1. The genesis and evolution of the political science.The concept of political science studies the systematic study of government. It is also the ability to influence and persuade people to achieve the vested political power and authority to conform the development thrusts and directions of the national governmentThe historical chronicles of events have always been related to the political struggle of power and authority. The history of the nation originated so much the political expansion and division of the state that had shape the history of the nation from the early civilization and the rise of empire; its division which later form feudal age; the rise of the state and its role colonial administration; and the maturity of the individual state. These are the significant relationship of history with that of political science such as the concept of feudalism, socialism, mercantilism, absolutism, and other related term that involved the political power and authority of the state.Political science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government, and politicsIt originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle. The antecedents of Western politics can be traced back to the Socratic political philosophers, Plato (427347 BC), Xenophon (c. 430354 BC), and Aristotle ("The Father of Political Science") (384322 BC). These authors, in such works as The Republic and Laws by Plato, and The Politics and Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle, analyzed political systems philosophically, going beyond earlier Greek poetic and historical reflections which can be found in the works of epic poets like Homer and Hesiod, historians like Herodotus and Thucydides, and dramatists such as Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Euripides.2. The object of study and structure of the Politology1. Nation-State studies the various states as form of political organization in which a group of people who spare the same history, traditions, for language life in a particular area under one government.. When a nation of people have a state, a country of their own, it is called a nation state.2. Comparative politics-the systematic study of comparison of the worlds political systems. It seeks to explain differences between as well as similarities among the country. It is particularly interested in explaining principles processes and regulations. It looks for trends, changes and tries to develop general positions or hypothesis that describe and explain these trends.3. International relations-it is a term used to descriebe the communication between different states, regions around the world. It includes political and business cooperation and agreements between worlds leaders. Are institutions that have membership from at least of 3 states having activities at several states and whose members are held together by a formal agreement in considered international organization. EX: CIS, EU, UNESCO, ONU, NATO, USAID, APEC, OPEC, NAFTA, WTO, RED CROSS, UNICEF etc. 4. Political theory (as a subject)-the early science of economies as a theory began through the 19th century. CONTENMPORANEOUS MEANING OF POLITICAL ECONOMY is: the social science that deals with political of the interrelationships between political and economical process.5. Public Law- the branch of law that deals with the state or government and its relationship with individuals or other government.6. Public administration- a part of political science that denotes the institutions of public bureaucracy within organization structures which form he bases of public decision making process and implements of it.The term political structure, used in a general sense, refers to institutions or groups and their relations to each other, their patterns of interaction within political systems and to political regulations, laws and the norms present in political systems in such a way that they constitute the political landscape of the political entity.

3. The typology of the contemporary political systems. The peculiarities of the political system in RMActually the term DEMOCRACY has 3 senses:1. The political ORIENTATION of those who favor government by the people or by their elective representatives.2. The political SYSTEM in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them.3. A DOCTRINE which promote that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group.DEMOCRACY is often defined as the rule of people as a government that is elected by the people or by elected representatives.PRECONDITIONS for political democracy establishing:1. Cultural traditions of individual freedom, worth and responsibility2. Acceptable level of material wealth3. Advanced educational levels4. General consensus of social, political, economic rules of the game5. Demands for economic and social equalityTOTALITARIANISM & AUTHORITARIANISMT&A are types of government that are against democratic government and are led by dictator, while the power in the democratic system is in the hands of the people in the society.The Power in T&A rests entirely at the single person of a political party.TOTALITARIANISM- a political system where the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life whenever necessary. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF TOTALITARIANISM:1. Global ideology, single, party and single leader2. Organized terror3. Control communications(mass-media)4. Control weapons, economy, society5. Fanaticism6. MilitarismAUTHORITARIANISM- denotes any political system that concentrates power in the hands of a leader or a small elite that is not constitutionally responsible to the body of the people.ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF AUTHORITARIANISM:1. Single party dominance2. Repressive policies3. Limited tyranny4. Presence of emerging nation states.PRECONDITIONS for TOTALITARIANISM/ AUTHORITARIANISM:1. Social unrest and instability2. Widespread of popular fear3. Weakness in governmentOrganized revolutionsPolitical system is a system involving government and its politics which includes the members who are in power within the country.The politics of Moldova takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the prime minister is the head of government and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The position of the breakaway republic of Transnistria, relations with Romania, and integration into the EU dominate the political agenda.4. The political powers function.Power- is an authority held by a group within a society that allows for administration of public resources and implements policies for society. May be acquired as a means of government of direction or its opposition to at government group.5. The human rights, concept, history.Human rights mean the fundamental rights humans have by the fact of being human. Cultural, economic, political rights. Life, liberty, education, belief, free speech, information, movement, religion.

Human rights as a phenomenon came into global discourse about mechanisms for organization of human community after the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. This was the first global recognition that all humans are inherently entitled to rights.In 2003, various organizations and agencies met to develop a Common Understanding of human rights-based approach. There were elaborated six main principles: Universality and Inalienability Invisibility Inter-dependence and Inter-Relatedness Equality and Non-Discrimination Participation and inclusion Accountability and Rule of Law

6. The notions of the electoral system and electoral process.Electoral systems are the detailed constitutional arrangements and voting systems that convert the vote into political decision. The first step is to tally the votes, for which various vote counting systems and ballot types are used. Voting systems then determine the result on the basis of the tally. Most systems can be categorized as either proportional or majoritarian.An electoral process is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is also used in many other private and business organizations, from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations.7. Democracy as a form of societys organization. The principles of the representative democracy.Current interpretation of the term democracy implies a certain power system: In sense it represents a form of organization of political file that reflects free uncompetitive public choice of any alternative of social development. The democracy is the way of political system functioning away of social life organization and investing citizens with wide enough range of rights and freedoms.

FEATURES of modern constitution:1. Recognition of people as a source of the state power2. Declaration and ensuring rights and freedoms of men and citizens3. Decision making by the majority and minority submissions in implementing them4. Societys democratic control of security ministries using according to their intending purpose and within the law5. Domination of coordinating methods: non-vionce, non-suppression6. Real implementations of principles of constitutional state including separation of powers principles.

8. The political power, authority and legitimacy.Key concepts of politic1. Power- is an authority held by a group within a society that allows for administration of public resources and implements policies for society. May be acquired as a means of government of direction or its opposition to at government group.2. Legitimacy- it means a popular acceptance or recognition and authority as genuine valid or conforming to establish rules, codes, customs standards of conduct.3. Authority- institutionalized and legal power, function or position that allows to its holder to be able to successfully carry out his or her responsibility. It is the power that is delegated normally. This one includes right to command a situation, commit resources and give orders. Authority has the responsibility for actions and for a failure of act.

9. The methods of study and functions of the political theory.Methods of study of politics1. Observation2. Data collection and organization3. Development of generations/Deduction4. Construction of theories/versions.5. Construction of Laws 6. Achievement of predictabilityPolitical theory is a technique of analysis which can be used to overturn as well as uphold. These theorists have 3 fundamental functions:1. Descriptive2. Normative3. Prescriptive

10. The essence and the structure of the political process.Political opportunity theory, sometimes also known as the political process theory or political opportunity structure, is an approach of social movements heavily influenced by political sociology.A political opportunity structure has been defined as the circumstances surrounding a political landscape.[5] However, Tarrow - who has used this term in his earlier publications himself - now argues it is misleading, as most opportunities need to be perceived, and are situational, not structural.[3] Political opportunity structures are prone to change and can alter in days (or last for decades). Demographics and socioeconomic factors create "structure" which affects political actors.Political process is used to study social movements and is based on arguments.That the success of social movements depends not only on the movement recourses, but on the state and how its supported by population. From this perspective its important to understand the complex interaction between the movement and large social environment at certain time.Functions of political processes are: Managing of public opinion Competition of governmental actors Bureaucracy inertion Constitutional constraints/limitsEX. Political revolution is most lively to successes if the state is vulnerable or lucking social legitimacy.In political theory there are two kinds of political processes in a state:1. Separation of function presidential variety2. Fussion of function - parliamentary variety

11. Political party: the notion, structure and functions.A political party (from Latin: pars, Genitive partis, "part", "portion") is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating candidates with aligned political views and trying to seat them in political officeStructure: A party organizer, also known as the party activist or party worker. A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members, and also chairs party meetings). These are useful for party outreach, training and employment.1 REPRESENTATION2 ELIT FORMATION AND RECRUITMENT 3- GOAL FORMULATING4 INTEREST ARTICULATION AND AGGREGATION5- SOCIALISATION AND MOBILISATION6 ORGANISATION OF GOVERNMENT

12. The phenomenon of the political elite. POLITICAL ELITE AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIPThe term elite actually cover a distinct group of people consisting of prominent social and political individuals, which by their ability to stay above of other members of society.For the first time about elite was written in the book THE PRINCE OF N(Machiavelli). This theory was developed and promoted by Italian scientists G.Machiavelli, W. Paretto and R. Michels.Political term ELITISM is used to describe political class and explain appearance of political elite by the necessity to be governed by a small group of individuals higher gifted with exceptional quality and outstanding skills.Political elite indicates all those who have a rare political resources in an abundant volume: money, power, influence, prestige, culture, skills, and creative ability.TYPOLOGY OF ELITE: Traditional elites have authority and influence as a result of ideas, beliefs whose sources are in the past and is strengthened by tradition(elite aristocratic, religions). Economic elites has authority a influence over the other elite because they have income and other assets (big industrialists, bankers, landowners). Technocratic elites have authority and power as they were appointed a elected because of power (upper range of the directors of industrial corporations, financial and senior officials occupying positions of command in bureaucratic hierarchies). Charismatic elites possess extraordinary qualities and exceptional ability of mass persuasion and manipulation. Ideological elites are persons or groups involves define and spread the political ideas. Symbolic elites are individuals and groups who are role models because they possess same qualities of intellectual, artistic, sports and so on, which attracted political sphere. Can influence political attitudes and behavior of other individuals.

13. The structure and the functions of the political system.POLITICAL SYSTEM. BASIC GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES.Political system is a system involving government and its politics which includes the members who are in power within the country.Exists two types: unitary and federal.In general exists two levels of political system: National powers(superior level) defends, foreign, relations and promotion of general welfare. Inferior level(second level) regional power, including services public safety healths and words.INTER INDEPENDENCE-social economic changes transforms the political demands in the electorate.THE STRUCTURE OF SYSTEM POLITICAL SYSTEM Political parties Parliaments Carts BeurocracyFUNCTIONS: Interest articulation Interest agrigation Policy making Policy implementation Policy adjunction Political socialization - structures who occupied with socializations; families, schools, media, churches, and political parties Recruitment selection of people for political activity and government office. Political communication Regulation of behavior Extraction of recourses and taxes Distribution of benefits and services to different groups of population14. The types of the political leaders and types of ruling. Classification of government by Aristotle:GOVERNMENT->CORRUNPT;->LEGITIMATEThe rule by ONE: 1. Tyranny (Corrupt); 2. Monarchy (Legitimate)+This type of rule is the best for large empires with many different needs.The rule by FEW: 1. Oligarchy (Corrupt); 2. Republic( Legitimate)+ This type of rule is the best for medium regions that are relatively homogeneousThe rule by many: 1. Anarchy (Corrupt); 2. Democracy (Legitimate) +This type of rule is the best for small nations.

15. The politology in the system of social sciences.The historical chronicles of events have always been related to the political struggle of power and authority. The history of the nation originated so much the political expansion and division of the state that had shape the history of the nation from the early civilization and the rise of empire; its division which later form feudal age; the rise of the state and its role colonial administration; and the maturity of the individual state. These are the significant relationship of history with that of political science such as the concept of feudalism, socialism, mercantilism, absolutism, and other related term that involved the political power and authority of the state.2. PhilosophyPhilosophy focuses on the study of logic, ethics, and morality. It has special interest in the areas of personal and collective values on wisdom, equality, freedom, justice and truth. These are the foundation of political science as completed by the study of state and government. The ideas of people empowerment, human rights and justice, revolution and independence were articulated by the philosophers to enforce the democratic and authoritative role in the society.3. SociologySociology studies the interaction of man in the society. The relationship in political science reflects of the social activities of man. It also relates on how they rule the society as they have to base it in the culture, tradition, values, norms, beliefs and mores. The political practices on the dynastic rule, respect of the elders and authority, the formulation of laws according to the mores and norms, religious beliefs have its relationship to the formation of the government and state.The relevant relationships of Political Science with Sociology is the study of the demographic profile, mobility and productivity of labor, the social setting of rural and urban; and the concern on population4. Psychology The psychology studies the human behavior of the society. The human desires, motives, needs and attitudes are the root causes of the political actions particularly in serving the people. As we all know politics is the art of persuading and influencing other people in order to be elected and gain power and authority in the society. The political behavior can also study the general actions and attitudes of government in dealing with the people. The political action responds to the peoples evaluation such as political survey about the performance of politicians; demonstrations and other forms of political grievance mechanisms.5. EconomicsEconomics studies the management of scarce resources for the utilization of human needs and wants. In political science, it also studies the economic growth and development in areas of employment, income, budget and expenditures and the production of public goods and services.

16. The definition of political regime. The main features and criteria of political regimes typology.In politics, a regime is the form of government: the set of rules, cultural or social norms, etc. that regulate the operation of government and its interactions with society.DEMOCRACY-Actually the term DEMOCRACY has 3 senses:1. The political ORIENTATION of those who favor government by the people or by their elective representatives.2. The political SYSTEM in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them.3. A DOCTRINE which promote that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group.DEMOCRACY is often defined as the rule of people as a government that is elected by the people or by elected representatives.Conditions of Political democracy:1. Popular participation (direct/indirect)2. Limited government3. Rule of the law4. Majority rule with minority rights5. Political equality6. Free mass-media

FEATURES of modern constitution:1. Recognition of people as a source of the state power2. Declaration and ensuring rights and freedoms of men and citizens3. Decision making by the majority and minority submissions in implementing them4. Societys democratic control of security ministries using according to their intending purpose and within the law5. Domination of coordinating methods: non-vionce, non-suppression6. Real implementations of principles of constitutional state including separation of powers principles.PRECONDITIONS for political democracy establishing:1. Cultural traditions of individual freedom, worth and responsibility2. Acceptable level of material wealth3. Advanced educational levels4. General consensus of social, political, economic rules of the game5. Demands for economic and social equalityTOTALITARIANISM & AUTHORITARIANISMT&A are types of government that are against democratic government and are led by dictator, while the power in the democratic system is in the hands of the people in the society.The Power in T&A rests entirely at the single person of a political party.TOTALITARIANISM- a political system where the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life whenever necessary. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF TOTALITARIANISM:1. Global ideology, single, party and single leader2. Organized terror3. Control communications(mass-media)4. Control weapons, economy, society5. Fanaticism6. MilitarismAUTHORITARIANISM- denotes any political system that concentrates power in the hands of a leader or a small elite that is not constitutionally responsible to the body of the people.ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF AUTHORITARIANISM:1. Single party dominance2. Repressive policies3. Limited tyranny4. Presence of emerging nation states.PRECONDITIONS for TOTALITARIANISM/ AUTHORITARIANISM:1. Social unrest and instability2. Widespread of popular fear3. Weakness in government4. Organized revolutions

17. The structure and the functions of the political ideology.Political ideology means a set of beliefs about the proper order and how it can be achieved. Typically an ideology is the creation of some identifiable groups (political, economic anf others.) This groups are created for the purpose for spreading or maintaining its perspective on reality among themselves and others. On effect an ideology creates the assumption in a society that this dominance in natural and desirable. The characteristics of political ideology may be summarized by noting the following aspects, that are: Coherent set of views on politics Dissemination among the mass population Subject of alteration Powerful motivators of human behavior Manipulated by political movement leadersGeneral division of them is:1. Conservative resistance to change2. Liberal tolerant to change, not bound by authoritarianism, orthodoxy or tradition.18. The phenomenon of civil society: essential and structural characters.In most cases global civil society is identified as a totality of groups and networks involved in struggles, for global justice, sustainability, the gender empowerment , respect for human rights and so on. In shortly the same kind of movements view in civil society treats it as the space there questions of public interests are discussed by individuals or group organized on voluntary bases.Other civil society is considerably equal to NGOs. Modern political theorists are focused on the question of whether a stronger law in civil society, in global politics would automatically translate into the democratization of the national public community.From this perspective the political government exists in order to protect civil society but does not create it.Components of civil society: Associations Syndicates Churches Schools Universities (high-schools) Mass-media Political parties NGOs Academic communities (scientific) FamiliesFunctions od civil society: Economic Social Function of stabilization Democratization Civil socialization

19. The essence and the types of the political ideology.Political ideology means a set of beliefs about the proper order and how it can be achieved. Typically an ideologyis the creation of some identifiable groups (political, economic anf others.) This groups are created for the purpose for spreading or maintaining its perspective on reality among themselves and others. On effect an ideology creates the assumption in a society that this dominance in natural and desirable. The characteristics of political ideology may be summarized by noting the following aspects, that are: Coherent set of views on politics Dissemination among the mass population Subject of alteration Powerful motivators of human behavior Manipulated by political movement leaders Etc.General division of of political orientation is:3. Conservative resistance to change4. Liberal tolerant to change, not bound by authoritarianism, orthodoxy or tradition.MODERN POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES1. ABSOLUTISM/TOTALITARIALISM- the principle of complete and unrestricted power of government.2. LIBERALISM is a political ideology that favors reforms and the distraction of the old order.3. MERITOCRACY represents a belief that leaders/rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or births.4. LIBERTARIANISM it is an ideological belief in freedom of through and speech .5. MONARCHISM is an belief in a advocacy of monarchy as a political system.6. NEGRITUDE is an ideological position that holds black culture to be independent and valid on its own terms. It is an affirmation of the African cultural heritage.7. PROGRESIVISM it is a political belief of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and the society.8. RADICALISM the political belief of those who favor revolutionary change in government and the society.9. REACTIONISM the political belief of those who fight against changes in society.10. REPUBLICATNISM the political belief of those who holds that a republic is the best form of government.(ex. Republic of Moldova).11. RIGHTISM in an ideology of the political rights.12. SOCIALISM the political theory advocating state ownership of social order and relationships.13. THEOCRACY it is the belief in government by divine guidance (ex. Vatican).14. UTOPIANISM the political belief in impossible idealistic schemes of social perfection.15. DOVISHNESS any political belief favoring compromise to avoid conflicts.16. IMPERIALISM it advocates imperial interests.17. ANARCHISM favor the abolition (dont recognize) of governments.18. AUTOCRACY favoring unlimited authority by a single individual 19. CENTRISM avoiding the extremes of left and right by taking a moderate position.20. COLLECTIVISM promotes that people should own the means of production.21. COMMUNISM - favoring collectivism in a classless society.22. CONSERVATISM theological believe advocating preservation of the post in society and apposing radical changing.23. SEGREGATIANISM a political believe favoring political or racial segregation.24. CONSTITUTIORALISM - is advocacy of a system of government according to constitutional principles.25. DEMOCRACY is a political believe of those who favor government by people or by their elected representatives.26. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY is gradual transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic methods or means.27. ELITISM the society must be government by an elite group of individuals.28. EXTREMISM political act for outside the perceived political center of a society or otherwise claimed to violate common moral standarts.29. FASCISM political theoru advocating an authorian hierarchical govern.30. FEDERALISM an ideology about a federal organ of more or less self government units.HAWKISHNESS- aggressive method of politics

20. The problem of the legality and legitimacy of political power.

Problem of legitimacy-of political power is a treasure of political institutionsand of the decitions about laws, policies, and candidates for political office-made within them. Some associate legitimacy with the justification of coercive power and with creation of political authority. Others associate it with the justification of existinfg political authority. Next there are questions about the requirements of legitimacy. When are political institutions and the decisions made within them appropriately called legitimate? Some have argued that this question has to be answered primarily on the basis of procedural features that shape these institutions and underlie the decisions made. Others argue that legitimacy dependsexclusively or at least in parton the substantive values that are realized. A related question is: does political legitimacy demand democracy or not? This question is intensely debated both in the national and the global context. Insofar as democracy is seen as necessary for political legitimacy, when are democratic decisions legitimate? Can that question be answered with reference to procedural features only, or does democratic legitimacy depend both on procedural values and on the quality of the decisions made? Finally, there is the question which political institutions are subject to the legitimacy requirement. Historically, legitimacy was associated with the state and institutions and decisions within the state

The principle of legality is the legal ideal that requires all law to be clear, ascertainable and non-retrospective. It requires decision makers to resolve disputes by applying legal rules that have been declared beforehand, and not to alter the legal situation retrospectively by discretionary departures from established law. It is closely related to legal formalism and the rule of law and can be traced from the writings of Feuerbach, Dicey and Montesquieu.

The principle has particular relevance in criminal and administrative law. In criminal law it can be seen in the general prohibition on the imposition of criminal sanctions for acts or omissions that were not criminal at the time of their commission or omission. The principle is also thought to be violated when the sanctions for a particular crime are increased with retrospective effect.

In administrative law it can be seen in the desire for state officials to be bound by and apply the law rather than acting upon whim. As such advocates of the principle are normally against discretionary powers.

21. The typology of the states according form of government and state structure. NATION STATES AND GOVERNMENT1. NATION STATES - were formed as a phenomenon just beginning from 19th century. The bases of the formation of nation states from same fundamental elements: people, theory, sovereignty, culture, government, economic system.2. STATE- group of people which have international recognition as an independent country and which have a population, a common language and a distinct territory.

Classification of government by Aristotle:GOVERNMENT->CORRUNPT;->LEGITIMATEThe rule by ONE: 1. Tyranny (Corrupt); 2. Monarchy (Legitimate)+This type of rule is the best for large empires with many different needs.The rule by FEW: 1. Oligarchy (Corrupt); 2. Republic( Legitimate)+ This type of rule is the best for medium regions that are relatively homogeneousThe rule by many: 1. Anarchy (Corrupt); 2. Democracy (Legitimate) +This type of rule is the best for small nations.Actual classification of government.1. Constitution: -written; -unwritten2. Degree of power: - diffusion; -concentration: personal freedoms, property rights3. Degree of government centralization:a. UNITARY GOVERNMENT: a system of governments in which one central government holds most of the political power. A unitary state Is a state governed as one single unit, in which the central government is supreme and any administrated divisions exercise only powers that their central government chooses to delegate. ADVANTAGES: central coordination issues can overcome by allocating power to a singular authority. DISADVANTAGES: individual subunits of the lack initiative or ability to act an their own interests.b. FEDERALISM: a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and federal political units ( RUSIA, CANADA, USA)c. CONFEDERATIONS: a group of nations or states in which the component states reatains considerable independence. The members often delegate a few powers of the central authority (EU, SWITZERLAND)EXECUTIVE AN LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS1. PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM (PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC)- a system of government where the executive power is led by a president who serves as both of head state and head of government. (There is no premiere minister-USA, VENEZUELA) In such a system the branch exists separately from legislature to which cannot in normal circumstances to be dismiss.2. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM- parliamentary republic or constitutional monarchy is the type of republic in which a system with no clear separation of powers between an executive and legislative branches. has a number of variations.Most have clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, where the first is holding the real power.

22. The mechanism of functioning of the political system. Political system is a system involving government and its politics which includes the members who are in power within the country.Exists two types: unitary and federal.In general exists two levels of political system: National powers(superior level) defends, foreign, relations and promotion of general welfare. Inferior level(second level) regional power, including services public safety healths and words.ENVIRONMENT IN SOCIETY.Input -> -> P.S.->->output^