, curb, street 327calculating, asphalt paving 363planning, asphalt paving 363-364sequence 321

signal 321tickets 323

Dump trucks, placing aggregate 314

EEdge-of-pavement (EP) 9

road plan 39Electric pumps 245Electrical lines, traffic signals 223Electrical plans 223Elevation (EL) 16, 492

contour plan 83determining 28ground contour 28-30marking on lath 97profile 31using laser level 66

Elongated Ys, drawings 27Embankment

building 233-237compaction standards 276dumping from above 237equipment access 234hauling on narrow fill 236track walk 237

Emulsified asphalt coating 382End dumps

aggregate base 314asphalt for paver 354

End vertical curve (EVC) 32Engineer, balancing the site 192Engineer’s measure 8Engineer’s scale, contour plan 86Environmental protection, 172Equipment

access to narrow site 234-236asphalt paving 354balance 137balance, subdivision 158, 164-165building new channel 248-249channel excavation 242, 246-247damage, excavating rock 146excavating unsuitable soils 254-256good operators 467GPS 110-114grading 5-6hydraulically-controlled lasers 101loading time 137narrow fill 237operating tips 467-490pavement removal 350-353placing aggregate base 314planning 138protecting 130reading GPS screen 110replacing pipe section 417road excavation 225safety tips 467-490scrapers 134sewer pipe placing 403spreading aggregate 322street subgrade trim 298-299subdivision excavation 156subdivision trim grading 175-176subgrade compaction 279traffic control 236trenching drain pipe 418trenching sewer pipe 402trenching water pipe 394trimming sidewalk and curb 329warming up 362widening roads 222working pattern 282

Equipment operating tips 467-490backhoes 479-481compactors 486-487dozer 474-476grader 468-473hoes 479-483loaders 483-484motor grader 468-473rollers 487-490scrapers 476-479sheepsfoot compactor 487skip loaders 484-486track hoe 482

Erosion controlchannel excavation 243culverts and drains 460-463environmental protection 172maintenance 172-173placing dikes 215-216pollution penalties 173silt barrier 171-172subdivision 170-173

Establishing 90-degree angleusing tape 89-90

Estimator,communication with 128-129

Excavating channelschannel widening 246-247existing channel 242-247new channel 249water diversion trench 243-244

Excavating commercial sites 183apartment & office pads 185-186confined space, working in 195pad grading 187-189parking lot islands 190-192planning 184ramps and loading docks 190swales 195unsuitable soil 195

Excavating embankments 233-237bench cuts 235dumping from above 237equipment access 234hauling on narrow fill 236slope cuts 235

Excavating highways 199-216chokers 210cut areas 207dikes 215-216earthwork 205fills 205grading 205slopes 209staking 202subgrade work 213

Excavating roads 219-229culverts 224ditches 225driveways 224-225equipment 225roadwork 223rural roads 225

Excavating rock 145-150dozer with slope bar 146equipment damage 146ripping 148-150safety precautions 147-148slope tolerance 147slopes 146-147

Excavating subdivisions 155-179erosion control 170-173fine trim grading 177lot pads 166rough trim grading 174-176



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selecting equipment 156stepped lots 169streets 166-167use experienced crews 155-156

Excavating unsuitable soil 253-267around utility lines 264-265bridging 257cement treatment 263equipment 254fill 257, 259filter fabric 260lime treatment 262-263

Excavationabbreviations 497-498equipment balance 133-137equipment planning 134-135, 138haul or stockpile 139-140length of haul 134methods 138-139planning 133

Existing grade 8contour plan 90

Extra workcharging for 253soft trench bottom 408unsuitable soil 195, 341, 253

Extruded curb 185, 193placing 361pouring 318-319

Eye levelaccuracy 56checking grade 56, 288grade setter’s 53-55setting up 55with swedes 56

FFabric

asphalt paving 383-384construction 460paving 122

Face-of-curb (FC) 24Fall, sewer service 409Feathering asphalt 384-385Fencing, temporary 130, 245Fiberglass rod, for corners 62Fill

contour areas 29dumped from above 237marking crows feet 72mixing, unsuitable soils 259-260narrow embankment 233-237replacing unsuitable soils 257rock 150-151shoulder 211-212stakes 7, 11-12, 205-206

Fill slopecompacting 212correct profile 236grading 205-206

Fills and cutscontour plan 87-89cut stakes 7, 10ditch 9fill stakes 11marking crows feet 72setting boots 75stakes, reading 7-16

Filter bag, erosion control 173Filter fabric

pipe trench 407unsuitable soils 258, 260-262

Final trimaggregate road base 331-332highway 214

Finding cut or fill,with movable tape 68

Fine, pollution penalty 173Fine trimming

compaction test 179curb subgrade 177-178equipment 299painting notch line 178parking lot 194rural road subgrade 226setting hubs 300sidewalk grade 177subgrade 299using grader with sonar 178using string line 178

Fines, aggregate 315, 317Finished grade (FG) 17, 493

floor 184highway 214-215lot pad, subdivision 163parking lots 194-195profile, subdivision 163road base, trimming 325shoulder 211string line 62

Finishing manhole bottom 445Fire hydrant blow off (FHBO) 33Flagman

highway construction 324rural roadwork 228

Flashing lights, traffic control 129Flexible drum, traffic control 129Float switch, pump 244-245Flow line (FL) 32-33, 38

curb grade 32direction 34diversion trench 244grade, pipe trenching 100

Fluorescent paint, grade setting 53Foreman, communication 128-129Forms

curb, undercut for 291manhole 446

Formula, aggregate quantities 312

GGauge (GA), pipe 38Generator, pump 245Giving line, grade setter 166Global positioning system(GPS) 104-114

Glue-down curb 185GOMACO Corporation

concrete machine 118paver 120texture/cure machine 121

GPSaggregate base grade 325channel excavation 242components 105description 104-105equipment controlled with 110grading 87, 104-114machine control 112-113parking lot grading 94rover 105-106rover, setting grade 87satellite antennas 112satellite locations 107satellite receiver 105saving stake locations 109screen descriptions 110-111set up 105setting grade with 52utility tie out 108, 222

Gradecalculating lip-of-curb 292-293centerline, calculating 300-301changes 192changes, highway 201channel excavation 243-244control, profiler 121-125control, sonar 366curb flow line 32cutting 57existing 8final 8finish 17for sewer project 79-80lath location 78manhole bottom 446setting 52-53setting bank plugs 304-306setting with swedes 317slope, finished 24stakes, apartment andindustrial pad 95

stakes, curb 285-287stakes, rural road 221stakes, sewer project 79top of manhole 453

Grade checking 56pipe laying 404subdivision excavation 166subgrade 302with eye level 56

Grade indicator, movable tape 67-69Grade pin 60, 493Grade rings, manhole 453Grade rod, laser level 98Grade setter

abbreviations 497-498calculating curb rise 290centerline, calculating 300-301checking centerline grade 331-332checking curbs for level 303equipment 53-55giving line 166job description 52

Grade settingcuts and fills 76equipment 53-55finish aggregate grade 325highway base grade and line 320highway grade stakes 202-204marking fine trim 300offsetting island stakes 191offsetting survey stakes 174optional stakes 77safety 53setting swedes, parking lot 317staking subdivision 163with contour plan 83-90

Graderadvantages of GPS 113articulation system 473-474asphalt paving 354channel excavation 249circle shift and yoke 472-473excavation planning 138final trim, highway 214laser controlled 103mould board slide 469mould board tilt 469-471operating on slopes 207-208operating tips 468-473sonar and slope control 175spreading aggregate 322subdivision trim grading 175-176

trimming sidewalk and curb 327trimming street subgrade 298-299turning points 474wheel tilt 468wing 322

Gradingaggregate base 322-323apartment and industrial pad 95balancing the site 192commercial building pads 187-189curb 289-290curb and sidewalk 285-294cut slope 207equipment, rough trim 175-176fill slope 206highways 199-216length of haul 30parking lot curbs 193-194parking lots 94, 190-191plan 26-30rocky slopes 147rural road, aggregate base 227street subgrade 298subdivision fine trim 177subdivision rough trim 174-176trimming curb and sidewalk 291using curb shoe 293-294using GPS 104-114using sonar and slope control 56

Grading equipmentdozer, tips 474-475hoe with grading bucket 247GPS guided 5-6laser controlled 5skip loader, grading box 484-485sonar and slope control 5tractor with drag box 373

Grading plan 21, 83subdivision, reading 26-30

Gravel 320pipe bedding 402

Grid pattern, parking lot 94Grinder, asphalt

profiler 348-349reclaimer 350

Grindings, reusing 349Grizzly 124

using in rock fill 151-152Ground elevation, contour 28-30Ground water, channel 249Grouting

manhole bottoms 445no-joint pipe voids 429

Guinea 493Guinea hopper 73, 493

HHand dumping

aggregate 321asphalt 354, 364

Hand grade, asphalt mat 369Hand level, checking grade 288Hand tamping 381, 386Hard ground, trenching 405-407

equipment 407Hardpan, subgrade compaction 280Haul distance, subdivision 164Haul road, excavation planning 135HDPE pipe 423Headwall detail 36High density polyethylene pipe

(HDPE) 423High point 32



ONLINE P

REVIEW

Highway constructionaggregate base, placing 320arrow boards 200asphalt paving 369barricades 199detour signs 200dikes, placing 215drainage 460-463grading aggregate base 322grading and excavation 199-216K-rail 199paving on and off ramps 369preparations 199-200road base compaction 214rolling aggregate base 324setting stakes 202-204shoulder grade 211shoulder types 320signs 199subgrade tolerance 307subgrade work 213temporary striping 199traffic control 199-200trimming aggregate base 324trimming subgrade 303underdrains 214walking the job 199work zones 129

Highway plans 41cross section drawing 37, 40detail sheet 38information given 37-38instruction sheets 38open land cross section 43original ground 43plan description 38-43planning project 37reading information 42reading road section 44road improvement 37rural road 43

Hinge point (HP) 9, 13, 24at shoulder 43stake 77

Hoebackhoe operation 479-482backhoe vs. track hoe 482bucket with thumb 127channel excavation 247-248clam bucket 127compaction wheel 127, 247grading bucket 247operating tips 479-483outriggers 394packs 127pavement removal 350quick-coupler bucket 247rams 127ripper tooth 127rubber tired 222, 350safety 482slotted bucket 406-407tapered bucket 243thumb bucket 351-352track 482trapezoid bucket 248trenching 99, 403

Hooks and slings, pipe 402-403Hopper

gravel-filled 407paving machine 356-357

Hubs 493channel excavation 243-244finish subgrade 306-307parking lot 317

setting 56setting for fine trim 300surveyor, subdivision 163

Hydraulic shoring 433-438jacks 435planks, setting 437pressure tank 435removal 437-438setting in trench 434-436sheeting between planks 437using quick coupler 434-435wide trenches 436-437

Hydroseed, erosion control 170-171

IIndustrial pad, grading 95Information stake 14, 493

double line 6-7Inspector, unsuitable material 253Instruction sheets, plan 38Intermediate grade stakes 86-87Island

curb 26parking lot 184-185, 190paving around 373

JJacks, shoring 435Joint tape, manhole 453Joints

manhole barrels 451paving 362

KK-rail

highway construction 199pinned 46pouring 118traffic control 46, 129, 220

LLadders, in trench 436Lane delineators 129Laser controlled equipment

receivers on 101system override 102

Laser levelaccuracy 62batteries 71capabilities 64correct elevation 66direct reading rod 66establishing level beam 65, 70grading a road project 96-97grading commercial pads 95-96how to set 65limitations 69movable tape, setting 66parking lot grading 94pipe flow line grade 100reception 68rod and receiver 64sending and receiving 65set up 62-64setting grade 52, 93setting grade rod 98setting percentage of slope 98sloping beam 70stationary level 69-70transmitter 64trench grading 98-100twirl-type 70-71types 69-71windows 70

Laser receivercontrol box 101-102equipment mounted 101-103pole mounted 100signal 67-68target arm and mast 101

Lateral pipes, manhole 444Laying pipe

cast-in-place concrete 424-428drain 419-423sewer 408-416water 395-401

Leaks, pipemains and joints 415testing for 411-416

Left of road centerline (LT) 39Length of haul, grading 30Level beam, laser level 65, 70Lifts

compacting, lime treatment 342planning passes 362

Lime mixing machine 338Lime treatment

compaction 340moisture testing 341reclaimers 338spreading 338-340subgrade 337unsuitable soil 262-263, 341-342using reclaimer 126

Lineand then 8, 10, 13contour 29, 84flow 34right-of-way 24

Lining, channel 249Lip-of-curb (LP) 25

calculating grade 292-293Load bearing capacity, road 272Loaders

automatic neutral gear 484operating tips 483-484self-leveling bucket 483skip 354track 351

Loadingrock 149time, scraper 137

Loading dock, excavating 190Locator wire, pipe 399

wire box 399-400Loose gravel, trenching in 403-404Loot 385Lot pads

slope undercut 168trimming 170

Low point (LP) 32

MMailboxes, moving 222Manhole (MH) 32

common sizes 443grade 453grade rings 453joint tape 453paving around 455-456pipe layout 419rim (RIM) 33setting barrels 450-454setting casting 454-456shield 438-440shoring 438-440symbol 34, 36vacuum test 453-454with sump 447-448

Manhole bottominner wall forms 447poured 443-445precast 446-447smooth water flow 443-444with sump 447-448

Marking cuts and fills 87-89Mast, laser target 101Mat

concrete 120asphalt 368-369

Match line 221Maximum soil density 274, 276Measure, engineer’s 8Measuring 90-degree angle 89-90Mechanical coupling, pipe 396Median, downdrain outlet 462Metal trough, downdrain 463Milled asphalt 121Mix, asphalt 365-366Models, survey for GPS 106Moisture density curve 273-274, 276Mortared pipe joints 423-424Motor grader 468-473

articulation system 473-474circle shift and yoke 472-473mould board slide 469mould board tilt 469-471turning points 474wheel tilt 468

Mould boardback 471extending 472-473forward 471slide 469tilt 469-471

NNarrow embankments 233-237

bench cuts 235dumping from above 237equipment access 234hauling on narrow fill 236slope cuts 235

New grade, contour plan 9090-degree angle, forming 89-90No-joint concrete machine 425No-joint concrete pipe 424-429

bracing 425-427curing 428-429finishing 428-429grouting voids 429manholes 428pouring 425trenching 424

Noses, island 191tamping 381

Notch line, painting 178Nuclear density test

back scatter test 274compaction 274-276

Nylon string line 58

OOffice buildings, excavating 185-190Offset

back-of-curb 285calculating 17curb 318-319reference stake 13stake 77stakes, parking lot island 191string line 59

Oil, asphalt 365-366



ONLINE P

REVIEW

Oil potpatch paving 384tack coat 382

Oiling, aggregate base 332On grade 166On-board control system 103-114

GPS 110-114laser 102-103rover, GPS 105-110sonar and slope control 103-104

Open land plan, cross section 43Open-bowl scraper 160, 255-256

operating tips 478-479Open-grade asphalt 215

placing dikes on 215-216Operating tips, equipment

backhoes 479-481compactors 486-487dozers 474-476drag boxes 486graders 468-473grading boxes 484-485hoes 479-483loaders 483-484motor graders 468-473rollers 487-490scrapers 476-479sheepsfoot compactors 487skip loaders 484-486track hoes 482

Operatorexperience 155-156, 467improving skills 467safety 467

Optimum moisture, soil 274Ordering aggregate 312-313, 323Original ground (OG) 43Outlet, headwall 36Outriggers, backhoe 394Overexcavating, 228-229Overlay

asphalt 121pavement 356

Overloaded paver 375Over-rolling, indications 280Overspray, tack coat 383

PPad-drum roller 138, 226Pad-drum vibratory roller

subdivision trim grading 176subgrade compaction 279

Pad-foot compactor 214with center wheel 237

Pad-wheeled compactor 279Paddle-wheel scraper 255-256

asphalt removal 353excavation planning 137, 138operating tips 478subdivision excavation 160

Pads, grading 187-188Painting grade 77

line 300Parking lots

barrier curb 318calculating aggregate 314compaction and fine trimming 194crew 315curbs 185, 193excavating islands 190-192extruded curb 318grade using swedes 317grading, using grid pattern 94island grading 184-185pavement removal 351

paving 373resurfacing 121unsuitable soil 195

Patch paving 384-386Pavement

edge-of-pavement 9overlay 356patching 384removal 350removal equipment 350-353reprocessing 124temporary markers 45thickness, for unsuitable soils 263

Pavingairport 387around manholes 455-456asphalt 347-389concrete 120compaction test 387construction fabric 383cul de sac 371-373curb 193highway 369parking lots 373patch 384planning passes 362removal 347, 350spreader box 376-377tapered areas 370trench 386-387truck flow 376

Paving machinesbreakdown delays 375-376concrete 118-120conveyor belt 356-357expandable 359hopper 356-357overloaded 375pickup machine 360rubber-tired paver 356screed auger 357self-propelled 354ski 366sonar 358slip-form paver 119track paver 356

Paving rollers, operating tips 489Pedestrian crossing (PED) 46Penalties, pollution 173Percentage of fall, curb-to-curb 25Perforated pipe, underdrain 460Permatex No 1 398Pickup machine 354

paving with 360short radius turns 370

Pinching asphalt 354Pipe

aluminum 423banding 424bedding 402bell and spigot 396, 408bends 409cast-in-place drain 425-429cast iron 396, 408channel diversion 245-246concrete drain 408corrugated metal 38, 423culvert 460, 462downdrain 462-463entering manhole 444gauge 38HDPE drain 423hooks 402-403joints 396joints, sewer 408-409

locating leaks 413-415mortared joints 423-424no-joint 424-429perforated 460plugs 398polyethylene 399preventing damage 404PVC 396-397, 408rubber sleeves 423sling 402-403, 417soap 408steel 38, 423tarred 423testing, water 401-402thickness, determining 99-100type K copper 399unloading pattern 402warning tape 400water service 399wire locator 399-400wye 409

Pipe beddingdetermining grade 99-100undercut for 395

Pipe layingcast-in-place drain 425-429crew, drain pipe 418crew, sewer pipe 408crew, water pipe 396culvert 224drain pipe 417-429flow line grade, laser level 100no-joint pipe 424-429on a radius 409planning pays off 429seating pipe barrel 408sewer pipe 408-429sewer, planning 402stockpiling materials 397-398tools 408water pipe 395-401

Pipe slope (S), laid 38Pipe trenching

drain 417sewer 404water 393

Pipeline, underground 21Plan

abbreviations 497-498contour 84detour 21grading 21subdivision 21, 22subdivision grading 26-30

Plan sheetdescription 33-35drainage 30-36sewer 30-36water lines 30-36

Planningexcavation 133paving dumps 363-364paving passes 362

Plastic pipe, corner line 62Plastic sheeting, erosion 171Plastic skirt, hub 73-74Plate tamper

compaction 282noses and corners 381small areas 386trench bedding 408

Plates, steel trench covers 130Plugging unsuitable soils 257Plugs, pipe end 398

Pneumatic tired roller 379operating tips 489

Point file, GPS 108Pollution penalties 173Polyethylene film 428-429Polyethylene pipe 399Polyvinyl chloride pipe(PVC) 396-397

Popcorn, placing dikes on 215Poured manhole bottom 443-445Pouring, manhole 448-449Power lines, placing new 223Power source, pump 245Precast manhole

barrels 451bottoms 446-447

Pressure tank,hydraulic shoring 435

Pressure testmanhole 447sewer pipe 411water line 401-402

Pressure washing pipe 411Prod rod 265Profile

drawing 83elevations 31sheet 21, 30-36

Profiler 120-125accuracy 121grade and slope control 121removing asphalt 348-349subgrade trimming 122

Profilograph 119Projected grade (PG) 42Property owner,unsuitable material 253

Public relations, minimizinginconvenience 220

Public safety 129-130excavating rock 147-148

Pumping 253unsuitable soil 342

Pumps, water 244-245Push-block blade, dozer 476Push-pull scraper

excavation planning 134, 137subdivision excavation 158

Pushing up asphalt 354PVC pipe

sewer 408water mains 396-397wire locator 399-400

QQuick coupler

hoe attachments 247set shoring 434-435shoring removal 437

RRadius, pipe laying 409, 421Radius point, staking 287Raising utilities, GPS 108Raker

asphalt paving 379patch paving 384-385

Ram-Nek 451Ramp

access 247excavating for 190

Ratio, slope 18Reading

contour plan 84laser rod cuts and fills 87-89



ONLINE P

REVIEW

plans 21stakes 10

Rebar mat 120Receiver

GPS base station 105laser level 64on movable tape 68

Reclaimer 125-126, 350cement treatment 126compared to profiler 124lime treatment 126, 338

Recycler, Wirtgen 124Recycling asphalt 121Reference point (RP) 8Reference stake (RS) 8, 12, 495

marking 13offset 13staking 76

Reflective tape, traffic control 129Reflectors 387-388Relocating street signs 45Repair, sewer pipe 416-417Residents, minimizing

inconvenience to 220Resurfacing 121Ribbons, surveyor’s stakes 163Riding high 299Right angle, finding 89-90Right-of-way (RW) 22, 495

line 24staking 76

Rip raperosion control 170in headwall 36

Ripper teeth, scraper 353Ripping

during compaction 280excavation 150rock 148-150

Rise to run ratio 18Road section 21

grade changes 200-201highway project 44reading 44

Road survey stakes 5-18abbreviations 497-498curb 16cut 7ditch channel 17elevation 16fill 7, 11-12information 6-7, 14marking 14-18reading 10, 12reference 8road survey 5shoulder cut 15slope 7, 73street 17surveyor’s 24top-back-of-curb 16top-of-curb 29

Roadworkaggregate base 26, 325asphalt paving 347-384base compactionrequirements 214

cleanup 229concrete paving 119-120controlling traffic 129crew safety 220-221drainage 460-463equipment 222excavation 223grade stakes 221

grading with laser level 96-97highway excavation 205improvements, highway 37minimize inconvenience 220moving signs, mailboxes 222patching 384pavement overlay 356pavement removal 350pavement reprocessing 350-353resurfacing 121rural road excavation 223-229signs, relocating 222strength, load bearing 272subgrade, checking grade 97survey stakes 5tie out utilities 219traffic control 220-221trimming aggregategrade 330-331

work zones 129widening rural roads 219-229

Rockexcavating 145-150fence, 147-148fill 150-151ripping and excavating 148-150

Rock grade 332Rocky soil, cutting slopes 146-147Rod, laser level 64

reading cuts and fills 87-89Rod, utility prod 265Rollers

bull wheel 379pad drum 176pneumatic tired 379operating tips 487-490rubber tired 279tandem 379tiller wheel 379

Rollingaggregate base 314, 324asphalt spread 379-381chip seal 388patch paving 384, 386sewer pipe trench 411sidewalk and curb 327-328subdivision trim grading 176subgrade compaction 279, 280

Rough excavation, subdivision 167Rough grading with GPS rover 106Rough trimming

lime treatment 337street subgrade 298walk, curb, street subgrade 175

RoverGPS 105-106rough grading with 106tie out utilities 108verify topography 109

Rubber pipe sleeves 423Rubber-tired hoe

trenching 394with 4-in-1 bucket 350

Rubber-tired paver 356Rubber-tired roller 279Rubberized asphalt concrete(RAC) 42-43

Ruler readingsadd or subtract from 301checking grade 302

Run to rise ratio 18Runway, resurfacing 121Rural road

ditch 223highway project 43resurfacing 125widening 219-229

SSaddle, service strap 399Safety

equipment 130excavating rock 147-148grade setting 53hoe operation 482importance of 129manhole construction 456public 129rural roadwork 220-221setting boots 75traffic alert signs 200trench 403-405, 433-440

Sand cone test 272-274Sandbags 444Sandy soil, cement treatment 343Sanitary sewer (SS) 32Satellite

GPS receiver 105locations for GPS 107

Schedulingasphalt trucks 377-378hauls in peak traffic 139

Scrapersasphalt loading 353asphalt removal 353building channel slope 248channel excavation 249dumping loads 479laser-controlled 101-102loading ripped rock 149-151loading time 137loading with dozer 478open-bowl 478-479operating tips 476-479paddle-wheel 478production capability 160pushed by dozer 476ripper tooth attachment 353self-loading 477-478slobber bits 299subdivision excavation 157

Screedauger 357extensions 359settings, asphalt paving 368

Sectionroad 21street 22-26

Self-leveling loader bucket 483Self-loading scrapers 477-478Self-propelled paving machine 354Semi bottom dumps 320Semi-end dumps 359-360Semi-U dozer blade 476Service lines, leaks 415-416Service taps 399Set up, GPS 105Setting bank plugs 77, 304-306Setting boots 74-75

fill or cut 75subdivision trim 174-175

Setting crows feet 73Setting grade

description 52-53GPS guided 52surveyor 73with laser level 52

Setting hubs, surveyor 73Setting movable tape 67-69

direct reading rod 68-69grade indicators 67-69laser reception 68

Setting trench slope, using laser 98Sewer lines

grade line 79-80plan and profile sheet 30-36

Sewer pipe 408-417air testing 413-415backfill and compaction 410crew 408joints 408-409leakage tolerance 413locating leaks 411-416pressure testing 411pressure washing 411replace section 416-417splicing 417trenching 402-407types 408-409vacuuming 411water testing 411-413

Sewer service, fall 409Sheepsfoot compactor 214

operating tips 487Sheeting, hydraulic shoring 437Shields 438-440

laser level on 70manhole 438-440trench 405, 438-439

Shoringhydraulic 433-438jacks 435manholes 438-440planks, setting 437removal 437trench 433-438using quick coupler 434-435wide trenches 436-437

Shoulder (SHO) 15, 495cutting 211fill area 211-212finish grade 211highway grade and line 320open 320remove asphalt 222staking 15, 77

Shovel, square nose 408Sidewalk

aggregate base 325compacting aggregate base 329fine trimming subgrade 177grades, subdivision 167grading 285-294pouring concrete 329-330slope, calculating 168subgrade trim,subdivision 175-176

trimming 291trimming aggregate base 327

Signal, laser receiver 67Signs, hwy construction 199, 324Silt barrier 171-172

fence 170Site work, stripping anddisking 185-186

Ski, paver 366Skip loaders

drag box 486grading box 484-485operating tips 484-486parking lot paving 373picking up asphalt 371

Skirts, plastic 73-74grade setting 53

Sleeves, pipe 423



ONLINE P

REVIEW

Slings pipe 417placing pipe with 402-403

Slip joint, sewer pipe 408-409Slip-form machines

curb machine 117-119paver 119-120

Slip-on coupling, pipe joint 396Slope bar

dozer 247excavating rocky slope 146

Slope board, dozer 475Slope control

for fine trim 300grading 56on profiler 121-125on-board control system 103-104string line 62with sonar 366

Sloped trench 243, 403-404Slopes

bench cut 235channel, rebuilding 247-248checking grade 208contour plan 85curb, cutting 292-293finished grade 24marking 14ratio 18setting string line 60stake 7staking fills 205-206toe-of-slope stake 73tolerance 209tolerance, rocky soil 147trimming with curb shoe 293-294tying into existing 235

Sloping beam laser level 70Slotted bucket, hoe 406-407Slump, manhole bottom 445Smooth-drum roller

operating tips 487-489subgrade compaction 279vibratory roller 189

Soap, pipe 408Software, GPS 106Soil

compacting 271, 277displacement, site 192maximum density 274optimum moisture 274testing 272unsuitable 253-267

Soil conditionschoosing equipment 141excavation planning 138open-bowl scraper 138

Soils engineer,unsuitable material 253

Sonarfor fine trim 300for grade and slope control 366grader 175on-board control system 103-104paving machine 358string line 104, 62

Sonatube 447Specifications

traffic control 220-221trench depth 393

Spigot end, pipe 409Spread, asphalt

dump 363rolling 379-381temperature 366

Spreader box 354aggregate base 315paving 376-377trench paving 387

Spreader, concrete 120Spreading aggregate 322-323Sprinkler lines, capping 220Stab rod 354

asphalt 367Stable ground, trenching 403Stake

abbreviations 497-498curb 16cut 7ditch channel 17elevation 16fill 7, 11-12fill slope 205-206information 6-7, 14marking 14-18reading 10, 12reference 8road survey 5shoulder cut 15slope 7, 73street 17surveyor’s 24top-back-of-curb 16top-of-curb 29

Staking90-degree angle 90apartment and industrial pad 95building embankment 233channel excavation 242commercial site 186-187corners 287curb 285-287cut, grade setter’s lath 76cut station 76-79dike 78-79fill, grade setter’s lath 76fill hinge points 78fill station 76-79grade and line 79grade lath 78highway 202-204hubs 76parking lot swales 317radius point 287reference stake 76right-of-way 76shoulder 77subdivision pad grades 166-167using contour plan 86-87with GPS 107when to offset 77

Standards, compaction 276Standpipe, excavation planning 138Station number 14, 32

reading 23-26Stationary level, laser 69-70Steel bar 408Steel-drum rollers,operating tips 489

Steel reinforced pipe assembly(SRPA) 38

Steel trench plates 130Stepped lots, subdivision 169Stop bars 388Stop valve, corporation 399Storm drain (SD)

cross section 35profile 35symbol 34-36

Storm water pollution prevention(SWPP) 170

Straightedge, checking grade 288Straw, erosion control 170-171, 173Street

grades, subdivision 167rough trim 298section 22-26stake 17subgrade 167-168subgrade tolerance 307subgrade trim,subdivision 175-176

traffic control 44String line 495

above ground 60asphalt paving 361correcting errors 58-59curb grade 289-290extruded curb 361fine trimming 178finished grade 62grade pins 60height 60offset 59setting 58-59smooth corners 62sonar and slope control 62steep slopes 60super-elevation 305trenching 58uses 57

Striping 387-388temporary 129, 199traffic control plan 45

Stripping and disking 185-186S.U. blade, dozer 476Subbase, using asphalt grindings 349Subdivision

equipment balance 164equipment safety 130erosion control 170-173excavation 155-179fine trim grading 177grade setter stakes 163grading plan 26-30plan 21, 22preparation work 163pubic safety 130road, aggregate base 325road, rough trim 298road, subgrade tolerance 307road, trimmingaggregate grade 330-331

rough trim grading 174-176stepped lots 169surveyor stakes 163-164traffic control 130tying out utilities 161

Subgrade 495aggregate road base trim 330-331calculating curb rise 290compaction 277-278compaction equipment 279cutting curb 292fine trimming 177-179, 299finishing around utilities 267highway 213-216hubs 306lime treatment 337road base compaction 214rural road compaction 226rural road fine trim 226sidewalk, curb, streettrim 325-326

soil composition 277street 167-168street and highway 297-307street and highway tolerances 307street compaction 298trimming, highway 303unsuitable material 257

Submersible pumps 245Summer flow, channel 242Sump 447-448Super-elevation 305-307Superintendent,communicating with 128-129

Surveyaerial photo 52drawing 21GPS control points 106

Survey stakes 6abbreviations 497-498reading 5

Surveyor’s stakesbank plugs 213-214highway 203highway finish grade 210pipe trenching 393ribbons 163rural roadwork 221save location with GPS 109setting 24

Surveyor’s tack 6Swale 496

contour plan 86drainage 34excavating 195staking line 317

Swedes 496adjustable 53centerline grade 298checking grade 56grade setting, parking lot 317parking lot grading 94using 57

System override, laser-controlledequipment 102

TT-line, underdrain 460Tack coat

asphalt 382boot truck application 382emulsified asphalt 382oil pot 382overspray 383paving manholes 456sand topping 383

Tack, surveyor’s 6Tamping trench bedding 408Tandem rollers

operating tips 490rolling asphalt 379

Tap, water service 399Tape, color-coded warning 400Taper

paving 370traffic cones 130

Tapered bucket 248Target arm, laser receiver 101Target mast, laser receiver 101Tarred pipe 423Temperature limits,

lime treatment 338Temporary

ditch, erosion control 170fencing 130, 245striping, traffic control 129, 199



ONLINE P

REVIEW

Termination zone, highway 129Test question answer sheet 499-500Testing

bacterial, water line 401-402compaction 272-276locating leaks 415-416manhole 453-454moisture, lime treatment 341nuclear density 274sand cone 272service lines 415-416sewer pipe water 411-413TV camera, sewer pipe 411unsuitable soils 254water line pressure 401-402

Texture/cure machine 120-121Thermometer, asphalt 366Thumb attachment, hoe 127Tie into existing slope 235Tie out 496

methods 222using GPS 108utilities 161, 297

Tiller wheel, roller 379Tining concrete 120Tips, equipment operating 467-490Toe, east and west 17Toe-of-slope

ditch flow line 210stake 73

Tool belt, grade setter 53Tools, patch paving 386Toothless bucket, hoe 127Top cut, east 17Top-back-of-curb stake (TBC) 16Top-of-curb stake (TC) 24, 29Topographical plan 83

aerial photo 52Topography, verifywith GPS rover 109-110

Toxic dust, cement 343Track hoe

operating tips 482trenching 394, 403

Track loaderpavement removal 351working unsuitable soils 255-256

Track paver 356Track walk

embankment fill 237fill slope 212

Tractor, grading 314with drag box 373

Traffic control 129arrow boards 200barricades 199cones 129, 130delineators 129detour signs 200flagmen 228, 324flashing lights 129flexible drums 129highway constructionsafety 199-200, 324

K-rail 199road signs, relocating 222roadwork safety 220-221, 228temporary pavement markers 45

Traffic control plan 44detour staging plan 45-46finished roadway 47K-rail 46pinned K rail 46relocating signs 45street section 44

striping 45symbols 45

Traffic, scheduling hauls 139Transit level, staking with 86Transition zone, highway 129Transmitter, laser level 64Trapezoid bucket 248

sloped trench 404trenching 394

Trenchbedding grade 99-100channel, water diversion 243-244cover plates 130fill material 460filter fabric 407hydraulic shoring 433-438paving 386-387percentage of slope 98safety 403-405, 433-440setting grade 244shields 405-407, 438-440shoring 433-438shoring, wide trenches 436-437string line 58underdrain 460warning tape 407

Trencher 394with carbide teeth 126

Trenchingbackfilling 400-401, 410backhoe operation 480-481cast-in-place drain pipe 424determining undercut 99equipment 394-953for drain pipe 417-419for sewer pipe 402-407for water pipe 393-395in cemented cobbles 405in hard ground 405-407in stable ground 403new methods 6slope grade 418sloping 403-404, 433string line 58undercut, soft bottom 408up grade 403using hoes 403using laser level 98

Trimmingaggregate base,parking lot 317-319

aggregate base,rural road 226-227

aggregate road grade 330-331curb grade 291equipment 329equipment work pattern 302-303highway aggregate base 324-325highway subgrade 214, 303lime-treated soil 341lot pads 170sidewalk and curb 327street subgrade 298-299subgrade, using profiler 122using curb shoe 293-294using slope control 104

Trucksaggregate dumps 314hauling on narrow fill 236scheduling asphaltdelivery 377-378

Turnout, cutting on narrow fill 235TV camera in pipe 411

Twirl-type laser level 70-71, 98Two-axel tandem rollers 490Type 1 curb 285-286

computing slope 293cutting 292-294

Type 1-A curb 285-286offset 289

Type 2 curb 285-286offset 289

Type 3 curb 285-286Type 5 curb 285-286

vertical 25Type K copper pipe 399Typical drawings 22, 496

UUndercut

curb forms 291determining 99pipe bedding material 395sewer pipe trench 408soft trench bottom 408

Underdrains 459-460construction 460highway 214installation 461perforated pipe 460trench 460

Underground pipeline 21Underground Service Alert(USA) 161, 219, 253

notify before excavating 266Unsuitable material 253-267

aggregate fill 257-258around utility lines 264billing as extra work 195bridging 257-258definition 253excavating 254-255excavating, commercial sites 195lime treatment 262-263, 341-342plugging small areas 257-258remedies 260-264removal, cost estimate 253removing 258-259testing for 254using filter fabric 260-262

Utilitiesbackfilling around 266-267compacting around 266companies, marking locations 266notify before excavating 265-266tie out 219, 253, 297tie out methods 222tie out subdivision 161tie out using GPS 108unsuitable soils around 264

VV, slope indicator 38Vacuum, sewer pipe 411Vacuum test, manhole 453-454Valve, corporation stop 399Vandalism protection 245Vermeer trencher 395Vertical curb 25Vibratory drum roller 379

smooth drum 214Vibratory roller

aggregate base 314asphalt rolling 379-381operating tips 487-490sidewalk roller 282

subdivision trim grading 176subgrade compaction 279

Voids, filling in manhole 449Volume, calculatingaggregate 311-313

WWaddles, erosion control 171Warning tape 400

pipe trench 407, 410Warning zone, highway 129Water control

channel diversion 243-244channel excavation 242-243culvert 460-461dike 462-463downdrain 462-463underdrain 459

Water lines (W) 33plan and profile sheet 30-36

Water maincheck valve 401pipe 396-397

Water pipebackfilling and testing 400-401chlorine requirements 398joints 396laying 395-401planning installation 397-398testing 401-402trenching 393-395types 396-397warning tape 400

Water pumps 245Water service taps,saddle and valve 399

Water supplycompaction 271-272profiler 348reclaimer 350

Water table, channel 249Water test, sewer pipe 411-413Water truck 135

for fine trimming 299Water wagon 135Welded wire fabric (WWF) 36Wellpoint pumping system 249Wheel tilt 468Wheel trencher 394Winch, no-joint machine 427Windrow 496

asphalt 354dumping continuous 321pickup machine 360

Wing, grader 322Wings, paving machine hopper 357Wire locator 399-400

box 399Wirtgen

profiler 122recycler 124

Work pattern, trimming streetsubgrade 303

Work zones, highway 129Working clearance, curbs 291Wye, pipe 409

YY, grading plan

ZZero slump concrete 118Zones, work 129



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PPrracac tictic al Refal Refererencences fes for Buildersor BuildersBasic Engineering for Builders

If you’ve ever been stumped by an engineering problem onthe job, yet wanted to avoid the expense of hiring a qualifiedengineer, you should have this book. Here you’ll find engi-neering principles explained in non-technical language andpractical methods for applying them on the job. With thehelp of this book you’ll be able to understand engineeringfunctions in the plans and how to meet the requirements,

how to get permits issued without the help of an engineer, and anticipaterequirements for concrete, steel, wood and masonry. See why you some-times have to hire an engineer and what you can undertake yourself: sur-veying, concrete, lumber loads and stresses, steel, masonry, plumbing, andHVAC systems. This book is designed to help the builder save money byunderstanding engineering principles that you can incorporate into thejobs you bid. 400 pages, 8½ x 11, $36.50

National Concrete & Masonry Estimator

Since you don’t get every concrete or masonry job you bid,why generate a detailed list of materials for each one? Thedata in this book will allow you to get a quick and accuratebid, and allow you to do a detailed material takeoff, only forthe jobs you are the successful bidder on. Includes assemblyprices for bricks, and labor and material prices for brickbonds, brick specialties, concrete blocks, CMU, concrete foot-ings and foundations, concrete on grade, concrete specialties, concretebeams and columns, beams for elevated slabs, elevated slab costs, andmore. Includes a CD-ROM with an electronic version of the book withNational Estimator, a stand-alone WindowsTM estimating program, plus aninteractive multimedia video that shows how to use the disk to compileconstruction cost estimates.672 pages, 8½ x 11, $54.00. Revised annually

Blueprint Reading for the Building Trades

How to read and understand construction documents, blueprints, andschedules. Includes layouts of structural, mechanical, HVAC and electricaldrawings. Shows how to interpret sectional views, follow diagrams andschematics, and covers common problems with construction specifica-tions. 192 pages, 5½ x 8½ , $14.75

CD Estimator

If your computer has WindowsTM and a CD-ROM drive, CD Estimator puts atyour fingertips over 130,000 construction costs for new construction,remodeling, renovation & insurance repair, home improvement, electrical,concrete & masonry, painting, and plumbing & HVAC. Monthly cost updatesare available at no charge on the Internet. You’ll also have the NationalEstimator program — a stand-alone estimating program for WindowsTM

that Remodeling magazine called a “computer wiz,” and Job Cost Wizard, aprogram that lets you export your estimates to QuickBooks Pro for actualjob costing. A 60-minute interactive video teaches you how to use this CD-ROM to estimate construction costs.And to top it off, to help you create pro-fessional-looking estimates, the disk includes over 40 construction estimat-ing and bidding forms in a format that’s perfect for nearly any WindowsTM

word processing or spreadsheet program. CD Estimator is $78.50

Moving to Commercial Construction

In commercial work, a single job can keep you and yourcrews busy for a year or more. The profit percentages arehigher, but so is the risk involved. This book takes you step-by-step through the process of setting up a successful com-mercial business; finding work, estimating and bidding,value engineering, getting through the submittal and shopdrawing process, keeping a stable work force, controlling

costs, and promoting your business. Explains the design/build and part-nering business concepts and their advantage over the competitive bidprocess. Includes sample letters, contracts, checklists and forms that youcan use in your business, plus a CD-ROM with blank copies in several word-processing formats for both Mac and PC computers.256 pages, 8½ x 11, $42.00

Builder’s Guide to Accounting Revised

Step-by-step, easy-to-follow guidelines for setting up and maintainingrecords for your building business. This practical guide to all accountingmethods shows how to meet state and federal accounting requirements,explains the new depreciation rules, and describes how the Tax Reform Actcan affect the way you keep records. Full of charts, diagrams, simple direc-tions and examples, to help you keep track of where your money is going.Recommended reading for many state contractor’s exams. Each chapterends with a set of test questions, and a CD-ROM included FREE has all thequestions in interactive self-test software. Use the Study Mode to makestudying for the exam much easier, and Exam Mode to practice your skills.360 pages, 8½ x 11, $35.50

Construction Forms & Contracts

125 forms you can copy and use — or load into your computer (from theFREE disk enclosed). Then you can customize the forms to fit your compa-ny, fill them out, and print. Loads into Word for Windows, Lotus 1-2-3,WordPerfect, Works, or Excel programs. You’ll find forms covering account-ing, estimating, fieldwork, contracts, and general office. Each form comeswith complete instructions on when to use it and how to fill it out. Theseforms were designed, tested and used by contractors, and will help keepyour business organized, profitable and out of legal, accounting and col-lection troubles. Includes a CD-ROM for WindowsTM and Mac.432 pages, 8½ x 11, $41.75

BNI General Construction 2007 CostbookContractor prices for over 10,000 items organized in CSI format, coveringall trades in detail. Includes a separate section on square-foot costs tohelp with quick estimates based on project type and size. Find just aboutall the prices you need in this encyclopedia of construction costs.570 Pages, 8½ x 11 $95.95

Masonry & Concrete Construction Revised

Shows on-site preplanning and layout through the con-struction of footings, foundations, walls, fireplaces andchimneys. An added appendix on safety regulations, with acondensed OSHA reference. Improved bid-winning estimat-ing techniques. The emphasis is on integrating new tech-niques and materials with tried-and-true methods. Includesinformation on cement and mortar types, mixes, coloring

agents and additives, and suggestions on when, where and how to usethem; calculating footing and foundation loads, with reference tables andformulas; forming materials and systems; pouring and reinforcing concreteslabs and flatwork; block and brick wall construction, with seismic require-ments; crack control, masonry veneer construction, brick floors and pave-ments, design considerations and materials; cleaning, painting and repair-ing all types of masonry. 304 pages, 8½ x 11, $32.75

Contractor’s Plain-English Legal Guide

For today’s contractors, legal problems are like snakes in the swamp — youmight not see them, but you know they’re there.This book tells you wherethe snakes are hiding and directs you to the safe path. With the directionsin this easy-to-read handbook you’re less likely to need a $200-an-hourlawyer. Includes simple directions for starting your business, writing con-tracts that cover just about any eventuality, collecting what’s owed you, fil-ing liens, protecting yourself from unethical subcontractors, and more. Forabout the price of 15 minutes in a lawyer’s office, you’ll have a guide thatwill make many of those visits unnecessary. Includes a CD-ROM with blankcopies of all the forms and contracts in the book.272 pages, 8½ x 11, $49.50

Planning Drain, Waste & Vent SystemsHow to design plumbing systems in residential, commercial, and industri-al buildings. Covers designing systems that meet code requirements forhomes, commercial buildings, private sewage disposal systems, and evenmobile home parks. Includes relevant code sections and many illustra-tions to guide you though what the code requires in designing drainage,waste, and vent systems. 192 pages, 8½ x 11, $29.95



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Markup & Profit: A Contractor’s Guide

In order to succeed in a construction business, you have to be able to priceyour jobs to cover all labor, material and overhead expenses, and make adecent profit.The problem is knowing what markup to use.You don’t wantto lose jobs because you charge too much, and you don’t want to work forfree because you’ve charged too little. If you know how to calculatemarkup, you can apply it to your job costs to find the right sales price foryour work.This book gives you tried and tested formulas, with step-by-stepinstructions and easy-to-follow examples, so you can easily figure themarkup that’s right for your business. Includes a CD-ROM with forms andchecklists for your use. 320 pages, 8½ x 11, $32.50

2006 International Building Code

Updated means of egress and interior finish requirements, comprehensiveroof provisions, seismic engineering provisions, innovative constructiontechnology, revamped structural provisions, reorganized occupancy classi-fications and the latest industry standards in material design.768 pages, 8½ x 11, $91.50. Published by I.C.C.Also available: 2003 International Building Code, $86.00

National Construction Estimator

Current building costs for residential, commercial, andindustrial construction. Estimated prices for every commonbuilding material. Provides manhours, recommended crew,and gives the labor cost for installation. Includes a CD-ROMwith an electronic version of the book with NationalEstimator, a stand-alone WindowsTM estimating program,plus an interactive multimedia video that shows how to use

the disk to compile construction cost estimates.664 pages, 8½ x 11, $52.50. Revised annually

Pipe & Excavation Contracting

Shows how to read plans and compute quantities for both trench and sur-face excavation, figure crew and equipment productivity rates, estimateunit costs, bid the work, and get the bonds you need. Explains what equip-ment will deliver maximum productivity for a job, how to lay all types ofwater and sewer pipe, and how to switch your business to excavation workwhen you don’t have pipe contracts. Covers asphalt and rock removal,working on steep slopes or in high groundwater, and how to avoid the pit-falls that can wipe out your profits on any job.400 pages, 5½ x 8½, $29.00

CD Estimator HeavyCD Estimator Heavy has a complete 780-page heavy construction costestimating volume for each of the 50 states. Select the cost database forthe state where the work will be done. Includes thousands of cost esti-mates you won’t find anywhere else, and in-depth coverage of demoli-tion, hazardous materials remediation, tunneling, site utilities, precastconcrete, structural framing, heavy timber construction, membranewaterproofing, industrial windows and doors, specialty finishes, built-incommercial and industrial equipment, and HVAC and electrical systemsfor commercial and industrial buildings. CD Estimator Heavy is $74.00

Land Development

The industry’s bible. Nine chapters cover everything youneed to know about land development from initial marketstudies to site selection and analysis. New and innovativedesign ideas for streets, houses, and neighborhoods areincluded. Whether you’re developing a whole neighborhoodor just one site, you shouldn’t be without this essential refer-ence. 360 pages, 5½ x 8½, $55.00

Construction Estimating Reference Data

Provides the 300 most useful manhour tables for practically every item ofconstruction. Labor requirements are listed for sitework, concrete work,masonry, steel, carpentry, thermal and moisture protection, doors and win-dows, finishes, mechanical and electrical. Each section details the workbeing estimated and gives appropriate crew size and equipment needed.Includes a CD-ROM with an electronic version of the book with NationalEstimator, a stand-alone WindowsTM estimating program, plus an interac-tive multimedia video that shows how to use the disk to compile con-struction cost estimates. 432 pages, 11 x 8½, $39.50

How to Succeed With Your Own Construction Business

Everything you need to start your own construction business: setting upthe paperwork, finding the work, advertising, using contracts, dealing withlenders, estimating, scheduling, finding and keeping good employees,keeping the books, and coping with success. If you’re considering startingyour own construction business, all the knowledge, tips, and blank formsyou need are here. 336 pages, 8½ x 11, $28.50

Getting Financing & Developing Land

Developing land is a major leap for most builders – yet that’swhere the big money is made.This book gives you the prac-tical knowledge you need to make that leap. Learn how toprepare a market study, select a building site, obtain financ-ing, guide your plans through approval, then control yourbuilding costs so you can ensure yourself a good profit.Includes a CD-ROM with forms, checklists, and a sample

business plan you can customize and use to help you sell your idea tolenders and investors. 232 pages, 8½ x 11, $39.00

Estimating ExcavationHow to calculate the amount of dirt you’ll have to move and the cost ofowning and operating the machines you’ll do it with. Detailed, step-by-step instructions on how to assign bid prices to each part of the job,including labor and equipment costs. Also, the best ways to set up anorganized and logical estimating system, take off from contour maps,estimate quantities in irregular areas, and figure your overhead.448 pages, 8½ x 11, $39.50

Craftsman’s Construction Installation EncyclopediaStep-by-step installation instructions for just about any residential con-struction, remodeling or repair task, arranged alphabetically, fromAcoustic tile to Wood flooring. Includes hundreds of illustrations that showhow to build, install, or remodel each part of the job, as well as manhourtables for each work item so you can estimate and bid with confidence.Also includes a CD-ROM with all the material in the book, handy look-upfeatures, and the ability to capture and print out for your crew theinstructions and diagrams for any job. 792 pages, 8½ x 11, $65.00

Construction Surveying & Layout

A practical guide to simplified construction surveying. How to divide land,use a transit and tape to find a known point, draw an accurate survey mapfrom your field notes, use topographic surveys, and the right way to leveland set grade.You’ll learn how to make a survey for any residential or com-mercial lot, driveway, road, or bridge - including how to figure cuts and fillsand calculate excavation quantities. Use this guide to make your own sur-veys, or just read and verify the accuracy of surveys made by others.256 pages, 8½ x 11, $51.95

Contractor’s Guide to Change OrdersThis book gives you the ammunition you need to keep contract disputesfrom robbing you of your profit. You’ll learn how to identify troublespotsin your contract, plans, specifications and site; negotiate and resolvechange order disputes; and collect facts for evidence to support yourclaims. You’ll also find detailed checklists to organize your procedures,field-tested sample forms and worksheets ready for duplication, and vari-ous professional letters for almost any situation.382 pages, 8½ x 11, $79.00

BNI Public Works 2007 CostbookThis is the only book of its kind for public works construction. Here you’llfind labor and material prices for most public works and infrastructureprojects: roads and streets, utilities, street lighting, manholes, and muchmore. Includes manhour data and a 200-city geographic modifier chart.Includes FREE estimating software and data. 450 pages, 8½ x 11, $95.95

Standard Plans For Public Works ConstructionThis visual reference, also updated and revised to comply with theFederal regulations for metric documentation, is the graphic companionto the “Greenbook.” Hundreds of detailed drawings, cross sections, designcriteria, and dimensions graphically depict all aspects of public worksconstruction. Every dimension is listed in both feet/inches and metricequivalents. This book, along with the “Greenbook,” sets the standard forquality and uniformity in public works construction.375 pages, 8½ x 11, $79.95



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Commercial Metal Stud FramingFraming commercial jobs can be more lucrative than residential work.But most commercial jobs require some form of metal stud framing. Thisbook teaches step-by-step, with hundreds of job site photos, high-speedmetal stud framing that works in both residential and commercial con-struction. It describes the special tools you’ll need, how to use themeffectively, and the material and equipment you’ll be working with. You’llfind the shortcuts, tips and tricks-of-the-trade that take most steelframers years on the job to discover. Shows how to set up a crew tomaintain a rhythm that will speed progress faster than any wood framingjob. If you’ve framed with wood, this book will teach you how to be oneof the few top-notch metal stud framers in both commercial and residen-tial construction. 208 pages, 8½ x 11, $45.00

JLC Field Guide to Residential ConstructionVolume 1: The ultimate visual quick-reference guide for constructionprofessionals. Over 400 precisely-detailed drawings with clear concisenotes and explanations that show you everything from estimating andselecting lumber to foundations, roofing, siding and exteriors. Explainscode requirements for all U.S. building codes. Spiral bound.386 pages, 8½ x 5½, $69.95

JLC Field Guide to Residential ConstructionVolume 2: Over 300 detailed technical drawings, illustrations and tablesgiving key dimensions and critical details from accessible kitchens tozoned heating systems. This new version of JLC Field Guide has the field-proven principles, methods and materials on all facets of interior con-struction and remodeling. Spiral bound.350 pages, 7 x 5, $69.95

Public Works Inspectors’ ManualA complete operational and technical guidebook for all professionalsinvolved in public works construction. The most complete and authorita-tive reference of its kind ever written. 75 charts, tables and drawings.Written by a former Public Works inspector. 350 pages, 5 x 8, $62.95

Accounting & Financial Management for ResidentialConstructionHow to guide and evaluate your company’s financial performance. Howto understand bookkeeping and accounting procedures, do financialplanning and job cost accounting, and prepare, analyze, and use theinformation from your accounting system. 150 pages, 8½ x 11, $29.95

National Building Cost ManualSquare foot costs for residential, commercial, industrial, andfarm buildings. Quickly work up a reliable budget estimatebased on actual materials and design features, area, shape,wall height, number of floors, and support requirements.Includes all the important variables that can make anybuilding unique from a cost standpoint.240 pages, 8½ x 11, $28.00. Revised annually

ConstructionaryA unique pocket-sized dictionary of up-to-date construction words andphrases in English-Spanish and Spanish-English. Here you’ll find over 1000construction terms and 70 commonly used on-the-job phrases.This dictio-nary includes phonetic pronunciation, tool section, commonly used sen-tences, and conversion tables.318 pages, 4 x 7, $19.95. Published by I.C.C.

Steel-Frame House ConstructionFraming with steel has obvious advantages over wood, yet building withsteel requires new skills that can present challenges to the wood builder.This new book explains the secrets of steel framing techniques for build-ing homes, whether pre-engineered or built stick by stick. It shows you thetechniques, the tools, the materials, and how you can make it happen.Includes hundreds of photos and illustrations, plus a CD-ROM with steelframing details, a database of steel materials and manhours, with an esti-mating program. 320 pages, 8½ x 11, $39.75

Craftsman Book Company6058 Corte del CedroP.O. Box 6500Carlsbad, CA 92018

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m 29.95 Accounting & Financial Management for Residential Constructionm 36.50 Basic Engineering for Buildersm 14.75 Blueprint Reading for the Building Tradesm 95.95 BNI General Construction 2007 Costbookm 95.95 BNI Public Works 2007 Costbookm 35.50 Builder’s Guide to Accounting Revisedm 78.50 CD Estimatorm 74.00 CD Estimator — Heavym 45.00 Commercial Metal Stud Framingm 19.95 Constructionarym 39.50 Construction Estimating Reference Datam 41.75 Construction Forms & Contracts with a CD-ROM for WindowsTM and

Macintosh.m 51.95 Construction Surveying & Layoutm 79.00 Contractor’s Guide to Change Ordersm 49.50 Contractor’s Plain-English Legal Guidem 65.00 Craftsman’s Construction Installation Encyclopediam 39.50 Estimating Excavationm 39.00 Getting Financing & Developing Landm 28.50 How to Succeed w/Your Own Construction Business

m 91.50 2006 International Building Codem 86.00 2003 International Building Codem 69.95 JLC Field Guide to Residential Construction, Volume 1m 69.95 JLC Field Guide to Residential Construction, Volume 2m 55.00 Land Developmentm 32.50 Markup & Profit: A Contractor’s Guidem 32.75 Masonry & Concrete Construction Revisedm 42.00 Moving to Commercial Constructionm 28.00 National Building Cost Manualm 54.00 National Concrete & Masonry Estimator with FREE National Estimator

on a CD-ROM.m 52.50 National Construction Estimator with FREE National Estimator on a

CD-ROM.m 29.00 Pipe & Excavation Contractingm 29.95 Planning Drain, Waste & Vent Systemsm 62.95 Public Works Inspectors’ Manualm 79.95 Standard Plans For Public Works Constructionm 39.75 Steel-Frame House Constructionm 42.00 Excavation & Grading Handbook, Revisedm FREE Full Color Catalog

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