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100015 14A 2 Lees verder

‘The Observer’, May 31, 1998

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THE TWO $1 BILLION-APIECE KH-12SATELLITES the Pentagon has in orbit arelike Hubble space telescopes pointed backto earth. From 264 km up, their optical

sensors can snap clear photographs of objects nolarger than a paperback novel on the ground.The two Lacrosse satellites, same price tag, withsolar-power panels that stretch 45 m, have radar-imaging cameras that can see through cloudsand even the dust storms that swirl aroundIndia’s Pokhran test site. In a crisis, at least oneof the four birds can be positioned over a target24 hours a day, sending photos that can be onthe President Clinton’s desk within an hour.

But the fast service doesn’t happen “if yourconsumers aren’t asking for it,” says John Pike,an intelligence analyst atthe Federation of Amer-ican Scientists. Withthe U.S. Adminis-tration convincedthat India had no plansto explode a nuclear device,the satellites were snappingphotos of Pokhran only onceevery six to 24 hours. Indianscientists, who knew thesatellites’ schedule,

concealed their preparations so the photos CIAanalysts scanned in the weeks before Monday’sblasts showed what appeared to be routinemaintenance.

Satellite photos taken of the site six hoursbefore the blasts finally revealed clear evidenceof the preparations. They were beamed back tothe National Imagery and Mapping Agency inFairfax, Virginia. But the agency was on aroutine schedule for processing photos fromIndia. Congressional investigators will nowprobe whether that Pentagon agency was payingtoo much attention to foreign military basesinstead of political targets like India. CIA photoanalysts got their first glimpse of theincriminating shots when they strolled intowork Monday morning. By the time theydelivered their first report that Pokhran was

being prepared for a test, theIndian government had al-ready announced the

detonations. –By DouglasWaller/Washington

An artist’s rendition of the Americanspy satellite known as the KH-12

‘Time’, May 25, 1998

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September 1991

Three miles offshore a yacht thumped through thewaves. The wind, westerly and soon to veernortherly, pressed it over as it cut and lurched itsway into the darkness that was coming down overthe Wash. The boat’s engine grumbled on low revsto keep it pushing on where, under sail alone, itmight have been stopped short by the steep seasthat develop quickly off this coast.

Snugged into his bunk, riding with the boat’smotion, the owner knew he should unhook thelee-cloth supporting him, pull on his sweater,struggle aft, open the hatch and check that all waswell. Something had woken him.

‘Ah, sod it. She knows what she’s doing.’A heavy man, uneasy about his own condition,

he rolled on to his back. In the dim red light hestared at the deckhead a few feet above his face.His head was thick from the wine he’d shared withhis young crew. He reached out for the plasticwater bottle he’d remembered to leave on thesaloon shelf. He swigged it laddishly, then swilledit between the gap in his front teeth. He wonderedif this trip might make some sort of article for oneof the yachting mags. He wasn’t exactly fond of theyachtie mag culture, preferring the newsroomwhere he thrashed out a living. It wasn’t even paidproperly; but it was bunce, fun scribbling, some-thing different.

He glanced across at his wife who had retired toher bunk as soon as the sea began to pick up. Shewas seasick.

‘As usual …’He was glad, mind, that Ellie’d buggered off. Or

she’d have been on to him for chatting up the lass.Harmless diversion but he’d not have heard the

end of it for days. Little punishments … he knewthem all. Boring. Not that he’d got anywhere withthe girl. Pleasant enough, but some sort of mathsboffin. Patronizing or what? She’d said she’d inter-face the Decca navigation system to the autopilot,something he’d never even tried. Well, there yougo, she’d done it, the snooty bint. As he turnedover in his warm sleeping bag, he touched the warton his forehead as if it were a charm; an old friend.He could hear from the cockpit, above the force-five wind, the ratcheting of the toothed rubber beltas it spun the wheel, balancing the boat on its elec-tronically determined course.

‘Clever little cow,’ he murmured to himself. Helistened briefly to the steady beat of the engine andwent back to sleep, satisfied that all was well withhis boat. All was indeed well with his boat. TheDecca receiver was picking up undisturbed signalsfrom the chain of transmitting stations that ringthe North Sea. Assessing them against the way-points plotted into its computer, it transmitted in-structions in turn to the autopilot. The autopilot’sfluxgate compass sensed the boat’s heading. Itselectric motor spun the toothed belt, turning thewheel.

The boat was set fair to continue its uncomfort-able journey as far as Spurn Head without furtherhuman attention. In fact, until the owner wokelater and came on deck, the boat would receivenone. The cockpit was empty.

Amy, the clever little cow, was dying, milesastern in the cold sea. In about ten minutes shewould be dead. She was beginning to drift into themerciful warm dream which precedes hypothermalunconsciousness. In the distance the indifferenteye of Haweshead light rhythmically spread anddisappeared, soon to be replaced by the greaterlight which signals the dying human brain.

De onderstaande tekst bestaat uit het eerste hoofdstuk van de misdaadroman “The death of Amy Parris”,van T.R.Bowen

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Iwas fortunate enough to have been brought up byparents who had many foreign friends: Euro-peans, Chinese, Arabs, Persians and Indians, but

no Africans, or people of African extraction – and Imyself have only one black friend. Is that surprising?I don’t think so. Britain has a very small black middleclass. There were no black girls at school with me andonly two in my college at university (one of whom isthe friend I’ve referred to). While I worked inLondon I was made an NUJ1) equality officer for thesimple reason there were no non-white journalists inthe area and I was the only woman. Then I moved tothe countryside, where, after seven years, I met ourfirst black neighbour. She had just married a locallandowner and her colour was the cause of muchcomment. Nothing I hasten to add. Rather,she was the subject of natural curiosity.

But how do you suppose it feels to be black in apredominantly white country? To walk into a roomand know you are being seen, not just as a woman,but as a black woman? Not very nice, according tothe American feminist, Patricia Williams, who gavethe Reith lectures this year. Not very nice at all,according to the supermodel Naomi Campbell. Itdoesn’t take much imagination to see this may betrue. commentators have roundly condemnedthem both for expressing this view. The argumentseems to go that these women are successful, there-fore they have no right to whinge on about racism.But this surely misses the point. Their success mustemphasise the of being black in a world thatgets whiter as you go up the social scale. And itallows them to explain what it feels to be a memberof a minority and be heard.

Now, I realise racism isn’t a specifically rural issue,but perhaps living in a rural area gives one a differentperspective. There are very few Afro-Caribbeansliving in villages and white town dwellers are likely tospend more time than we do worrying about whether

they are being fair and pleasant to blacks. Which may,in part, explain why some seem to regard anycomplaints from black people as . ‘But lookhow much we’ve done for you,’ they say. ‘Stopwhining’ – the tone of which suggests we’ve done toomuch already. Which I suppose is rooted in the beliefthat blacks are being overprotected and over-promoted by the politically correct.

A year or two ago, police in London releasedstatistics which indicated that large numbers ofmuggers were black and there was an outcry fromself-styled community leaders. Am I wrong insuspecting that, since then, some newspapers havetaken special pleasure in publishing photographs of

? Perhaps it’s easy for me to say this, livingaway from muggers, but the criminals who have hadthe most negative impact on our way of life in Britainare white burglars and white paedophiles. And,surrounded as I am by people who speak their mindwithout concern for what is politically correct, I dothink we should ask ourselves whether black peoplearen’t right to be concerned that, in drawing attentionto violent black crime, we may the belief thatblack men are all Othellos with vicious natureshidden under a civilised veneer.

Then there is the matter of positive discrimination.It has been disconcerting to see how ready people areto ‘scientific’ evidence which indicates thatblacks have a lower IQ than everyone else – whichleads to the obvious conclusion that blacks who aresuccessful in intellectually challenging fields areeither or owe their good fortune to the charityof whites. Charming for them, I’m sure. There is nospace here to discuss nature versus nurture or theadvantages and disadvantages of positive discrimina-tion, but I do wonder to what degree people’s viewshave been influenced by the fear of competition andthe hope that blacks are at the bottom of the packbecause that is where they deserve to be.

Neither Patricia Williams nor Naomi Campbellaccused us whites of being a bunch of Nazi pigs. They

asked us to accept that we are not colourblind and invited our sympathy and suggestions.Instead, they were damned as a pair of whingers,whose success makes them living proof of fairand generous natures. It strikes me that it is thecommentators, not they, who protest too much. And ifwe want open debate we should make it honest aswell.

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noot 1 NUJ: National Union of Journalists

Country life

Let’s behonest

Leanda de Lisle

‘The Spectator’, May 3, 1997

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So early cannibalism was all about vegetables?

reviewsGUNS, GERMS AND STEEL:A SHORT HISTORY OFEVERYBODY FOR THE LAST13,000 YEARS by Jared DiamondJonathan Cape £18.99, pp48O

On 19 November 1835, aboat carrying Maori

tribesmen – the vanguard of aninvasion force of almost 1,000warriors – landed on theChatham Islands, a remotearchipelago, 500 miles east ofNew Zealand. The local Morioripeople were now slaves, theywere told.

The invaders were outnum-bered two to one. But theMorioris were a peaceful,simple people who decidedto submit, and toproffer friendshipand half their re-sources. The new-comers took nonotice, and ab-ruptly set uponthe Morioris withguns, clubs andaxes. Hundredswere slaughter-ed, many beingcooked andeaten. Therest were en-slaved, onlyto be exe-cuted at thewhim oftheir con-querors.‘Not one es-caped,’ re-called oneM a o r i .‘Some rana w a y ,those wek i l l e d ,o t h e r swe kill-ed – butwhat ofthat? It

was in accordance with ourcustom.’

This grim ‘custom’ is not new,of course. The bloody acquisi-tion of food and territory hasbeen repeated like a malignantmantra for millennia. Maorieradicated Moriori, Spaniardsubjugated Inca, and Bantusbecame African overlords. Inthe process, we have created anabsurdly lopsided world inwhich West European culturesnow dominate the planet’sresources. But why? How didthis global inequality comeabout? Why did Maori van-quish Moriori, and not the

other way round? Why didthe Incas not invade and

colonise Spain?Most histo-

rians re-spond intermsthat

stress –either speci-

fically or tacitly– some kind of

innate superiority:Assyrians’ vigour orRomans’ tactical bril-liance. Such explana-tions only beg further,more uncomfortablequestions, of course.Why did Romans andAssyrians, and forthat matter Britishcolonialists and Naziexpansionists,possess this so-called ‘vitality’ and‘brilliance’? Subse-quent responsesinvariably descendinto claims about

the ‘primitive evolu-tionarily less advan-

ced nature’ of theiropponents.Yet genetics provide

little evidence for thisimplicit racism. There

are few meaningfuld i f f e r e n c e s

between the innate abilities ofthe world’s peoples, though thenotion of racial superiority remains seductive. As JaredDiamond says: ‘Until we havesome convincing, detailed,agreed-upon explanation forthe broad pattern of history,most people will continue tosuspect that the racist biologicalexplanation is correct after all.’

Hence Guns, Germs and Steel,a book of extraordinary visionand confidence which seeks,with considerable success, todemonstrate how environ-mental factors created ourmodern world of affluentAmericans and impoverishedEthiopians, the fate of theChatham Islands beingparticularly illustrative.

As Diamond says: ‘Morioriand Maori history constitutes abrief, small-scale natural exper-iment that tests howenvironments affect humansocieties’.

For a start, the Morioris andMaoris were both recentdescendants of the same sea-faring people. Neither had timeto diverge biologically, showingthat the seeds of the Morioris’destruction did not reside intheir genes, but elsewhere. AndDiamond knows where.

‘Those ancestral Maoris whofirst colonised the Chathamsmay have been farmers, butMaori tropical crops could notgrow in the Chathams’ coldclimate, and the colonists hadno alternative except to revertto being hunter-gatherers. Sinceas hunter-gatherers, they didnot produce crop surplusesavailable for redistribution orstorage, they could not supportand feed non-hunting craftspecialists, armies, bureaucratsand chiefs.’

Thus the Morioris weredoomed. And on a larger,equally unforgiving scale, sowere civilisations that evolvedaway from farming’s birthplace,

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the nurturing ground of theMiddle East’s Fertile Crescent.Of course, agriculture did devel-op elsewhere (China, the An-des, West Africa and New Gui-nea, for example), but these re-gions lacked the rich variety ofMiddle Eastern crops: wheat,barley, lentils, peas, and flax.

Similarly, Eurasian peoplesinherited many more domes-ticable wild mammalian herbi-vores – dogs, sheep, goats, pigs,cows and horses – than did therest of the world. As a result,land that once supported onlydozens of hunter-gatherers, nowfed thousands. Stores neededbureaucrats, and fields requiredarmies for protection. Wheelswere invented and horses wereyoked to chariots – though we

‘gained’ more than meremartial advantage from domes-tic animals, says Diamond. Wealso acquired measles, tuber-culosis, smallpox and malariamicrobes which were oncepathogens of cattle, pigs andchickens.

These were ‘Europe’s sinistergift to other continents – thegerms evolving fromEurasians’ long intimacy withdomestic animals.’ It was adeadly combination, as we cansee from the fate of the Incas.

Guns, Germs and Steel ishistory scrubbed clean of itsidiosyncratic participants:Alexander the Great, Lenin,Buddha and the rest, anomission for which Diamondmakes no apology. Instead, he

has tried to create a disciplinebased on science, rather thanhumanities, and has backed hisbid with an impressive know-ledge of molecular biology,evolutionary theory, plantphysiology and sociology. Theresult is a prodigious, con-vincing work, conceived on agrand scale, and thoroughlyexecuted, perhaps a little toothoroughly. Certainly, the bookis thick with detail, a historythat is still ‘one damn fact afteranother’ – though in this case,they are damn interesting facts.

‘The Observer Review’,April 13, 1997

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SSttrriivviinngg ffoorr pphhyyssiiccaall iimmpprroovveemmeenntt hhaass bbeeccoommee aa vvaalliidd ppaarrtt ooff tthhee AAmmeerriiccaann ddrreeaamm..

I�m not sure it’s quite me…reviewsVENUS ENVY: A HISTORY OF

COSMETIC SURGERY

by Elizabeth HaikenJohns Hopkins £20.50, pp301

IIn 1936, leading British plas-tic surgeon Sir Harold Gillieswas approached by a younggeneral surgeon who wasconsidering specialisation inthe discipline. ‘Really I donot think you have a chance,my boy,’ he was told. ‘There

are four plastic surgeons in thecountry and I can’t think therecan be room for more.’ Sixty-oddyears later, Sir Harold’s wordsseem almost comically mis-judged: in Britain about 70,000people a year now elect toundergo cosmetic procedures.According to a recent report inthe Times, some women – 90per cent of patients are female –are now being given correctiveoperations as Christmas pre-sents: Bupa hospitals say Janu-ary bookings for such treat-ments are up by 15 per cent onlast year.

Venus Envy (great title) is atimely history of this extraordi-nary growth industry, whichfocuses on its development inthe author’s native America.Haiken makes a convincing casefor her belief that the discipline

was not, as is often thought, bornof advances in reconstructivesurgery deriving from injuriessustained by soldiers in the FirstWorld War. While acknowledgingthat the war made cosmeticsurgery respectable – evenheroic – she sets out to provethat an interest in ‘beauty sur-gery’ predates 1917.

Haiken’s contention is thatcosmetic surgery has alwaystried to escape the charge ofprofiteering from vanity and inse-curity by medicalising itself. Byclinging to the idea that it wasborn from the noble cause of re-pairing the disfigurements ofbrave servicemen, it lent itselfgravitas and respectability. Thetreatment of burns with skingrafts following the SecondWorld War gave further weight tothe by-product of cosmetic work.But over the years, it has takenhostages by pathologising flawsthat might properly be regardedas quite normal. Double chins,big noses, thin lips and droopingbreasts have all come to beregarded as deformities; asdeserving of correction as condi-tions such as cleft palates orharelips. This trend Haikenascribes to two things; the ever-green desire for self-improve-ment enshrined within theAmerican way of life and, ratherless probably, a mass collectiveadoption of psychoanalyst Alfred

Adler’s inferiority complex.She has unearthed some

remarkable, disturbing findings.A chapter on ethnicity and cos-metic work reveals the alarmingstatistic that in 1990 alone39,000 Asian patients in Ameri-ca underwent operations tocreate Western-style ‘doubleeyelids’. In the build-up to theVietnam war, scores of nativewomen had breast augmenta-tions in order to attract US ser-vicemen posted in their country.Perhaps most scandalous of allis the fact that – unknowingly –US tax-payers were, during the1970s at least, contributingbetween $1 million and $6mannually on free cosmetic ope-rations for the wives of militarypersonnel.

Too much of this book istaken up with the ‘how’ of cos-metic surgery. How the earlysurgeons organised themselves;how liquid paraffin predatedsilicone and eventually collagenas an implanting agent; howBarbra Streisand didn’t have anose job, despite the vastnessof her snout, and how MichaelJackson did, despite the modestsize of his. (Haiken’s admirationfor Streisand’s early rhinoplasticrestraint is boundless. The sing-er is mentioned again andagain, in the warmest tones.Odd, then, that the author hasnot remarked on Streisand’s

Cressida Connolly

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remarkable youthfulness, norher fullness of upper lip and ski-slope straightness of nose.Reassuring to note that, even tothe eye of a historian of facelifts,love remains blind.)

Elizabeth Haiken is assistantprofessor of history at the Uni-versity of Tennessee and a highlevel of scholarly and thoroughresearch is everywhere evident.This is not a populist book. Itreads like a very well-writtenPhD thesis. The problem withsuch an approach, though, isthat cosmetic surgery is a popu-list subject. Much as I rue thetriumph of opinion over know-ledge which characterises somuch contemporary writing, thisbook errs so far in the oppositedirection. The fascination of cos-metic surgery lies not in how itdeveloped, but in why: whatVenus Envy cries out for is con-jecture.

The most interesting passa-ges are gleaned from the writ-ings of social historians. WarrenSusman’s theory is particularlysound: that nineteenth-centuryvalues on ‘character’ gave way,

early this century, to an empha-sis on ‘personality’ – in otherwords an onus on inner spiritualqualities became replaced byouter magnetism and charm. Associety became more urbanisedand competitive, the communitywas displaced by the individual.First impressions became acommodity. Then as now, goodlooks improved career pros-pects. (A pair of research eco-nomists found, in 1993, thatgood looks improve earnings by5 per cent, whatever the occu-pation.) Striving for physical im-provement thus became a validpart of the American dream.

So much for the early days,but Haiken does not addressenough attention to the currentstate of cosmetic surgery:although one chapter is called‘The Michael Jackson Factor’,she makes no attempts to ad-dress the bizarre psychologywhich drives his bid for trans-formation. The only conclusionshe reaches is that Jacksonsuffers from self-hatred. Shecould surely do better than this.

For a wider and more convin-

cing investigation into the Ameri-can obsession with youthful-ness, readers will have to searchelsewhere. Robert Bly (scornedcreator of Iron John) has ad-dressed the issue in The SiblingSociety, and many feminist com-mentators, from Naomi Wolf’sThe Beauty Myth onwards, con-tinue to question the moreswhich fuel the search for eternalyouth. What does this mania foryouth and beauty say about anation’s moral health? About thevalue of sexual desire? Aboutthe life of the soul? What worthdoes a society with such super-ficial preoccupations put on thewisdom of age? What might belost by forgoing senescence,and might anything be gained?

These are the sort of ques-tions which anyone buyingVenus Envy will surely beinterested in. The pity is thatElizabeth Haiken does not comecloser to answering them.

‘The Observer Review’,January 11, 1998

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CONSUMING FEARS

In recent months Britons havebeen told they might get thebrain-destroying Creutzfeldt-

Jakob disease from eating sheep, abowel disorder called Crohn’sdisease from drinking pasteurizedmilk and a damaged immune sys-tem from dining on geneticallymodified foods. Consumer groups,newspapers and broadcasters haveacted as though lives were atstake. Yet in the first two cases,the Department of Health de-scribed the risk as negligible, andthe genetic crop worry last Augustwas later admitted to be bogus – ascientist had muddled the resultsof a colleague’s research, confu-sing rats from two different ex-periments.

These incidents were only thelatest in about 15 years of foodscares in Britain. People werescared about salmonella in eggs;listeria in cheese; Escherichia coli,antibiotics and hormones in meat;and pesticide residues andphthalates (benzene-related com-pounds) in just about everything.And of course, most infamous wasthe scare about beef from cowsinfected with bovine spongiformencephalopathy (BSE). Besidescreating panic, food scares canwreak havoc with the agriculturaleconomy – sales of beef have onlyrecently returned to their pre-BSE levels.

Whereas genuine outbreaks offood poisoning are not uncommon,the reactions in Britain seemparticularly out of line with thethreat. A large part of that, notesfood-safety expert Derek Burke,stems from the handling of theBSE outbreak. The ongoing in-quiry has caused the completecollapse of public faith in food-regulating authorities, such as theMinistry of Agriculture Fisheriesand Food (MAFF) and theDepartment of Health, as well asin politicians and scientists.

For instance, MAFF admittedthat it knew in 1986 that prions,unusual proteins that are thoughtto cause BSE, might be able toinfect humans and cause Creutz-feldt-Jakob. Not until 1989, how-ever, did it introduce legislation toban specifically high-risk material– brains and spleens – and onlylast year did it ban the material

from use in pharmaceuticals andcosmetics. More recently, pressreports last September indicatedthat MAFF turned a blind eye toabattoirs that flouted BSE safetyrequirements. “It is going to takeyears to get rid of that problem ofpublic mistrust,” says Burke, whoserved as chairman of thegovernment’s Advisory Committeeon Novel Foods and Food Pro-cessing.

Lynn Frewer agrees. She is headof the risk perception and com-munications group at the Instituteof Food Research, which worksfor, among others, MAFF and theEuropean Union in multilateralresearch programs. “Fifty yearsago science was equated with pro-gress. It was trusted and seen asproperly regulated. But in the past50 years there have been manysymbols of it getting out of con-trol, such as DDT, thalidomideand, more recently, BSE,” sheconcludes.

Frewer adds another reason forthe escalating concerns aboutfoods. Many once-feared illnesses,such as polio, smallpox and scarletfever, are preventable or curablenow. That has prompted people tomagnify other worries instead.Burke quips that there would befewer food scares if war brokeout.

Although questions of foodsafety occur in the U.S., they donot cause as much panic. Ameri-cans hold a less equivocal attitudetoward science than Britons andother Europeans do. That mightexplain why most Americans arenot too bothered by geneticallymodified foods. The crops – mostlycorn, potatoes and soybeans – aredesigned to produce their owninsecticide or to withstand herbi-cides and can turn up anonymous-ly in such prepared products as

french fries. Because no evidencehas been found that geneticallymodified foods are dangerous, theFood and Drug Administrationdoes not require any special label-ing for them.

Britain, like most of Europe,however, feels differently – afterall, many argue, there is no evi-dence they are safe over the longterm, either. Moreover, transgeniccrops can lead to unpredictableenvironmental consequences: amaize trial, for instance, ended upkilling off lacewings, which arebeneficial crop insects.

Perhaps not surprisingly,therefore, the actions ofecoterrorists, who have destroyedat least 30 of more than 300 croptrials in the past few years, takeplace in a blaze of admiringpublicity. Prosecutions are rare forfear of copy-cat action andadverse press.

The reactions to the possiblehazards of food, real or imagined,have raised questions about ex-actly what the public should betold and when. Both the scientificcommunity and consumer groupsagree that the current ad hocsystem of reporting food concernsis inadequate. For instance, areport from the Food Commis-sion, a British lobbying group,states that some nut imports arecontaminated with deadly afla-toxins, a potent liver carcinogen.MAFF has admitted the problem,but the finding has gone almostunnoticed and unreported. TimLobstein, co-director of the com-mission, pins the blame on thenews media.

To streamline food regulationand the reporting of threats, thegovernment wants to establish afood standards agency. Exactlywho pays for this agency andwhether the bill authorizing itscreation is passed in the nextlegislative session are still up inthe air. It may be a while beforeBritons look at their dinner plateswithout apprehension once more.

– Peta Firth

PETA FIRTH, who was anaward-winning journalist for theHong Kong daily newspaper theHK Standard, is a freelance writerbased in London.

‘Scientific American’,January 1999

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Planning your tripEntering Dominica U.S. and Canadian visi-tors must show a passport or proof ofcitizenship with photo ID, and a return airticket.

The Eastern Caribbean dollar ($ EC) isthe unit of currency. As of press time, $1U.S.=$2.70 EC;$1 EC=$.37 U.S. The U.Sdollar is universally accepted; prices beloware in U.S. dollars.

Dominica is one hour ahead ofEastern Standard Time. Temperaturesaverage in the 70s and 80s (F) year-round. The island receives abundantrainfall, especially in the interior. Hurri-cane season runs July-Oct. The least-rainy months are Feb.-May.

To call Dominica direct from theU.S., dial 1, the area code 809, and thelocal number. Address mail to“Commonwealth of Dominica, WestIndies.”

Things you should know Dominica is anindependent republic; English is theofficial language, although FrenchCreole is commonly spoken. Prices arerelatively low compared to manyCaribbean islands. Dominica is known forits natural highlights—waterfalls, geologicformations, flora and fauna—but beachesare few, narrow, and usually of dark sand.Dangerous surf and currents are a hazardon the Atlantic side. Bring rain gear,waterproof walking shoes or hiking boots,sweaters and jackets for mountain hikes,insect repellent, binoculars.

How to get thereBy air To Melville Hall Airport, on thenorthern end, or Canefield Airport, nearRoseau, via such island gateways asAntigua and St. Thomas, on regionalCaribbean airlines. American Airlinesserves Melville Hall from Puerto Rico. Bysea Daily high-speed ferries connectDominica with Guadeloupe andMartinique.

Getting aroundBuses and taxis are abundant and inexpen-sive; they may be preferable to renting acar, since driving is on the left and theroads can be narrow and very winding.Visiting drivers must be at least 25, havehad two years of driving experience, andhave a local driving license (available atthe airports or rental-car offices).

Things to see and doThe best way to see Dominica’s naturalwonders is with local guides, who know thetrails and wildlife. Local tour outfittersinclude Ken’s Hinterland Adventure Tours(448-4850) and Antours Dominica (448-6460). Local guides can also be contractedthrough hotels and guesthouses. Theauthor’s guides were Bobby Frederick, at448-0412, and Jep Simelda, at 448-7725.

Roseau, Dominica’s capital, wasseverely damaged by Hurricane David in1979 and has been recovering ever since.Attractions include the public market (BaySt.;closed Sun.); the new DominicaMuseum (on the waterfront); and theBotanical Gardens (Morne Bruce Hill).The Forest Service office (448-2401) at thegardens has advice and publications onhow to see nature around the island.

In the northern interior of the island,the 22,000-acre Northern Forest Reserveincludes Morne Diablotin, Dominica’shighest peak and the main habitat of theisland’s two endangered parrot species.First-time hikes here are best done withguide Bertrand Jno.-Baptiste, or someonehe suggests; 446-6358.

Dominica’s second city, Portsmouth,hugs the northwest coast. Just to the souththe Indian River winds through marsh andswamp. Guides with skiffs will take youupstream from the coast highway; ask forCobra or Rice. The Cabrits National Park,on a peninsula north of town, is the site of18th-century Fort Shirley (448-2731 or -2401), whose ruins house a small museum.Also in Cabrits Park are the island’slargest swamp and protected coral reefs.

On the east coast, the 3,700-acre CaribTerritory, an agricultural area, is home tomost of the island’s indigenous Caribpeople, known for, among other things,their intricate baskets. Stop in at theTerritory Office in Salybia (445-7336).Salybia is also noted for the St. MarieChurch, with murals of Carib history.Along the coast a few miles south is theEscalier Tête Chien, an unusual lavaoutcrop that seems to snake into the seaand figures in Carib legends.

In the central interior you’ll find one ofDominica’s most popular sights - theEmerald Pool, at the northern edge of the17,000-acre Morne Trois Pitons NationalPark (448-2401). The park encompasses ofwild rain forest as well as severalattractions. Trafalgar Falls (accessible fromthe Papillote Wilderness retreat, inTrafalgar Village), a set of two falls, onecascading over a sheer rock face and theother (wider and less dramatic) ending in apool large enough to swim in; FreshwaterLake, Dominica’s largest (a 2.5-mile hikeacross Morne Macaque); and 300-footMiddleham Falls, one of the highest on theisland.

You’ll need a guide when you’ll gothrough the Valley of Desolation, an arealaid barren by volcanic eruptions in 1880and now a fumarole area. At trail’s end on

your return, relax in Titou Gorge.Dominica’s offshore attractions include

snorkeling and diving sites said to rivalthose of Bonaire. Whales are presentyear-round, with the best viewing Feb.-May. Several outfits run trips, of whichthe most established is Dive Dominica(448-2188). Sport fishing is availablethrough Paul Wren (448-7285).

LodgingDominica has no major internationalhotels or resorts; expect small hotels,inns, guesthouses, and B&Bs. Rates for adouble room range from perhaps $30 anight in a basic B&B to $200 or so for akitchen-equipped luxury unit.

Lodgings mentioned in the storyinclude the Fort Young Hotel in Roseau(448-5000, fax 448-5006); Castaways, on thewestern coast, in Mero, on one ofDominica’s few beaches (449-6244/5, fax449-6246); Papillote Wilderness Retreat inthe Roseau Valley (to avoid the sound ofgenerators, ask for the Waterfall Cottage;449-1401, fax 449-2160); SpringfieldPlantation Guest House, where you canoften chat with natural-science expertswho stay here (449-1401 or 449-1224), fax449-2160); Petit Coulibri, in the mountainssouth of Soufrière, with great views andseclusion (five units; 446-3150). Splurge ondinner.

The Roseau Valley has a growingnumber of guesthouses. Also recommen-ded: Hummingbird Inn, north of Roseau(phone and fax 449-1042); Reigate HallHotel, in the hills above Roseau (448-4031,fax 448-4034); the Layou Valley Inn, in theinterior, with views of mountains north andsouth (449-6203, fax 448-5212); CastleComfort Lodge, catering to divers andhousing Dive Dominica, just south ofRoseau (448-2188, fax 448-6088). In theCarib Territory, Charles Williams runs aguesthouse and gives tours (phone and fax445-7256).

dominicaTravelWise

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Affable guide Bobby Frederick calls his brand ofRastafarianism, common on Dominica, more away of life than a religion.


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For a full bibliography of studies of the Brontës seeThe New Cambridge Bibliograph, III (1969) and forother bibliographical surveys see the Introduction, p.32 above. The following studies of Emily Brontë areof special interest and include several which theeditor would have represented in the presentcollection had space allowed.

The Complete Poems of Emily Jane Brontë, ed. C. W.Hatfield (Columbia U.P. and Oxford U.P., 1941).The standard edition of the poems.

Leicester Bradner, ‘The Growth of WutheringHeights’, in PMLA XLVIII (1933). Moreinformation has come to light since this essayappeared, but it can still be read as a helpfulattempt to ‘show how the imagination of a poet,who for once turned novelist, has fused together… a number of raw materials existing in hermind’. The ‘raw materials’ include memories ofvarious tales (notably Hoffmann’s Das Majoratand ‘The Bridegroom of Barna’ (see above, pp.234, 236), Emily’s stay at Law Hill in 1837 andher own Gondal poems.

John Fraser, ‘The Name of Action: Nelly Dean andWuthering Heights,’ in Nineteenth-CenturyFiction, XIX (1965).A humane analysis of Nelly Dean’s role in thenovel, dismissing a contemporary ‘sentimentaldisengagement’ which simultaneously encouragesuncritical acceptance of the ‘wickedness’ inCatherine and Heathcliff, and the depreciation ofNelly Dean as ‘an agent of repression’: ‘… a justappreciation of Nelly Dean … might be relevantto our understanding of a good deal more thanWuthering Heights … the world that sheconfronts so admirably … seems remarkably likeours …’

Lew Girdler, ‘Wuthering Heights and Shakespeare’,in Huntington Library Quarterly, vol. XIX, no. 4(Aug 1956). A short paper rehearsing theprincipal Shakespearian allusions, verbal echoesand ‘general resemblances in character, plotstructure and motifs’ in Wuthering Heights. Theplays referred to include Twelfth Night, Macbeth,King Lear, The Taming of the Shrew and Hamlet.

John Hagan, ‘The Control of Sympathy in WutheringHeights’, in Nineteenth-Century Fiction, XX(1966). Our ‘double view of Catherine andHeathcliff with its blend of moral disapprovaland compassion’ is determined chiefly by EmilyBrontë’s ‘ability to convince us that cruelty is notinnate in [them] … but is the consequence ofextreme suffering…’

L. and E. M. Hanson, The Four Brontës: (OxfordU.P., 1949; revised Hamden, Connecticut, 1967).A useful general study which assembles most ofthe known facts.

John Hewish, Emily Brontë: a critical andbiographical survey (1969). A sensible,

economical résumé of most of the availablematerial concerning Emily Brontë’s life andcritical reputation since 1847.

G. D. Klingopulos, ‘The Novel as Dramatic Poem:Wuthering Heights’, in Scrutiny, XIV (1947).Wuthering Heights is ‘not a moral tale’ and is lessartistically coherent than some recent criticshave claimed, but it exacts in certain speeches ofCatherine’s and Heathcliff’s the same kind ofattention as the poetry of an Elizabethan playexacts ‘at the crises of its meaning’.

Q. D. Leavis, ‘A Fresh Approach to WutheringHeights’, in Lectures in America by F. R. and Q.D. Leavis (1969). A reappraisal which seeks todistinguish ‘what is genuine from what is merelyconfusion’, and finally reaffirms the novel’s ‘trulyhuman contrality. How can we fail to see that thenovel is based on an interest in, concern for, andknowledge of, real life?’ (see Introduction, p. 30above). There are four Appendixes on,respectively, ‘The Northern Farmer, Old Style’,‘Violence’, ‘Superstitions and Folklore’ and‘Wuthering Heights and The Bride ofLammermoor’.

Philippa Moody, ‘The Challenge of Maturity inWuthering Heights’, in Melbourne CriticalReview, V (1962). ‘It seems to me a mistake toassume too readily that the love of Catherineand Heathcliff is necessarily outside normalexperience. In duration it may be, but in essenceit is closely related to the extreme, intense, butnot necessarily sexual involvement that is mostfrequently felt in adolescence.’

Norman Sherry, The Brontë Sisters: Charlotte andEmily (Evans Brothers Ltd., 1969). A shortintroductory primer which includes a succinctaccount of Emily Brontë’s writings, stressingespecially the ultimately ‘Shakespearian’ visionin her novel, which shows a good natural orderre-establishing itself after temporary disturbanceby the forces of evil.

Charles Simpson, Emily Brontë (Country Life,1929). In spite of its comparatively early date thisremains one of the most level-headedbiographies devoted exclusively to Emily (seeIntroduction, pp. 22-3). It is particularlyinteresting in its treatment of the probableinfluence on her novel of her stay at Law Hill,where she worked as a teacher in 1837.

M. R. Watson, ‘Tempest in the soul: the theme andstructure of Wuthering Heights’, in NineteenthCentury Fiction, IV (1950). The novel is ‘amasterpiece’; it is ‘consciously organised like afive-act tragedy’; but it is not, as David Cecilcontends, ‘a metaphysical dissertation’ sinceEmily Brontë ‘was attempting something moreconcrete, more closely related to humanexperience’.

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