evolution of telecommunications

7/28/2019 Evolution of Telecommunications

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Murali Krishna.Y


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INDEX Definition

Introduction to telecommunications

Major creators of telecommunications

Evolution of Telecommunications

Generations of telecommunications

1st Generation

2nd Generation 3rd Generation

4th Generation

Conclusion


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DEFINITION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS Telecommunications eliminated a master-to-servant

relationship: replacing the service of a messenger bymechanical telegraph in 1794, by copper wires in 1837,by electromagnetic waves in 1896, and by optical fiberin 1973.

Edouard Estaunie (18621942) in 1904 In his book hedefined telecommunication as information exchangeby means of electrical signals. Estaunie thus limitedtelecommunications explicitly to electrical signals.


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Within two centuries telecommunications

experienced tremendous progress.This development is best demonstrated by the example of transatlanticsubmarine cable transmission:

1866. The first transatlantic telegraph cable installed. Morse-coded telegraph

channel with a speed of about 5 words per minute.

1956. The first transatlantic telephone cable installed. operated 36 telephone

channels on two separate cables.

2000. The state-of-the art transatlantic fiber optic cable installed. 12 fibers each with a capacity of 40 WDM 10-Gbps channels, thus a total of 4.8

Tbps, which is equivalent to 58,060,800 telephone channels.


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MAJOR CREATORS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONSThese persons, in their time, usually faced strong oppositionand needed to put forth substantial effort to obtain recognitionand acceptance of their invention.

Claude Chappe (17631805)

Claude Chappe began the era of telecommunications with the successfuloperation of his optical telegraph between Paris and Lille on August 15,1794

he committed suicide at the age of 42 as depressed by the people.

But, the writing telegraph of Morse proved its superiority and found

worldwide use.

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (17911872)

The electrical telegraph had many fathers and they all developedunique solutions.


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Alexander Graham Bell (18471922)

The telephone era begun in 1876 in the United States with the operationof a telephone line across a 2-mile stretch between Boston andCambridge, Massachusetts, with telephone apparatus produced by Bell.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (18571894)

Heinrich Hertz laid the basis for radio transmission with successfulexperiments in 18871889 that proved the existence of electromagnetic

radiation and its similarity to the behavior of light.Unfortunately, he became ill and died at the age of 37.

Guglielmo Marconi (18741937)

Marconi succeeded in transmitting a radio signal over a few kilometersat Bologna in 1896.

Alec H. Reeves (19021971)

Alec H. Reeves conceived the idea of digitizing speech and patented his

pulse-code-modulation (PCM) procedure, but at a time when theprevailing technology prevented its economical realization.


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The trunk of the treerepresents the technologicalprerequisites for successiveunfolding of the various

telecommunication domainsinto the branches of the tree

The leaves of the branchesrepresent evolution within theseparate telecommunication

domains


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The bases of telecommunications, and thus the roots of the tree, arescience and industrialization.

Optical telegraphybecame possible, and thus telecommunicationscould grow, once the telescope was available and basic mechanicalconstructions could be made with sufficient accuracy

The theory ofelectromagnetism and the development ofprecisionmechanics nourished the growth of an electrical telegraphy branch.

Electrical telegraphystarted with code-writing telegraphs and

needle telegraphs and so on.

Copper-line transmission systems:

Basic laws of electricityand the discovery ofgutta-percha began theevolution of copper-line transmission systems on open wire, copper cable, and

coaxial cable.

EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION


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The basic theory of sound developed by Helmholtz supported theevolution from telegraphy to telephony.

The earlyautomation of industrial processes enabled thereplacement of manual switchboards byautomatic switchingdevices.

The discovery ofelectromagnetic radiation and the subsequentdevelopment of devices for generating and detecting such waves led to the

development ofradio-telegraphy.

The creation ofelectronic tubes (diodes and triodes) startedthe electronic era, which enabled the evolution from radio-telegraphy to

radio-telephony and mobile radio.



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The feedback principle applied in electronic circuitry facilitated thegeneration of high frequencies and thus the development ofmedium- andshortwave radio transmission and a new technology of circuitcombination: carrier frequency, or multiplexing.

The development of very high frequency generators in 1920 and velocity-modulated electronic tubes in the early 1930s made radio-relaytransmission possible,

Rockets, transistors, and solar cells were the ingredients for the

satellite branch.

The laser and extremely pure glass enabled the fiber optics branch to

grow.

ICs (integrated circuits) and microprocessors were the nourishmentfor the cellular radio branch.

The convergence of communications and computers (C&C) and theapplication of CD-ROMs for high-volume data storage is currentlyleading to multimedia services



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The first new leafwill probably represent an entirelynew range of combined optical transmission-switching systems.

Another leafmight representwirelessbroadband links in metropolitan areas provided by

subspace flying base stations located inunmanned balloons and airplanes circling in thestratosphere.

EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION(FUTURE)


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Chronology of telecommunications.


13/45Classical telecommunication networks.


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Tachygraphe of Claude Chappe.

OPTICAL TELEGRAPHY


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ORIGINof Wireless Communication

1895-1901

Guglielmo MarconiDemonstrates wireless communications over increasing distances

1864

JamesMaxwell

Predicts existence of radiowaves.

1886

RudolphHertz

Demonstrates radio waves.


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1GAMPS TACS

NM

1980s Analog Voice

Typical 2.4 Kbps


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1G

Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS)

Deployed in US , Japan : 1983

Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)

Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland : 1981

Total Access Communication System (TACS) British System, similar to AMPS : 1985


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2GGSM CDMA

TDMA

1990s Digital Voice

9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)


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2G GSM

Global system for Mobile

Based on TDMA ; Europe

900 Mhz, 1800 Mhz.

Later 850 Mhz and 1900 Mhz in Americas

Quad Band ; World Phones


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2G - CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

cdmaOne or IS-95

All users use same freq band ; 800 Mhz

Major success in Korea, Used by Verizon and Sprint

Easy Migration to 3G


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Circuit Switching

A private road all for yourself

Dedicated end to end connection


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Packet Switching

Divided packets can take different paths and times

A shared highway


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2.5GGPRS

2001

Packet Data


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2.5G - GPRS General Packet Radio Service - An Overlay

technology on top of the existing GSM systems.

Data rate = 56 114Kbps.

4 MCS (Modulation and coding schemes) used.

Factors affecting downlink/uplink speed:

TDMA slots Multi-slot class

Channel Encoding used.


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HSCSD High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data.

An enhancement to CSD Multiple timeslots used.

Data rates up to 38.4 Kbps (4 times CSD).

In reality supports 14.4Kbps.

Expensive than CSD.

Latency less that GPRS.


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2.75GEDGE

2003Packet Data

CDMA 1xRTT


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EDGE

EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM)

Superset of GPRS.

Data rate = 4 times GPRS.

9 MCS (Modulation and coding schemes) used

Gaussian min shift keying and 8PSK.


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Evolved EDGE

Data rate = 1Mbps

Encoding technique 32QAM and 16QAM.

Requires simple network enhancements withsoftware update.


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CDMA 1xRTT 1x is an abbreviation of 1xRTT (1x Radio Transmission

Technology).1x refers to the no. of duplex radio channels.

Supports 33-35 simultaneous voice calls per

1.25MHz.(cdmaOne = 20 voice calls)

Encoding technique: BPSK for forward and reverse link.

Data Rate = 153 Kbps/153 Kbps.

Software and minimum hardware update.


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3GPP

GPRS

EDGE LTE

WCDM

A

HSPA

1.92 Mbps14 Mbps

384 Kbps

114 Kbps

100 Mbps


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3GPP2

1xRTT

EV-DO UMB(abandoned 2008 Nov & favoring LTE)

114 Kbps

2.4 Mbps 288 Mbps


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3GIMT2000

W-CDMA (UMTS)

CDMA2000


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UMTS UMTS - Universal Mobile TelecommunicationsSystem. Also known as W-CDMA.

W-CDMA uses the DS-CDMA and TDD channelaccess method with a pair of 5 MHz channels.

Requires new cell towers & frequency allocations.

Data rate = 1Mbps(theoritical)

Frequency bands: Uplink 1885-2025 MHz (mobile-to-base ) Downlink 2110-2200 MHz (base-to-mobile).


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CDMA2000 EVDO Rel 0 (Evolution-Data Optimized or

Evolution-Data only Release 0)

Data rates: Forward link - 2.4Mbps.

Reverse link - 153kbps.

Encoding technique: Forward link 16QAM.

Reverse link - BPSK.


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3.5GEVDO-Rev A

HSDPA HSUPA

EVDO-Rev B


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HSPA High Speed Packet Access is a collection of two

mobile telephony protocols HSDPA and HSUPA.

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

Data rates for Forward link - 14.4Mbps. Encoding technique QPSK and 16QAM

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) orEUL(Enhanced Uplink) Data rates for Reverse link - 5.76Mbps.

Just a software update for most WCDMA networks.


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HSPA+ Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)

Data rates: Forward link - 42Mbps.

Reverse link - 22Mbps.

Encoding technique 64QAM.


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EVDO Rev A EVDO Rev A (Revision A)

Also called as EV-DV (Evolution Data/Voice)

Data rates: Forward link - 3.1Mbps. Reverse link - 1.8Mbps.

Encoding technique: Forward link 16QAM. Reverse link - QPSK and 8PSK.


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EVDO Rev B Combine up to fifteen 1.25MHz carriers (20MHz) in

forward and/or reverse link. Carriers not physicallycombined and not adjacent to each other.

Data rate: Forward link = 3.1Mbps*15channels = 47Mbps. Reverse link = 1.8Mbps*15channels = 27Mbps.

Encoding technique 64QAM. Uplink data rate

increases from 3.1Mbps to 4.9Mbps per channel.Thus, Data rate: Forward link = 4.9Mbps*15channels = 74Mbps.

Only software updation required.


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Multi Player Gaming

Location Based Services

Video Services

Instant Messaging


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CHANGES IN

HANDSE

TS


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TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTED


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SPEEDS


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Advantages & Limitations


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Conclusion

India is huge market and none of service providers can dare to ignore itspotential. Thats why Indian mobile service provider industry is growing leap

and bounce for the last decade. This journey of 1 million to 50 million will keep

it pace until each citizen in India will have his own mobile. Industry has

manyphases in its growth. Now mobile doesnt mean a only a mediumof communication. Services providers are now willing to provide varies

facilities like entertainment (music, video etc.) and even banking also. We can

say that business is transforming in e-commerce to m-commerce (mobile-

commerce). In short we can say drastic change has came in the industry along

with expanding its base in subscribers, they are keeping eye not only to offer

new facilities but also to be the first to provide it

evolution of telecommunications

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